new decomposers recycle nutrients (matter) but energy is … · 2018. 8. 29. · decomposers...
TRANSCRIPT
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Decomposers recycle nutrients (matter) but ENERGY IS ALWAYS
LOST
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What does this mean to us
• Stable ecosystems have a continual input of energy
• And more producers than consumers
• It takes less energy to produce plants than it does animals
• Eating diet containing a lot of meat uses more energy and more land space to produce
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What do the
next 3
organisms have
in common?
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TOP PREDATORS
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Top predator
1st
trophic
level
2nd trophic
level
3rd trophic
level
4th trophic
level
5th trophic
level
Autotrophs
Herbivore
Carnivore or Omnivore
Carnivore or Omnivore
Carnivore or Omnivore
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Energy is lost as you go
up the food chain
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Decomposers recycle nutrients butENERGY IS ALWAYS LOST
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Stable ecosystems have acontinual input of energy
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Stable ecosystems have more producers than consumers
It takes less energy to produce plants than it does
animals
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Need to grow energy and more land space to produce food for the animal
meat
WHY?
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LET’S GET BACK TO ENERGY
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MAKE A MODEL of how you think PHOTOSYNTHESIS works.
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HOW DO PLANTS PRODUCE ENERGY?
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Unit 2: part 3Population Ecology
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Smallest to biggest
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere
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2. Which cell structure would be found in plant cells, but not in animal cells?
a) Cell membrane
b) Nucleus
c) Mitochondria
d) Chloroplast
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• Identify 2 organisms that belong to the plant kingdom
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• Explain one reason why the population of marsh grass might increase if the populations of herons decreased
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Review
1. Food chains show _____ flow through ecosystems
2. Energy goes in _______ direction in ecosystems
3. Energy is always ______ as it flows through ecosystems
4. To be stable _______always has to be added to ecosystems
5. Energy for most ecosystems comes from the ___________
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energy
one
lost
energy
sun
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Population Dynamics
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All populations have the potential for exponential growth
• 1
• 2
• 4
• 8
• 16
• 32
• 64…
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Human Population Growth
• World population
• 1 bil 1804
• 2 bil 1927 (123yrs)
• 3 bil 1960 (33 yrs)
• 4 bil 1974 (14 yrs)
• 5 bil 1987 (13 yrs)
• 6 bil 1999 (12 yrs)
• 7 bil 2012 (13 yrs)
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1. Rate = how fast something is changing.
What happens to the growth rate as the population gets bigger?
bigger population= faster growth rate
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2. Human population growth began to really grow in the 1800’s. What in history was occurring during this time that might have caused this spike?
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3. Then again in the 1950’s the growth rate increased again. What might have been the cause of this spike?
– better sanitation and medicines
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Limiting factors anything that prevents a population from growing too large
• Examples:
– Food
– Space
– Oxygen
– Nutrients
– Disease
– Light (for plants)
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Examples of limiting factors for algae
• Sunlight
• N and P
• Salt
• Water
• Temperature
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Examples of limiting factors for predators
• Prey
• Mates
• Space
• Disease
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Examples of limiting factors for herbivores
• Predators
• Plant populations
• Disease
• Climate
• Competition
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Vocabulary
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Moose habitat
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Penguin habitat
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Define habitat
• Where an organism lives
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Niche = an organisms job or role
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Examples
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Bees pollinate flowers
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Worms aerate soils
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Predators control prey populations
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Decomposers recycle nutrients
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What happens when organisms live in the same habitat and occupy the same
niche?
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Competition = fight for resources
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Carrying capacity
• Maximum # individuals an ecosystem can support
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What happens when populations go past the carrying capacity???
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Living things interact with each other community
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Relationships between species
• Predator / Prey
– Predator = hunter
– Prey = hunted
– Need to have
more prey then
predators to be
stable
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/eclips/pages/eng_11to14_bio_livingthings_prey.shtml
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Symbiotic Relationships
• Close association of 2 species Direct Contact At least one organism benefits
3 typesMutualism, commensalism, parasitism
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Mutualism
• Mutualism (+,+)• Both organisms benefit
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/13087/enlarge
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Examples: nitrogen fixing bacteria on roots of plants
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Anemone/ClownfishClownfish gets protectionAnemone gets food
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Commensalism
• Commensalism (+, 0)• One organism benefits, other organism
remains unharmed
• Example:
Barnacles/Whale
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Example Commensalism:
• Epiphytes on trees in the rainforest
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Parasitism
• Parasitism (+, -)• One sided relationship• Parasite benefits, the other (HOST) is
harmed• Example
Dog/tick
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Lamprey on a fish
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Insects can carry parasitic disease causing organisms
• Examples
• Mosquitoes carry West Nile Virus and malaria parasites
• Deer ticks carry bacteria lyme disease
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Pathogen
• Pathogen = disease causing organism
• Examples
– Virus = influenza virus, HIV, ebola virus
– Bacteria = Streptoccocus bacillus, E. Coli
– Protist = Plasmodium Malaria, Giardia
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Key ideas
• Plants and animals depend on each other and their physical environment.
• Human decisions and activities have had a profound impact on the physical and living environment.
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Key vocabulary
• Adaptations =
• Any characteristic or trait that helps an organism survive
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Review Questions
1. What is the difference between a population and a community?
2. Define limiting factor and give an example
3. Draw an example of a food web for the following community – mice, rabbits and deer are both eating grasses in a
field, mice are the main food for owls and kestrels, coyotes eat mainly deer but will also feed on mice and rabbits
4. State what will happen to this community if the coyotes are removed