taxonomy
TRANSCRIPT
Taxonomy,Taxonomy,Classification,Classification,
and Identificationand Identification
Karl HagenbuchKarl Hagenbuch
Department of Biological SciencesDepartment of Biological SciencesSan Antonio CollegeSan Antonio College
TaxonomyTaxonomy
= the study of naming, describing and = the study of naming, describing and classifying organisms, including the classifying organisms, including the
rules, theories, principles and proceduresrules, theories, principles and procedures
Taxon = Taxon = a group of organisms recognized a group of organisms recognized at any level of a taxonomical hierarchyat any level of a taxonomical hierarchy
(e. g. Family, Class) (e. g. Family, Class)
ClassificationClassification
= the orderly arrangement of organisms into = the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchal system that is derived from an a hierarchal system that is derived from an
accumulation of information about the accumulation of information about the individual organisms, the end result individual organisms, the end result
expressing an interrelationshipexpressing an interrelationship
Why?Why?
Because it provides humans with a means to Because it provides humans with a means to address organisms and their relationships to address organisms and their relationships to
one anotherone another
Because it allows humans to make Because it allows humans to make inferences about unfamiliar organismsinferences about unfamiliar organisms
Because it is in our natureBecause it is in our nature
ClassificationClassification
Systems:Systems:
Artificial = based on obvious or Artificial = based on obvious or convenient items of information called convenient items of information called characters (e.g. flower color, locality).characters (e.g. flower color, locality).
Natural = based on morphological Natural = based on morphological features that give the sense of features that give the sense of correlation with those of another correlation with those of another organism. (e.g. trees, grasses)organism. (e.g. trees, grasses)
Phylogenetic = based on the Phylogenetic = based on the proposed lineage derived from proposed lineage derived from a wide variety of information.a wide variety of information.
AristotleAristotle
Greek PhilosopherGreek Philosopher
First to propose a system First to propose a system of classificationof classification
Scala NaturalaeScala Naturalae
Two types of animals:Two types of animals:•With bloodWith blood•Without bloodWithout blood
TheophrastusTheophrastus
Greek PhilosopherGreek Philosopher
Father of plant taxonomyFather of plant taxonomy
Classification of plants Classification of plants was based on:was based on:•Mode of generationMode of generation•LocalityLocality•SizeSize•UsefulnessUsefulness
Carl von LinnéCarl von LinnéCarolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus
Swedish botanist, Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physicianzoologist, and physician
First to illustrate the First to illustrate the usefulness of binomial usefulness of binomial nomenclaturenomenclature
Developed the modern Developed the modern taxonomic hierarchytaxonomic hierarchy
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial NomenclatureModern Hierarchy (Biological Classification)Modern Hierarchy (Biological Classification)
Domain – EukaryaDomain – Eukarya Kingdom – AnimaliaKingdom – Animalia Phylum – CordataPhylum – Cordata Class – MammaliaClass – Mammalia Order – PrimatesOrder – Primates Family – HominidaeFamily – Hominidae Genus – Genus – HomoHomo Species – Species – Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
Specific epithets:Specific epithets:Descriptives – Descriptives – Quercus macrocarpa Quercus macrocarpa
= Oak with big fruit= Oak with big fruitHonorifics – Honorifics – Quercus buckleyi Quercus buckleyi
= Oak named for Mr. Buckley= Oak named for Mr. BuckleyLocalities – Localities – Quercus virginiana Quercus virginiana
= Oak first described in Virginia= Oak first described in Virginia
= a two-word name consisting of a generic = a two-word name consisting of a generic name and a specific epithetname and a specific epithet
Current system recognizes 3 Domains:Current system recognizes 3 Domains:Eukarya:Eukarya:
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom AnimaliaKingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaeKingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
Archaea & BacteriaArchaea & Bacteria
The previously recognized Kingdoms ofThe previously recognized Kingdoms ofProtista & Monera have been disolvedProtista & Monera have been disolved
Phylogenetic ClassificationPhylogenetic Classification
= the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
Typically represented as a phylogenetic tree (cladogram) a a branching diagram showing the branching diagram showing the
evolutionary relationships among evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other various biological species or other
taxa that are believed to have a taxa that are believed to have a common ancestorcommon ancestor
The Pylogenetic Tree
TimeTime
Species 1Species 1 Species 2Species 2 Species 3Species 3
Plant ClassificationPlant Classification
Current classification systems follow the Current classification systems follow the recognized taxonomic hierarchy, recognized taxonomic hierarchy, however, there is always some however, there is always some
disagreement as to the membership disagreement as to the membership requirements of various taxarequirements of various taxa
LumpersLumpers&&
SplittersSplitters
The CoreThe Core
Non-vascular land plantsNon-vascular land plants•reduced plants that lack vascular reduced plants that lack vascular (circulatory) tissues(circulatory) tissues•they neither have flowers nor produce they neither have flowers nor produce seedsseeds•reproductive unit is a sporereproductive unit is a spore
Ferns and fern alliesFerns and fern allies•plants with vascular (circulatory) tissuesplants with vascular (circulatory) tissues•they neither have flowers nor produce they neither have flowers nor produce seedsseeds•reproductive unit is a sporereproductive unit is a spore
GymnospermsGymnosperms•plants with vascular (circulatory) tissuesplants with vascular (circulatory) tissues•they lack flowers they lack flowers •reproductive unit is a seed produced on reproductive unit is a seed produced on scales in a cone-like structurescales in a cone-like structure
AngiospermsAngiosperms•plants with vascular (circulatory) tissuesplants with vascular (circulatory) tissues•they produce flowers they produce flowers •reproductive unit is a seed produced reproductive unit is a seed produced within an enclosed ovarywithin an enclosed ovary
IdentificationIdentification
= the assigning of an existing name to an = the assigning of an existing name to an unknown organismunknown organism
MethodsMethods
Expert assistance – local university, Expert assistance – local university, school, museumschool, museum
Comparison method – guide books, Comparison method – guide books, internetinternet
Dichotomous key – local manuals, florasDichotomous key – local manuals, floras
Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key
Keys based on a sequence of pairs of Keys based on a sequence of pairs of contrasting statementscontrasting statements
The user chooses the statement that better The user chooses the statement that better describes the plant in questiondescribes the plant in question
Each time a choice is made a number of plants Each time a choice is made a number of plants are eliminatedare eliminated
Eventually the number of possible Eventually the number of possible identifications is reduced to oneidentifications is reduced to one
Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key
1. Growth habit an herb1. Growth habit an herb1. Growth habit a vine, shrub or tree1. Growth habit a vine, shrub or tree
. . . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . 4. . . . 4
4. Growth habit a vine4. Growth habit a vine4. Growth habit a shrub or tree4. Growth habit a shrub or tree
. . . . . . . . . . . . 5. . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . . 7. . . . . . . 7
7. Growth habit a shrub7. Growth habit a shrub7. Growth habit a tree7. Growth habit a tree
. . . . . . . . . . . . 8. . . . . . . . . . . . 8. . . . . . . . . . . . 30. . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key
30. Leaf arrangement opposite30. Leaf arrangement opposite30. Leaf arrangement whorled or alternate30. Leaf arrangement whorled or alternate
. . . . . . . . FraxinusFraxinus . 31. 31
31. Leaves simple31. Leaves simple31. Leaves compound31. Leaves compound
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . 44. . . . . . . . . . . . 44
32. Venation palmate32. Venation palmate32. Venation pinnate or reticulate32. Venation pinnate or reticulate
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . WashingtoniaWashingtonia. . . . . . 33. . . . . . 33
Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key
33. Margin entire33. Margin entire33. Margin toothed33. Margin toothed
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
34. Lobes present34. Lobes present34. Lobes absent34. Lobes absent
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
35. Blades palmately lobed35. Blades palmately lobed35. Blades pinnately lobed35. Blades pinnately lobed
. . . . . . . . . . PlatanusPlatanus. . . . . . . . . 36. . . . . . . . . 36
Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key
36. Lobes rounded36. Lobes rounded36. Lobes pointed36. Lobes pointed
. . . . . . Quercus macrocarpaQuercus macrocarpa . . . . . . . . . . Quercus buckleyiQuercus buckleyi
Thank YouThank You
It is both an honor and pleasure to It is both an honor and pleasure to speak before the Master Naturalistspeak before the Master Naturalist
I wish you all continued successI wish you all continued success