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U21 POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS I Water - how need drives research and research underpins solutions to world-wide problems 20th-25th July 2008, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK

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Urban waterfront revitalization for tsunami disaster mitigation: A case study of Indonesia Fahmyddin Tauhid University of Nottingham, Urban Design Programme, Nottingham, UK Waterfront revitalization: economic and mitigation plan motives The shift from an economy dominated by manufacturing to knowledge economy especially in industrialized countries, has transferred manufacturing activity to cities with cheaper Labors (Coupland 1997). The industrialized city can become studded with abandoned site that both become a symbol of decline and revitalization. The future of the city becomes dependent on attracting new industries, investment and jobs. The new economy is driven by technology and information industries (Reich 1992). Adapting to changing economics and competing for a more significant role in the world economy, they have reinvented themselves to attract new flows of capital investment (Hedley 1994).

Urban waterfront revitalization is measured as one of the keys to deal with this problem (Dovey 2005). Urban waterfront redevelopment, of course, is not confined exclusively to port cities but is found as a continuous process in most places where settlement and water are juxtaposed, whether or not commercial port activity is or was present (Hoyle 1988). The urban waterfront has been examined as a novel border of the city and government with strong need to attract investment and create an image of the city in progress (Dovey, 2005). In addition, it also becomes a perimeter of the city with opportunities for significant aesthetics, economic, social and environmental benefits.

Furthermore, not all waterfront development is driven by economic factors since there is considerable scope for visionary architecture, urban design and planning (Hoyle 1993). For Indonesia, the disaster mitigation-based waterfront revitalization should be integrated within such a process since it is located in disaster prone area like tsunami (BAPPENAS 2005). Tsunami disaster in Indonesia In Indonesia, natural disasters are frequent phenomena: causing loss of life, destruction of property and irreversible damage to the coastal and land environment. It is situated between Asia and Australia continents, the Indian and pacific oceans and also located in the tectonic Zone (USGS 2008). Geologically, it is composed of parts of three crucial active plates: Eurasian plate, Indian-Australia plate, and Pacific Ocean floor. This composition makes Indonesia, particularly waterfront cities vulnerable to natural disasters such as earth quake and volcanoes eruption which may generate catastrophic tsunami On December 26, 2004, an earthquake of Mw=9.3 occurred in the northwest coast of Sumatera island, Indonesia. The earthquake generated a catastrophic tsunami that caused a massive scale destruction and enormous death toll in Indonesia (ESS 2005). The December 26 tsunami has increased awareness for stakeholders to integrate tsunami mitigation plan into urban planning and design for cities located in the tsunami-prone area. (Golonka 2004: Hamilton 1979).


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Causalities No Location/ event Year of event

Cause of event Displaced Died

1 Sunda (Krakatau) 1883 Volcano eruption * 36,000

2 Sumatera 1964 Earthquake * 110 3 Tambo, central sulawesi 1968 Earthquake * 392

4 Sumba,West Nusa tenggara 1977 Earthquake * 316

5 Flores,East Nusa tenggara 1992 Earthquake * 2100 6 Bayuwangi, East java 1994 Earthquake * 208

7 Aceh & Nias (Indian ocean)

2004 Earthquake 598,285 243,530

8 Parangtritis, Java 2006 Earthquake 74,000 670

Table1 . Major Tsunamis in Indonesia (BAKORNAS 2008)

Figure1. The existing plates composing Indonesia (Prasetyo et al. 2004)


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Waterfront cities located in a tsunami hazard-prone area are vulnerable to disaster because of

the high concentration of people, buildings, infrastructure and socio-economic activities. Once the tsunami strikes, there will be tremendous losses and damages in the city. Therefore, it is important to prepare the city and its community with a disaster mitigation plan in order to reduce the damage and losses.

Urban planning and design strategies for tsunami mitigation

Urban planning and design can be used as an effective tool in reducing the economic and social risks of tsunami (FIG 2006). A disaster mitigation plan can be involved at every stage of the urban planning and design process: planning, monitoring, evaluating, and revising plans (Pelling 2003). The implementation of urban planning and design for mitigation plan particularly tsunami hazard includes as follow (NTHMP 2001: JICA 2005):

§ Arrangement of land use and site planning: this consists of designation of tsunami hazard areas

for open space uses, land use designation in hazard area, zoning arrangement from the public to private zone, capital improvement planning and budgeting;

§ Development of supporting infrastructure : this consists of Costal structures, Public emergency facilities, housing strategies, critical facilities;

§ Planting of coastal forest; § Providing an early warning system; § Emergency road network planning: this consists of an escape and relief road; § Pre-tsunami evacuation planning: this is classified into horizontal and vertical methods.

A Tsunami mitigation plan also requires public participation since the community becomes the

subject (actor) and the object (target) of the mitigation plan (NTHMP 2001). The mitigation plan when applied to the comprehensive urban planning and design policies allows the community to be involved and discuss the main issues in a systematic way. It also acknowledges that the community needs to understand the risks and makes them more aware of the mitigation strategies that the local government plans to apply (Pearce 2003).

However, there is no single method to design a hazard mitigation plan in the urban and design planning process. It will depend on the planners, authorities as well as other stakeholders to choose an appropriate method that would suit the region.

Conclusion Currently many cities around the world are facing changing economics. Waterfront revitalization is mainly considered as one solution to deal with such problems. It has been as measurable opportunities for these cities to increase significantly benefits to residents in term of aesthetics, economic, social and environmental factors (Dovey 2005).

In the Indonesia context, waterfront revitalization is not only determined by economic purposes but also as part of a for tsunami mitigation plan since mostly of its cities are located in a tsunami prone area (BAPPENAS 2005). This mitigation plan can effectively be embedded within the urban planning and design for respective cities.

Urban planning and design can be utilized as an appropriate method to minimize the economic and social risks of the tsunami (FIG 2006). The application of urban planning and design for the mitigation plan includes (NTHMP 2001: JICA 2005): Arrangement of Land use and site planning, Development of supporting infrastructure, Planting of Coastal Forest: Provision of an early warning system, Emergency road network planning and Pre-tsunami evacuation planning. It is also strongly recommended to involve public participation during development such a plan to meet the plan’s objective successfully (NTHMP 2001). Lastly, the comprehensive tsunami mitigation plan requires incorporation of urban planning and design strategies, public participation and appropriate method implementation from stakeholders such as government, planners as well as communities.


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