target: pluto-charon...launch 19 mar 2008 c3: 103 km2/s2 jupiter flyby 12 aug 2009 c/a range: 24 rj...
TRANSCRIPT
Stern/10 June 2005
New Horizons is New Frontiers 1Launch: Jan ‘06
Pluto-CharonJuly 2015
KBOs?2017-2020
Jupiter SystemMarch 2007
Target: Pluto-CharonTarget: Pluto-Charon
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Toward New Frontiers
New Horizons isDemonstrating That AClass of Focused ButExciting Low CostOuter Planet MissionsIs Indeed Feasible.
Stern/10 June 2005
NH: What About the KB?
Sampling the Diversity of the Kuiper Belt Was The HighestPriority New Frontiers Recommendation of the Decadal Survey
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NASA New Horizons MissionRequirements
Requirement: Flyby Pluto-Charon before the endof 2020.
Desirement: NASA desires to visit one or moreKBOs if an extended mission is approved afterPluto and conditions allow.
Despite the Wishes of the Decadal Survey, NASA’sRequirements for New Horizons 1 Make Clear ThatKuiper Belt Exploration is only a Goal.
This disappointment is exacerbated by the well-known New Horizons RTG fuel problems at LANL.
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WHAT IS NEW HORIZONS 2? Protect Decadal Survey Science at KBOs. Enable the Exploration of Both Large and Small KBOs. Enable the Opportunity To Conduct A Target-of-Opportunity Uranus Flyby Near Equinox. Obtain Jupiter Science Deep Among the Galileans.
Use An Identical NH Spacecraft and Instrument Payload. But Select A Newly Competed Science Team.
Estimated Cost: <$500M. Time Critical Launch Window: 2008-2009 to Reach Uranus. Uranus Data Return by 2014-2015, KBOs by 2019-2021.
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Launch19 Mar 2008C3: 103 km2/s2 Jupiter flyby
12 Aug 2009C/A range: 24 RJ
Uranus flyby07 Oct 2015C/A range: 2.4 RU
1999 TC36 Flyby15 Sept 2020Speed: 12 km/sSun Dist: 31 AU
Target: KBO 1999 TC36A Big KBO Binary
New Horizons 2Example Mission Design
1999 TC36: ~400 Diameter with ~200 km Satellite Both 2008 and 2009 Launch Windows Exist
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NEW HORIZONS 2:THE URANUS-EQUINOX OPPORTUNITY
A PERISHABLE OPPORTUNITYTO EXPLORE URANUS NEAR EQUINOX
EQUINOX OCCURS EVERY 42 YEARS (1965, 2007, 2047).
THERE IS NO CURRENT PROSPECT TO VISIT URANUS IN
THE UPCOMING EQUINOX, OR OTHERWISE FOR THAT
MATTER.
THE SERENDIPITOUS NH2 2014 FLYBY OFFERS DIFFERENT
LIGHTING, INSOLATION, & MAGNETOSPHERIC
GEOMETRY THAN VOYAGER 2.
WITH MAJOR INSTRUMENTATION CAPABILITIES THAT
VOYAGER DID NOT HAVE (SURFACE COMPOSITION
MAPPING, DUST PROFILING, ICE TEMPERATURE MAPPING).
Stern/10 June 2005
NH2 Chronology To Date (1 of 2)
Fall 2002: On recommendation of the NH1 Science Team (ST),Planetary Exploration Director Colleen Hartman is asked to include all5 Decadal Survey missions (not just the other 4) in the NF2 AO, soNH2 can be proposed as a dedicated KB mission. Request denied.Request made for study money. Request denied. Question : How dowe proceed within the system? Answer: There isn't any establishedmethod to request an NH2.
2003-2004: Internal, self-funded NH ST, APL, and SwRI-baseddiscussions and mission analysis/cost studies on doing an NH1 cloneto large KBOs in case NH-1 is lost or unable to meet the desired KBOobjectives.
Mid-2004: Stern briefs Pasadena outer planets strategy workshop onNH2 in plenary session and holds an open public workshop on Uranusflyby science: small room, but SRO (30_ attendees). PI Stern leadsletter to Dr. Weiler with 110+ signatures asking for NASA to find waysto fund more mid-sized OP missions.
Mid-Late 2004: LANL RTG fueling problems endanger KBO mission.NH1 science team votes to go to Congress for an NH2 study.
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NH2 Chronology To Date (2 of 2)
Fall 2004: NASA FY05 funding Bill passed (Omnibus appropriation):specifies the need for an NH2 study to KB, motivated in part by thepower problems of NH1. No dollar value is attached to thisstudy—whatsoever.
Early 2005: NASA HQ implements the NH2 study; NH team is notfunded, not part of the study, but some information requests weremade to APL. Griffin at APL eventually believes the GSFC study teamis looking for proprietary material at APL and refuses to answerrequests (e.g., for IEM drawings).
Early 2005: NH science team at OPAG to brief the concept. First OPAGmeeting: 3 of 5 break-out teams recommend NH2 to the KB or aUranus flyby mission at equinox.
Early 2005: NH2 ST votes in Exec Session to have the science teamslots re-competed if NH2 is funded in order to remove any apparentconflict of interest charge.
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Toward a Better Future
Other than NH and Juno,No Planned Outer PlanetsMission Will Reach TheirTargets Until After 2020.
NH2 can Reach Uranus by2014-2015, and A LargeKBO by 2019-2020.
NH2 is an immediateopportunity to add depth toouter planets explorationby appealing for a time-critical mission ofopportunity.
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2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
NH INH I
NH IINH II BIGKBO 3/19/08 8/12/09 10/7/15
7/14/15 1/11/06 2/26/07
New Horizons 1 and 2:What a Combination
KBO
Possible 45 kmKBO?
URANUS
PLUTO-CHARON
KBO?
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BACKUP CHARTS
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Decadal Survey Chair Mike Beltonon NH2
Date: Sat, 4 Jun 2005 17:59:09 -0700From: Michael belton <[email protected]>To: [email protected], [email protected], 'Alan Stern-- SwRI/Boulder' <[email protected]>Subject: RE: New Horizons 2 and OPAG Next Week
Dear Fran:
I have read Alan Stern's letter about New Frontiers 2 and I have the following opinion of it:
First there is no question in my mind that a competent mission to one or several KP objects remainsat the highest level in science priorities for outer solar system missions at the current time. This is consistentwith the recent NRC report on New Frontiers. Because of the technical problems that NH 1 faced I believethat NF 2 is of the highest priority to fly.
The question of the methods that Stern has used to make this opportunity an apparent reality are, I believe,questionable to many. However, because of the recent dislocations in space policy at the highest levels (Thepresident's vision) and because of the recent dislocation of policy implementation at NASA Hdqts (theindecision and arbitrariness of the Discovery fiasco for example) and because of what I see as indecisiveness(at best lack of communication) in current community leadership - I now think that entrepreneurs, such asStern, are our best chance of success under current conditions. Therefore I support his attempts (and anyother similar attempts by others, e.g. Schweikart and his B612 effort) to make NH 2 a reality withoutreservation.
Let's hope he wins.Mike B
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BY PROVIDING A BACKUP TO NH1, NH2 WILL BETTER IINSURE SUCCESS FOR THE DECADAL SURVEY’S HIGHEST
PRIORITY NEW FRONTIERS OBJECTIVE: KB SCIENCE
SPACECRAFT PAIRS ARE A WELL ESTABLISHED WAY TOIMPROVE BOTH THE LIKELIHOOD OF MISSION SUCCESS,
AND OVERALL MISSION SCIENCE RETURN.
PARTICULARLY FOR LONG, CHALLENGING MISSIONS.
NOTABLE MISSION SAVES INCLUDE MARINERS 2, 4, 9(when Mariners 1, 3, and 8, each failed)…
STRIKING AND VALUABLE DUAL SUCCESSES OCCURREDFOR VIKINGS I & II, VOYAGERS I & II, AND MERs A & B.
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NH2 Time Criticallity
An NH2 New Start is Time Critical Because:
The Uranus at Equinox Flyby LaunchWindow Closes in Early 2009.
Building an NH-1 Clone is Only Possible ifIt Directly Follows on NH1– Not YearsLater.
No Existing AO for New Frontiers isAvailable to Propose to.
Discovery Does Not Allow RTG Missions.
What Can We Do?
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NH Instrument Payload
LORRI
PEPSSI
SWAP
RALPH
ALICE
Student DustCounter
CORE: REX Uplink radio science & passive radiometry RALPH VIS/IR imaging & spectroscopy ALICE UV imaging spectroscopy
Supplemental: LORRI High-resolution imager SWAP plasma spectrometer PEPSSI energetic particle spectrometer SDC EPO Student Dust Counter
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New HorizonsPayload Characteristics
0.10 meters2 active area, Threshold Mass ~10-12 gm
In Situ Dust CounterSDC
Ions: 1-5000 KeV Electrons: 20-700 KeV
In Situ ParticleSpectrometer
PEPSSI
Solar wind ions up to 6.5 KeVIn Situ PlasmaSpectrometer
SWAP
Panchromatic CCD imagery (5 μradresolution)
Hi-Res ImagerLORRI
Atmosphere P,T to: 0.1μbar, 1 K Surface Temp to 0.3 K
Radio Science,Radiometery
REX
λλ=520-1870 Å, 3 Å resolution, airglow& occultation capabilities
UV ImagingSpectrometer
Alice
Panchromatic & 4-color CCD imagery(20 μrad resolution); 1.25-2.50 μm IR imaging spectroscopy(62 μrad, R=300-600).
Imager/ImagingSpectrometer
Ralph
CharacteristicsType
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Example New Horizons 2Uranus Flyby
Uranus 2014 Flyby Geometry to 1999 TC36
Ring-Epsilon (outermost)Radius: 2.006 RuWidth: 20-96 km
Ring-6 (innermost)Radius: 1.637 RuWidth: ∼1.5 km
Ring-Beta Radius: 1.786 RuWidth: 5-11 km
C/A at Uranusrange: 2.26 RuLatitude: 43.9 NSpeed: 17.8 km/s
Uranus
Equator
North Pole
New Horizons 2 Trajectory
Range at Equator: 2.81 Ru
Sun
NH II Uranus Flyby geometry generated from integrated trajectory
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NH Development Status
Concept Proposal Phase – Jan-Apr 2001 Phase A Study – Jun-Oct 2001 Selection – Nov 2001 Phase B Start – Jan 2002 Requirements Review (SRR) – May 2002 Prelim Design Review (PDR) – Oct 2002 Non-Advocate Review (NAR) – Dec 2002 Phase C/D Start (ATP) – Apr 2003 Critical Design Review (CDR) – Oct 2003 Start Integration & Test – June 2004
Complete S/C Assembly/I&T – May 2005 Initiate Environmental Testing- May 2005
Thermal-Vac Testing – July 2005 Pre-Ship Review – September 2005 Launch Readiness Review – Dec 2005
Launch Window Opens– Jan-Feb 2006
New Horizons was selected by NASAafter open competition on 29 Nov2001.
New Horizons was funded andapproved to enter into full-scaledevelopment in March 2003.
New Horizons is now in Phase C/D; itis designated New Frontiers 1.
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The New Horizons Atlas V 551Launch Vehicle
Centaur InterstageAdapter (12.5 ft Dia)
CCB CylindricalInterstage Adapter
RD-180 Engine Common CoreBoosterTM (CCB)
SingleRL10 Engine
CentaurUpperStage
5-meter Short PayloadFairing (68 ft)
Solid RocketBoosters
Aft TransitionSkirt/Heat Shield
5-MeterPayload FairingBoattail
CentaurAft StubAdapter
Centaur ForwardLoad Reactor
PayloadAdapter (PLA)
Centaur ConicalInterstage Adapter
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Numerous Mission Scenarios Found. Many Also AllowUranus Flybys En Route, But Only Until 2009: Then
Uranus Moves Out of Position With Jupiter
New Horizons 2Other Example Mission Designs
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NH2 Cost Will Be Low
In 2004, the New Horizons MissionTeam Conducted a Feasibility Study forNH2.
Achieving a Large Savings for NH2 overNH1 Depends Critically on Building aSpacecraft Clone: Zero Changes
Making These Assumptions, NH2 Looksto be Feasible for $450M-$500M (full
mission cost; ~$355M to launch).
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NH2 COST ESTIMATE
NH1 Cost (Full Mission): +$696M (Through Data Return)Offset for Smaller Atlas: -$040M (Could be Better)Delete All Design Phase: -$157M (FY02-03)Delete Built Items1: -$012MIncreased Flight Time2: +$015M (20092021 vs. 20062015)---------------------------------------------Net $472M
Note: Inflation not modeled, nor were offsets due to existing spares,existing procedures, etc., economy of scale in mission ops, etc.These probably offset the need for most of a conventional reservespool.
1 FSW, Ground Simulators, Autonomy, Gnd System. Does not include ANY spares usage.
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New Horizons 2 Highest priority recommendation of OPAG primitive bodies panel
NH1 + NH2 fulfills Decadal Survey objective to sample diversity ofKBOs.
Mission to KBOs “remains at the highest level in science priorities forouter solar system missions” (Belton email to Bagenal).
Implementation of NH2 requires innovative approach: NASA denied request to include NH2 for consideration in last New
Frontiers round; no avenue available to pursue within NASAframework.
Launch in 2007-2009 window presents unique “Uranus at equinox”opportunity.
Planetary community support expressed to Congress couldprovide a wedge that opens new line of NF-class missions for outerplanets w/o stealing from other NASA programs.
OPAG Primitive Bodies Panel
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NEW HORIZONS 2
New Horizons 2: A Journey to New Frontiers