tar1 chapter 19d.ppt

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Depression and a Second World War

Section 2 Turning Points

Section 3 Modern America

Section 4 The War on Terrorism

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

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Chapter Objectives

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• Explain how President Roosevelt responded to the Great Depression.

• Understand the actions that led to the outbreak of World War II.

Section 1: Depression and a Second World War

Chapter Objectives


• Examine the ways the United States attempted to stop the spread of communism.

• Review the actions African Americans took to secure their rights.

Section 2: Turning Points

Chapter Objectives


Section 3: Modern America• Analyze the ways in which the Watergate scandal

affected the nation.

• Summarize how the Cold War ended.

Chapter Objectives


• Describe how Americans responded to terrorism.

• Discuss the actions the government took to fight terrorism.

Section 4: The War on Terrorism

Why It MattersDuring the twentieth century, Americans suffered through wars and economic and political unrest. The end of the Cold War brought about communism’s fall in many parts of the world and the triumph of democracy. A new world was at hand–or so it seemed. Long-hidden national and ethnic rivalries flared into violence in various parts of the world. The threats to peace included acts of terrorism.

The Impact TodayIn the twenty-first century, the world faces great challenges. Acts of terrorism present a threat to freedom and security. Although most nations condemn such acts, terrorism is likely to remain a global concern.

Guide to Reading


The United States maintained its free enterprise system during the Great Depression and won victory in a global conflict at great cost.

• dictator

Main Idea

Key Terms

• genocide

• Holocaust

• island hopping


Guide to Reading (cont.)

Organizing Information Re-create the diagram on page 556 of your textbook to identify three causes of World War II.

• how President Roosevelt responded to the Great Depression.

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• what actions led to the outbreak of World War II.


Global Connections The United States joined with allied nations to fight a world war to protect rights and freedoms.

Section Theme


Unemployed man seeking work


The Great Depression • The New York stock market collapsed

in October 1929.

(pages 556–558)(pages 556–558)

• When stock prices dropped, people panicked and sold stocks.

• Many people lost their savings and jobs and could not repay their loans.

• This weakened banks, and thousands of banks closed between 1930 and 1933.

• Depositors lost their money.


The Great Depression (cont.) • There had been warning signs of the crumbling

economy in the 1920s:

(pages 556–558)(pages 556–558)

- Farm income declined. - Industries declined, including textiles, lumber,

mining, railroad, automobile, and construction. - Wages were cut and workers were laid off.

- Fewer consumer goods were sold.


• Banks did not have funds for loans needed by foreign countries during the late 1920s, so foreign economies were weakened.

• International trade decreased.

• Unemployment was high. Twenty-five percent of American workers lost their jobs in 1932.

• People were poor and hungry.

• Soup kitchens had long lines, and there were many homeless people.

• Many people blamed President Hoover.

The Great Depression (cont.)

(pages 556–558)(pages 556–558)


• Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected president in 1932.

• He promised Americans a “new deal.”

• His proposals to fight the Depression became known as the New Deal.


(pages 556–558)(pages 556–558)

- The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) created about 3 million jobs planting trees and building levees to prevent floods.

- The Public Works Administration (PWA) provided jobs building roads, hospitals, and schools.



(pages 556–558)(pages 556–558)

- The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) raised farm prices and controlled production.

- The Social Security Act created a tax paid by employers and workers.

- The money collected was used to pay pensions to retired people.

- Unemployment insurance was funded by another tax.

- People who lost their jobs received payments.

- Another recession hit in 1937.

- Congress and many Americans blamed the New Deal.



(pages 556–558)(pages 556–558)

- The New Deal increased the power of the president, the size of the federal government, and the belief in government responsibility for the welfare of citizens.

- Roosevelt served four terms as president.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What was the Great Depression?

The Great Depression was a period when businesses declined severely, prices dropped, and many people lost their jobs.


(pages 556–558)(pages 556–558)


World War II • Dictators seized control of their nations

by force after World War I and during the Depression.

(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)

• Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist Worker’s Party (Nazi Party) controlled Germany.

• Benito Mussolini controlled Italy.

• Military leaders controlled Japan.

• Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a pact and became allies called the Axis Powers in 1940.

• World War II began.


World War II (cont.)

(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)

- Germany invaded Poland in September 1939.

- The Germans took control of Poland. - Britain and France declared war on Germany.

- Germany invaded France in the spring of 1940 and France surrendered.

- In June 1941, Germany launched an attack on the Soviet Union.


• The United States remained neutral, but supplied weapons to Britain and the Soviet Union under the terms of the Lend-Lease Act.


(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)

- Japanese troops seized Indochina, a French colony.

- This threatened nearby British colonies.

- The United States applied economic pressure to stop Japan.

- The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.



(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)

- Congress declared war on Japan in response to the Pearl Harbor attack.

- Germany and Italy then declared war on the United States.

- The Allied Powers (the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union) fought the Axis Powers.


• The war changed American life at home.

• Those who did not go to war had to do all the work.


(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)

- Industry expanded, wages increased, and unemployment fell.

- Women served in the military and in the workforce.

- African Americans served in the military and in the workforce.

- Most minorities made gains, but Japanese Americans were discriminated against.

- West Coast Asian Americans were forced to relocate to internment camps.


• The Axis Powers were winning until late 1942.

• British and United States troops drove Germans out of North Africa.

• The Axis powers were defeated again in Eastern Europe in early 1943.

• Soviet troops freed Leningrad, a Russian city.

• The German Army surrendered at Stalingrad.


(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)


• The Allies broke through German lines at Anzio, Italy, after four months and freed Rome in June 1944.

• The Allies launched an air war against Germany.

• Cities were destroyed and civilians were killed.

• Germany kept fighting.


(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)


• General Eisenhower, commander of the Allied forces, directed an invasion of France from the West.

• The Soviets pushed toward Germany from the East.

• Fierce fighting took place on the beaches of Normandy when thousands of Allied troops came ashore on June 6, 1944–D-Day.

• The Allies moved on from Normandy and, with the French, freed Paris at the end of August.


(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)


• The Soviets pushed Germany out of Eastern Europe.

• The British and Americans defeated Germany in the Battle of the Bulge, and serious German resistance ended.

• In 1945 Soviet troops reached Berlin.

• British and United States forces moved across western Germany.

• Hitler committed suicide and Germany surrendered.


(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)


• The Allies liberated Germany and parts of Europe.

• They found evidence of the murder of millions of Jews by the Nazis in death camps.

• The genocide became known as the Holocaust.


(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)


• Japanese forces had a series of victories in the Pacific.

• Then the Allies began to make progress.


(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)

- Japanese troops landed in the Philippines.

- Filipino and American troops commanded by Douglas MacArthur fought the Japanese on the Bataan Peninsula west of Manila.

- Allied forces surrendered and were forced to march more than 60 miles to a prison camp.

- Many sick and starving prisoners died.



(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)

- In May 1942, Japanese and United States ships fought the Battle of the Coral Sea northeast of Australia.

- The Americans destroyed much of the Japanese fleet and prevented Japan from reaching Australia.

- In June the United States Navy destroyed hundreds of Japanese aircraft and four aircraft carriers in the Battle of Midway, northwest of Hawaii.



(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)

- The United States adopted a strategy called island hopping.

- It seized control of an island and used it as a base to attack the next island.

- Americans used air and naval power to win control of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands after fierce fighting.

- American forces took control of Guam and launched bombing strikes on Japan in June 1944.

- American ships destroyed most of the Japanese fleet at the Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines in October.



(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)

- American forces seized the island of Iwo Jima in March 1945 and the island of Okinawa in June.

- President Truman called for Japan’s surrender. When it refused, Truman ordered the use of the atomic bomb.

- The bombs were created in secrecy at the suggestion of Albert Einstein.

- In August 1945, the first atomic bomb dropped destroyed the city of Hiroshima.

- The second destroyed the city of Nagasaki.

- Japan surrendered on August 15–V-J Day (“Victory over Japan”), ending World War II.


• People from all over the world searched for ways to preserve peace and prevent another costly, destructive war like World War II.

• Approximately 50 million soldiers and civilians died.

• Billions of dollars worth of property was destroyed.

• It took years for some countries to recover from the war.


(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)


What events caused the outbreak of World War II?

Several dictators seized control of their countries by force. Germany, Italy, and Japan, led by dictators, formed an alliance. Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany. The United States became involved after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.


(pages 558–563)(pages 558–563)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group

__ 2. the name given to the mass slaughter of Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II

__ 3. a leader who rules with total authority, often in a cruel or brutal manner

A. dictator

B. genocide

C. Holocaust

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

B

C

A



Reviewing Facts Who was president of the United States when World War II began? Who was president when it ended?

Franklin Roosevelt was president at the beginning of World War II and Harry Truman was president when World War II ended.


Reviewing Themes

Global Connections What did the Lend-Lease Act, supported by Roosevelt, provide?

It allowed the U.S. to sell, lease, or lend weapons to nations whose security was vital to America’s defense.

Critical Thinking

Determining Cause and Effect How did the role of government in American democracy change as a result of the Depression and the New Deal?

There was more government intervention including work relief and assistance programs, social security benefits, and regulation of banking and businesses.


Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Examine the maps on page 560 and 562 of your textbook. What are the topics of the maps? Did Japanese control in 1942 include the Philippine Islands? The Hawaiian Islands? Was Finland under Axis control at one time or another? Was France? How can you tell?

The map topics are World War II in Europe and Africa, and World War II in the Pacific. Japanese control in 1942 included the Philippine Islands, but not the Hawaiian Islands. By looking at the key which shows the greatest extent of Axis control, you see that Finland and France were under Axis control at one time.


Language Arts Write newspaper headlines about three important events covered in Section 1.

Guide to Reading


During the second half of the twentieth century, Americans struggled with communism abroad and civil rights at home.

• stalemate

Main Idea

Key Terms

• affluence • segregation

• civil disobedience

• feminist



Sequencing Information Create a time line like the one on page 564 of your textbook and identify key events in the postwar world.

• how the United States attempted to stop the spread of communism.

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• what actions African Americans took to secure their rights.


Civic Rights and Responsibilities American minorities and women intensified their efforts to secure their full rights as citizens.

Section Theme


Big Three at Yalta


The Cold War Era • The Truman Policy of 1947 illustrated

President Truman’s commitment to help countries fight communism.

(pages 564–566)(pages 564–566)

• A cold war began between the United States and the Soviet Union.

• Stalin prohibited free elections in Eastern Europe and set up Communist governments.

• West Germany was created by uniting the zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, and France.

• The Soviets sealed off Berlin.


The Cold War Era (cont.) • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO) was formed by the United States, Canada, and the countries of Western Europe in 1949.

• They agreed to defend one another from attack.

(pages 564–566)(pages 564–566)


• The Korean War between North and South Korea began in 1950.

• China helped the Communists of North Korea.

• American and United Nations forces defended South Korea.

• The war ended in July 1953 with Korea still divided.

The Cold War Era (cont.)

(pages 564–566)(pages 564–566)


• Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president in 1952.

• He believed that the government should protect the basic welfare of all citizens.

• He provided more money for public housing and expanded Social Security.


(pages 564–566)(pages 564–566)


• The Federal Highway Act of 1956 authorized the building of a network of highways.

• The roads were needed for military forces in case of attack.

• The highway system united the regions of the nation.


(pages 564–566)(pages 564–566)


• The American economy and the birthrate grew quickly after World War II.

• The rapid increase in the number of babies born was called a baby boom.

• Americans became more affluent and built homes in the suburbs.


(pages 564–566)(pages 564–566)


Why was there a cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union?

Stalin prohibited free elections in Eastern Europe. The Soviets set up Communist governments. The United States was committed to fighting the spread of communism.


(pages 564–566)(pages 564–566)


The Civil Rights Era • The modern civil rights movement began in the

1950s.

(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)

- The case of Brown v. Board of Education was brought to the Supreme Court by Thurgood Marshall.

- The Court ruled that segregation was unconstitutional.

- In 1955 African American Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to whites on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.

- Her arrest led to a bus boycott.

- In 1956 the courts ruled that all segregation laws were unconstitutional.

The Civil Rights Era (cont.) - Martin Luther King, Jr., one of the leaders of the

civil rights movement, encouraged civil disobedience and nonviolent protests.

(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)


• John F. Kennedy, a Democrat, defeated Richard Nixon in the election of 1960.

• He was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963.

• Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became president.

The Civil Rights Era (cont.)

(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)

- Congress refused to pass Kennedy’s proposals for improving education and helping poor people get jobs.

- Johnson’s programs, called the “Great Society” included Medicare and Medicaid.

- They helped pay for medical care and hospital bills for senior citizens and poor people.


• The civil rights movement continued to grow during Kennedy’s and Johnson’s administrations.


(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)

- The sit-in movement began when four African American students refused to leave a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, in February 1960.

- Martin Luther King, Jr., led a march in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963.

- Marchers were attacked by police.

- Kennedy sent a civil rights bill to Congress outlawing segregation.



(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)

- Many civil rights organizations organized a march to support Kennedy’s proposal.

- King made a speech about his dream that one day the nation will live up to the words, “all men are created equal.”

- Kennedy’s civil rights bill did not pass.

- The Civil Rights Act of 1964, supported by President Johnson, was passed by Congress.

- It banned segregation and outlawed discrimination in hiring.

- Marchers demanding the right to vote were attacked by police in Selma, Alabama, in 1965.

- Johnson proposed the Voting Rights Act of 1965.


• Changes in civil rights were made slowly. The Civil Rights Era (cont.)

(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)

- Malcolm X, a leader in the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims), supported separation of blacks and whites.

- He later changed his mind and called for an “honest white-black brotherhood.”

- There were many violent riots in cities during the mid-1960s.

- Cities were burned, property was destroyed, and people died.

- Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated in April 1968.

- His assassination led to riots in more than 100 cities.


• Women, Hispanics, and Native Americans joined the struggle for equal rights.


(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)

- The National Organization for Women (NOW) was created by feminists in 1966.

- Members campaigned for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution.

- It did not pass.

- Congress outlawed discrimination in the workplace in 1972.



(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)

- The growing Hispanic population wanted equal rights.

- Migrant workers, led by César Chávez, formed the United Farm Workers (UFW) union.

- Other groups formed to end discrimination through the political process and by electing Hispanics to government positions.

- Groups included La Raza Unida and the League of United Latin American Citizens.

- Hispanics won the right to serve on juries and send their children to integrated schools.


• Native Americans demanded political power in the 1960s.


(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)

- The Indian Civil Rights Act was passed in 1966.

- It protected the constitutional rights of Native Americans.

- It also allowed Native Americans to make laws on their reservations.



(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)

- Members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized control of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, the place where federal troops massacred the Sioux in 1890.

- It was part of a Sioux reservation where people lived in desperate poverty.

- The siege focused attention on the plight of Native Americans.


• People with disabilities worked to be treated equally in the 1960s and 1970s.

• A number of laws were passed.

• They improved access to public facilities, created job opportunities, and provided equal educational opportunities.


(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)

Why do you think so many groups of Americans were denied their civil rights and had to work so hard to achieve them?

Possible answer: Some Americans felt they were superior to or better than minority groups. They felt threatened by minority groups.



(pages 566–568)(pages 566–568)


The Vietnam Era • President Kennedy continued to fight

communism.

(pages 568–570)(pages 568–570)

- Fidel Castro, a Cuban dictator who came to power in 1959, formed an alliance with the Soviet Union.

- Fifteen hundred Cuban immigrants trained by the Central Intelligence Agency were sent to Cuba to overthrow the government.

- This mission, called the Bay of Pigs, failed.


The Vietnam Era (cont.)

(pages 568–570)(pages 568–570)

- Soviet Leader Nikita Khrushchev built the Berlin Wall to divide East and West Berlin.

- He did this because Kennedy refused his orders to get the West out of Berlin.

- Kennedy blockaded Cuba in October 1962, after the Soviets refused to remove their nuclear missiles from Cuba.

- The world waited to see if a nuclear war would break out.

- Soviet ships headed for the American blockade turned back.

- The Soviets agreed to remove their missiles during negotiations.


• In the late 1950s, the United States sent supplies and advisers to help South Vietnam fight Communist Vietcong forces in South Vietnam.

• North Vietnam supplied the Vietcong with supplies and weapons.

• The Vietcong grew stronger.


(pages 568–570)(pages 568–570)


• North Vietnam allegedly attacked United States ships in the Gulf of Tonkin in August 1964.

• Congress approved the use of force to defend America from attacks.

• United States troops defended their bases and then tried to find and destroy the Vietcong.


(pages 568–570)(pages 568–570)


• In 1965 Johnson ordered bombing of North Vietnam and then sent combat troops.

• Johnson sent more troops, and Congress approved a land war.

• The war grew.


(pages 568–570)(pages 568–570)


• Many Americans opposed the war and the draft.

• Johnson was criticized. He did not run for reelection.

• Republican Richard Nixon, former vice president under Eisenhower, defeated Hubert Humphrey in the 1968 election by a small margin.


(pages 568–570)(pages 568–570)



(pages 568–570)(pages 568–570)

- Nixon promised to restore order and achieve “peace with honor” in Vietnam.

- His policy of “Vietnamization” called for training and equipping South Vietnamese forces.

- Then United States forces would be pulled out of Vietnam.

- Nixon secretly ordered the bombing of Cambodia.

- The Vietcong and the North Vietnamese used Cambodia as a base to attack South Vietnam.



(pages 568–570)(pages 568–570)

- Nixon announced the invasion of Cambodia in the spring of 1970.

- Demonstrations and violence on college campuses resulted. Some students were killed.


• A peace agreement was reached between North and South Vietnam in 1973.

• American troops pulled out of Vietnam.

• North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam again in 1975. South Vietnam was defeated.

• Vietnam became one united Communist country.

• More than 1 million soldiers and civilians were killed in the war.

• Many United States soldiers had the status of Missing in Action (MIA).


(pages 568–570)(pages 568–570)

Why do you think so many Americans opposed the Vietnam War?

Possible answer: The military went beyond what they were authorized to do when they first went after the Vietcong and later bombed Cambodia.



(pages 568–570)(pages 568–570)



__ 1. refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust as a nonviolent way to press for changes

__ 2. the state of having much wealth

__ 3. a person who advocates or is active in promoting women’s rights

__ 4. the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group

A. stalemate

B. affluence

C. segregation

D. civil disobedience

E. feminist


D

B

E

C



__ 5. a situation during a conflict when action stops because both sides are equally powerful and neither will give in

A. stalemate

B. affluence

C. segregation


E. feminist


A



Reviewing Facts What role did Rosa Parks play in the struggle for civil rights?

Her refusal to give up her bus seat started the Montgomery bus boycott. In 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that all segregated buses were unconstitutional.

Reviewing Themes

Civic Rights and Responsibilities Describe the various actions taken by African Americans to secure civil rights at this time.


African Americans participated in boycotts and marches.

Critical Thinking

Drawing Inferences Do you think President Nixon succeeded in attaining “peace with honor”? Explain.

Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Study the map of the Vietnam War on page 569 of your textbook. Where did most of the United States bases lie? Why do you think those sites were chosen?

Most of the U.S. bases were along the coast of South Vietnam. These sites provided easier access for transporting troops and supplies.


Citizenship Create a time line of the civil rights movement. Research and clip pictures from magazines and newspapers of historic and present-day civil rights events and issues. Add captions.

Guide to Reading


The end of the Cold War brought new challenges to the United States–both at home and abroad.

• embargo

Main Idea

Key Terms

• human rights • federal debt • perjury

• Internet • ozone • global warming

• terrorism



Organizing Information Re-create the chart on page 572 of your textbook. For each event, identify the president who was involved. Then summarize the significance of each event.

• how the Watergate scandal affected the nation.

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• how the Cold War was ended.


Government and Democracy Presidential scandals tested the American political system, but the constitutional system of checks and balances provided safeguards against the abuse of power.

Section Theme


Nixon button


Crisis of Confidence • Richard Nixon took office in 1969.

(pages 572–574)(pages 572–574)

• He hoped to help build a more stable world.

- President Nixon reopened United States relations with China.

- Trade with China reopened in 1971, and President Nixon visited China in 1972.

- United States relations with the Soviets also improved.

- The United States and the Soviets agreed to an arms control treaty, limiting the number of nuclear missiles each could have.


Crisis of Confidence (cont.)

(pages 572–574)(pages 572–574)

- During the 1970s, the United States supported Israel, which upset many Arab nations.

- These nations staged an oil embargo, banning oil shipments to the United States.

- Secretary of State Henry Kissinger negotiated an agreement between Israeli and Arab leaders.

- The agreement ended the oil crisis.

- President Nixon gave federal taxes back to the states.

- He created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).


• President Nixon was reelected in 1972.

• But during the election campaign, President Nixon’s staff had spies break into the Democratic Party offices in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington.

• When this break-in became public, President Nixon denied his staff’s involvement and also denied ordering a cover-up.


(pages 572–574)(pages 572–574)



(pages 572–574)(pages 572–574)

- The House of Representatives began impeachment proceedings against President Nixon.

- They formally accused the president of abusing his power.

- President Nixon resigned from office in August 1974.

- Vice President Gerald Ford then became president.

- He lost the 1976 election to Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter.


• President Carter tried to fix the economy, deal with foreign policy issues, and fight for human rights around the world.


(pages 572–574)(pages 572–574)

- President Carter arranged negotiations that led to the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation.

- President Carter withdrew economic and military aid from nations that violated human rights, such as Argentina, South Africa, and Iran.

- Iranian students responded by taking over the American embassy in Tehran and holding 52 Americans hostage.



(pages 572–574)(pages 572–574)

- President Carter lost the 1980 election to Ronald Reagan.

- Iran released the hostages.


Why do you think the oil embargo caused an oil crisis and economic problems in the United States?

Possible answer: The United States relies on oil from the Middle East to make gasoline and other products necessary for industry. Oil is used to produce some forms of energy.


(pages 572–574)(pages 572–574)


New Challenges • President Reagan reduced the role of the

government.

(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)

- President Reagan cut taxes, eliminated many regulations, and cut federal programs.

- The economy began to grow after a brief recession in 1982.

- The stock market climbed rapidly.

- President Reagan increased military spending to build up United States forces.


New Challenges (cont.)

(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)

- The federal debt increased because President Reagan needed to borrow money to cover the difference between the amount of money the government received and the money it spent.

- President Reagan was reelected in 1984.

- Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union.

- Its economy was ready to collapse, and so the Soviets could not afford to keep up with the United States on military spending.

- Gorbachev decided to reform the communist system.


• George Bush, Reagan’s vice president, defeated Michael Dukakis in the 1988 election.


(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)

- President Bush continued negotiations with the Soviet Union.

- Demonstrators demanded more democracy in Eastern Europe in 1989.

- Most of the communist governments collapsed.

- The Berlin Wall was torn down.

- East Germany and West Germany were reunited.



(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)

- The Communist Party was outlawed in the Soviet Union by the end of 1991.

- The Soviet Union was divided into 15 separate republics.

- In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait. European and Arab nations joined the United States to free Kuwait.

- The attack on Iraq that freed Kuwait was called Operation Desert Storm.

- Much of Iraq’s army was destroyed.


• Democratic presidential candidate Bill Clinton, governor of Arkansas, defeated Bush in the 1992 election.

• A third-party candidate, billionaire Ross Perot, split the vote three ways.


(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)

- President Clinton cut government spending to reduce the deficit.

- Congress passed the Family Medical Leave Act with President Clinton’s persuasion.

- After the midterm elections, Congress was controlled by Republicans. Democratic President Clinton vetoed many of Congress’s proposals.



(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)

- President Clinton was reelected in 1996.

- Congress and the president began to work together.

- President Clinton focused on education and health care during his second term.

- He also balanced the budget and ran a surplus.

- President Clinton helped negotiate an agreement between Israel and Palestine in 1993.

- Palestine was allowed its own government in Israeli territory.



(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)

- Evidence suggested that President Clinton may have lied under oath, or committed perjury and obstructed justice, to hide a personal relationship with a White House intern.

- The House of Representatives voted to impeach him.

- He was tried and acquitted by the Senate.


• Democratic candidate Al Gore, the vice president, and Republican candidate George W. Bush, governor of Texas and son of former President Bush, faced each other in the 2000 election.

• The vote was extremely close.

• Both candidates needed the electoral votes from Florida to win the election.

• The results in Florida were disputed.

• No one knew immediately who won the election.


(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)


• A ballot recount was approved.

• George W. Bush and Al Gore filed lawsuits regarding the process.

• The final decision was made by the United States Supreme Court.

• It was decided that George W. Bush won the election.


(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)


• President Bush named his cabinet members.

• His wife, First Lady Laura Bush, promoted reading programs and education.


(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)

- Retired Army General Colin Powell was appointed secretary of state.

- Donald Rumsfeld was appointed secretary of defense.

- Gale Norton became Secretary of Interior.

- Christine Todd Whitman was named as the head of the Environmental Protection Agency.



(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)

- Elaine Chao, the first Asian American female appointed to a cabinet post, became secretary of labor.

- Condoleezza Rice became the first African American female national security adviser.

- President Bush’s proposed tax cut was the largest since 1981.

- Congressional supporters of the tax cut believed that the money belonged to the people.

- Opponents believed that the money should be spent on Social Security or for paying off the national debt.


• Secretary of State Colin Powell’s plan for foreign policy was called the Powell Doctrine.

• The Powell Doctrine states that troops will only be used to protect a vital interest.

• Furthermore, there must be a clear and realistic goal.


(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)

How do you think the end of the Cold War affected foreign affairs?

The United States and the Soviet Union agreed to limit nuclear weapons. The arms race slowed. The Soviet Union was no longer the threat it once was. Improved relations between the United States and Soviet Union reduced the fear of future military conflict.



(pages 574–577)(pages 574–577)


Looking to the Future • Stimulating global economic growth through a

world trading system became a main goal for President Bush.

(pages 577–578)(pages 577–578)

• He believed this would help every country's economy and help encourage worldwide freedom.

- The World Trade Organization (WTO) has administered trade practices among many nations since 1995.


Looking to the Future (cont.)

(pages 577–578)(pages 577–578)

- Growth of technology industries increased economic growth.

- The Internet, a worldwide linking of computer networks, became a main method of communication.


• The American population began to change as it entered the twenty-first century.


(pages 577–578)(pages 577–578)

- In 2000, more than 12 percent of the population was over 65 years of age. As life expectancy rose, the government faced the issue of Medicare reform. By 2002, the House and the Senate passed bills that added a benefit for prescription drugs.

- The ethnic distribution of the United States also changed. By 2002, more than 10 percent of the population was foreign-born. Asian Americans made up about 4 percent of the population and Hispanic Americans about 12 percent.


• Corporate scandals caught the attention of the public and the government.


(pages 577–578)(pages 577–578)

- At Enron, corporate leaders cost the company billions of dollars, forcing it into bankruptcy.

- The government tightened accounting regulations and toughened penalties for dishonest executives.



(pages 577–578)(pages 577–578)

• New environmental challenges faced the world.

- The earth’s atmosphere lost ozone, a gas that protects life from cancer-causing sun rays.

- Scientists warned that a steady increase in average world temperatures, called global warming, may cause problems.

- This warming might change weather patterns, the environment, and crop production.


• Promoting peace continued to be a major global issue.

• The use of violence by groups against civilians to try to achieve a political goal, or terrorism, increased in the late 1900s and early 2000s.

• Dangers included chemical and biological weapons.


(pages 577–578)(pages 577–578)


- The United States experienced domestic terrorism in the form of the Oklahoma City bombing of a federal building and mail bombings.

- Domestic terrorists attack people in their own country.

- International terrorism struck the World Trade Center in New York, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania on September 11, 2001.

- International terrorists travel from other countries to carry out their violent plans.


(pages 577–578)(pages 577–578)

How might global warming affect world trade?

Global warming might cause weather patterns and crop production to change. This could decrease the amount of food that countries could trade with other countries.



(pages 577–578)(pages 577–578)



__ 1. rights regarded as belonging to all persons, such as freedom from unlawful imprisonment, torture, and execution

__ 2. the use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal

__ 3. an order prohibiting trade with another country

__ 4. the amount of money owed by the government

__ 5. lying when one has sworn an oath to tell the truth

A. embargo

B. human rights

C. federal debt

D. perjury

E. terrorism


B

E

A

C

D



Reviewing Facts When did Iranian students take Americans hostage?

Iranian students took Americans hostage in November 1979.


Reviewing Themes

Government and Democracy What is impeachment? Was President Nixon impeached? Was President Clinton?

Impeachment means to formally accuse. President Nixon resigned before he could be impeached. President Clinton was impeached, but later the Senate held a trial and acquitted him.

Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions Do you think President Reagan’s actions proved he was committed to reducing the role of government in the lives of Americans? Explain.

Reagan cut taxes, eliminated many regulations, and cut back many government programs.


Analyzing Visuals

Picturing History Select one of the news photographs that appears on pages 574–575 of your textbook. Write one paragraph about the photo. Identify the people and describe what is happening.

Geography Illustrate a world map showing the cities and regions discussed in the section.

Guide to Reading


After suffering the worst terrorist attack in its history, the United States launched an effort to fight international terrorism.

• counter-terrorism

Main Idea

Key Terms



Organizing Information As you read about America’s war on terrorism, complete a diagram like the one on page 579 of your textbook to explain how Americans responded to the events of September 11, 2001.

• how Americans responded to terrorism.

Reading Strategy

Read to Learn

• what actions the government took to fight terrorism.


Global Connections The United States called for a worldwide coalition to fight against terrorism.

Section Theme


Rescue workers carry out an injured man at the World Trade Center.


The Terrorist Threat • Terrorism is a major concern for all countries

in the twenty-first century.

(pages 580–581)(pages 580–581)

• Terrorism is the use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal.

• Some recent attacks can be linked to Afghanistan.


The Terrorist Threat (cont.)

(pages 580–581)(pages 580–581)

- The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979.

- The Soviet Union supported the pro-Communist government.

- Muslims from other Arab nations helped Afghanistan fight the Communists.

- A Saudi Arabian Muslim named Osama bin Laden used his family’s wealth to help the Afghanistan resistance.



(pages 580–581)(pages 580–581)

- Bin Laden started a group called al-Qaeda in 1988.

- The group’s name means “the Base.”

- The group recruited Muslims to fight the Soviets and bought weapons for resistance fighters in Afghanistan.

- The Afghan fighters also received technical assistance and training from the United States, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and other countries.



(pages 580–581)(pages 580–581)

- After Soviet troops pulled out of Afghanistan, bin Laden became a hero to many Muslim fundamentalists.

- Bin Laden first operated from Sudan and then from Afghanistan.

- A militant Muslim fundamentalist group, called the Taliban, began to control Afghanistan.

- Bin Laden led al-Qaeda to drive Americans and other non-Muslims out of the Middle East.

- He believed that western ideas conflicted with those of the Muslim culture.


(pages 580–581)(pages 580–581)

- Truck bombs in Tanzania and Kenya were set off at the American embassies, killing more than 200 people, including 12 Americans, and injuring about 4,500 others.



(pages 580–581)(pages 580–581)

- Terrorists connected to bin Laden were arrested trying to sneak explosives into the United States in late 1999.

- They allegedly planned to bomb Seattle, Washington.

- In 2000, terrorists connected to al-Qaeda crashed a boat with explosives into a United States warship, the USS Cole, while it was refueling in Yemen.


Why are Americans targeted by militant Muslim fundamentalists?

They do not like Western influences changing their traditional Islamic societies.


(pages 580–581)(pages 580–581)

A New War Begins • Terrorists shocked the United States on

September 11, 2001.

(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)


A New War Begins (cont.)

(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)

- Many Americans joined together to help people directly affected by the violence.

- For example, people donated blood; held candlelight vigils and prayer services; raised money; and collected food, blankets, and supplies for victims and rescue workers.

- Firefighters and medical workers came from all over the country to help.

- President George W. Bush cautioned Americans not to direct their anger against Muslim Americans.

- He reminded them that Islam is a peaceful religion.


• Biological and chemical terrorism was a growing concern after the September 11 attacks.


(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)

- Letters containing deadly anthrax spores were mailed to several political leaders and the news media.

- Law enforcement investigated the mailings in an effort to identify the person or people who were responsible.

- No suspects have been identified.

- Officials do not think al-Qaeda sent the anthrax.


• President Bush and his advisers started planning a response.


(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)

- Armed forces were placed on high alert.

- The skies were patrolled by fighter planes to protect cities.

- Airport security was increased.

- A huge investigation began.

- A new cabinet position was created. Homeland Security, headed by Pennsylvania governor, Tom Ridge, would coordinate efforts against terrorism, called counter-terrorism activities.


(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)

- The new department would control the Coast Guard, the Border Patrol, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Customs Service, the Federal Emergency Management Agency and many other agencies.


• In late 2001, Congress passed and the president signed into law new measures to combat terrorism.


(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)

- The USA Patriot Act of 2001 expanded the power of federal agents to investigate suspected terrorists.

- Agents could tap telephones, track Internet usage, and conduct searches of homes and offices without prior notice to owners.

- To make sure civil liberties of law-abiding citizens were not compromised, many of the Act's powers will expire in late 2005, unless an extension is needed.


• The United States started building a coalition of support with other countries.


(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)

- NATO members, including India, Pakistan, Turkey, and Israel, agreed to support the United States in the war against terrorism.

- Other world leaders expressed sympathy and outrage over the attacks.


(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)

- Some leaders of Muslim nations, such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt, offered less support because they feared widespread protests from their people.


• American troops, aircraft, and warships were sent to the Middle East.


(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)

- The war against terrorism first focused on Afghanistan, where bin Laden was believed to be hiding.

- The Taliban controlled the Afghan government and people.

- The United States joined the Taliban's opposition, the Northern Alliance, to battle the Taliban.


- President Bush demanded that the Taliban turn bin Laden and his supporters over to the United States to be tried.

- The president stated that the United States would begin by defeating al-Qaeda and then continue until every terrorist group was disbanded.

- President Bush also made it clear that any country supporting or harboring terrorists would be considered an enemy of the United States.

- He added that the war against terrorism would not end quickly.


(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)


Why do you think the war against terrorism might take a long time?

Terrorists are being protected by groups such as the Taliban. Terrorists are hard to find because they are so secretive. Terrorism is an international problem. Terrorists live all over the world, so a war won against one country will not eliminate the problem.


(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)


Widening the War on Terror

(pages 951)(pages 951)

• In 2002, President Bush widened the war on terror. The president was worried that Iraq and other countries might be harboring weapons of mass destruction that could kill tens of thousands of people at once.

• In October 2002, North Korea announced that it had restarted production of nuclear weapons. - The United States pressured North Korea to end its

weapons program, but North Korea insisted that it would continue to build its nuclear power.


- In mid-October, Congress voted to authorize the use of force against Iraq.

- In November, weapons inspectors were admitted into Iraq, with Iraq’s permission.

- Questions arose, however, over whether Iraqi officials were cooperating as they had promised.

Widening the War on Terror (cont.)


• In the summer of 2002, Bush asked the UN to pass a resolution demanding that Iraq give up these weapons. The president made it clear that the United States would act with or without UN support.


- Arguing that the Iraqis still held weapons of mass destruction, President Bush called for the use of force in Iraq. The American military, aided by British troops, attacked.

- After six weeks, the Iraqi army fell into disarray and President Bush declared the end of major combat on May 1.




- Americans found no weapons of mass destruction, and although many Iraqis welcomed the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime, others did not.

- Efforts to rebuild the war-torn country began, but the path toward a free and stable Iraq appeared long and difficult.



• Although the major combat had stopped, the controversy and the fighting continued.


What happened when weapons inspectors were admitted into Iraq?

Questions arose over whether Iraqi officials were cooperating with the inspectors. President Bush accordingly asked the UN Security Council to allow the use of force in Iraq.


(pages 581–585)(pages 581–585)



1. __________________ involves military or political activities intended to combat terrorism.

Using Key Terms Fill in the blank with the appropriate term.

Counter-terrorism



Reviewing Facts What happened to the USS Cole while it was refueling in Yemen?

Terrorists backed by al-Qaeda crashed a boat loaded with explosives into the USS Cole.

Reviewing Themes

Global Connections Do you think the dangers of terrorism require global cooperation? Explain and support your point of view with reasons.

Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions Why do you think President Bush specifically chose to visit the Islamic Center in Washington, D.C.?

Answers may vary.


Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Examine the map on terrorism on page 581 of your textbook. How many Americans were taken hostage in Iran? What events on the map took place in the 1990s?

Fifty-three Americans were taken hostage in Iran. Four bombings occurred in the 1990s.


Expository Writing How will world events affect your future? Write an essay entitled “The World’s Future and My Own” identifying important issues and explaining how events could affect your life.



__ 1. a situation during a conflict when action stops because both sides are equally powerful and neither will give in

__ 2. the use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal

__ 3. refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust as a nonviolent way to press for changes

__ 4. military or political activities intended to combat terrorism

A. Holocaust

B. stalemate

C. segregation


E. embargo

F. federal debt

G. terrorism

H. counter-terrorism


B

G

D

H



__ 5. the name given to the mass slaughter of Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II

__ 6. an order prohibiting trade with another country

__ 7. the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group

__ 8. the amount of money owed by the government


A

E

C

F

A. Holocaust

B. stalemate

C. segregation


E. embargo

F. federal debt

G. terrorism

H. counter-terrorism


Reviewing Key Facts

What was the purpose of the Social Security Act?

The purpose of the Social Security Act was to provide security for retired people.


Reviewing Key Facts

Why did President Kennedy call for a blockade of Cuba in 1962?

The blockade of Cuba in 1962 was to force the removal of Soviet missiles from the island.


Reviewing Key Facts

Who won the presidential election of 1976?

Jimmy Carter won the 1976 presidential election.


Reviewing Key Facts

What is significant about September 11, 2001?

Hijackers seized control of American airplanes and deliberately crashed them into the World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon. The war on terrorism began.


Reviewing Key Facts

What is the Department of Homeland Security?

The Department of Homeland Security is a new cabinet-level post to coordinate counter-terrorism efforts.


Critical Thinking

Explaining What does the term “Cold War” mean and how did it apply to the post World War II era?

It describes the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviets tried to expand; the United States tried to contain expansion.

Critical Thinking

Analyze What are the two major challenges Americans face today? Explain why you made your choices.

Possible answers: Equal rights and terrorism are two major challenges Americans face today.


Geography and History ActivityStudy the map below. Then read the statements that follow. Identify whether each statement is true or not true and explain your answer.

Geography and History Activity

A total of 438 electoral votes were cast.

This statement is not true.



Gore received more popular votes than Bush.

This statement is true.



Gore received strong support from the southeastern states.

This statement is not true.


Test-Taking Tip When you are studying for an exam, use a dictionary to look up important terms. Communism, dictatorship, socialism, democracy, and monarchy are words describing different types of government. Which choices contain words that describe the U.S. government?

The cold war between the United States and the former Soviet Union was a rivalry between what two forms of government?

A communism and socialism

B communism and dictatorships

C communism and democracy

D democracy and monarchy


Standardized Test Practice

In 1989 Virginia elected the nation’s first African American governor since Reconstruction. Who was he?

L. Douglas Wilder was the nation’s first African American governor since Reconstruction.


Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Republic to 1877 Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://tarvol1.glencoe.com

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/tar12005/index.php4

Bulls and Bears

WASPs

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Bulls and Bears When the stock market rises, it is called a bull market. If prices drop, it is called a bear market. These terms may come from the way the two animals attack. A bull throws its victims up in the air, and a bear knocks it victims down.

WASPs Although women were not allowed to serve in combat, they were pilots. Members of the Women’s Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) flew warplanes to the places where they were needed, freeing men for combat duty. The obstacles women faced were enormous. Resentful males often refused to fly with them, and in one case a male pilot may have sabotaged a plane, killing a female pilot. WASPs flew more than 60 million miles in all types of planes, and 38 WASPs died while on duty.

Saddam Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein liked to be called by his first name. When pronounced correctly, with the emphasis on the second syllable, Saddam means “leader,” “learned one,” or “he who confronts.” President Bush insisted on pronouncing the name with the emphasis on the first syllable, however. When spoken this way, Saddam means “a boy who fixes or cleans shoes,” a grave insult in many Arab countries.

National Recovery Administration

Great Depression

Lend-Lease


One New Deal agency, the National Recovery Administration, encouraged businesses to set a minimum wage and abolish child labor. The owner of Philadelphia’s professional football team showed his patriotic spirit in 1933 by naming his club the Eagles, after the symbol of the National Recovery Administration.

The Great Depression put once affluent individuals in unemployment lines alongside factory workers and actors. Breadlines over a block long became a symbol of the times. Many people placed newspapers under their clothes to stay warm in the winter or stuffed cardboard into their shoes to hide the holes.

After Germany turned its attention from Britain to an invasion of the Soviet Union, Roosevelt extended aid to the Russians under Lend-Lease. No terms were ever established after World War II, however, for the return of the billions of dollars worth of goods transferred to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease. But in 1993, Russia agreed to pay the World War II Lend-Lease debt of the former Soviet Union and started making payments in 1994.

Korean Conflict

Edward Teller

Denouncing Vietnam


Because Congress never declared war, the United States involvement in the Korean struggle has never been officially called a “war,” but rather a “conflict.”

Edward Teller, the chief developer of the hydrogen bomb, advocated more testing of such weapons. He said, “It won’t be until the bombs get so big that they can annihilate everything that people will really become terrified and begin to take a reasonable line in politics.”

Some college students showed their unhappiness over the Vietnam War by staging teach-ins, or all-night sessions in which students, faculty, and guest speakers denounced the war. Other students occupied college administration buildings, held school officials captive, and then used the media attention to state their cases.

Rescue Dogs

Counter Terrorism Allies

Volunteer Ironworkers


Rescue dogs, trained to search through disaster ruins, may receive years of training prior to working on recovery missions. The dogs must be trained to remain calm and focused in the face of loud noises; to move in a specific way when rubble shifts beneath them; and to negotiate confined spaces.

Following the terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., America’s NATO allies promised to join forces to help organize an international coalition to counter terrorism. Support and pledges of cooperation were also offered from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, two countries which recognized the Taliban government in Afghanistan.

Many ironworkers from Local 40, whose members built the World Trade Center’s Twin Towers in the early 1970s, returned to the site to volunteer their time. Working up to 12 hours at a time, the ironworkers cut steel with torches and pulled away remnants and debris with cranes, allowing rescue workers to search deeper into the rubble.

Before undergoing a cancer-related surgery during which he would be under an anesthetic, President Ronald Reagan transferred the powers of the presidential office to Vice President George Bush. This marked the first transfer of power of this kind. (Following the attempt made on Reagan’s life on March 30, 1981, Bush assumed some presidential responsibilities, but no formal transfer of power was made.) On the morning of July 14, 1985, George Bush became acting president. Later that same day, following his surgery, Reagan again assumed the powers of his office.

Professional Sports In 1947 Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play major-league baseball. Other professional sports integrated at different times. Professional football, for example, had its first African American player (Charles W. Follis) in 1904, and African American prize fighters and jockeys had been successful before that. It was not until 1950 that an African American, Charles “Chuck” Cooper, was signed to play on a National Basketball Association team.

Economics Because of a surplus of apples, the International Shippers Association set up a system for unemployed people to sell apples. A person could get credit for $1.75 to buy 100 to 120 apples. The person would then sell each apple for 5 cents, making a small profit.

Civics Increased Native American activism led to several important court decisions. In one, the Pueblo people of Taos, New Mexico, regained Blue Lake, a place sacred to their religious life. In 1975 a federal court declared that the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot nations had a valid claim to more than half the state of Maine– and to $25 billion in damages and unpaid rents.

Civics After Gerald Ford assumed the presidency, he pardoned Richard Nixon. Immediately, the stock market plunged and Ford’s popularity rating dropped from 71 percent to 50 percent.

Anthrax If swallowed, rubbed into scraped skin, or inhaled as a fine, aerosolized mist, anthrax organisms can cause infection in the gastrointestinal system, the skin, or the lungs. Disease can be prevented after exposure to the anthrax spores by early treatment with the appropriate antibiotics. Anthrax is not contagious and does not spread from person to person.

Civilian Conservation Corps

Jeannette Rankin

Charles Drew


Civilian Conservation Corps From its start in 1933 until World War II, about 3 million young men worked in the CCC. It provided clothes, shelter, and employment. A CCC worker made $30 a month, $25 of which was sent back home to his family. Other workers became part of the Tennessee Valley Authority, one of the nation’s largest and cheapest suppliers of power. Through the work of the TVA, electricity was brought to many rural areas.

Jeannette Rankin Jeannette Rankin, the first woman elected to Congress, was the only member of the House to cast a dissenting vote against American entry into both World War I and World War II. A statue of Rankin now stands in the Capitol in Washington, D.C., bearing the motto: “I cannot vote for war.”

Charles Drew Charles Drew, an African American, was the first medical director of the American Red Cross Blood Bank. He received the NAACP’s Spingarn Medal for his research in both American and British blood plasma projects. Through his research a dry plasma method of storage was developed, allowing for extended use of plasma on the battlefields of World War II and the saving of many lives.

Earth Day

The Fall of the Berlin Wall

Madeleine Albright


Earth Day By the early 1970s, 70 percent of Americans ranked the environment as the nation’s most pressing domestic problem. This concern was apparent in Americans’ support for the first Earth Day held on April 22,1970. An estimated 20 million Americans participated in this ecological rally to improve the environment. More than 14,000 schools, colleges, and community groups held workshops and other events across the country.

The Fall of the Berlin Wall On November 9, 1989, after more than 28 years, the Berlin Wall was torn down and ceased to act as an impenetrable barrier between communist East Germany and democratic West Germany. This event paved the way for the reunification of Germany and the dismantling of the Soviet Union, both of which occurred within the following two years. Though George Bush was president at the time the wall came down, Ronald Reagan is often credited with shaping events that led to the fall of the wall, such as signing the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987.

Madeleine Albright President Clinton named Madeleine K. Albright secretary of state. She was the first woman to serve in that post and the highest-ranking woman ever to serve in the federal government. Previously, Albright served as United Nations ambassador for the United States.

Fighting Terrorism

Homeland Security


Fighting Terrorism The Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) was established in 1979 to address the problems concerning terrorist investigations. The JTTF is comprised of members from numerous agencies, including the FBI, the U.S. Marshals Service, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the New York State Police, and the U.S. Secret Service. The integration of the many agencies, each bringing its own unique skills and investigative specialties to the task force, makes this unit formidable in combating terrorism.

Homeland Security On September 20, 2001, President Bush announced the creation of the Office of Homeland Security. The new Cabinet-level post grew out of a review begun in May by Vice President Cheney to assess the federal government’s ability to respond to an attack using a weapon of mass destruction. The review concluded that there was a need for a comprehensive, integrated federal response to be coordinated from the highest level of government.

Problem Solving

Why Learn This Skill?

This feature can be found on page 571 of your textbook.Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Imagine you got a poor grade on a math test. You wonder why, since you always take notes and study for the tests. To improve your grades, you need to identify your specific problem and then take actions to solve it.

Learning the Skill

There are six key steps you should follow that will help you through the process of problem solving.

Problem Solving

This feature can be found on page 571 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Identify the problem. In the example on the previous slide, you know that you are not doing well on math tests.

• Gather information. You know that you always take notes and study. You work on math problems every day for an hour. You also know that you sometimes forget details about math formulas.

Learning the Skill

Problem Solving


• List and consider possible solutions. Instead of working on the math problems by yourself, you might try working with a friend or a group.


• Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each solution.

• Now that you have considered the possible options, you need to choose the best solution to your problem then carry it out.

Learning the Skill

Problem Solving


• Evaluate the effectiveness of the solution. This will help you determine if you have solved the problem. If you earn better grades on the next few math tests, you will know.


Practicing the Skill

Reread the material in Section 2 about the Vietnam War. Use that information and the steps in Learning the Skill to answer the following questions.

Problem Solving

This feature can be found on page 571 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

1. What problems did the United States face in the Vietnam War?

North Vietnam increased its support of the Vietcong, and the Vietcong and North Vietnamese were using sanctuaries in Cambodia.


Problem Solving


2. What options were available to President Johnson? To President Nixon? What were the advantages and disadvantages?

This feature can be found on page 571 of your textbook.


Problem Solving


3. Explain the solution President Nixon implemented.

This feature can be found on page 571 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Nixon withdrew American troops but continued to provide training and equipment to South Vietnam.


Problem Solving


4. Evaluate the effectiveness of Nixon’s solution. Was it successful? How do you determine this?

This feature can be found on page 571 of your textbook.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.

America Respondsto Terrorism

Objectives

After viewing “America Responds to Terrorism,” you should:

• Realize the impact of September 11, 2001, on both everyday people and those in leadershippositions.

• Value the role of firefighters, policeofficers, and other city workers.

• Appreciate the contributions andsacrifices that people can makein a crisis of enormous proportions.

Discussion Question

How did September 11 cause Americans to put other concerns in a different perspective?


They put aside political differences to support the president and the military and become more security conscious.


Discussion Question

Why did Senator John McCain consider the passengers of the hijacked flight that crashed in Pennsylvania to be heroes?


In that flight, passengers overcame the hijackers, preventing them from reaching Washington, D.C., and their probable destination: the U.S. Capitol.



The oath requires that all employees pledge allegiance to the United States Constitution and the California Constitution, and that they pledge to fulfill their job responsibilities.

The speaker is referring to the American people.


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