Welcome to Presentation Plus!Presentation Plus! The American Republic To 1877Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202

Send all inquiries to:

GLENCOE DIVISIONGlencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, Ohio 43240

Splash Screen

ContentsChapter IntroductionSection 1The Articles of ConfederationSection 2Convention and CompromiseSection 3A New Plan of GovernmentChapter SummaryChapter AssessmentClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Introduction 1Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Introduction 2Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Examine how the weaknesses of the Articles led to instability. Explain how the Confederation Congress dealt with the western lands.Section 1: The Articles of Confederation

Introduction 3Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Describe how the Constitutional Convention broke the deadlock over the form the new government would take. Understand how the delegates answered the question of representation.Section 2: Convention and Compromise

Introduction 4Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Understand the roots of the Constitution. Explain how the Constitution limits the power of government.Section 3: A New Plan of Government

Introduction 5Why It MattersWhen the American colonies broke their ties with Great Britain, they faced the task of forming independent governments at both the state and national levels. In 1788 the Constitution became the official plan of American government.

Introduction 6The Impact TodayCreated to meet the needs of a changing nation, the Constitution has been the fundamental law of the United States for more than 200 years. It has served as a model for many constitutions all over the world.

Introduction 7

Introduction 8

End of Introduction

Section 1-1Guide to ReadingClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The leaders of the new United States worked to define the powers of government. constitution Main IdeaKey Termsbicameral republic petition ordinance depreciate

Section 1-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Organizing Information As you read this section, re-create the diagram on page 192 of your textbook and in the ovals list the powers you think a national government should have. how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to instability. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow Congress dealt with the western lands.

Section 1-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Government and Democracy At both state and national levels, the government of the United States tried to define its powers.Section Theme

Section 1-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.Phillis Wheatley

Section 1-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Thirteen Independent States Americans needed to establish their own government and gain Britains respect. This brought new challenges. (pages 192193)The British believed the new government was weak and ineffective. States organized their governments and adopted their own state constitutions. The writers wanted to prevent abuses of power and also wanted to keep power in the hands of the people.

Section 1-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Thirteen Independent States (cont.) State constitutions limited the power of the governor to avoid giving one ruler too much power. (pages 192193)Pennsylvania replaced the office of governor with an elected council of twelve members.

Section 1-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Thirteen Independent States (cont.) States divided functions between the governor (Pennsylvanias council) and the legislature. The legislature was the more powerful branch because of the limited powers of the governor. Most states had a bicameral, or two-house, legislature. This further divided the power. Legislatures were popularly elected and elections were frequent. State legislatures had many disagreements about how to make taxes fair.(pages 192193)

Section 1-8Thirteen Independent States (cont.) In most states only white males who were 21 years of age could vote. They also had to either be property owners or pay a certain amount of taxes. (pages 192193)In some states free African American males could vote.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think Britain thought that the new government was weak and ineffective?Possible answer: Each state had its own government and it was hard for the states to work together. Because there was a weak central government with limited powers, it was hard for the government to rule over the states. Each state operated independently, and Britain saw this as weak and ineffective.Thirteen Independent States (cont.) (pages 192193)

Section 1-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Forming a RepublicAmericans agreed that the country should be a republic, which is a government with elected representatives. (pages 193195)What they could not agree on was the origin and powers of the new republic. At first most Americans favored a weak central government with the powers being given to the states to function independently except for the power to wage war and handle relations with other countries.

Section 1-11In 1777 the Articles of Confederation were adopted to provide for a central government. Forming a Republic (cont.) (pages 193195)At the time the country needed a central government to fight the war against Britain. The Articles were Americas first constitution. The states, though, gave up little of their power. Each state kept its sovereignty, freedom, and independence.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Under the Articles of Confederation, the government, which was the Confederation Congress, had the authority to: Forming a Republic (cont.) conduct foreign affairs maintain armed forces borrow money issue currency (pages 193195)

Section 1-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The government did not have the authority to: Forming a Republic (cont.) regulate trade force citizens to join the army impose taxes Congress needed to ask state legislatures to raise money and provide troops. The government did not have a chief executive. (pages 193195)

Section 1-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Each state had one vote in Congress. State population did not matter, although larger, more populated states believed that they should have more votes. States also argued about whether or not they claimed land in the West. Maryland refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation until states abandoned their land claims. Finally all 13 states approved the Articles on March 1, 1781. Forming a Republic (cont.) (pages 193195)

Section 1-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Confederacy formally became the government of the United States. Forming a Republic (cont.) It had limited authority. It could not pass a law unless nine states voted for it. To change the Articles of Confederation, all 13 states had to give consent. It was difficult, therefore, for Congress to pass laws when there was any opposition.(pages 193195)The Confederation government had its weaknesses, but it won Americans their independence, expanded foreign trade, and provided for new states in the West.

Section 1-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why did the Confederation Congress have limited authority?The writers of the Articles of Confederation did not feel that Americans wanted or needed a strong central government. They thought that giving the powers to the states would be a reasonable way to run the new government. Also, in light of their history of problems with Britain, they feared a government with too much power.Forming a Republic (cont.) (pages 193195)

Section 1-17New Land PoliciesThe Articles of Confederation had no provision for adding new states. (pages 195197)Congress realized it had to extend its authority over the frontier and bring order and stability to the territory where western settlers reached almost 120,000 by the 1790s. The Western ordinances had a large impact on Western expansion and development of the United States.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In 1784 Congress divided the Western territory into self-governing districts. When the number of people in a district reached the population of the smallest existing state, that district could apply for statehood. In 1785 the Confederation Congress established a new law that divided the Western territories into larger townships and smaller sections. Each smaller section would be sold at auction for at least $1 an acre. New Land Policies (cont.) (pages 195197)

Section 1-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.This was called the Ordinance of 1785. New Land Policies (cont.) It created a Northwest Territory out of the lands north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River. It divided the lands into three to five smaller territories.(pages 195197)Land speculators bought large pieces of land cheaply. Another ordinance passed in 1787 was the Northwest Ordinance.

Section 1-20New Land Policies (cont.) It stated that when the population of a territory reached 60,000 citizens, that territory could apply for statehood. (pages 195197)Each new state would enter as an equal to the original 13 states. It included a bill of rights to protect the settlers that guaranteed freedom of religion and trial by jury. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude were permitted in the new territories. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.How did the Ordinances of 1784 and 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 open the way for settlement of the Northwest Territory?They opened the door to land speculators, who probably encouraged people to settle in the West. The ordinances also divided the land so that as soon as a smaller region reached a certain population, it could apply for statehood. The bill of rights of the Northwest Ordinance protected settlers by giving them certain freedoms. This encouraged citizens to feel more comfortable moving to a new place knowing that they were protected.New Land Policies (cont.) (pages 195197)

Section 1-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Trouble on Two Fronts The Confederate government had trouble with finances, and with Britain and Spain over landholdings and trade. (pages 197198)Many Americans felt the country needed a stronger government to better deal with the problems. The government had a large debt from fighting the war. Congress had borrowed money from American citizens and foreign governments.

Section 1-23It owed soldiers their wages. But because Congress had no power to tax, it did not have a way to raise revenue and pay off this debt. Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.) (pages 197198)Money was almost worthless. The paper money printed during the Revolutionary War had fallen in value, while the prices of food and other goods soared. In Boston, for example, high prices led to food riots. Because Congress had no power to tax, it and the states issued paper money. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-24Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Because there were so many bills in circulation, the value of the money fell. No gold or silver backed these bills. To help solve the financial problems, the Confederacy created a department of finance. Robert Morris, a Philadelphia merchant, headed the department. Morris proposed a plan that called for collecting a 5 percent tax on imported goods to help pay off the national debt. Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.) (pages 197198)

Section 1-25Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Because of Rhode Islands opposition, the measure did not pass. A second effort also failed five years later. Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.) British troops remained in several strategic forts in the Great Lakes region even though Britain had promised to withdraw all troops under the Treaty of Paris. British merchants closed Americans out of the West Indies and other profitable British markets.(pages 197198)The countrys financial situation worsened. The problems with Britain concerned landholdings and trade.

Section 1-26Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.) John Adams went to London in 1785 to discuss these issues. (pages 197198)The British claimed that because Americans had not paid Loyalists for the property taken from them during the war, as agreed to under the Treaty of Paris, they were not willing to talk. Congress recommended payment, but the states refused.

Section 1-27Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.) (pages 197198)The problems with Spain were worse than those with England. Spain closed the lower Mississippi River to American shipping in 1784 in hopes of halting American expansion into their territory of Spanish Florida and lands west of the Mississippi River. A compromise was reached with an agreement in 1786 that limited American shipping on the Mississippi. In return for this, Spain promised to accept the border between Georgia and Spanish Florida proposed by the Americans. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-28Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.) Representatives from the South rejected the agreement because it did not include the right to use the Mississippi River.(pages 197198)

Section 1-29Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.What do you think George Washington meant when he described the government by the words little more than the shadow without the substance?Possible answer: The central government was weak, he likened it to a shadow. It was there, but because its powers were limited, it did not have substance or a way to carry out its duties.Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.) (pages 197198)

Section 1-30Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.a government in which citizens rule through elected representatives __ 2.a law or regulation __ 3.consisting of two houses, or chambers, especially in a legislature __ 4.a formal request __ 5.a formal plan of government A.constitutionB.bicameralC.republicD.petitionE.ordinanceDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.C EB DA

Section 1-31Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts Describe the countrys financial problems after the Revolutionary War.Currency had depreciated; the government could not tax to pay its war debt.

Section 1-32Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesGovernment and Democracy Why did most states limit the power of their governors and divide the legislature into two bodies?British rule made them cautious about giving too much power to single rulers or political bodies.

Section 1-33Critical ThinkingPredicting Consequences What effect do you think the Northwest Ordinance had on Native Americas?Native Americans were forced to fight or give up their lands and move.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 1-34Analyzing VisualsGeography Skills Study the material on pages 194 and 195 of your textbook about the Ordinance of 1785. Then answer these questions. What present-day states were created from the Northwest Territory? How many sections are in a township?Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin were created. A township has 36 sections.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 1-35Citizenship Imagine you are an American citizen in the 1780s. Create a poster that defends the Articles of Confederation. Be sure to include reasons the Confederation Congress is needed.

End of Section 1

Section 2-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingThe new Constitution corrected the weaknesses of government under the Articles of Confederation. depression Main IdeaKey Termsmanumission proportional compromise

Section 2-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Organizing Information As you read this section, re-create the diagram on page 199 of your textbook. In the boxes, describe the role each individual played in creating the new plan of government. how the Constitutional Convention broke the deadlock over the form the new government would take. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow the delegates answered the question of representation.

Section 2-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Groups and Institutions National leaders worked to produce a new constitution for the United States.Section Theme

Section 2-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.George Washington

Section 2-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Economic DepressionThe United States went through a depression, or a time when economic activity slowed and unemployment increased, after the Revolutionary War. (pages 199201)Because Southern plantations were damaged during the war, they could not produce as much rice as prior to the war. As a result, rice exports dropped. Farmers could not sell the goods they grew and therefore did not have money to pay state taxes.

Section 2-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Economic Depression (cont.) As a result, farmers lost their lands when state officials took their farms to pay the debt they owed. (pages 199201)Some farmers were even jailed. American trade fell off when Britain closed the West Indies to American merchants. As a result, currency was in short supply, and whatever was around was used to pay the war debt.

Section 2-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Shayss Rebellion occurred as a result of the problems farmers suffered. In 1787 Daniel Shays led a group of more than 1,000 angry farmers in forcing courts in western Massachusetts to close so judges could not seize farmers lands. Shays led the farmers toward the federal arsenal in Springfield, Massachusetts, for arms and ammunition. The farmers did not stop, even when the state militia fired over their heads and then directly at them, killing four. Economic Depression (cont.) (pages 199201)

Section 2-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The uprising was over when Shays and his followers scattered. Economic Depression (cont.) (pages 199201)Americans felt the impact of the Shays uprising. Many were scared that future uprisings could occur.

Section 2-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Slavery was a difficult issue that many people and groups began to work toward ending. Economic Depression (cont.) Quakers organized the first American Antislavery Society in 1774. In 1780 Pennsylvania passed a law that provided for freeing enslaved people gradually. In 1783 a Massachusetts court ruled slavery was illegal. Between 1784 and 1804, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey passed laws that gradually ended slavery.

(pages 199201)

Section 2-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Some states clung to slavery, especially those south of Pennsylvania. The plantation system relied on slavery to survive. Yet a number of slaveholders did begin to free slaves after the war. Virginia passed a law encouraging manumission, or freeing individual enslaved persons. Economic Depression (cont.) In 1787 the Free African Society in Philadelphia was formed. (pages 199201)

Section 2-11The abolition of slavery divided the country. Economic Depression (cont.) (pages 199201)In 1787, when state representatives met to plan a new government because they realized the Articles of Confederation were weak, they compromised on the issue of slavery. It would take another war to resolve this issue.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.More than once the country has been through depressions after war. Why does a depression usually follow a war?Possible answer: After a war there are the issues of rebuilding the country, readjusting to peacetime, and addressing all the problems that a war brings. The people who served in the war have to be brought back and found work and housing. There are also economic policies, including paying off war debts, revising foreign trade policies, and establishing a strong political leadership.Economic Depression (cont.) (pages 199201)

Section 2-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.A Call for ChangePolitical leaders were divided on the issue of the type of government the country should have. (page 201)One group wanted to remain with a system of independent state governments. The other group wanted to create a strong national government. This group called for reform of the Articles of Confederation. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton were proponents of a strong central government.

Section 2-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In September 1787, Hamilton proposed calling a meeting in Philadelphia to discuss trade issues and possible changes to the Articles of Confederation so that the union would become a nation. George Washington finally agreed to attend the convention although at first he was not enthusiastic about revising the Articles of Confederation. His presence lent greater significance to the meeting.A Call for Change (cont.) (page 201)

Section 2-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Do you think that a stronger national government was the solution to Americas problems?Possible answer: Yes, because so many issues had to be dealt with and a central government could oversee the process. The country needed a national government to oversee the state governments and work toward solving problems together.A Call for Change (cont.) (page 201)

Section 2-16The Constitutional ConventionThe Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia beginning in May 1787 and consisted of 55 delegates, none of whom were Native American, African American, or women. (pages 202203)None of these groups were included in the political process. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-17Several leaders stood outGeorge Washington, Ben Franklin, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris, who wrote the final draft of the Constitution, Edmund Randolph, and James Madison, who became known as Father of the Constitution because he authored the basic plan of government that was adopted.The Constitutional Convention (cont.) (pages 202203)

Section 2-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.George Washington presided. The basic rules were: Two plans of government were proposed the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.The Constitutional Convention (cont.) each state had one vote on all issues a majority vote was needed to finalize decisions delegates from at least 7 of the 13 states were required for meetings to be held delegates met behind closed doors so they could talk freely (pages 202203)

Section 2-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Virginia Plan, proposed by Edmund Randolph from Virginia, called for a two-house legislature, a chief executive chosen by the legislature, and a court system. The Constitutional Convention (cont.) The people would elect members of the lower house. The lower house would choose members of the upper house. In both houses, the number of representatives would be proportional to the population of each state. A state with a smaller population would have fewer representatives than a state with a larger population.(pages 202203)

Section 2-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The New Jersey Plan, proposed by William Paterson, modified the Articles of Confederation. The Constitutional Convention (cont.) It kept the one-house legislature with one vote for each state. Congress would now have the powers to set taxes and regulate trade. Congress would elect a weak executive branch with more than one person.(pages 202203)

Section 2-21Disagreement between the delegates occurred. Do you think the Virginia Plan or the New Jersey Plan would have created the type of government that was needed at the time?The Constitutional Convention (cont.) (pages 202203)

Section 2-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Compromise Wins OutThe delegates decided that simply revising the Articles of Confederation would not solve the problems. (pages 203205)how the members of Congress were to be elected how state representation would be determined in both housesThey voted to plan a national government based on the Virginia Plan, but they had to work out several issues:

Section 2-23Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Compromise Wins Out (cont.) whether or not enslaved people were to be counted as part of the population, which would affect the number of representatives for some states whether or not to ban slavery (pages 203205)The Great Compromise was the agreement used to resolve the representation issues.

Section 2-24Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Roger Sherman of Connecticut proposed the plan. It said that: (pages 203205)There would be a two-house legislature. In the lower house, or House of Representatives, the number of seats for each state would vary according to the states population. In the upper house, or Senate, each state would have two members. The way to count enslaved people would be determined by the Three-Fifths Compromise.

Compromise Wins Out (cont.)

Section 2-25Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Each enslaved person was to count as three-fifths of a free person for taxation and representation. So every five enslaved people would equal three free people. Compromise Wins Out (cont.) (pages 203205)This broke the great debate that divided large and small states. Another compromise plan to resolve the issue of slavery said that Congress would not interfere with the slave trade until 1808. Beginning that year, Congress could limit the slave trade if it chose to.

Section 2-26The Northerners, who wanted to abolish slavery throughout the nation and had already banned the slave trade in their states, compromised with the Southern states that considered slavery and the slave trade essential to their economies. Compromise Wins Out (cont.) (pages 203205)George Mason of Virginia proposed a bill of rights to prevent the new government from abusing its power, but it was defeated. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-27Most of the delegates felt that the Constitution already provided adequate protection of the peoples rights. Compromise Wins Out (cont.) (pages 203205)On September 17, 1787, after four months of discussion and planning, the delegates met to sign the document. All but three delegates signed. The Confederation Congress sent the approved draft for state consideration. Nine of the thirteen states were needed for the Constitution to be approved.

Section 2-28Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think Masons plan for a bill of rights to be included in the Constitution was defeated?Possible answer: The delegates were focusing on planning a strong national government and not necessarily focusing on an individual bill of rights. They believed that they had adequately planned for protecting individuals by listing the powers of the government. They could not foresee that the Constitution later was criticized because it was lacking a bill of rights and that in 1791 the Bill of Rights would be added to the Constitution.Compromise Wins Out (cont.) (pages 203205)

Section 2-29Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.the freeing of some enslaved persons __ 2.agreement between two or more sides in which each side gives up some of what it wants__ 3.to be the same as or corresponding to __ 4.a period of low economic activity and widespread unemployment A.depressionB.manumissionC.proportionalD.compromiseDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.BDCA

Section 2-30Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts Explain what caused Shayss Rebellion. What was one effect?Farmers wanted the government to help them. Possible effects: some farmers were killed; support grew for government; support for revision of Articles was increased.

Section 2-31Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesGroups and Institutions How did the Great Compromise satisfy both the small and the large states on the question of representation?In the House of Representatives, seats are based on a states population; in the Senate, each state has two seats.

Section 2-32Critical ThinkingSummarizing Information You are asked to write a 30-second news broadcast to announce the agreement made in the Great Compromise. What would you include in the broadcast?Information about the role of Roger Sherman, the two-house legislature, and the Three-Fifths Compromise would be included.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 2-33Analyzing VisualsPicturing History Examine the images that appear on pages 202 and 204 of your textbook. What do they show? Where are they located? Why are these places important in the nations history?Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is shown. The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed here.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 2-34Government Create a political cartoon that illustrates the view of either the Northern states or the Southern states on how enslaved people should be counted for representation.

End of Section 2

Section 3-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingThe United States system of government rests on the Constitution. Enlightenment Main IdeaKey Termsfederalism article legislative branch executive branch Electoral College judicial branch checks and balances ratify Federalist Antifederalist amendment

Section 3-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Organizing Information Re-create the diagram on page 207 of your textbook. In the boxes explain how the system of checks and balances works. about the roots of the Constitution. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow the Constitution limits the power of government.

Section 3-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Civic Rights and Responsibilities The Constitution outlines the responsibilities and the limits of the three branches of the national government.Section Theme

Section 3-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.Rising Sun chair, Constitutional Convention

Section 3-5Roots of the ConstitutionThe Framers of the Constitution had studied government, history, and politics. (pages 207208)Many ideas in the Constitution came from the study of European political institutions and political writers. The Enlightenment also influenced the delegates. The British system of government and British ideas and institutions influenced the Framers of the Constitution. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-6The English found ways to limit the power of the monarch beginning in the 1200s. Roots of the Constitution (cont.) (pages 207208)Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The English Parliament controlled funds. The English bill of rights guaranteed individual rights, and the judicial system oversaw that these rights were protected. These ideas were included in the original Constitution except for the Bill of Rights, which was added a few years later. The Framers took ideas about people and government from European writers of the Enlightenment.

Section 3-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Enlightenment promoted knowledge, reason, and science as the way to improve society. Roots of the Constitution (cont.) Ideas of John Locke, an English philosopher, included the belief that all people have natural rights, including life, liberty, and property and that government is an agreement, or contract, between the people and the ruler. The Constitution was a contract between the American people and their government, and it protected the peoples natural rights by limiting the power of the government. (pages 207208)

Section 3-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Roots of the Constitution (cont.) The French writer Baron de Montesquieu believed that a separation and balance of powers should exist. Also, the powers of government should be clearly defined and limited. The Framers provided for a specification and a division of powers. They also provided for a system of checks and balances to make sure that no one part would gain too much power. (pages 207208)

Section 3-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why did the Framers of the Constitution use the ideas of the Enlightenment and the British system of government to help them write the American Constitution?The Framers had studied European political systems, were familiar with the British Parliament system, and valued the ideas of the writers from the Enlightenment. They used ideas from their studies because they wanted to create a new government that would include all the necessary aspects but that would also avoid mistakes of the past.Roots of the Constitution (cont.) (pages 207208)

Section 3-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Federal SystemThe Federal System divided powers between the national (federal) government and the states. It created shared powers, a distinctive feature of the United States government. (pages 208209)The federal government had the powers to tax, regulate trade, control the currency, raise an army, and declare war. The state governments had the power to pass and enforce laws and regulate trade within their borders. They could also establish local governments, schools, and other institutions affecting the welfare of their citizens.

Section 3-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Federal System (cont.) Shared powers by the federal and states included the power to tax and to build roads. The Constitution became the supreme law of the land, the final authority. No state could make laws or take actions that went against the Constitution. Federal courts based on the Constitution would settle disputes between the federal government and states.(pages 208209)

Section 3-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think the Framers created a federal system with shared powers?Possible answer: The Framers probably felt that certain powers needed to be carried out by both the federal and state governments. Thus we have federal and state taxes and federal and state highways.The Federal System (cont.) (pages 208209)

Section 3-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Organization of GovernmentThe federal government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. (pages 209211)The legislative, or lawmaking, branch is made of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Powers include collecting taxes, coining money and regulating trade, declaring war, raising and supporting armies, and making all laws needed to fulfill its functions given to it by the Constitution.

Section 3-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Headed by the president the executive branch carries out the nations laws and policies. The Organization of Government (cont.) In the Electoral College, each state chooses electors to cast their votes for the president and vice president. The president and vice president serve a four-year term. (pages 209211)The duties of the president include being commander in chief of the armed forces and conducting foreign policy.

Section 3-15The judicial branch, or court system, consists of the Supreme Court and lower courts. The Organization of Government (cont.) (pages 209211)The courts hear cases involving the Constitution, laws passed by Congress, and disputes between states. The system of checks and balances, a distinctive feature of the United States government, maintains a balance of power. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.It is a system that keeps one branch from becoming more powerful than another. The Organization of Government (cont.) Both houses of the legislature must pass a bill for it to become a law. The president can check Congress by vetoing a bill. The judicial branch checks the Congress by making sure the laws it passes do not conflict with the Constitution.(pages 209211)Each branch has roles that limit the others.

Section 3-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Organization of Government (cont.) Congress can check the president by overriding the veto, but two-thirds of both houses must vote for the bill. The judicial branch checks the president by making sure his decisions and actions are legal. The judicial branch decides whether or not decisions or actions by the legislative branch are legal. The president appoints Supreme Court justices, but the Senate checks by approving the appointments. (pages 209211)

Section 3-18The Constitution created a nation in which the people could choose their officials and the officials answered to the people, not the states. The Organization of Government (cont.) (pages 209211)

Section 3-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.More than 200 years later, the Constitution still stands as the supreme law of the land. Do you agree that Americans showed the world that it was possible for this new form of self-government to work?Possible answer: The Constitution was and still is a document arrived at by astute political leaders who took much pain to create what they hoped would be a way to maintain the ideals of freedom and liberty that Americans had fought so hard for. The Constitution provided the backbone for the new self-governing country to run efficiently and grow into the worlds strongest power today.The Organization of Government (cont.) (pages 209211)

Section 3-20The Constitutional DebateBefore the Constitution could go into effect, 9 of the 13 states had to ratify it. (pages 211212)A great debate took place, with Americans discussing arguments for and against the Constitution. State legislatures set up special ratifying conventions. Rhode Island was the only state that did not call a convention because its leaders opposed the Constitution from the beginning. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-21Federalists supported the Constitution. George Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay supported the Constitution. The Constitutional Debate (cont.) Madison, Hamilton, and Jay wrote the Federalist Papers, a collection of essays explaining and defending the Constitution. The Antifederalists opposed ratification. They wrote a series of essays known as the Antifederalist Papers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-22They believed that the new Constitution would take away the liberties Americans had fought to win, create a strong central government, and ignore the will of the states and the people. The Constitutional Debate (cont.) They wanted a bill of rights. The debate exposed each groups fears. The Federalists feared disorder without a strong federal government and looked to the court to create a national government capable of maintaining order. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-23The Antifederalists feared oppression more than disorder. The Constitutional Debate (cont.) They worried that the government would be run by a small educated group of people that would hold the power.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-24Which group would you have sided with and why?The Constitutional Debate (cont.)

Section 3-25Adopting the ConstitutionThe Constitution was ratified by all states, despite opposition. (page 213)Delaware was the first to ratify on December 7, 1787. New Hampshire was the ninth state to ratify on June 21, 1788. New York and Virginia, the two largest states, had not yet ratified. Both states had strong Antifederalist groups, and their support was necessary to promote the future of the new government.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-26Virginia ratified at the end of June 1788 after being told the Constitution would have a bill of rights added to it. Adopting the Constitution (cont.) New York narrowly ratified in July 1788, North Carolina in November 1789, and Rhode Island in May 1790. Celebrations took place in hundreds of American towns and cities. The Constitution was finally ratified, and the new nation had a new government. A bill of rights was added in 1791.(page 213)Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-27Why do you think all the states ended up ratifying the Constitution, despite opposition to it?Adopting the Constitution (cont.) Possible answer: As the majority of states ratified, the remaining states of New York, Virginia, North Carolina, and Rhode Island knew that the Constitution could go into effect but would be more effective if they also voted to ratify. These four states may not have wanted to be left out and probably voted to ratify so that the country would begin as a united nation, believing in the ideals they fought for and becoming a self-governing country.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.(page 213)

Section 3-28Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.an addition to a formal document such as the Constitution __ 2.the sharing of power between federal and state governments __ 3.a special group of voters selected by their state legislatures to vote for the president and vice president__ 4.a part of a document, such as the Constitution, that deals with a single subjectA.EnlightenmentB.federalismC.articleD.Electoral CollegeE.amendmentDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.EBDC

Section 3-28Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for Understanding__ 5.movement during the 1700s that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society A.EnlightenmentB.federalismC.articleD.Electoral CollegeE.amendmentDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.A

Section 3-29Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts What influence did John Locke have on American government?Locke wrote that government is based on a contract between the people and the ruler. The Framers viewed the Constitution as a contract protecting the peoples natural rights by limiting the governments power.

Section 3-30Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesCivic Rights and Responsibilities Why did the Framers of the Constitution believe that a division of powers and a system of checks and balances were necessary in a government?The division of powers and a system of checks and balances were necessary to keep any one branch from gaining too much power.

Section 3-31Critical ThinkingFinding the Main Idea What do you think was the most important reason for establishing a strong central government under the Constitution?Possible answer: A strong central government could address issues that affected the nation as a whole.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 3-32Analyzing VisualsPolitical Cartoons Study the political cartoon on page 213 of your textbook. Then answer the questions that follow. What do the pillars represent? How do the last two pillars appear?The pillars represent the states that ratified the Constitution. They are rising to join the other states.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 3-33Citizenship Refer to the Bill of Rights on pages 244245 of your textbook. Collect photographs from newspapers or magazines that illustrate the freedoms guaranteed in the Bill of Rights. Put your photos on a poster titled Pictures of Liberty.

End of Section 3

Chapter Summary 1

Chapter Summary 2

End of Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment 1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.to give official approval to __ 2.a special group of voters selected by their state legislatures to vote for the president and vice president__ 3.the branch of government that makes the nations laws__ 4.consisting of two houses, or chambers, especially in a legislature __ 5.a formal plan of government A.constitutionB.ratifyC.bicameralD.legislative branchE.executive branchF.Electoral CollegeDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.BF D C A

Chapter Assessment 2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.__ 6.the branch of government, headed by the president, that carries out the nations laws and policies EA.constitutionB.ratifyC.bicameralD.legislative branchE.executive branchF.Electoral College

Chapter Assessment 3Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsSummarize the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.The strengths of the Articles of Confederation were that it could conduct foreign affairs, issue currency, borrow money, and maintain armed forces. The weaknesses were that it could not regulate trade, make soldiers join the army, or impose taxes.

Chapter Assessment 4Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat was the Three-Fifths Compromise?A slave counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and representation.

Chapter Assessment 5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat powers did the Constitution leave in the hands of the state governments?State governments had all powers not specifically granted to the Federal government.

Chapter Assessment 6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhy did some states want a bill of rights added to the Constitution?They did not think that the Constitution, as written, protected individual rights.

Chapter Assessment 7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsHow does the system of checks and balances work?Each branch has a role that limits other branches.

Chapter Assessment 8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Themes: Groups and Institutions Were the people who attended the Constitutional Convention representative of the American public? Explain.No; women, African Americans, and Native Americans were not included.

Chapter Assessment 9Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions Why was a system of checks and balances built into the Constitution?It was included to keep any one branch from dominating the government.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Chapter Assessment 10Geography and History ActivityStudy the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.

Chapter Assessment 11Geography and History ActivityA township was six miles long and wide.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.How many miles long and wide was a township?

Chapter Assessment 12Geography and History ActivityA section was one mile long and wide.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.How many miles long and wide was a section?

Chapter Assessment 13Geography and History ActivityA section was 640 acres.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.How many acres were in a section?

Chapter Assessment 14Directions: Choose the best answer to the following multiple choice question.

Test-Taking Tip Eliminate answers that dont make sense. For example, equal rights for all (choice A) is a fairly new concept. During the 1700s, women and enslaved people had few rights.Each of the states enacted constitutions in the late 1700s. All state constitutionsAestablished equal rights for all persons living in the state.Bset up legislative and executive branches of state government.Cgranted women the right to vote.Dagreed that states would be supervised by the federal government.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Standardized Test Practice

Chapter Assessment 15How many total essays were included in The Federalist Papers?85 essays were included in The Federalist Papers.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Chapter Assessment

History OnlineExplore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Republic to 1877 Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://tarvol1.glencoe.com

Curriculum Connection 2Science As the Constitutional Convention drew to a close, delegates saw the demonstration of a possible new form of transportation. Meeting at the Delaware River on August 11, they boarded a steam-powered boat built by John Fitch and rode along at 3 mph (4.8 kph).

Curriculum Connection 3Science Modern technology has helped preserve the Constitution document. It is scanned by electronic scanners frequently to detect any minor changes in the ink or parchment. These periodic measurements enable curators to detect if any deterioration has taken place that is invisible to the human eye.

Did You Know 1 Voting in New Jersey under that states constitution, any person who met certain property qualifications could vote. Many women used that provision to vote until the state legislature took away that right in 1807.

Did You Know 2Signing the ConstitutionPhiladelphiaClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Did You Know 2aThe oldest person to sign the Constitution was Benjamin Franklin (81). The youngest person was Jonathan Dayton (26).

Did You Know 2bPhiladelphia took great efforts to give the delegates a quiet atmosphere during the convention. The city went so far as to cover the paved road around the hall with dirt to reduce noise.

Did You Know 3Presidential TermThe ConstitutionClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Did You Know 3aOne of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention suggested that a presidential term last 15 years. In 1945 President Franklin D. Roosevelt came the closest to fulfilling this idea. Roosevelt took office in 1933 and died in office 12 years later.

Did You Know 3bThe Constitution is stored at the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C. During the daytime, pages one and four of the document are displayed in a bullet-proof case. At night the pages are lowered into a vault behind five-ton doors that can withstand a nuclear explosion. The entire Constitution is displayed for only one day a year, September 17, which is the anniversary of its signing.

WWWW? 1The Bald Eagle The bald eagle became Americas national symbol in 1872. Benjamin Franklin suggested the turkey as the national bird. The American bald eagle, Franklin claimed, was a bird of bad moral characterand often [full of lice]. Franklin stated, The turkey isa much more respectable bird, withal a true original native of America.

WWWW? 3Senatorial Terms The people now elect senators, but unlike the president, senators have no limit on the number of terms they can serve. In recent years citizens have debated setting term limits for senators. Some people feel that having a limited term of activity would encourage senators to work harder for the people they represent.

You Dont Say 1Land Speculator The Latin specula, which means watchtower, is part of the etymology of speculator. It could be said that a speculators attempts to second-guess the future are like trying to see far away from the top of a watchtower.

SkillBuilder 1Making ComparisonsWhy Learn This Skill?Suppose you want to buy a portable compact disc (CD) player, and you must choose among three models. You would probably compare characteristics of the three models, such as price, sound quality, and size, to figure out which model is best for you. When you study American history, you often compare people or events from one time period with those from a different time period.This feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

SkillBuilder 2Learning the SkillWhen making comparisons, you examine two or more groups, situations, events, or documents. Then you identify similarities and differences. For example, the chart on this page compares two documents, specifically the powers each gave the federal government. The Articles of Confederation were implemented before the United States Constitution, which replaced the Articles.Making ComparisonsThis feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook.

SkillBuilder 3Learning the SkillWhen making comparisons, you first decide what items will be compared and determine which characteristics you will use to compare them. Then you identify similarities and differences in these characteristics.Making ComparisonsThis feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook.

SkillBuilder 4Practicing the SkillAnalyze the information on the chart on the right. Then answer the following questions.This feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook. Making Comparisons

SkillBuilder 5Practicing the SkillThis feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.1.What items are being compared?The powers of the federal government as identified in the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution are being compared.2.Which document allowed the government to organize state militias?The United States Constitution allowed for the organization of militias.Making Comparisons

SkillBuilder 6Practicing the SkillThis feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.3.Which document allowed the government to coin money? Regulate trade?Both documents allowed the government to coin money. The United States Constitution regulated trade.4.In what ways are the two documents different?The Constitution specifies powers that are not named in the Articles.Making Comparisons

SkillBuilder 7Practicing the SkillThis feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.5.In what ways are the two documents similar?Both documents give the federal government the power to declare war and make peace, coin money, manage foreign affairs, and establish a postal system.Making Comparisons

Video 1The Power of the ConstitutionAfter viewing The Power of the Constitution, you should: Understand that Benjamin Franklin had reservations about the Constitution. Recognize that peoples biases and opinions can affect their decisions. Recognize that creating and signing the Constitution, despite its perceived flaws, was a critical step in the birth of this new country.ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.

Video 2Discussion QuestionWhat problems did Franklin see with gathering a group of men together in order to achieve the object of having joint wisdom?Men bring with them their prejudices, passions, errors in judgment, and self-interests.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.The Power of the Constitution

Video 3Discussion QuestionDid Franklin consider the Constitution to be a perfect document?No, but he thought it was as good as it could be under the circumstances.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.The Power of the Constitution

Maps and Charts 1

Why It Matters Transparency

Daily Focus Skills 1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Daily Focus Skills 2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Daily Focus Skills 3Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Custom ShowsEnd of Custom ShowsWARNING! Do Not RemoveThis slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and return to the main presentation.

End of Slide Show