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C A S R I L A N K A C U R R I C U L U M 2 0 2 0
S T U D Y T E X T
Tamil Study Text
(Draft version)
Draft Version
ii
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. The contents of this book are intended as a guide and not professional advice and every effort has been made to ensure that the contents of this book are correct at the time of going to press by CA Sri Lanka, BPP Learning Media, the Editor and the Author. Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of any material reproduced within this publication. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, CA Sri Lanka and BPP Learning Media will be pleased to make the appropriate credits in any subsequent reprints or editions. We are grateful to CA Sri Lanka for permission to reproduce the Learning Outcomes and past examination questions, the copyright of which is owned by CA Sri Lanka, and to the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants and Chartered Institute of Management Accountants for use of past examination questions in which they hold the copyright.
© BPP Learning Media Ltd 2020
First edition 2020
ISBN 978-955-3983-30-5
National Library and Documentation Services Board
Published by The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka 30A, Malalasekera Mawatha, Colombo 7.
www.casrilanka.com
The copyright in this publication is owned by The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka. (CA Sri Lanka)
Draft Version
Introduction iii
Business Level I - Business Environment and Economics
A.tzpfk; kw;Wk; epWtd R+oy; 1 1 2 35 3 tzpfepWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
tzpfr; #oy;
newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G 87
107
B.tzpf Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; gug;ngy;iy4 tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk
C. Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfs;5 135 6 165 7 jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy;kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; 193
223
D tzpfj;jpd; nraw;ghl;L gFjpfs;8 9 253 10 315 11 njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;j
re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk
kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk;
Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik 353
Page
iv
vi
vii
xiv
mwpKfk;
mj;jpahaj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;
fw;wy; ntspg;ghLfs;
nra;if tpidr;nrhw;fs;
cs;slf;fk;
Note : Chapter 12 -16 available after chapter 11
Draft Version
BL4 – Business Environment and Economics iv
Business Level I -Business Environment & Economics
tzpf kl;lj;jpNy (Business Level) fzf;fPl;bd; Nfhl;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd njspthdtpsf;fj;jpid khztu; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L ,Ug;gJld; xU jdpahd cupkj;Jf;F ,it vt;thW njhlu;GgLfpd;wd vd;gijAk; mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J fzf;fPl;Lf;fhd rl;lf; fl;likg;G> guhkupf;fg;gLk; gjpNtLfspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; ,j;jifa nrad;Kiwfs; kPjhd jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; jhf;fk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;Fk;
ghlj;jpl;l fl;likg;G
ghPl;ir ntw;wpf;fhd xU Kf;fpakhd gFjpahdJ gapw;rpahFk;. ,e;jg; ghlg; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gfis ftdkhf thrpg;gjd; %yk; mtw;iw KOikahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ khj;jpukd;wp mj;jifa El;gq;fis Kf;fpakhf gapw;rp nra;tJld; ePu; fw;Wf;nfhz;l Nfhl;ghLfis gpuNahfpj;jYk; mtrpakhFk;.
,jid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf ePq;fs;
mj;jpahaq;fspy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s midj;J cjhuzq;fisAk; KOikahf nra;Jghu;g;gJld; jPu;Tfis kPsha;T nra;J ePq;fs; mjid KOikahf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tij cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU mj;jpahaq;fSf;Fkhd Kd;Ndw;wg; guPl;irfis G+u;j;jp nra;jy;
mj;Jld; ePq;fs; kPl;ly; Gj;jfj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tpdhf;fs; ePq;fs; cq;fs; fw;wy; eltbf;ifapd; kPl;ly; fl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ cq;fSf;F kpfr; rpwg;ghd guPl;irg; gapw;rpapid toq;Ffpd;wd.
mwpKfk;
gpujhd ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;Gf;fs;; epiwaspj;jy;
A. tzpfk; kw;Wk; epWtd R+oy; 5% B. tzpf Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; gug;ngy;iy 5% C. Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfs; 20% D. tzpfj;jpd; nraw;ghl;L gFjpfs; 30% E. tzpfj;jpy; nghUspaypd; tfpghfk; 5% F. tpiyg; nghwpKiw kw;Wk; Nghl;b re;ijfs; 10% G. cw;gj;jp> fpuak;> tpiy kw;Wk; ntspaPl;Lj; jPu;khdq;fs; 10% H. tzpfj;jpd; Nguz;lg; nghUshjhur; R+oy; 15%
Draft Version
Introduction v
J}z; fl;likg;G
gl;laf; fzf;fpaypd; ghlj;jpl;l fl;likg;ghdJ Business I, Business II, Corporate andStrategic Levels Mfpa ehd;F Kd;Ndw;w gbepiy fl;lq;fis nfhz;LcUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Business I kl;lk; fzf;Pl;bw;fhd mbg;gilia toq;FtJld; xU rhd;wspf;fg;gl;l tzpf
fzf;fhsiu (Ceerrtified Business Accountant) cUthf;Ftjw;F mtrpakhd jpwd;fs; kw;Wk;njhopy;rhu; ngWkjpfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
,e;j ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ NkYk; gpuj;jpNafkhd ghlq;fshf tp];jhpf;fg;gl;L mwpTf; fl;likg;gpd; mwpT Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf ,e;j E}yhdJ toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mwpTf; fl;likg;G xt;nthU jpwd;kpf;f gl;la fzf;fhsu; mtrpakhd njhopw;jpwd; mwptpid toq;FtJld; gpd;tUk; ghlj;jpl;l gFjpfis cs;slf;fpa Ie;J ghlq;fis nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
Knowledge Pillar 1: Audit, Assurance and Ethics (AA&E)
Knowledge Pillar 2: Financial Accounting & Reporting (FA&R)
Knowledge Pillar 3: Performance Measurement and Risk (PM&R)
Knowledge Pillar 4: Taxation and Law (T&L)
Knowledge Pillar 5: Business Management & Strategy (BM&S)
Draft Version
BL4 – Business Environment and Economics vi
gy;NtW Wmldrlxt;nthU mj;jpahaKk; xt;nthU jiyg;gpw;$lhfTk; cq;fis topelj;Jtjw;fhd cjtpfukhd mk;rq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
jiyg;Gfspd; gl;bay;
mj;jpaha mwpKfk;
fw;wy; ntspaPL
Kf;fpa gjq;fs;
cjhuzq;fs;
tpla Ma;T
tpdhf;fs;
,J mj;jpahaj;jpy; ePq;fs; vd;d fw;;gPu;fs; vd;gijf; $Wk; jiyg;G
tplaq;fs; mj;jpahaj;jpw;Fs;Ns ,yf;fkplg;gl;l jiyg;Gfis
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
mwpKfkhdJ ckJ fw;wy; kw;Wk; eilKiwj;njhopy; tho;f;if
,uz;bDs;Sk; Vd; mJ Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij mj;jpaha
jiyg;Gfspd; Njhw;wj;jpDhlhf tpsf;FfpwJ.
,yf;if gl;laf; fzf;fhsu; epWtdj;jhy; ghlj;jpl;lg; gFjpf;fhf
toq;fg;gl;l fw;wy; tpisTfs; cs;slf;fq;fisf;
fz;Lgpbf;ff;$bathW mj;jpahag; gpupTfspd; Fwpg;GfSld;
mj;jpahaj; njhlf;fj;jpy; epuw;gLj;jg;;gl;Ls;sd.
,it Kf;fpakhd vz;zf; fUf;fspd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;. ,tw;iw
ePq;fs; guPl;irf;F Kd; mwpe;J Gupe;J nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nray; jPu;T my;yJ tpsf;fj;Jld; Fwpg;gpl;l El;gq;fs; kw;Wk;
fUj;Jf;fspd; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; njhlu;r;rpahf toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ngUk;ghYk; cyfshtpa cz;ikf; fhl;rpfs; my;yJ rkfhyg;
gpur;ridfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,t;Tjhuzq;fs; my;yJ
tpsf;fq;fs; cq;fs; jiyg;G gw;wpa Gupjy;fis tskhf;fTk;
eilKiw mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;fhfTk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,it xU El;gj;ij gapw;rp nra;a cq;fSf;F Mw;wiy mspg;git
my;yJ cq;fs; Gupjy;fis Nrhjpg;git. tpdhf;fSf;F fPNo
tpilapUg;gij ePq;fs; fhz;gPu;fs;.
fw;fNtz;ba R+j;jpuk; ,it guPl;irf;fhf ePq;fs; fw;fNtz;ba #j;jpuq;fs;.
gFjp mwpKfk; ,J xt;nthU gpuptpYkpUe;J Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba
Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jf;fis RUf;fkhfj; jUfpwJ.
,uj;jdr;RUf;fk ;
Kd;Ndw;wg; guPl;ir
jbj;jvOj;JfspYs;s thrfk;
mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kf;fpakhd gFjpfis jpUk;gj;
jUfpwJ.
xt;nthU mj;jpaha ,WjpapYKs;s Kd;Ndw;wg; guPl;irfs; cq;fs;
Qhgfrf;jpia gupNrhjpf;Fk; Kfkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fw;wy; VL KOtJk; rpythrfq;fs; jbj;j vOj;Jfspy; ,Ug;gijf;
fhz;gPu;fs;. ,J mOj;jj;ij mspf;fTk; xU trdk; my;yJ ge;jpapy;
cs;s Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fis ePq;fs; gw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
cq;fSf;F cjTfpwJ.
mj;jpaha mk;rq;fs;
Draft Version
vii
ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
A.
tzpf kw;Wk;
mikg;Grhh; #oy;
1.1. mikg;gpd;
#oYf;fhd
mwpKfk;
1.1.1.
mikg;G vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUit tiut
pyf;fzk; nra;J
tzpf mikg;Gfspd; tiffis milahs
k; fhZ
jy;.
mikg;Gf;fSf;fhd
mbg;gil tiut
pyf;fzk;
kw;Wk; tzpf
mikg;Gf;fspd; tiffs;
1
1.1.2.
mikg;G rhu; kw;Wk; tzpf Rw;Wr;R+oiy milahs
k;
fhZ
jy; kw;Wk; mikg;Grhu; R+oypd; ,ay;G kw;Wk;
tiffis tptupj;jy;
Mikg;Grhh; kw;Wk; tzpf
#oypd; ,ay;G kw;Wk;
gug;ngy;iy
1
1.1.3.
cs;sf R+oypd; %yf;$Wfis Vw;gpirT nra;J> xt;nthU
%yf;$WfSk; Kfhi
kj;Jt nrad;Kiwapd; kPJ nfhz
;Ls;s
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
mikg;gpd; mfr; #oy;
2
1.1.4.
Ntiyr; R+oypd; khwpfis tpsf;Fjy; kw;Wk; me;j
%yf;$Wfs; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jtjid
milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
Ntiyr; #oy;
2
1.1.5.
nghJ
r; R+oypd; khwpfis tpsf;Fjy; kw;Wk; me;j
%yf;$Wfs; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jtij
milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
nghJ
r; #oy;
2
1.1.
6. m
ikg;Gf;fspd; newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghW
g;Gf;fis
tpsf;Fjy;
newpKiw kw;Wk; r%fg;
nghW
g;G
3
1.1.7.
mikg;Grhu; kw;Wk; tzpf R+oypd; Gjpa ,af;fpfis
tptupj;jy;
Mikg;Grhh; kw;Wk; tzpfr;;
#oypd; Gjpa
,aq;fhw;wy;fs;
2
1.1.8.
Gjpa khwptUk; R+oYf;F ,ize;J nry;tjw;fhf epWtdq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs
;sf;$ba rhj;jpakhd
eltbf;iffis kPsha
;T
nra;jy;
khwptUk; #oYf;F
,ire;J nry;yy;
2
1.2. mikg;Gf;fspy;
mf;fiwjhuupd;
tfpghfk;
1.2.1. epWtdq;fspyhd
gpujhd
mf;fiwjhuif milahs
k;
fhZ
jy;.
mf;fiwjhuupd; tiffs;
kw;Wk; ,ay;G
2
1.2.2. NtWgl;l mf;fiwjhuu;fs; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ nfhz
;Ls;s
jhf;fq;fis Muha;jy;.
mf;fiwjhuu; tiuglk;
(kz;lNyh tiuglk;)
2
1.3. njho
pw;Jiwg;
gFg;gha
;T
1.3.1. njho
pw;Jiwapd; Nghl;bj;jd;ikapid Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
njho
pw;Jiwg; Nghl;bj;
jd;ikf;fhd
Ie;Jfhuzp
khjphp
2
B.
tzpf
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpd;
,ay;G kw;Wk;
Nehf;nfy;iy
2.1 Kfhi
kj;Jtj;
Jf;fhd
mwpKfk;
2.1.1. Kfhi
kj;Jtj;ijg; nghU
s; tiua
iw nra;J
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyia milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
Kfhi
kj;jtj;jpd;
tiut
pyf;fzk; kw;Wk;
Nehf;nfy;iy
4
2.1.2. Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpd; fiy kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd
j;ij Vw;gpirT
Kfhi
kj;jt tpQ;Qhd
k;
4
fw;wy; tpisTfs;
Draft Version
viii
nra;jy;
kw;Wk; fiy
ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
2.1.3. tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; gaDWjp Mfpatw;iwg; nghU
s;
tiua
iw nra;J> ,e;j vz;zf;fUf;fis mikg;gpd;
cw;gj;jpj;jpwDld; njhlh;GgLj;jy;
tpidj;jpwd;> tpisjpwd;
kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;
4
2.1.4. Kfhi
kj;Jt nrad;Kiwia tpsf;fp> Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpd;
gpujhd
nrad;KiwfspilNaahd
njhlh;gpid
tpahf;fpahd
k; nra;jy;
Kfhi
kj;Jt nrad;Kiw
4
2.2. K
fhi
kahs
h;fsJ tfpghfk;
kw;Wk; jpwd;fs;
2.2.1.
mikg;G xd;wpd; Kfhi
kahs
u;fs; ahu; vd;gij milahs
k;
fhZ
jy; kw;Wk; fzf;fhs
u; xUtUila Kfhi
kj;Jt
tfpghfj;ij milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
Kfhi
kahs
h;fs;
vd;gth;fs; ahh; vd;gij
tpiut
pyf;fzg;gLj;jy;
kw;Wk; fzf;fhs
uJ
Kfhi
kj;jt tfpghq
;F
4
2.2.2. NtWgl;l mbg;gilapyhd
Kfhi
kahs
h;fsJ tifapid
Muha;jy; (fpilahd
kw;Wk; epiyf;Fj;jhd
NtWghL
fs;)
kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ nghW
g;gpdJ tfpghfj;ij Muha;jy;.
Kfhi
kahs
h;fsJ tiffs;
kw:Wk; mth;fsJ
nghW
g;Gf;fspd; gug;ngy;iy
4
2.2.3. mikg;gpYs;s Kfhi
kahs
u;fsJ gpujhd
tfpghfq;fis
tpsf;Fjy;.
Kfhi
kj;jt tfpghfk;
4
2.2.4. ntw;wpfukhf Kfhi
kj;Jt tfpghfq;fis
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Kfhi
kahs
u;fSf;F mtrpakhd
jpwd;fis milahs
k; fhZ
jy; kw;Wk; epWtdf;
fl;likg;gpy; gy;NtWgl;l Kfhi
kahs
Uf;F mtrpakhd
Kfhi
kj;Jtj; jpwd;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
Kfhi
kj;jtj; jpwd;fspd;
tiffs; kw;Wk;
Nehf;nfy;iy
4
2.2.5. neUf;fbfs; kw;Wk; vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfis Kfhi
k
nra;tjw;fhd
jpwd;fis Vw;gpirT nra;jy;.
neUf;fbfs; kw;Wk;
vjph;ghuhj epfo;Tfis
Kfhi
k nra;tjw;fhd
jpwd;fs;
4
2.3. K
fhi
kahs
h;fSf;fhd
rthy
;fs;
2.3.1. ,lh;ghL
kpf;f #oypNy Kfhi
kahs
h;fSf;fhd
vjph;fhy
rthy
;fis tpsf;Fjy;
21Mk; E}w;whz
;L
Kfhi
kahs
h;fSf;fhd
rthy
;fs;
4
2.3.2. Ntiy ,lj;jpNy cw;gj;jpj; jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Gj;jhf;jkhd
njho
pEl;gj;jpd; gpuNahfj;ij fye;Jiua
hLjy;
Ntiyj;jsj;jpy; Gj;jhf;fj;
njho
pEl;gj;ijg;
gpuNahfpj;jy;
4
2.3.3. NtWgl;l jiyKiwfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak;
Copau;fis Kfhi
k nra;Ak; Kiwapid
fye;Jiua
hLjy;
NtWgl;l
jiyKiwfspyhd
Copah;fis Kfhi
k
nra;jy; (c
jhuzk;:
jiyKiw
Y kw;Wk;
jiyKiw
Z)
4
Draft Version
ix
ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
2.3.4. FWf;Ff; fyhr;rhu Ntiyf; FOf;fspd; elj;ijrhu;
Fztpay;Gfis milahs
k; fhZ
jy; kw;Wk; gaDWjp
tha
;e;j Kiwapy; FOtpid Kfhi
k nra;tjw;fhd
gaDWjpkpf;f Kfhi
kj;Jt El;gq;fis Vw;gpirT nra;jy;.
FWf;Ff; fyhr;rhu
Ntiyf;FOf;fis Kfhi
k
nra;jy;
4
2.3.5. gy;Njrpa> gy;fyhr;rhu Copau;fsJ elj;ijrhu;
Fztpay;Gfis milahs
k; fhZ
jy; kw;Wk; gaDWjp
tha
;e;j Kiwapy; FOtpid Kfhi
k nra;tjw;fhd
gad;kpf;f Kfhi
kj;Jt El;gq;fis Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
gy;Njrpa> gy;fyhr;rhu
Copah;fis Kfhi
k
nra;jy;
4
C.
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;;jpd;
njho
pw;ghL
fs;
3.1 jpl;lkp;ly;
kw;Wk;
jPh;khd
nkLj;j
y;
3.1.1. jpl;lkply; vd;gjid nrhw;nghU
s; tiua
iw nra;J> mikg;G
xd;wpy; jpl;lkplypd; Nehf;nfyiyia Muha;jy;
jpl;lkplypd; ,ay;g kw;Wk;
gug;ngy;iy
5
3.1.2. mikg;G xd;wpdJ vjph;fhy
jpirKfj;ij Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; ,yf;F
cUthf;fy;
5
3.1
.3. NtWgl;l #o;epiyfspy; jpl;lkply; tiffis ,dq;fhZ
jy;
jpl;lkplypd; tiffs;
5
3.1.4. mikg;gpd; gaDWjpj;j jd;ikapid milAk; tpjj;jpy;
jpl;lkplypd; mD$yq;fs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkplypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Mfpatw;iwf; fye;Jiua
hLjy;
jpl;lkplypd; mD$yq;fs;
5
3.1.5. jpl;lkplYf;fhd
jilfs; kw;Wk; mikg;gpd; jpl;lq;fis
eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;fhf> mj; jilfis nty;tjw;fhd
topKiwfisf; fye;Jiua
hLjy;
jpl;lkplYf;fhd
jilfs;
kw;Wk; jpl;lkplYf;fhd
jilfis vjph;nfhs
;sy;
5
3.1.6. jpl;lkply; nra;KiwAld; njhlu;Ggl;l fl;lq;fis
fye;Jiua
hLjy; (je;jpNuhgha
khw;W njupTfSld; tpNrlkhf
njhlu;Ggl;l tifapy;)
jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiw
5
3.1.7. jpl;lkplypd; Nfhl;ghL
fs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; nray;Kiwfspd;
Nfhl;ghL
fis gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhd
topKiwfis milahs
k;
fhZ
jy;
jpl;lkply; Nfhl;ghL
fs;
5
3.1.8. khwptUk; R+oypy; jpl;lkplYf;fhd
rthy
;fis Vw;gpirT
nra;jy;
khwptUk; #oypy;
jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd
rthy
;fs;
5
3.1.9. Nehf;fq;fs; %yk; Kfhi
kj;Jtk; nra;Ak; nrad;Kiwia
tpsf;Fjy;
Nehf;fq;fs; %ykhd
Kfhi
k
5
Draft Version
x
ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
3.1..10 jPu;khd
k; Nkw;nfhs
;Sk; gug;ngy;iy kw;Wk; epWtdnkhd
;wpy;
jPu;khd
k; Nkw;nfhs
;sy; kw;Wk; gpur;rpid jPu;j;jypd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij milahs
k; fhZ
jy;.
jPh;khd
k; Nkw;nfhs
;sy;
kw;Wk; gpur;rpid jPh;hypd;
,ay;G
5
3.1.11. Kfhi
kahs
u;fs; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;W Copau;fspd; gpujhd
jPu;khd
k; Nkw;nfhs
;sy; mZ
FKiwfis milahs
k;
fhZ
jy;.
jPh;khd
k; Nkw;nfhs
;sy;
mZ
FKiwfs;
5
3.1.12. NtWgl;l epWtd R+o;epiyfis Kfhi
kahs
u;fs;
vjpu;nfhs
;Sk; jPu;khd
k; Nkw;nfhs
;sy; epge;jidfis
milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
jPh;khd
k;
Nkw;nfhs
;sYf;fhd
epge;jidfs;
5
3.1.13. NtWgl;l jPu;khd
k; Nkw;nfhs
;sy; khjpup kw;Wk;
mZ
FKiwfis tpsf;fp gFj;jwpTs;s jPu;khd
k;
Nkw;nfhs
;sy; nrad;Kiwf;fhd
jilfis tpgupj;jy;.
jPh;khd
k; Nkw;nfhs
;sy;
khjphpfs; kw;Wk;
mZ
FKiwfs;
(gFj;jwpthd
jPh;khd
k;
Nkw;nfhs
;sy; nrad;Kiw
njhlh;ghd
tpNrl fw;wy;)
5
3.1.14 khwp tUk; R+oypy; Gjpa jPu;khd
k; Nkw;nfhs
;sy;
mZ
FKiwfis Vw;gpirT nra;jy;.
khwptUk; rpf;fyhd
#oy;
epiyikfspyhd
Gjpa
jPh;khd
k; Nkw;nfhs
;sy;
mZ
FKiwfs;
5
3.2. xOq;fikj;jy;
3.2
.1 mikg;gpy; xOq;fikj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; ,ay;G kw;Wk;
Nehf;nfy;iyia milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
xOq;fikj;jypd; ,ay;G
kw;Wk; Nehf;nfy;iy
6
3.2
.2 mikg;Gf; fl;likg;gpd; tiffis milahs
k; fhz
y; kw;Wk;
mtw;wpd; Neu; kw;Wk; vjpu;kiw mk;rq;fisf; fye;Jiua
hly;
mikg;Gf; fyhr;rhuj;jpd;
tiffs;
6
3.2
.3 mikg;Gf; fl;likg;Gf;fspd; gpujhd
,ay;Gfis
Kfhi
kj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL
fSld; ,ize;j tifapy;
tpsf;Fjy;
mikg;Gf; fl;likg;gpd;
gpujhd
mk;rq;fs;
(fl;Lg;ghl;L tprhy
msT>
gut
yhf;fy; kw;Wk;
ikag;gLj;jy;>
fl;lisaplypy;
Xhpdj;jd;ik Kjypad)
6
3.2
.4 Rw;Wr;R+oypd; ,ay;Gld; njhlh;ghd
tifapy; mikg;Gf;
fl;likg;gpd; khwpfis (c
jhuzkhf> cauk
hd mikg;G
kw;Wk; jl;ilahd
mikg;G> Nrjd mikg;G kw;Wk;
nghwpKiw mikg;G Nghd
;wit) fye;Jiua
hly;
mikg;Gf; fl;likg;gpd;
khwpfs;
6
3.2
.5 nghW
g;G> fzf;fspjfik (nghW
g;Gf;$wy;) kw;Wk; mjpfhuk;
Mfpa vz;zf;fUf;fis nrhw;nghU
s; tiua
iw nra;jy;
kw;Wk; me;j vz;zf;fUf;fSf;F ,ilapyhd
njhlu;Gfisf;
fye;Jiua
hly;
Kfhi
kj;Jtk;rhh; nghW
g;G>
fzf;fspjfik kw;Wk;
mjpfhuk;
6
Draft Version
Learning outco
mes xi
ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
3.2
.6 mjpfhug; gfph;Tf;fhd
nrad;Kiw> rpwe;j eilKiwfs;
kw;Wk; jilfis tpsf;Fjy;
mjpfhug; gfph;T
6
3.2
.7 je;jpNuhgha
k; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G Mfpatw;Wf;F
,ilapyhd
cwTKiwiaf; fye;Jiua
hLjy;
je;jpNuhgha
k; kw:Wk;
fl;likg;G
6
3.3 jiyik
tfpj;jy;
3.3.1. Kfhi
kj;Jt nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghL
vd;Dk;
tifapy;> jiyik tfpj;jiy nrhw; nghU
s; tiua
iw
nra;J> jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpa gFjpfis milahs
k;
fhZ
jy;.
Kfhi
kj;jtj; njho
pw;ghL
vd;w tifapy; jiyik
tfpj;jypd; jd;ik kw;Wk;
gug;ngy;iy
7
3.3.2. mikg;gpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ij nrhw;nghU
s; tiua
iw nra;J>
tpisjpwd; kpf;f jiytupd; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; njho
pw;ghL
fis
milahs
k; fhZ
jy;.
mikg;Grhh; jiyikj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; gaDWjpkpf;f
tiyth; xUtuJ
gpujhd
njho
pw;ghL
fs;
7
3.3.3. jiytu; xUtuJ
tfpghfj;jpypUe;J Kfhi
kahs
uJ
tfpghfj;ij NtWgLj;jp> jiytu;fspd; tY %yq;fis
milahs
k; fhZ
jy;.
Kfhi
kahs
h;fSk;
jiyth;fSk;>
jiyth;fspd tY
%yq;fs;
7
3.3.4. gaDWjp kpf;f Kfhi
kahs
h;fSf;fhd
kpfr;rpwe;j
jiyikj;Jtg; ghq
;fpid milahs
k; fhz
;gjw;fhf>
NtWgl;l jiyikj;Jt mZ
FKiwfs; kw;Wk;
Nfhl;ghL
fisf; fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
Jiyikj;Jt
mZ
FKiwfs; kw;Wk;
Nfhl;ghL
fs; (gz;Grhh;
mZ
FKiw> elj;ijrhh;
mZ
FKiw kw;Wk;
#o;epiyrhh; mZ
FKiw
cs;slq;fyhf)
7
3.3.5. Kfhi
kj;Jt nrad;Kiwapd; gpujhd
khd
njho
pw;ghL
vd;w
tifapy; Cf;Ftpj;jiy tiut
pyf;fzk; nra;jy;.
Cf;Ftpj;jypd;
tiut
pyf;fzk; kw;Wk;
gug;ngy;iy
7
3.3.6. Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; nraw;jpwd;
Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd
cwTKiwapid milahs
k;
fhZ
jy; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpj;jy; jtpu;e;j epWtd nraw;ghL
fs;
kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jf;$ba fhuzpfis
fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk;
mikg;gpd; nraw;jpwd;
7
3.3.7. Cf;Ftpj;jypd; cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; nra;Kiw Nfhl;ghL
fis
milahs
k; fhZ
jy;> epWtdj;jpd; cs;Ns Cf;Ftpj;jy;
je;jpNuhgha
q;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Ra nghW
g;G
epWtdj;jpd; Cf;Ftpj;jy; je;jpNuhgha
q;fis tpsq;fpf;
nfhs
;tjw;fhf xt;nthU
Cf;Ftpj;jy; Nfhl;ghL
fspYk;
gpuNahfj;ij fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
Cf;Ftpj;jy; Nfhl;ghL
fs;
(cs;slf;fy;
Nfhl;ghL
fshd
-
Mgpufhk; k];Nyht
pd;
Njit tifg;gLj;jy;
Nfhl;ghL
> N`
h;];Nghh;f;fpd;
,Ufhuzpf; Nfhl;ghL
kw;Wk;
ER
G Nfhl;ghL
> mj;Jld; nraw;ghl;Lf;
7
Draft Version
xii
Nfhl;ghL
fshd
– tpf;lh;
TUkpd; vjph;ghh;g;Gf;
Nfhl;ghL
kw;Wk; Mjhkpd;
rkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL
Kjypad)
ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
3.3.8. Copau;fspd; Cf;Ftpg;G kl;lj;jpid Gupe;J nfhs
;Sk;
tifapy; Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; Cf;fkpog;G Mfpatw;wpd;
Fwpfhl;bfis tpsf;Fjy;.
Copah;fspd; Cf;Ftpg;ig
tpsq;fpf;nfhs
;sy;
7
3.3.9. njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUtpid nghU
s; tiua
iw nra;J
epWtdq;fspy; njhlu;ghlypd; tfpghfj;ij milahs
k;
fhZ
jy;
mikg;Gf;fspd;
njhlh;ghlypd; ,ay;G
kw;Wk; Nehf;nfy;iy
7
3.3.10 tpidj;jpwdhd
njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; gaDWjp kpf;f
njhlu;ghly; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd
NtWghL
fis
milahs
k; fz;L gaDWjp kpf;f njhlu;ghlYf;F
mtrpakhd
epiyikfis fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
tpidj;jpwdhd
kw;Wk;
gaDWjpkpf;f njhlh;ghly;
7
3.3.11 mbg;gilahd
njhlu;ghly; khjpupapidg; gad;gLj;jp
epWtdj;jpd; cs;Ns njhlu;ghly; ,lk;ngWk; Kiwapid
ciua
hLjy;.
mbg;gil njhlh;ghly;
khjphpfs;
7
3.3.12 epWtdj;jpd; Kiwrhu;e;j njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fis
tpsf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Kfhi
kj;Jt eilKiwfspy; Kiwrhuh
njhlu;ghliy gad;gLj;Jk; topKiwfis fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
mikg;Gf;fspd; njhlh;ghly;
7
3.3.13. njhlu;ghlYf;fhd
jilfis milahs
k; fz;L mj;jifa
jilfis cilg;gjw;fhd
topKiwfis fye;Jiua
hLjy;
njhlh;ghlYf;fhd
jilfs;
kw;Wk; mj; jilfis
ntw;wpnfhs
;sy;
7
3.3.14 epWtdj;jpy; cs;s epiwNtw;Wdh; kl;l Copau;fs; tpUj;jp
nra;J nfhs
;sNtz;ba njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
Njhlh;ghlYf;fhd
jpwd;fs;
(cjh: mtjhd
pj;jy;>
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jy;>
vOj;J%y njhlh;ghly;>
jfty; njho
pEl;g
gpuNahfq;fs; Kjypad)
7
3.4. fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
3.4.1. Kfhi
kj;Jt nrad;Kiw vd;wtifapy; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
nrad;Kiwapid tiut
pyf;fzk; nra;jy; kw;Wk; epWtd
ntw;wpf;F fl;Lg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
fl;Lg;gLj;jypd;
tiut
pyf;fzk; kw;Wk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
5
3.4.2. epWtdnkhd
;wpy; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw njhlh;ghd
Kf;fpa fl;lq;fis fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
fl;Lg;gLj;jypd; tiffs;
(cjh: gpd;D}l;ly;>
Kd;Ndhf;fpa kw;Wk;
nrad;Kiwf; fl;Lg;ghL
fs;)
kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
nrad;Kiwapd; gbKiwfs
5
Draft Version
Learning outco
mes xi
ii
; ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
3.4.3. fl;Lg;ghl;L nrad;KiwapNy fzf;fhs
uJ tfpghfj;ij
Vw;gpirT nra;jy;.
mikg;Grhh; fl:lg;gLj;jypy;
fzf;fhs
h;fspd; tfpghfk;
5
3.4.4. epWtd fl;Lg;gLj;jYf;fhf Gjpa njho
py;El;gj;jpd;
gpuNahfj;ij fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
mikg;Grhh;
fl;Lg;gLj;jYf;fhf Gjpa
njho
pEl;gg; gpuNahfq;fs;
5
D tzpfj;jpd;
nraw;ghl;Lg;
gug;Gf;fs;
4.1
njho
pw;ghl;L
Kfhi
kj;Jtk;
4.1.1. njho
pw;ghl;L Kfhi
kj;Jtj;ij nrhw;nghU
s; tiua
iw
nra;jy; kw;Wk; mikg;G xd;wpy; njho
pw;ghl;L
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpd; tfpghfj;ij fye;Jiua
hly;
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpd;
tiut
pyf;fzk; kw;Wk;
gug;ngy;iy
8
4.1.2. epjprhh;e;j Kd;Ndhf;fpy; cw;gj;jp ,atsitj;
jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd
topKiwfis tpsf;Fjy;
cw;gj;jp ,aysit
jpl;lkpLjy;
8
4.1.3. gpujhd
cw;gj;jp Kiwfis (Ntiy cw;gj;jp> njhF
jp
cw;gj;jp> gha
;r;ry; cw;gj;jp) kw;Wk; nkype;j cw;gj;jp
njhlh;ghd
fzf;fhs
u;fspd; tfpghfj;Jld; njhlh;ghd
tifapy; nkype;j cw;gj;jp Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fjy;
cw;gj;jp Kiwikfs;
kw;Wk; nkype;j cw;gj;jp
8
4.1.4. mikg;Gf;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpepNahf rq;fpyp
Kfhi
kj;Jt vz;zf;fUit milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
toq;fy; rq;fpyp
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpa
vz;zf;fUf;fs;
8
4.1.5. nkhj;j ju Kfhi
k vz;zf;fUit milahs
k; fz;L>
mikg;gpd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; nkhj;jj; ju
Kfhi
kapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij fye;Jiua
hly;
nkhj;j ju Kfhi
kj;Jtk;
8
4.1.6. mikg;gpy; njho
pw;ghL
fis Kfhi
k nra;tjpy; Gjpa
njho
py;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghl;il Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
epWtdq;fspy;
njho
pw;ghL
fis Kfhi
k
nra;tjw;fhd
Gjpa
njho
py;El;gj;jpd; gpuNahfk;
8
4.2. re;ijg;gLj;jy;
Kfhi
kj;Jtk;
4.2.1. re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gij nghU
s; tiua
iw nra;J
epWtdq;fspy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; njho
pw;ghl;il tiua
Wj;jy;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpd;
tiut
pyf;fzk; kw;Wk;
gug;ngy;iy
9
4.2.2. epWtdq;fspy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; njho
pw;ghl;L tfpghfj;ij
fye;Jiua
hLjy; (xU jj;Jtk; vd;w tifapy;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; xU tzpf njho
pw;ghL
vd;w tifapy;
re;ijg;gLj;jy;)
epWtdq;fspy;
re;ijg;gLj;jypd; tfpghfk;
9
4.2.3. NtWgl;l re;ijg;gLj;jy; jj;Jtq;fis fye;Jiua
hb re;ij
Nehf;fpyhd
mZ
FKiwia gpd;gw;Wtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tpsf;Fjy;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; Nfhl;ghL
fs;
kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
Nehf;Fepiy
9
4.2.4. Jz;lk; Mf;Fjy;> ,yf;F itj;jy; kw;Wk; epiyg;gLj;jy;
/ epWtdj;jpd; re;ijj; je;jpNuhgha
j;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd
re;ijg;gLj;jy; je;jpNuhgha
j;jpd; %yf;$Wfs;
9
Draft Version
xiv
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitfs; Kjypatw;iw milahs
k;
fhZ
jy;.
(Jz;lkhf;fy;> ,yf;F
itj;jy; kw;Wk;
epiyg;gLj;jy;
/ re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitfs;)
ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
4.2.5. re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Gjpa njho
py;El;gj;jpd; gpuNahfj;ij
Vw;gpirT nra;jy;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpw;fhd
etPd
njho
py;El;gj;jpd; gpuNahfk;
9
4.3 kdpj ts
Kfhi
kj;Jtk;
4.3.1. kdpj ts Kfhi
kj;Jtj;ij nghUs;tiua
iw nra;J> tzpf
nrad;Kiwapy;> kdpj ts K
fhi
kj;Jtj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij m
ilahs
q;fhz
y;
epWtdq;fspy; kdpjts
Kfhi
kj;Jt njho
pw;ghl;bd;
tiut
pyf;fzk; kw;Wk;
tfpghfk;
10
4.3.2. tzpfj;jpd; gpujhd
kdpj ts Kfhi
kj;Jtj;
njho
pw;ghL
fSld; njhlh;Ggl;l gpujhd
vz;zf;fUf;fis
milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
kdpj ts
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpd;
njho
pw;ghL
fs;
10
4.3.3. kdpjts Kfhi
kjJtj;jpd; tpidj;jwid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
etPd njho
pEl;gj;jpd; gpuNahfj;ij
Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
kdpjts
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpw;fhd
etPd
njho
py;El;gj;jpd; gpuNahfk;
10
4.4. Kfhi
kj;
jfty;
Kiwik
kw;Wk;
nraw;wpl;l
Kfhi
k
4.4.1. mikg;Gf;fshy
; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; jfty; Kiwikfspd; jd;ik
kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
jfty; Kiwikfspd;
,ay;G kw;Wk; Nehf;fk;
11
4.4.2. mikg;Gf;fshy
; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; jfty; Kiwifspid
milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
jfty; Kiwikfspd;
tiffs; (c
jhuzkhf>
nfhL
f;fy;-thq
;fy;
nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy;
Kiwikfs;> Kfhi
k
jfty; Kiwikfs; khw;wk;
epiwNtw;W jfty;
Kiwikfs;)
11
4.4.3. mikg;Gf;fspd; Kfhi
kj;jtt eilKiwfSf;fhd
Kaw;rprhh;
tsj; jpl;lkplypd; tfpghfk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;
fye;Jiua
hLjy;
tzpf Kaw;rprhu; tsj;
jpl;lkply;
11
4.4.4. nraw;wpl;l Kfhi
kapd; jd;ik kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis
milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
nraw;ghl;L
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpd; ,ay;G
kw;Wk; gug;ngy;iy
11
Draft Version
Learning outco
mes xv
ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
4.4.5. nraw;wpl;l Kfhi
kapy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; khjphpfs; kw;Wk;
mZ
FKiwfisf; fye;Jiua
hLjy;
nraw;ghl;L
Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpw;fhd
khjpupfs; kw;Wk;
mZ
FKiwfs;
11
E.
tzpfj;jpy;
nghU
spaypd;
tfpghfk;
5.1 tzpf
nghU
spaYf;fh
d mwpKfk;
5.1.1. nghU
shjhuk; vd;gjidg; nghU
s; tiua
iw nra;J>
tzpfj;ij Kfhi
k nra;tjpy;> nghU
shjhuj;jpd; gq;fpidf;
fye;Jiua
hLjy;;
tzpf Kfhi
kj;Jtj;jpy;
nghU
spaypd; gq;F
12
5.1.2. re;jh;g;gr; nryT kw;Wk; mUik> kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
nghU
shjhuj;Jldhd
nghU
j;jg;ghL
gw;wpf; fye;Jiua
hLjy;;
mUik> njupT kw;Wk;
mikar;nryT
12
5.1.3. rpw;wpdg; nghU
spay; kw;Wk; Nguz
;lg; nghU
spay;> epakg;
nghU
spay; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; Neu;g; nghU
spay; Mfpatw;Wf;F
,ilapyhd
NtWghl;il milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
nghU
spaypd; tiffs;
12
5.1.4. nghU
shjhu tsq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nfhL
g;gdTfis
milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
nghU
spay; tsq;fs; kw;Wk;
nghU
shjhu gz;lq;fspd;
tiffs;
12
5.1.5. nghU
spay; ,yhgk; kw;Wk; fzf;fpay; ,yhgk; Mfpatw;Wf;F
,ilapyhd
NtWghL
fis milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
nghU
spay; ,yhgq;fs;
kw;Wk; fzf;fpay;
,yhgq;fs;
12
5.2. nghU
shjhuj;jp
d; ikag;
gpur;rpidfs;
5.2.1. nghU
spaypd; ikag; gpur;rpidfis milahs
k; fhZ
jy;
nghU
shjhuk; xd;wpd;
ikag; gpur;rpidfs;
12
5.2
.2 kj;jpa jpl;lkply; Kiw> re;ijg; nghU
shjhu Kiwik
kw;Wk; fyg;Gg; nghU
shjhu Kiwik Mfpatw;wpNy ikag;
gpur;rpidfs; jPh;f;fg;gLk; Kiwfis fye;Jiua
hLjy;
NtWgl;l
nghU
shjhuq;fspy; ikag;
gpur;ridfis jPu;T
fhZ
jy;
12
F.tpiyg;
nghwpKiw kw;Wk;
Nghl;bkpf;f
re;ijfs;
6.1. Nfs;tp>
epuk;gy; kw;Wk;
Nghl;bkpf;f
re;ij
xd;wpyhd
rkepiy
6.1.1. Rje;jpu re;ij njho
pw;gLk; Kiwik kw;Wk; Rje;jpu re;ijj;
njho
pw;ghl;bd; mD$yq;fs; kw;Wk; gpujp$yq;fis
milahs
k; fhZ
jy;.
Rje;jpu re;ij
njho
pw;ghL
fs;
13
6.1.2. Nfs;tp vz;zf;fU> Nfs;tp tpjp> Rje;jpu re;ijapy; Nfs;tp
tisapapid jPu;khd
pj;jy;> kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tzpf gpuNahf
Nfs;tp vz;zf;fU
kw;Wk; Nfs;tp tisap
13
Draft Version
xvi
jd;ik Mfpatw;iw fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
6.1.3. epuk;gy; vz;zf;fU> epuk;gy; tpjp> Rje;jpu re;ijapy; epuk;gy;
Nfhl;il jPu;khd
pj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tzpf gpuNahfk;
Mfpatw;iw fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
epuk;gy; vz;zf;fU kw;Wk;
epuk;gy; tisap
13
ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
6.1.4. re;ij rkepiy> tpiy nghwpKiwapd; rkepiyaw;w jd;ik
kw;Wk; tzpf jPu;khd
q;fs; kPjhd
re;ij rkepiyapd; jhf;fk;
Mfpatw;wpid Nju;T
nra;jy;.
re;ij rkepiy kw;Wk;
tpiy nghwpKiw
13
6.2. Nfs;tp epuk;gy;
gFg;gha
;T
6.2.1. Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gypd; tpiy rhu;e;j nefpo;r;rp> tUkhd
nefpo;r;rp> FWf;F tpiy nefpo;r;rp kw;Wk; tpsk;gug;gLj;jy;
nefpo;r;rp Mfpatw;iw fzpg;gPL nra;jYk; mtw;Wld;
njhlu;Ggl;l tzpf jPu;khd
q;fis fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
nefpo;r;rp vz;zf;fU
13
6.2.2. Efu;Nthu; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpahs
u; kpifiaf; fzpj;J>
mtw;wpd; tzpfj;jpd; kPjhd
jhf;fj;jpid tiua
iw nra;jy;.
Efu;Nthu; kpif kw;Wk;
cw;gj;jpahs
u; kpif
13
6.2.3. Nghl;b re;ijfs; kw;Wk; tzpf eltbf;iffs; kPJ cr;r
tpiy> ,opT tpiy> tupfs; khd
paq;fs; kw;Wk; msT
jpl;lq;fs; %ykhd
murhq
;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;bd; jhf;fj;jpid
kjpg;gPL nra;jy;
Rje;jpu re;ij kPjhd
mur
jiyaPl;bd; jhf;fk;
13
G.
cw;gj;jp> fpuak;>
tpiy kw;Wk;
ntspaPl;Lj;
jPh;khd
q;fs;
7.1. cw;gj;jp
kw;Wk; fpuaj;
njho
pw;ghL
fs;
7.1.1. nghU
shjhu fpuak; kw;Wk; epjpapay; fpuak; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
NtWghL
fis milahs
k; fhZ
jy;.
nghU
spay; fpuak; kw;Wk;
epjpf; fpuak;
14
7.1.2. FWq;fhy
nkhj;j fpuak;> ,y;iy fpuak;> ruhrup khW
k;
fpuak;> ruhrup nkhj;j fpuak; Kjypatw;iw topghL
fspd;
mbg;gilapy; mstPL nra;J tiua
iw nra;J> tzpf
jPu;khd
q;fs; kPJ mj;jifa fpuaq;fs; nfhz
;bUf;ff;$ba
njhlu;gpid fye;Jiua
hly;.
nryT vz;zf;fU kw;Wk;
njho
pw;ghL
fs;
14
7.1.3. ePz;l fhy
ruhrup nkhj;j fpuaj;jpd; (jpl;lkply; tisap)
ePz;lfhy
tzpf jPu;khd
q;fs; kPjhd
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
tpsf;Fjy;.
ePz;lfhy
nryT
njho
pw;ghL
14
7.1.4. tzpf nrad;Kiwfspy; msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdq;;fs; kw;Wk;
gug;ngy;iy rpf;fdq;fs; Mfpa tplaq;fis
fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdk; kw;Wk;
gug;ngy;iy rpf;fdk;
14
7.1.5. nkhj;j cw;gj;jp> vy;iy cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; ruhrup cw;gj;jp
Mfpatw;wpid FWq;fhy
cw;gj;jp njho
pw;ghl;bd;
mbg;gilapy; tiua
iw nra;J fzpg;gpLjy;.
FWq;fhy
cw;gj;jp
njho
pw;ghL
14
7.1.6. FWq;fhy
j;jpyhd
cw;gj;jpapd; %d;W fl;lq;fis milahs
k;
fhz
;gJld;> FWq;fhy
tzpf nrad;Kiwapy; gFj;jwpTs;s
fl;lj;jpid Gupe;Jnfhs
;Sjy;.
cw;gj;jpapd; fl;lq;fs;
14
7.1.7. Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisT tpjpapid FWq;fhy
tzpf jPu;khd
q;fSf;F gad;gLj;Jtij fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy
tpisT tpjp
14
Draft Version
7.1.8. ePz;lfhy
cw;gj;jp njho
pw;ghL
kw;Wk; mjd; tzpf
jPu;khd
q;fs; kPjhd
jhf;fk; Mfpatw;iw fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
ePz;l fhy
cw;gj;jp
njho
pw;ghL
14
ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
7.2. ,yhg
cr;rg;gLj;jy;
7.2.1. epiwNghl;b> jdpAupik Nghl;b> jdpAupik kw;Wk; rpyu;
cupik re;ijfspd; ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; tzpfq;fs; kPjhd
mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
re;ijf; fl;likg;Gfspd;
Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd
mstPLfs;
15
7.2.2. nkhj;j tUkhd
k;> nkhj;j fpua mZ
FKiw vy;iy fpua
mZ
FKiw> kw;Wk; tiuglq;fis gad;gLj;jpa vy;iy
mZ
FKiw %ykhd
,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jiy tpsf;Fjy;.
Nghl;b re;ijfspy; ,yhg
cr;rg; gLj;jy;
epge;jidfs;
15
7.2.3. cj;jk ntspaPl;L msT> tpiy kw;Wk; ,yhgk; Mfpatw;iw
NtWgl;l re;ijfspy; mike;j tzpfq;fs; jPu;khd
pf;Fk;
Kiwapid fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
Nghl;b kpf;f re;ij
mikg;Gfspy; cj;jk
ntspaPL> tpiy> kw;Wk;
,yhg jPu;khd
q;fs;
15
H.
Nghpdg;
nghU
shjhu #oy;
kw;Wk; tzpfk;
8.1. Nghpdg;
nghU
shjhuf;
fhuzpfs;
kw;Wk; tzpfj;
jPh;khd
q;fs;
8.1.1. Nghl;br; re;ijfspy; tzpfg; ngWNgWfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;
Ngupdg; nghU
shjhuf; fhuzpfis milahs
k; fhZ
jy;.
tzpfj;jpy; Ngupd
nghU
shjhu fhuzpfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
2>16
8.1.2. nghU
shjhuj;jpd; Njrpa tUkhd
k; kw;Wk; tzpf jPu;k
hdq;fs;
kPjhd
mjd; jhf;fj;jpid fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
Njrpa tUkhd
vz;zf;fU
16
8.1.3. xU ehl;bd; nghU
shjhu tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; nghU
shjhu
mgptpUj;jp Mfpatw;iw jPu;khd
pf;Fk; Kiwapidf;
fye;Jiua
hLjy; kw;Wk; ,j;jifa vz;zf;fUf;fs; tzpf
jPu;khd
q;fs; kPJ nfhz
;Ls;s jhf;fj;jpid fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
nghU
shjhu tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;
mgptpUj;jp
16
8.1.4. nghU
shjhuk; xd;wpd; tzpf Rw;Nwhl;l fl;lq;fis
milahs
k; fz;L tzpf Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; xt;nthU
fl;lq;fspYk; fhz
g;gLk; tha
;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; mr;RWj;jy;fis
fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
tzpfr; Rw;Nwhl;lk;
16
8.1.5. Ntiytha
;g;gpd;ik kw;Wk; tUkhd
rkkpd;ik Mfpatw;iwj;
jPu;khd
pf;Fk; topKiwfis fye;Jiua
hb tzpf jPu;khd
q;fs;
kPjhd
,tw;wpd; jhf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fjy;.
Ntiytha
;g;gpd;ik kw;Wk;
tUkhd
rkj;Jtkpd;ik
16
8.2 gztPf;fk;
kw;Wk; mjd;
tzpfr;
nrad;Kiwfs;
kPjhd
jhf;fk;
8.2.1. xU nkhj;j epuk;gy; nkhj;j Nfs;tp khjpupAld; njhlh;Ggl;L
nghU
shjhuk; xd;wpd; tpiy kl;lj;jpid jPu;khd
pf;Fk;
Kiwapid milahs
k; fhZ
jy;.
gztPf;fj;jpd;
tiut
pyf;fzk; kw;Wk;
tiffs;
16
8.2.2. Nfs;tpj; J}z
;ly; kw;Wk; nryT J}z
;ly; gztPf;fj;jpid
tpsf;Fjy; kw;Wk; NtWgl;l tpiy Rl;bfspd; mbg;gilapy;
gztPf;fj;ij fzpg;gPL nra;Ak; Kiwapid milahs
k;
fhZ
jy;.
gztPf;fj;ij mstpLjy;
16
8.2.3. ehl;bd; cau; gztPf;f epiyikfspy; tzpf xU
gztPf;fj;jpd; tzpfk;
16
Learning outco
mes xvii
Draft Version
ngWNgWfis cau;j;Jk; Kiwfis fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
kPjhd
jhf;fq;fs;
8.2.4. Nfs;tp Kfhi
kj;Jtk; kw;Wk; epuk;gy; Kfhi
kj;Jt Kiwfs;
%yk; ehl;bd; gztPf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwapid
fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
gztPf;fj;Jf;fhd
jPu;T
fs;
16
ghlj;jpl;lg; gug;G
mwpTf;$W
fw;wy; NgWfs;
gpuj;jpNaf mwpT
mj;jpaha
k;
8.2.5. gztPf;f tPjk; kw;Wk; tl;btPjk; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd
cwT Kiwapid milahs
k; fhZ
jy;.
gztPf;fk; kw;Wk; tl;b
tPjk;
16
8.3. Nghl;bkpf;f
re;ijfspy;
ehz
akhw;W
tPjq;fs;
8.3.1. ehz
a khw;W tPjk; jPu;k
hdpf;fg;gLk; Kiwfs; kw;Wk; tzpf
mtu;fs; kPJ mit nfhz
;Ls;s jhf;fk; Mfpatw;iw
tpyf;Fjy;.
tzpfj;jpd; kPjhd
ehz
a
khw;WtPjj;jpd; jhf;fk;
16
8.3.2. re;ij kw;Wk; epiyahd
khw;W tPjq;fs; kPjhd
NtWghL
fis tiut
pyf;fzk; nra;J fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
re;ij ehz
akhw;W tPjk;
vjpu; epiyahd
ehz
a
khw;W tPjk;
16
8.3.3. nrd;kjp epYit jPu;khd
pf;fg;gLk; Kiwapid
fye;Jiua
hLjy; kw;Wk; tzpf jPu;khd
q;fs; kPJ nrd;kjp
epYit apy; jhf;fj;jpid milahs
k; fhZ
jy;.
nrd;kjp epYit
16
8.3.4. ehz
aj;jpd; Nja;tpid fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf epjprhu; mjpfhu
rigfs; Nkw;nfhs
;sf;$ba eltbf;iffis milahs
k;
fhZ
jy;.
ehz
aj;jpd; Nja;tpid
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
rhj;jpakhd
eltbf;iffs;
16
8.4. gzf;
nfhs
;if
kw;Wk;
ghjPl;Lf;
nfhs
;if
8.4.1. ehz
af; nfhs
;ifapd; fUtpfisf; fye;Jiua
hLjy; kw;Wk;
Nghl;b kpf;f R+oypNy tzpfq;fs; kPjhd
jhf;fj;jpid
tpsf;Fjy;.
ehz
af; nfhs
;if kw;Wk;
mjd; tzpfk; kPjhd
jhf;fk;
16
8.4.2. ghjPl;Lf; nfhs
;iff; fUtpfis fye;Jiua
hly; kw;Wk;
Nghl;b kpf;f R+oypy; cs;s tzpfq;fs; ghjPl;L nfhs
;ifapd;
jhf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fjy;.
ghjPl;Lf; nfhs
;if kw;Wk;
mjd; tzpf kPjhd
jhf;fk;
16
8.4.3. epjpr; re;ijfis milahs
k; fz;L ,yq;ifapd;
,ilepiyahs
h;;fsJ mz;ikf;fhy
Nghf;Ffis ,dk;
fhz
y;.
epjpr; re;ij kw;Wk; mjd;
,ilepiyahf;fk;
16
8.4.4. ,yq;ifapd; epjp Kiwikapy; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; nghW
g;Gfs;
kl;Lk; ghfq;fis fye;Jiua
hLjy;.
epjpapay; Kiwikapy;
kj;jpa tq;fpapd; tfpghfk;
kw;Wk; nghW
g;Gfs;
16
xviii
Draft Version
xix
mwpTr;nra;Kiw
Tier - 1 epidTgLj;jy;
gpujhdkhd jfty;fis kPsf;$Wf.
tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;
tiuaWf;f ,ay;G> gug;G my;yJ
tiuf
mu;j;jj;ij rupahf tpgupj;jy;
mspf;Ff (xU glk; my;yJ tiuglk;)
milahsk; fhz;f. fUj;jpy; nfhz;ljd; gpd;du; njupT nra;jy; my;yJ ];jhgpj;jy;> milahsk; fhzy;
epuw;;gLj;Jf
njhlu;GgLj;Jf
Rl;bf;fhl;Lf
Xd;Wf;F fPNo ,d;ndhU tplakhf njhlu;GGLj;jp vOJJy;
epahakhd my;yJ rhjhuzkhd njhlu;Gfis ];jhgpj;jy;
epr;rakhf my;yJ njspthf rpytw;iw ntspg;gLj;jy;
Tier - 2tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;
Kf;fpakhd jfty;fis tpsf;Ff
fzpg;gpLf/fzf;fpLf fzpj uPjpahd fzpg;gPl;il
Muha;f
tpsf;Ff
jahupj;jy;
xU Kbit milAk; Nehf;Fld; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisf; fhl;Lk; thjj;jpd; %yk; guprPypj;jy;
nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fis tpgukhf ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F njspthd tpguzj;ij jahupj;jy;
tpahf;fpahdk; nra;f nkhopngau;j;jy; my;yJ tpsq;ff;$ba gjq;fspy; mspj;jy;
milahsk; fhz;f cWjpg;;ghl;ilf; fhl;Ljy; my;yJ mwpitg; gad; gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; my;yJ
gjpT nra;f
RUf;Ff
nghUj;jkhd mDgtk;
nghUj;jkhd gjpTfis tpgukhf gjpjy;
gpujhdkhd Fwpg;Gf;fis xU (tplaq;fs; my;yJ vz;fs;) RUf;fkhd $w;whf jUjy;.
nray;tpidr;nrhw;fs; rupghu;g;G gl;bay;
Draft Version
xx
mwpTr;nra;Kiw tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;
Tier - 3 gpuNahfk; gpuNahfpf;f nrad;Kiwg;gad;ghl;bw;F ,Ljy;
%lg;gl;l gpur;ridfSf;fhd jPu;T / fw;wjpYk; ghu;f;f epu;zapj;jYf;F mwpit gad;gLj;jy;
kjpg;gpLf
nrad;Kiw tpsf;fkspf;f
ngWkjp> ,ay;G> Mw;wy; my;yJ juhjuj;ij jPu;khdpj;jy;
ep&gpj;jy; tpNrlkhf cjhuzq;fSld;
tiuf tiugpd; %yk; mu;j;jj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jy;
jahupf;f xU Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf jahu;gLj;jy;
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;Jf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;Nfw;g xOq;FgLj;jy; my;yJ Nkw;nfhs;sy;
,zf;Ff ,d;ndhd;Wld; xj;jpUf;f nra;jy;
jPu;f;Ff fzp;g;gPLfspDhlhfTk; / my;yJ tpsf;fj;jpDhlhfTk; jPu;itf;fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F
Tier - 4 gFg;gha;T gFg;gha;T nra;f jPu;T my;yJ ngWNgw;iwj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghUl;L tpgukhf guprPypj;jy; jpwe;j gpur;rid
fSf;fhd jPu;T xg;gPL kw;Wk; NtWghl;bw;F vz;zq;fspilNaahd njhlu;Gfspy; ftdk; nrYj;jy;
Xg;gpLf Xj;jjd;ikfisf; fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Nehf;fp;w;fhf guprPypj;jy;
tpj;jpahrg;gLj;Jf rhj;jpakw;wit my;yJ NtWghLfisf; fhl;Lk;nghUl;L guprPypj;jy;
NtWgLj;Jf VNjhxd;iw NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; xU NtWghl;il Vw;gLj;JfpwJ
njspTgLj;Jf. Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f mk;rq;fspd; RUf;fj;ij jahupj;;jy;
Tier - 5 kjpg;gPL MNyhrid $Wf ngWgtUf;F nghUj;jkhd tifapy; rpwe;j eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tJ gw;wp MNyhrid mspj;jy;
cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;fs; my;yJ kf;fs;> vz;zq;fs;> Kiwfspd; ngWkjp gw;wpa jPu;khdq;fisAk; jPu;g;Gf;fisAk; cUthf;fy;.
Xj;Jf;nfhs;sr; nra;jy;
Mjhuk; kw;Wk; / my;yJ thjj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ek;Gtjw;F kw;wtu;fis rk;kjpf;f itg;gjw;F
epahaj;ij ntspg;gLj;jYk; cUthf;fYk;
kjpg;gpLf kpf ftdkhd gFg;gha;T %yk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij jPu;khdpg;gjw;F
tpku;rpf;f
Draft Version
xxi
mwpTr;nra;Kiw tpidr;nrhy;gl;bay; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;
rpghu;R nra;f xU rpwe;j eltbf;if gw;wpa xU mgpg;gpuhak; my;yJ Kd; nkhopT
jPu;f;Ff rpf;fy; my;yJ ru;r;irf;Fupa tplaj;jpw;F jPu;T fhzy; my;yJ jPu;j;J itj;jy;
cWjpg;gLj;Jf Jy;ypaj;jd;ikia rupghu;j;jy; my;yJ ep&gpj;jy;.
Tier - 6 Synthesis jpul;Lf gy;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis xd;wpizj;jy; %yk; mspj;jy; xU jdpj;j my;yJ
Gjpa NtWgl;l khjpupia ,izj;jy; %yk; njhlu;gw;w gpur;ridfSf;fhd jPu;T
tbtikf;Ff jpl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g rhjdj;ij fl;likj;jy; my;yJ cUtikg;G nra;jy;
tpUj;jpnra;f xU jpl;lj;ij my;yJ vz;zj;ij g+uzkhf my;yJ fr;rpjkhf ntspg;gLj;j> fz;lwpa
gpNuupf;f. xU jpl;lk; my;yJ guprPyidf;fhd Nehf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd mwptpg;gJ
Draft Version
Business Level I - Business Environment and Economics xxii
Draft Version
01tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk; mwpKfk;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehk; tzpfk; kw;Wk; tzpf epWtdq;fspd; vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpakhd gz;GfisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;.
epWtdq;fshdit Ntiyfis xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;litfshFk; (gFjpI). Mdhy;> ,it gy;NtW topfspdhy; milag;glKbAk;. gFjp 2 MdJ epWtdq;fspd; tiffisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;fpwJ. gFjp 3 ck; 4 ck; tzpfq;fs; vtw;wpid toq;Ffpd;wd vd;gjidAk;> mitfs; gad;gLj;Jk; tsq;fisg; gw;wpAk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. epWtdq;fs; jkJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jhk; vt;topapy; nry;yNtz;Lk; vDk; ghijapid vt;thW jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd vd;gjid mwptJld; ehk; ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpid epiwTnra;Nthk;.
mwpTf;$W
1. tzpfj;jpw;fhd mwpKfk ;
1.1 tzpfKk; mjd; 1.1.1 „tzpfk;‟ kw;Wk; „tzpf epWtdq;fs;‟ vDk; Nehf;nfy;iyAk; gjq;fistiuaWj;jy;
1.1.2 tzpfj;jpd; tifg;gLj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; Nehf;nfy;iyapidmilahsk; fhzy;.
1.2 re;ij toq;fy;fspd; 1.2.1 thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fr; (nghUl;fs;> Nritfs;> epfo;Tfs;> jd;ik egu;fs;> mDgtq;fs;> ,lq;fs;> gz;Gfs;> jfty;fs;>
epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; vz;zq;fs;) Nrit toq;Ffpd;wNghJ tzpf epWtdq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w ngWkjp toq;fy;fis(Value Offerings) milahsk; fhzy;.
1
mj;jpaha
k;
Draft Version
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
2 CA Sri Lanka
1.3 tzpfj;jpdJ tsq;fs;
1. 1.1.3.1 thbf;ifahsu;fSf;fhdngWkjpapidcUthf;Ffpd;w NghJ
tzpf epWtdq;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tsq;fspd;
tiffis milahsk; fhzy; (7 Ms. : gzk;> kdpjd;> ,ae;jpuk;> re;ij> epkplq;fs;> Kiwik> Mf;fg;nghUs;)
1.4 tzpfj;jpdJ vjpu;fhyg; Nghf;F
1.4.1 tzpf epWtdq;fspd; J}uNehf;F> gzpf;$W> ,yf;F> Nehf;fk;Nghd;wtw;iw tiuaWj;jy;.
1.4.2 tzpf ep dq;fspy; ,tw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid milahsk;fhzy;.
Draft Version
3CA Sri Lanka
|BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
mj;jpahaj;jpdJ cs;slf;fk; fw;wy;
NgWfs;
1 tzpfKk; epWtdq;fSk; 1.1.1
2 tzpf epWtdq;fspd; tiffs; 1.1.2
3 re;ij toq;fy;fspd; ,ay;G 1.2.1
4 tzpfj;jpd; tsq;fy; 1.3.1
5 tzpfj;jpdJ vjpu;fhyg;Nghf;F 1.4.1, 1.4.2
1 tzpfKk; epWtdq;fSk ; (Businesses and organisations)
jdp egu;fshy; mila Kbahjitfis epWtdq;fs; tpisTfshfg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
tzpfk; vd;gJ ,yhgj;jpidmiltjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l epWtdkhFk;
1.1 tzpfq;fspdJ ,ay;G
tzpfk; vd;gJ mjd; cupikahsu;fSf;F mtu;fspd; nry;tj;jpid
cr;rg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,yhgj;jpid miltjpid ikakhff; nfhz;l
epWtdkhFk;. ,J epWtdj;jpd; cupikahsu;fsplkpUe;J Ntwhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;l
cupkk; vdf;fUjyhk;.
epWtdj;jpdJ mbg;gilahd Nehf;fkhdJ epWtdkhdJ epWtdk;jhdh
my;yJ ,y;iyah vdj; jPu;khdpg;gjhFk;. gy;NtWgl;l rl;lfl;likg;Gf;fis
gad;gLj;jp tzpfq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy; KbAk;
epWtdj;jpdJ mbg;gilahd Nehf;fkhdJ epWtdkhdJ epWtdk;jhdh
my;yJ ,y;iyah vdj; jPu;khdpg;gjhFk;. gy;NtWgl;l rl;l xOq;fikg;gpidg;
gad;gLj;jp tzpfq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy; KbAk;.
1.2 epWtdq;fspdJ ,ay;G (Nature of organisations)
epWtdkhdJ r%f xOq;fikg;ghFk;. mJ $l;lhd ,yf;Ffisg;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wJ> jkJ nraw;ghLfis fl;Lg;gLj;JtJld; #oypypUe;J jd;id
jdpikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd vy;iyfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ vdyhk;.
Draft Version
4 CA Sri Lanka
epWtdq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
• xU gy;Njrpa fhh; cw;gj;jpahhsu; • xU cs;Su; mjpfhurig
• xU fzf;fpay; epWtdk; • xU njhopw;rq;fk;
• xU njhz;L epWtdk; • Xh; ,uhZtk;
epWtdq;fspd; nghJg;gilahd gz;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW
m) epWtdq;fs; ngWNWfSld; xd;wpize;jpUg;gJld; mtw;wpd; epakq;fis
vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wd my;yJ Kd;Ndw;Wfpd;wd.
M) epWtdq;fs; Kiwahd Mtzg;gLj;jpa xOq;FKiwfs; kw;Wk;
eilKiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mitfSf;Fj; Njitahd tpjj;jpy;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjid cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
,) gy;NtW kf;fs; gy;NtW tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Stu; my;yJ xU
eltbf;ifapy; epGzj;Jtk; miltu;.
<) mit gytifahd Nehf;Ff;fisAk; ,yf;FfisAk; njhlUgit.
c) mjpfkhd epWtdq;fs; cs;sPLfis (c+k; %yg;nghUl;fs;) ngw;W
mtw;iw ntspaPLfshf khw;Wk; nray;Kiwapy; <LgLfpd;wd (cjhuzk;
Vidatu;fs; thq;Ftjw;fhf).
1.3 epWtdq;fs; Vd; epiyj;jpUf;fpd;wd?
jdpegu;fshNy mila Kbahjitfis epWtdq;fs; tpisTfshfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
m) epWtdq;fshdit ngsjPf my;yJ mwpTrhu;e;j jdpegu;fspd;
tiuaiwfis NkTfpd;wd.
M) epWtdq;fs; jdpegu;fs; vtw;wpy; rpwg;ghf nraw;gLfpd;whu;fNsh mjpy;
epGzj;Jtkila cjTfpd;wd.
,) kf;fs; xd;wpize;J nraw;gl tha;g;gpUg;gjdhy; my;yJ xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;l tpj;jpahrkhd fUkq;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;tjdhYk;
epWtdq;fs; Neuj;jpidr; Nrkpf;fpd;wd.
<) epWtdq;fs; mwptpidg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tJld; gfpu;e;Jk; nfhs;fpd;wd.
c) ,Ujdpg;gl;l egu;fis xd;WNru;g;gjD}lhf epWtdq;fs;
„,izT‟(Synergy) ,id Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. mtu;fs; jdpj;J ,af;Fk;NghJ
ngWfpd;w ntspaPl;bidtpl mtu;fis xUkpj;J nraw;glitg;gjd;%yk;
mtu;fsJ ntspaPL mjpfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
RUf;fkhf $wpd;> epWtdq;fshdit kf;fis cw;gj;jpj;jpwdhdtu;fshf khw;Wfpd;wJ.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
5CA Sri Lanka
|
1.4 epWtdq;fs; vt;thW NtWgLfpd;wd?
epWtdq;fspd; nghJthd $Wfis NkNy tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy;
epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtW topfspy; NtWgl;litfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gpd;tUtd rpy NtWghLfshFk;.
(m) chpikahz;ik (Ownership)rpy epWtdq;fs; jdpg;gl;l cupikahsu;fshy; my;yJ gq;Fjhuu;fshy;
cupikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it jdpahu;Jiw epWtdq;fshFk;.
nghJj;Jiw (murJiw) epWtdq;fs; murhq;fj;jpdhy;
cupikahf;fg;gl;litahFk;.
(M) fl;Lg;ghL (Control)rpy epWtdq;fs; cupikahsu;fshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd MapDk; gy
epWtdq;fs; cupikahsu;fspd; rhu;gpy; gzpGupgtu;fshy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,d;Dk; rpy mur tpjpKiwfspdhy; kiwKfkhff;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
(,) eltbf;if (Activity)
epWtdq;fspd; eltbf;iffs; ghupastpy; NtWgl;litfshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf mit cw;gj;jpepWtdq;fshff;
fhzg;glyhhk; my;yJ Rfhjhu Nritfshff;$l fhzg;glyhk;.
(<) ,yhgk; my;yJ ,yhg Nehf;fkw;w epWtdq;fs; (Profit or non-profitorientation)rpy epWtdq;fs; ,yhgj;jpidg; ngWtjw;fhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpw
cjhuzkhf ,uhZtk; ,yhg Nehf;fkw;wjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(c) rl;lepiyg;ghL (Legal status)
epWtdq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfshf my;yJ gq;Flikahff;
fhzg;glyhk;.
(C) msT (Size)
epWtdq;fshdit rpwpa FLk;g tpahghukhf my;yJ gy;Njrpa
$l;Lj;jhgdkhff; fhzg;glyhk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
6 CA Sri Lanka
(v) epjp%yq;fs; (Sources of finance)
tzpfq;fs; epjpapid> tq;fpfsplkpUe;J fldhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;
my;yJ murpd; epjpapliyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk; my;yJ gq;Ffis
tpepNahfk; nra;tjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy; Vida
epWtdq;fs; epjpapidj; jpul;LtJ vt;thW vd;gjpy; tiuaiwfSf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;fyhk;.
(V) njhopy;El;gk; (Technology)
epWtdq;fspy; NtWgl;l mstpy; njhopy;El;gg; ghtid fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf fzpdp epWtdq;fs; mjpAau; njhopEl;gg; ghtidapy;
<LgLfpd;wd. Mdhy; rpW filahdJ kpff;Fiwthd
njhopEl;gg;ghtidia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;;;.
1.5 epWtdk; vjid Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wJ?
epWtdq;fs; gy;NtWgl;l Ntiyfis Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wd. gpd;tUtd
mtw;wpw;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.
ifj;njhopy;Jiw eltbf;iffs;
tptrhak; czTfis cw;gj;jp nra;jYk; gjg;gLj;jYk;
cw;gj;jp %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;SjYk;> ciog;gpidAk; njhopEl;gj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp
cw;gj;jpg; nghUshf khw;Wjy; (c+k; fhh;)
%yg;nghUl;fs;
/Ruq;fkWj;jy;
mfo;e;njLj;jYk; %yg;nghUl;fis Rj;jpfupg;Gr; nra;jYk;
tY/rf;jp
xU tsj;jpid (c+k; epyf;fup) kw;nwhd;whf (c+k; kpd;rf;jp) khw;Wjy;.
rpy;yiwtpahghuk;/tpepNahfk;
,Wjp Efu;NthUf;Fg; nghUl;fis toq;Fjy;
Gyikrhh; cw;gj;jp
Gyikrhh; nrhj;jpid cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
(c+k; nkd;nghUs;> Gj;jfq;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs;> ,ir)
Nritj;Jiw ,it rpy;yiw tpahghuk;> tpepNahfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> tq;fp kw;Wk; gpw
tpahghuNritfis cs;slf;FfpwJ. (c+k; fzf;fpay;> tpsk;gug;gLj;jy;) kw;Wk; nghJr;Nritfshd fy;tp> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;witAk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
2.1 ,yhg kw;Wk; ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epiy (Profit versus not-forprofit orientation)
mbg;gil NtWghlhdJ fPOs;s tiuglj;jpy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. mbg;gil kw;Wk;
,uz;lhk; epiy ,yf;FfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfis Nehf;Ff. mbg;gil
,yf;Nf kpfTk; gpujhdkhdJ gpw ,yf;Ffshdit mjw;F MjuT
toq;FtdthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cU 1.1: ,yhg Nehf;Fs;s kw;Wk; ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fs;
2.2 jdpahh; kw;Wk; nghJj; Jiw (Private vs public sector)jdpahh; Jiw> jdpahh;fshy; my;yJ gpw tzpf Kaw;rpfshy; chpik nfhz;Ls;s epWtdq;fs;.nghJj;Jiw> kj;jpa my;yJ cs;Suhl;rp my;yJ mur Kfth;fshy; chpikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhd my;yJ eph;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wjhd epWtdq;fs;.
tzpfepWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd gpujhdkhd NtWghL
,yhgNehf;fpyhd epWtdq;fshfTk; (tu;j;jf) rpy
vd;gJ rpy
,yhgNehf;fky;yhj
epWtdq;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wjd;ikahFk;.
2 tzpf epWtdq;fspd; tiffs;
(Types of business organisation)
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
7CA Sri Lanka
Draft Version
8 CA Sri Lanka
2.3 jdpahh;Jiw th;j;jf epWtdq;fs; (Private sector commercialbusiness organisations)
th;j;jf tpahghu epWtdkhdJ ,yhgj;jpid miltjid Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ> nghUl;fs; Nritfis toq;Fk;NghJ ngwg;gLfpd;w
tUkhdkhdJ me;epWtdj;jpd; nraw;ghl;bd; Nghjhd nrytPdj;jpid tpl
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,yhgkhdJ vNjr;irahd xd;wy;y> mJ
epWtd eltbf;iffspd; ce;Jrf;jp.
tzpf epWtdq;fs; NtWgl;l tbtq;fspYk;> msTfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mjw;fhd rl;l fl;likg;gpidj; Njh;e;njLf;ff;$ba jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
2.3.1 rl;l hPjpapyhd me;j];J (Legal status)
tzpfj;jpid Muk;gpf;Fk; xUth; tzpfj;jpid jhNd elj;jpr; nry;Yk;
tz;zk;> my;yJ tzpfj;jpd; ,yhgj;jpidg; gfph;e;J nfhs;sf;$bajhf xd;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gq;Fjhuh;fis cs;thq;Fk; tz;zk; my;yJ
tiuaWj;j fk;gdpnahd;wpidj; njhpT nra;ayhk;.
2.3.2 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; (Limited companies)
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfshdit clikahsh;fis (gq;fhsh;;fis) tpLj;J
jdf;Nf chpj;jhd rl;l MSikapidf; nfhz;Ls;sd. tzpfj;jpd; fld;
njhlh;gpy; mth;fs; jdpg;gl;l cj;juthjk; nfhLj;jhnyhopa gq;fhsh;fspd; kPJ
rhjhuzkhf tof;Fj; njhlu ,ayhJ. mth;fsJ ,luhdJ mth;fs;
fk;gdpapdJ gq;fpid thq;Ftjw;fhf KjyPL nra;j njhiff;Fg; nghJthf
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it tiuaWj;j nghWg;Gf; fk;gdpahFk;.
jdpegh; tpahghuk; kw;Wk; gq;Flik Nghd;wit rpwpa my;yJ eLj;ju
msTilajhff; fhzg;gl> tiuaWj;j fk;gdpahdJ ve;j mstpDilajhd
tzpfj;jpw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ
jdpg;gl;l xU eghplNkh my;yJ egh;fsplNkh xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;>
tiwaWj;j fk;gdpapd; chpikAk;> fl;Lg;ghLk; rl;l hPjpapy; ntt;Ntwhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
9CA Sri Lanka
|
m) gq;fhsh;fs; chpikahsh;fshth;.
MapDk; jpdrhp eilngWfpd;w tplaq;fs; njhlh;gpy; gq;fhsh;fs;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l chpikfis mth;fs; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. mth;fs; %yjdj;jpid
,l;L tUthapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whh;fs;. ghhpa epWtd KjyPl;lhsh;fshf
(cjhuzkhf fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfs; kw;Wk; Xa;T+jpa epjp) jdpahh;Jiw
egh;fshf njhopyhspfshf gq;Fjhuh;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
M) fk;gdpapid elj;Jtjw;fhf ,af;Fdh;fis gq;fhsh;fs; epakpf;fpd;whh;fs;
(Directors are appointed by shareholders to run the company)
gzpg;ghsh; rig cWg;gpdh;fs; Kfhikapid kw;Wk; Copah;fisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;JtNjhL> gq;fhsh;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$Wgth;fshfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. chpikahsh;fs; kw;Wk; Copah;fs; Nghd;w ,U
FOf;fSf;FNk nghWg;Gf;$Wgth;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
I. epiwNtw;W ,af;Fdh;fs; (Executive directors) epWtdj;jpd; jpdrhp
eltbf;iffspy; gq;Fgw;Wgth;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
II. epiwNtw;wjpfhukw;w ,af;Fdh;fs; (Non-executive
directors)MNyhrid toq;Fk; jpwd; njhlh;gpy; mjhtJ nghJthf
jkJ Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;ghd jpwd;fis my;yJ mDgtq;fis eph;thfr;
rigfsplk; fye;Jiuahb topfhl;l miof;fg;gLth;.
N) nraw;ghl;L Kfhikj;KtkhdJ (Operational management)
tzpfj;jpidr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;l njhopy;rhh;
Kfhikahsh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mth;fs; eph;thf rigf;F nghWg;Gf;
$Wgth;fshff; fhzg;gLth;.
2.3.3 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; tiffs; (Types of limited company)
,yq;ifapy; jdpahh; Jiwrhh; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; ,U tiffshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahh; fk;gdpfs;(c.k;.tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
x) kw;Wk; tiuaWj;j nghJf;fk;gdpfs;. mit gpd;tUkhW NtWgLfpd;wd.
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(m) gq;fhsh;fspd; vz;zpf;if (Number of shareholders) mjpfkhd
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; rpwpa vz;zpf;ifahd gq;fhsh;fspd;
chpikahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fk;gdpapy; fhzg;glf;$ba mjpf gl;rkhd
gq;Fjhuh;fspd; vz;zpf;if fle;j fhy kw;Wk; jw;NghJs;s
Copah;fisj; jtph;j;J 50 MFk;. nghJthf KjyPL nra;Ak; nghJ
kf;fspd; mjp$ba tpfpjj;jpidf; nfhz;ljhfNt nghJf;fk;gdpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(M) gq;Fg; ghpkhw;wk; (Transferability of shares) nghJf; fk;gdpfspYs;s
gq;Ffs; nghJ kf;fSf;F toq;fg;glf;$bajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
eilKiwapy;> mjhtJ> mit gq;F ghpth;j;jid (stock exchange) apy;tpw;fg;glyhk;. jdpahh; fk;gpdpapdJ gq;Ffs; kWGwj;jpy; kw;iwa
gq;fhsh;fspd; rk;kjkpy;yhky; ghpkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLtJ mhpjhdjhFk;.
(,) ,af;Fdh;fshfg; gq;fhsh;fs; (Directors as shareholders) jdpahh;fk;gdpahdJ xU ,af;Fdiuf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghJf;
fk;gdpahdJ Fiwe;jJ ,U ,af;Fdh;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahh; fk;gdpapd; ,af;Fdh;fs;> nghJf; fk;gdpapd;
,af;Fdh;fistpl fk;gdpapd; gq;Ffspd; fzprkhd gq;fpid itj;jpUff;
Ntz;Lk;.
(<) %yjdj;jpd; %yk; (Source of capital)
(i) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahh; fk;gdpapd; gq;F %yjdkhdJ nghJthf
Muk;gfh;j;jh my;yJ Nkk;gLj;Jdh; my;yJ Muk;g fh;j;jhtpd;
tzpf gq;fhsp my;yJ njhopy;jUdhpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
(ii) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJf; fk;gdpapd; gq;F %yjdkhdJ
NkYs;stw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l re;ijapidg; gad;gLj;jp
Neubahf my;yJ epWtd KjyPl;lhsh;fspD}lhf ngwg;glyhk;.
mjpfkhd fk;gdpfs; rpwpa mstpNyNa Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNefkhf
FLk;g tzpfkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mit jdpahh; fk;gdpfshfr;
nraw;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; mit nghJf; fk;gdpahFk; vy;iytiu
tsuf;$bajhff; fhzg;gLtJld;> mjhtJ gq;Ffis toq;Ftjw;fhf
KjyPl;lhsh;fis miof;fKbAk;. Gjpjhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
%yjdkhdJ> epWtdj;jpdJ eltbf;iffis tphpTgLj;Jtjw;F
cjtf;$bajhf cs;sJld; ghhpa mstpyhd nraw;ghLfspdhy;
ngwg;gLk; mD$yq;fis milaf;$bajhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
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2.3.4 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpapd; mD$yq;fSk; gpujp $yq;fSk;
(Advantages and disadvantages of limited company status)
mD$yq;fs; (Advantages )
• mjpf gzk; KjyPl;Lf;fhff; fhzg;gLk;
• nghWg;G tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy;> KjyPl;lhsh;fspd; ,lh;
Fiwf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
• jdpikg;ghLila rl;l MSik: fk;gdpahdJ nrhj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;ff;$bajhff; fhzg;gLtJld;> xg;ge;jq;fisAk;
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$bajhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
• chpikahz;ikahdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bdpd;W rl;l uPjpapy; NtWgl;ljhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. KjyPl;lhsh;fs; nraw;ghLfspy; <LglNtz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy.
• mstpy; tiuaiwfs; ,y;iy. rpy fk;gdpfs; kpy;ypad; fzf;fpyhd
gq;fhsh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
• nefpo;Tj;jd;ik. %yjdKk;> Kaw;rpahz;ikAk; xUkpj;J nfhzug;glyhk;.
gpujp$yq;fs; (Disadvantages)
• rl;l uPjpahd nraw;ghLfSf;fhd nryTfs;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G
fhzg;gLtjdhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;
fzf;fha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L gq;fhsh;fSf;F gpuRhpf;fg;gl
Ntz;baitahFk;.
• gq;fhsh;fSf;F ,af;Fdh;fis ePf;Ftjw;F thf;fspf;Fk; jd;ik
fhzg;glhYk; mth;fsJ gq;Ffistpw;gJ jtpu eilKiwapy; tY
FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ.
2.4 nghJj;Jiw (The public sector)
murpdhy; my;yJ cs;Suhl;rpapdhy; chpikahf;fg;gl;L nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
epWtdq;fs; midj;ijAk; nghJj;Jiw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. gpd;tUgit
,jw;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.
• nghJr; Nrit FOf;fs; • mur jpizf;fsq;fs;
• ghlrhiyfs;
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nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; gy;NtW tifahd Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
• ,yq;ifapy; Xa;T+jpaj; jpizf;fskhdJ Xa;T+jpak;> ed;ikfs; kw;Wk;
,isg;ghw;Wj; jfty;fs; Nghd;wit njhlh;gpy; r%fg;ghJfhg;G Kiwikapd;
gFjpnahd;wpid eph;tfpf;fpwJ.
• ,yq;ifj; jghy; NritahdJ r%fj; njhopw;ghl;bidf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;
mQ;ry; NritfspD}lhf tUthia ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sfpd;wJ.
2.4.1. nghJj;Jiwapd; gpujhd gz;Gfs;
(m) nghWg;Gf; $Wk; jd;ik (Accountability) ,Wjpapy; rl;lj;jpw;F
nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(M) epjpaply; (Funding) : nghJj;JiwahdJ epjpapid %d;W gpujhd
topfspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.
(i) thpfis mjpfhpg;gjd; %yk;
(ii) fl;lzq;fisg; ngWtjd; %yk; (c-k; epge;jid)
(iii) fld; ngwy;
(,) NritfSf;fhd Nfs;tp (Demand for services) Vjhtnjhd;wpd;
„Nfs;tp‟f;Fk; mjw;fhf mwtplg;gLk; tpiyf;Fkpilapy; njhlh;G
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJj;Jiwfspy; NritfSf;fhd Nfs;tp
tiuaiwaw;wjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(<) tiuaWj;j tsq;fs; (Limited resources) nghJr; NritfSf;fhd Nfs;tp
kpf mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mur nrytpdq;fSf;fhd kl;Lg;ghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ Vnddpy; tsq;fs; tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;ljhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wikapdhNyNa MFk;. mjdhy;> Nfs;tpapidg; G+h;j;jp
nra;a ,ayhik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
2.4.2 nghJj; Jiwapd; mD$yq;fs; (Benefits of public sector)
(m) Neh;ik (Fairness) nghJj;JiwahdJ xt;nthUtUk; Rfhjhu
Nritfisg; ngwKbAk; vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;j KbAk;.
(M) jdpahh; Jiwapduhy; epug;gg;glhj ,ilntspapid epug;Gjy;(Filling the
gaps left by the private sector) tPjp tpsf;Ffs; Nghd;w nghJg;gz;lq;fis
toq;Ftjd; Clhf ,J ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
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(,) nghJ eyd; (Public interest) Fwpg;gpl;l Nritfis murhq;fkhdJ nghJ
eyd;fis fUjp kpfr; rpwg;ghf toq;f KbAk; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
(<) msTj; jpl;lr; rpf;fdk; (Economies of scale) midj;JNk
ikag;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ nrytpdkhdJ gutyhf;fg;glyhk;.
(c) kypthd epjp (Cheaper finance) th;j;jf tPjq;fspy; fld;thq;Ftjidtpl
mur cj;juthjj;Jldhd kPsg;ngWk; Kwpfs; my;yJ thpfs;
kypthditahff; fhzg;gLk;.
(C ) tpidj;jpwd; (Efficiency) jdpahh;Jiwia tpl nghJj;Jiw rpyNeuq;fspy;
kpfTk; tpidj;jpwdhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rhjhuzkhf kpfTk;
gpugy;akhd gpur;ridfisj; jtpu If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpdJ Njrpa Rfhjhu
Nritfs; If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpd; jdpahh; Nritapidf; fhl;bYk; kpfTk;
Fiwthd eph;thfr; nryTfisf; nfhz;Nl ,aq;Ffpd;wd. mj;Jld;
rdj;njhifapy; mjpfkhNdhUf;F ,r;Nrit toq;fg;gLtjhfTk; cs;sJ.
2.4.3 nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; gpur;ridfs; (Problems with public sector
organisations)
(m) nghWg;G (Responsibility) thpnrYj;JNthh; el;lj;jpid
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjdhy; tpidj;jpwdw;w jd;ik myl;rpag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
(M) jiyaPLfs; (Interference) tzpfj;jpd; nraw;ghLfspy; murpay;thjpfs;
kpfTk; ghPl;irakw;wth;fshff; fhzg;gLtJld; murpd; mOj;jq;fSk;
jPh;khdkpd;ikAk; jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapy; ghjfkhfr;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jf;$bajhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. Njh;jypy; njhpT
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd mOj;jkhdJ Njitahd Mdhy;
gpugy;akw;w jPh;khdq;fSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yyhk;.
(, ) nrytpdk; (Cost) nraw;ghl;L nghUz;kpaj;jpw;Fk; Nritfspd; NghJkhd
jd;ikf;FkpilNa Kuz;ghLfs; fhzg;glyhk;. nghJkf;fs; kpfTk;
G+uzkhd Nritapid vjph;ghh;g;gh; - Mdhy;> mjw;fhd fpuaj;jpidg;
nghWg;Ngw;f Kd;tukhl;lhh;fs;.
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2.5 mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs;(Non-governmental organisations)
mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs; (NGOs) Mdit Njrpa murhq;fj;Jld; Neubahfj;
njhlh;G ,y;yhj mikg;Gf;fshFk;. 'NGO' vDk; gjj;jpd; mh;j;jkhdJ nghJthf
tzpf Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gil Nehf;fkhff; nfhs;shj epWtdq;fisf;
Fwpg;gjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. m+apDk;> ,g;gjj;jpDs; r%f> murpay;> #oy;
khw;wq;fis ikakhff;nfhz;l gue;Jgl;l eltbf;iffs; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vt;thnwdpDk;> NGO Mdit njhz;L mikg;Gf;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy. mj;Jld;> me;epWtdq;fSf;F murpay; ikaq;fs; fhzg;gbDk;
mit murpay; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; my;y.
NGOs Mdit epjpapidj; jpul;l Ntz;ba eltbf;iffspy; <LgLgitahfTk;>
tsq;fis (ed;nfhil> jd;dhh;t Copak;> %yg;nghUl;fs;) mzpjpusg;
gz;ZgitahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;nrad;KiwahdJ rpf;fy; jd;ikahd
epWtdf; fl;likg;gpidf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;.
gpd;tUgit NGO f;fspd; epWtdg; gz;Gfspy; rpythFk;.
• jd;dhh;t Copak;‟ KONeu rk;gsk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w njhopyhsh;fisf;
nfhz;Lk; Copahplg;gLfpd;wJ.
• epjpahdJ khdpakhfTk;> xg;ge;jj;jplkpUe;Jk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
• tpsk;gug;gLj;JjypYk;> Clfj; njhlh;gpYk; jpwd;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• rpy tifapyhd Njrpa “jiyik mYtyfk;” fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• jpl;lkplypYk; ghjPl;bidj; jahhpj;jypYk; epGzj;Jtk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
MfNt ghuk;ghpa th;j;jf epWtdq;fisg; Nghd;W NGO f;fshditAk;
tpidj;jpwDs;s epWtdf; fl;likg;gpidf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
2.6 $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; gu];gumikg;Gf;;fs;
(Co-operative societies and mutual associations)$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fshdit mjdJ ,yhgj;jpidg; gfpuf;$bath;fshd Copah;fshy; my;yJ mjdJ thbf;ifahsh;fshy; chpik nfhs;sg;gl;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• jpwe;j mq;fj;Jtk;
• [dehaff; fl;Lg;ghL (xU cWg;gpdh; xU thf;F)
• nfhs;tdtpd; tpfpjg;gb kpifapid gfph;e;jspj;jy;
• fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;jy;
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[dehaff; fl;Lg;ghl;lhdJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspy; fhzg;gl;lhYk mJ
xU gq;F xU thf;Fhpik vDk; mbg;gilapy; mike;jjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
vdNt xU gq;fhsh; fk;gdpapy; ngUk;ghd;ik gq;Ffis itj;jpUg;gpd;
fk;gdpapy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jyhk;. ,J $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngwkhl;lhJ.
gu];gu mikg;Gf;fs; (Mutual associations)
,it $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fis xj;jitahff; fhzg;gbDk; mit ntsp
KjyPl;lhsh;fshy; my;yhJ mjdJ cWg;gpdh;fshNyNa chpikahf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3 re;ij toq;fy;fspd; ,ay;G
nghUl;fs; (Products) nghUl;fs; Mdit thbf;ifahsh;fs; kjpg;gpLfpd;w
ed;ikfspd; Ftpay;fs; vdyhk;. ,e;ed;ikfs; njhl;Lzuf;$baitfshff;
fhzg;glyhk;. mjhtJ rpwg;ghd tbtikg;G kw;Wk; njhopw;gLk; jd;ik
my;yJ njhl;Lzu Kbahj jd;ik> cjhuzkhf tpk;gk;.
Nritfs; (Services) Mdit mgptpUj;jpaile;j nghUshjhuj;jpy;
kpfKf;fpakhdjhf tsh;e;JtUfpd;wd. NritahdJ Ie;J kpf Kf;fpakhd
gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. njhl;Lzu Kbahj jd;ik gphpf;f
Kbahj jd;ik> fsQ;rpag;gLj;j Kbahj jd;ik> kw;Wk; chpikahz;ik
Nghd;wit ,itahFk;. ,it xt;nthd;Wk; re;ijapy; gy jhf;fq;fisf;
nfhz;lit.
3.1 nghUl;fs; (Products)thbf;ifahsh; nfhz;Ls;s tpUg;gq;fspd; (wants) njhFjpfisj;
jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjhd ed;ikfspd; Ftpay; nghUl;fs; MFk;.
nghUl;fshdJ gy mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;l xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy; ed;ik
gaf;ff;$ba tplakhFk;.nghUl;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd.\
• nghsjPf uPjpapyhd mk;rk; (physical aspect) ,J nghUl;fspd; $Wfs;>
%yg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tptuf;Fwpg;Gf;fSld; (epwk;> msT Nghd;wit)
njhlh;GilajhFk;. cjhuzkhf 100% J}a;ikahd gQ;rpyhd ,aw;if
epwj;Jldhd 12 mstpidf;nfhz;l (pullover)
• njhopw;ghl;L uPjpapyhd mk;rk; (functional aspect) ,J vt;thW nghUs;nraw;gLfpwJ vd;gjDlDk;> vd;d Nehf;fj;jw;fhf ,J nfhs;tdT
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nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gjidAk; tpthpf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf ntJntJg;ghfTk;
MWjyhfTk; ,Uf;ff;$ba ryitnra;Ak;NghJ ed;whf
,Uf;ff;$bajhdnjhU nkd;ikahd pullover
• milahs uPjpapyhd mk;rk; (symbolic aspect). ,J nfhs;tdthsUf;F
nghUspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w juj;jpid my;yJ rYiffisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
'100% J}a gQ;R vDk; FwpaPlhdJ juk;> me;j];J kw;Wk; #oy; uPjpapyhd
el;Gj;jd;ik Nghd;wtw;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
3.1.1 nghUl;fspd; gz;Gfs; (Product attributes)
re;ijg;gLj;JdUf;F nkhj;j ed;ik njhFg;ghdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
(m) njhl;Lzuf;$ba gz;G (Tangible attributes)
• fpilg;gdTj; jd;ikAk; tpepNahfj; jd;ikAk;
• ngWNgW (gad;ghL> tpidj;jpwd;> tpidahz;ik)
• tpiy
• tbtikg;G (ntspj;Njhw;wg;ghL> czh;T Nghd;wit)
• nghjpaply; (ePz;lfhyg; ghtid> trjpahd msT> toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
jfty;fs;)
• mNj thpirapYs;s epug;Gg; nghUl;fspd; tiffspd; tPr;R (range)
• nghUspd; gad;ghl;bw;fhd my;yJ guhkhpg;gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd
epuk;gyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; Jizf; fUtpfspd; fpilg;gdTj; jd;ik.
(M) njhl;Lzu Kbahj gz;Gfs; (Intangible attributes)
• tpk;gk;
• GyZzug;gl;l ngWkjp (perceived value)
,e;jg; gz;Gfs; xd;Wlndhd;W njhlh;Gilait. nghUshdJ njspthd
tpiyapidf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> mg;nghUs; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd GyZzUfpd;w
ngWkjpapidNa ngWfpd;wPh;fs;. cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd (ghtidapy;
,yFjd;ik> vspikj;jd;ikahd fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> Fiwthd guhkhpg;G)
nghUspdJ nghUj;jg;ghlhd jd;ik kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhff; fhzg;glyhk;.
mofpay; rhh;ghd tplaq;fs; (ghh;itf;F mofhff; fhzg;gly;> tpUg;gkhd
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
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tpjk; etPd ghzp)> kjpg;ghd tplaq;fs; (mhpjhd jd;ik> cah;thd juk;>
etehfuPfj; jd;ik) Nghd;wit. nghUspid ‘gzj;Jf;fhd ngWkjp’ toq;fyhfePq;fs; fUJfpd;wPh;fsh ,y;iyah vd;gJ ePq;fs; vt;tsT gzk;
nfhLf;fpd;wPh;fs; vd;gjpy; khj;jpuky;yhJ> mjpypUe;J vd;d ngWkjpapid
ePq;fs; ngWfpd;wPh;fs; vd;gjpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ.
3.2 Nritfs; (Services)nghUs; vd;gJ nghJg; gjkhFk;. gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; NritfisAk; ,J
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. Kw;WKOjhd my;yJ J}a nghUl;fs; my;yJ J}a
Nritfs; vd;W $wf;$baitfs; kpfTk; mhpjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mjpfkhd nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; gz;Gfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJld;> gy
NtWtifahd Nritfs; nghUl;fSld; VNjh xU tifapy;
njhlh;Ggl;litfshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gpd;tUk; gz;Gfs; Nritfisg; nghUl;fspypUe;J NtWgLj;Jfpd;wd.
• njhl;Lzu Kbahj jd;ik (Intangibility) Nritfs; njhl;Lzu
KbahjitahfTk;> Ritf;f KbahjitahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• gphpf;f Kbahj jd;ik (Inseparability) Nrit toq;FdhplkpUe;J
Nritiag; gphpf;f Kbahj jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• xj;jjd;ikapy;yhj jd;ik (Heterogeneity) xt;nthU toq;fypd;NghJk;
Nritapd; jukhdJ NtWgLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf moFgLj;Jdh; xUth; ,U
tPLfSf;F xNukhjphpahf vs;ssTk; NtWglhjthW epwk; G+r KbahJ.
• fsQ;rpag;gLj;j Kbahj jd;ik (Perishability) Nritfs; vjph;fhyj;jpw;fhf
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itf;f KbahjitahFk;. cjhuzkhf Fwpg;gpl;l tpkhdg;
gaznkhd;wpYs;s ,Uf;ifapid tpkhdk; gwf;f njhlq;fpajd; gpd;dh;
kPz;Lk; tpw;f KbahJ.
• chpik (Ownership) nrhj;jpd; chpikapid ghpkhw;wk; nra;tjidg; Nghd;W
Nritapd; nfhs;tdtpid ghpkhw;wk; nra;a KbahJ.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
18 CA Sri Lanka
3.3 Vida ngWkjp toq;fy;fs; (Other value offerings)ngWkjp toq;fy;fis, tifg;gLj;Jk; gpw topfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ngWkjpfs; toq;fg;gLk; vDk; tzpfj;jpd; thf;FWjpfs;> kw;Wk; ngWkjpfs;
mDgtpf;fg;gLk; vDk; thbf;ifahsh;fsJ ek;gpf;if Nghd;witAk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cs;slf;fg;glyhk;.
epfo;T tzpfkhdJ> thbf;ifahsUf;Fr; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;Tfspy;
fye;J nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf tpisahl;L mq;fk; my;yJ ,irf; fr;Nrhp
egh; tzpfkhdJ thbf;ifahsUf;F Fwpg;gpl;l egh; xUtiu
njhopYf;F mkh;j;Jtjw;fhd re;jh;g;gj;jpid toq;Ffpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf> ,uhg;Nghrdj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; kpfg; gpugy;akhd
xUthpd; Ngr;R.
mDgtk; tzpfkhdJ thbf;ifahsUf;F mDgtq;fis mspf;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf ntspehl;L Rw;Wg;gazw;fhf tpLKiw my;yJ
eltbf;ifnahd;wpy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd re;jh;g;gj;jpid
toq;Ffpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf gdpr;rWf;fy;
,lk; tzpfkhdJ thbf;ifahsUf;F Fwpg;gpl;l ,lnkhd;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd my;yJ tp[ak; nra;tjw;fhd
re;jh;g;gj;jpid toq;FfpwJ. cjhuzkhf> mYtyf
,lnkhd;wpid thliff;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
gz;Gfs; tzpfkhdJ trjpfspy; gq;F nfhs;tjw;fhd re;jh;g;gj;jpid
toq;Ffpd;wJ cjhuzkhf ,iza r%fk;
jfty;fs; tzpfkhdJ thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F jfty;fspd;
juTikaq;fis toq;FfpwJ. ,jid Ntnwq;Fk;
ngwKbahjpUf;fpwJ. md;Nwy; kpfTk; f\;lj;jpd;
kj;jpapNyNa ngwf;$bajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
epWtdk; tzpfkhdJ thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F ed;ik gaf;ff;$ba FO
xd;wpy; Nrh;e;jpUg;gjw;fhd re;jh;g;gj;jpid toq;Ffpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf rpwpa fzf;fpay; epWtdq;fspd; tiyaikg;G
vz;zg;ghL
(idea)
tzpfkhdJ jkJ tpahghuj; NjitfSf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l
vz;zq;fis my;yJ Gyikrhh; nrhj;Jf;fis
thbf;ifahsh;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J tzpfkhdJ cUthf;fpa
Nkw;Nfhs;fis my;yJ fy;tprhh; tzpfkhdJ
khzth;fSf;F tphpTiufspy; gq;Fgw;w tha;g;gpid
toq;Ffpd;wjidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
19CA Sri Lanka
|
4 tzpfj;jpdJ tsq;fs;
fisg; gad;gLj;jp tzpfj;jpdJ tsq;fs; tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
(nghwpj;njhFjp> xg;gid> Kfhik, Kfhikj;Jt jfty;fs;> re;ij> %yg;nghUs;>
kdpj tsk; (Mz; kw;Wk; ngz;), Kiwik, epjp
4.1 epWtdj;jpd; tsq;fs;
epWtdj;jpd; tsq;fs; 7Ms fshf RUf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Ms khjphpahdJ
tsq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
tsq;fs; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs;
epjp/gzk; (Money) flDk;> Gus;T fhyKk;. fhR kpiffs; /Fiwfs;
FWq;fhy> ePz;lfhy epjp> ,aq;F kl;lk;.
kdpj tsk; (Men) Copah;fspd; vz;zpf;if> jpwd;fs;> rk;gsr;
nryT (nkhj;jf;fpuaj;jpy; mjd; gq;F)
tpidj;jpwd;> Copag;Gus;T> ifj;njhopYwT
%yg;nghUs; (Material) %yq;fs;> toq;Fdh;fSk;> gq;Fjhuh;fSk;>
fpuak;> fopTfs;> Gjpa %yg;nghUl;fs;>
fpilg;gdTj;jd;ik> vjph;fhy xJf;fq;fs;
Kiw (Method) eltbf;iffs; vt;thW Nkw;nfhs;sgLfpd;wd>
%yjdr; nrwpT? Copar; nrwpT? ntspapypUe;J
ngwg;gLfpd;wjh? Just-in-time (JIT)?
nghwp (Machine) taJ> epiyg;ghL> ghtid tpfpjk;> ngWkjp>
kPsply;> ,d;iwa tiuapyhd njhopDl;gk;>
nryT.
re;ij (Market) nghUl;fSk; thbf;ifahsh;fSk;
Neuk; (Minutes) Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;
4.2 ngsjPf tsq;fs;
gpd;tUtd ngsjPf tsq;fSld; njhlh;Gila Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplaq;fs; MFk;.
• epWtdkhdJ Muk;gj;jpy; mjdJ ngsjPf nrhj;Jf;fspd; epiyg;ghL>
guhkhpg;G Nghd;wtw;iwAk; mit vt;thW tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjidAk; kPsha;T nra;Ak;. kpfTk; mjp etPd
mstPlhdJ myF %yjdj;jpw;fhd ,yhgk; : mjhtJ %yjd cw;gj;jpj;
jpwdhFk;. (Capital productivity)
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
20 CA Sri Lanka
• ,Ug;GfSk; njhopw;gL %yjdKk;. ,itAk; epjpaplg;gl Ntz;ba
tsq;fshFk;. just-in-time ,d; kpf Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhdJ njhopw;gL
%yjdj;jpw;F epjpapliyf; Fiwg;gjhFk;.
• %yg;nghUl;fs;. rLjpahd tpiy khw;wq;fSf;F epWtdkhdJ
ghjpg;Gs;shff; $bajh? ePz;l fhy toq;fy; xg;ge;jq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh
my;yJ ,jid NkTtjw;F hedging instruments fhzg;gLfpwjh
• Vida ,uz;L tplaq;fs; – ghJfhg;Gk;> ,lUkhFk;. epWtdkhdJ
#o;epiyj; jpl;lq;fisf; (contingency plans) nfhz;Ls;sjh?
• ,Wjpahf> ngsjPf tskhdJ je;JNuhgha eltbf;iffspy; tiuaiwfis
Vw;gLj;jf;$baJ.
epWtdj;jpidg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ngsjPf tsq;fs; gykhditahf my;yJ
gytPdkhdjhff; fhzg;glyhk;. ,it epWtdq;fspw;F chpj;jhd tsq;fisf;
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. mj;Jld; epWtdj;jpdhy; mZff;$ba tsq;fshfTk;
fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf tpdpNahfr; rq;fpyp my;yJ tiyaikg;G.
4.3 kdpj tsq;fs;
Kdpj tsq;fs; Mdit epWtdj;jpw;F kf;fshy; toq;fg;glf;$ba
cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; tha;e;j Nritfis cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. ,it epWtdq;fspd;
je;JNuhgha ,aYikapd; gpujhdkhd mk;rq;fshFk;. gpd;tUtdtw;iw kdpj
tsq;fs; cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
• egh;fspd; vz;zpf;if (Headcount). Ntiyapid epiwNtw;Wtjw;F
epWtdj;jpy; NghJkhd kf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wduh my;yJ NtiyahdJ
kpff; Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifahd egh;fisf;; nfhz;L cw;gj;jpj; jpwdhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wjh.
• epWtdj;jpw;F Njitahd jpwd;fs; fhzg;gLjy;. ,J juhjuk;> gapw;rp
Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhfTk; ngWNgw;Wf;fhd jpwid ,izf;Fk; r%f> cstpay;
Ez;zwpT Nghd;wtw;why; mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.
• fyhrhuk; (Culture) czh;TG+h;tkhdJk;> Cf;Ftpg;gJ epWtdj;jpd; epiy
mjd; ntw;wpf;F mbg;gilahFk;. Fwpg;ghf> epWtdq;fspd; toq;fy;fs;
“mDgtj;jpid” mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLtjhd Jiwfspy;>
jdpegh; Nrit kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
21CA Sri Lanka
|
• mwpT (Knowledge) epWtdj;jpd; mwpT MdJ> me;epWtdj;jpd;
cj;jpNahfj;jhplKk;> mth;fspd; nra;iffspYk; gFjpastpy;
gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• njhopw;gilapd; fl;likg;GKk; epWtdf;fl;likg;Gk;. epWtdj;jpYs;s egh;fs;
vt;thW xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;fs; vd;gjhFk;.
4.4 epjpfs; tsq;fs;
th;j;jf epWtdq;fspy;> epjp tsq;fis toq;Fgth;fs;> rpy tifahd
tUtha;fis vjph;ghh;ghh;fs; - flDf;fhd tl;b gq;Fyhgk; Nghd;w ,d;Dk;
gy. vt;thnwdpDk;> epjpahdJ cs;sf uPjpahfTk; cUthf;fg;glyhk;. epjp
epiyapy; rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fs;> gzj;jpid kpf ,yFthfg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wd. nghUs; tpUj;jpapy; Gj;JUthd tplaq;fSf;fhf
my;yJ re;ijg; gq;fpy; KjyPl;bid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf epjpapdg; ngWtjw;fhd
Mw;wyhdJ me;epWtdj;jpd; jpwdhFk;.
4.5 tsq;fspd; xUq;fpizg;G
mikg;G KiwikfSf;Fs; tsq;fs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gltpy;iy vdpy; mit
ngWkjpaw;witfshfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt vt;tsT rpwg;ghf (my;yJ
rpwg;gpy;yhky;) tsq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjw;Fk; epWtd
KiwikahdJ tpidj;jpwDlDk;>> tpidahw;wYlDk; nraw;gLfpd;wjh
vd;gjw;Fk;) tsk; njhlh;gpyhd fzf;fha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk
njhopDl;g tsq;fs; cjhuzkhf> Gjpa nghUs;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd nrad;Kiw kw;Wk;
tpidj;jpwDld; thbf;ifahsUf;Fr;
Nrit toq;Fk; Mw;wy;
Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs; tpidj;jpwdhd KfhikahdJ
eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk;>
epWtdj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;>
Copah;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd
gpujhdkhd epWtd tskhFk;.
xOq;fikg;G epWtdf; fl;likg;G kpfTk;
gpujhdkhdjhFk;. cjhuzkhf> cw;gj;jpg;
nghUs; my;yJ tpahghuf;Fwp
gphpthf;fg;gly;> tpahghuf;Fwp njhlh;gpyhd
KfhikahdJ njhlh;ghliyAk; jPh;khdk;
vLj;jiyAk; tpahghuf;Fwp kl;lj;jpy;
,yFgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
jftYk; mwpTk; KiwikAk; ,it je;JNuhgha tfpgq;fpid
nfhz;Ls;sd.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
22 CA Sri Lanka
5 tzpfj;jpd; vjph;fhyg;Nghf;F
vjph;fhyj;jpw;fhd KOnkhj;j mth J}uNehf;fhFk;. epWtdj;jpd;
J}uNehf;fhdJ> epWtdj;jpdJ KOnkhj;j je;JNuhgha Nehf;fj;jpidg;
gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. gzpf;$w;whdJ epWtdj;jpd; tpOkpa mikg;gpidAk;> ehk;
„vd;d tzpfj;jpy; cs;Nshk;‟? vDk; tpisTf;fhd tpilapidAk;
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. gzpf;$whdJ (rpyrkaq;fspy; epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;F
vdg;gLfpwJ) gzpf;$w;W thf;fpaj;jpy; nghjpe;Js;sJ.
,yf;Ffs; (goals) Mdit gzpf;$w;wpdJ cUtkhFk;. mit mstPL nra;a
KbahjitahFk;. mit mstplf;$Lkhdit my;yJ
mstplKbahjitahFk; (Nehf;Ffs;). mNdf epWtdq;fs; ,it ,uz;bdJk;
Nrh;f;ifapidNa gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mstPL nra;af;$ba my;yJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,yf;Ffs; SMART gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd (mit fPNo
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sd)
Nehf;fq;fspd; thpir (hierarchy of objectives) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tzpfj;jpd;
Kjdpiy Nehf;fkhdJ ,yhgkhff; fhzg;glyhk;. ,uz;lhk; epiy
Nehf;fq;fs; mjid milAk; topKiwfSld; njhlh;Gilaitahff;
fhzg;glyhk;.
5.1 tzpfKk; vjph;fhyKk;
epWtdk; xd;whdJ vjid mila Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ vDk; J}uNehf;fpidf;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. KO mthtpd; xU tifNa mj;jifa J}u Nehf;F
my;yJ je;JNuhgha vz;zkhFk;. rpy rkaq;fspy; czh;TG+h;tkhdJkhFk;.
,J gzpf;$W vd;d vd;gjw;fhd njspthd vz;zj;jpid tpUj;jpnra;tjw;fhd
epiyg;ghl;bid cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
5.2 gzpf;$W vd;why; vd;d?
gzpf;$whdJ epWtdkhdJ r%fj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;s mbg;gilj;
njhopw;ghl;bid jdJ thbf;ifahsh;fSf;fhf cUthf;Ffpd;w toq;fg;gLfpd;w
nghUl;fs; Nritfs; njhlh;gpy; tpsf;fp epw;fpd;wJ. (kpd;];Ngf;).
gzpf;$wpdJ gue;j tiutpyf;fzkhdJ> gpd;tUk; ehd;F $Wfis
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
23CA Sri Lanka
|
$Wfs; fUj;Jf;fs;
Nehf;fk; vjw;fhf epWtdk; cs;sJ kw;Wk;
ahUf;fhf epWtdk; cs;sJ
(gq;Fjhuh;fs;)?
je;JNuhghak; gzpf;$whdJ epWtdj;jpw;fhd
nraw;gL msitapid
toq;Ffpd;wJ.
• ehk; vjidr; nra;fpd;Nwhk;?
• vt;thW ehk; mjidr;
nra;fpd;Nwhk;?
elj;ijapdJ nfhs;iffs;
kw;Wk; juKk;
gzpf;$whdJ cz;ikapy; egh;fs;
vd;d nra;fpd;wdh; vd;gjdpYk;
vt;thW mth;fs; ele;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;
vd;gjpYk; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
itj;jparhiyapdJ gzpf;$whdJ
tho;tpidg; ghJfhg;gjhFk;. ,J
itj;jpah;fSk;> jhjpfSk; vt;thW
Nehahsh;fSld; ele;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;
vd;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
tpOkpaq;fs; epWtdkhdJ vjid
Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUJfpd;wJ
vd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ mjdJ
jj;Jtq;fs;?
5.2.1 J}uNehf;F (Vision)
rpy tzpf epWtdq;fs; gzpf;$whdJ vd;d vd;gjidj; jPh;khdpf;fpd;w NghJ
jdJ ifj;njhopypd; my;yJ tzpfj;jpd; vph;fhy epiyapidf; fUjp
J}uNehf;fpidAk;> cUthf;Ffpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> 2016 ,y; toq;Ftjpy;
jiyikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vjph;fhy J}u Nehf;fhf ,Ug;gpd;
„mjpAah; juj;jpy;> #oy; el;glDk; $ba X,id vkJ midj;J
thbf;ifahsUf;Fk; toq;FtJ‟ vd;gJ gzpf;$whf mikAk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
24 CA Sri Lanka
5.3 gzpf;$w;W thf;fpak; (Mission statements)gzpf;$w;W thf;fpak; MdJ epWtdj;jpd; Njitg;ghl;bid Kd;itf;fpd;w
nghJg;gilahd $w;WhFk;. mJ epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> tpahgfk;>
je;JNuhghak;> jj;Jtq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpid cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
gzpf;$w;whdJ> epWtdj;jpd; Mz;lwpf;ifapd; Kd;gf;fj;jpy; gfpuq;fg;gLj;Jk;
Mtzq;fspy;> Kjy;thpd; mYtyfj;jpy; kw;Wk; r%f Ntiyg; gFjpfspy;
kPsf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;nfd epak tbtk; xd;wpy;iy. Mdhy;>
mitf;nfd rpy Fwpg;gpl;l gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLjy; mtrpak;.
(m) RUf;fj;jd;ik (Brevity), mJ tpsq;fpf; nfhs;SjiyAk;> Qhgfj;jpy;
itj;Jf;nfhs;SjiyAk; ,yFgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
(M) nefpo;jd;ik (Flexibility), mJ khw;wj;jpid cs;thq;Ftjw;F VJthf
mikfpd;wJ.
(, ) tpNrlj;jd;ik (Distinctiveness), mJ epWtdj;jpid jdpj;Jtj;jpid
ntspf;fhl;Ltjw;F VJthf mikfpd;wJ.
epWtdj;jpd; Mz;lwpf;ifapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l thf;fpak; gpd;tUkhW. ,J
„gzpf;$w;W thf;fpakh‟? mt;thnwdpy;> mJ rhpahdjh?
fpsf;N]h ];kpj; f;spd; GlaxoSmithKline (GSK): „kf;fs; mjpfkhd
tplaq;fis nra;tjw;Fk;> rpwg;ghdij czUtjw;Fk;> ePz;lfhyk;
thOtjw;Fkhf tho;f;ifj; juj;jpid cah;j;Jjy;> vkJ cyfyhtpa
Ntl;ifahFk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
25CA Sri Lanka
|
5.4 gzpf;$w;wpd; tfpgq;F (The role of mission)
gzpf;$w;W thf;fpakhdJ RUf;f vz;zf;fUthff; fhzg;gbDk; jpl;lkply;
nrad;Kiwapy; gpujhdkhd gq;fpid mJ tfpf;fpd;wJ.
m) jpl;lkply;. gzpf;$wpid Mjhpg;gjhf Nehf;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. Nehf;fk; milag;gl;lhy;> gzpf;$whdJ tphpthf;fg;glyhk;.
epWtd kj;jpgPl;L gbepiyapy; gyk;> gytPdk;> re;jh;g;gk;> mr;RWj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;wpid cUthf;Fk; tplaq;fis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jk; NghJ
gzpf;$whdJ gpujhdkhd $whFk;.
M) kPsha;Tk;> njhpT nra;jYk;. jpl;lq;fisr; rPh;J}f;fpg; ghh;f;fpd;w
msTNfhyhf gzpf;$whdJ njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. newpKiwAldhd
KjyPlbid Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;w mjhtJ kJ> Gifapiy kw;Wk;
gilf;fyq;fspy; jkJ gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl KjyPLfis <LgLj;jhj
epjpr; Nritfs; epWtdj;jpid cjhuzkhff; nfhs;Nthk;. Gjpa epjp
Kfhikahsh; gutyhf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;a
Kd;te;jhy;> KjyPl;L epjpahdJ ePjp epahakw;w eltbf;iffs;
cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wdth vd;gJ ghPl;rpf;fg;gLk;. KjyPl;Lj;
je;JNuhghakhdJ> KjyPl;L epjpapd; gzpf;$w;Wld; xg;gplg;gl;L
kjpg;gplg;gLk;. gzpf;$whdJ> jPh;khdq;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lj;
jd;ikapid cWjp nra;a cjTfpd;wJ.
,) mKyhf;fk;. jpl;lkplg;gl;l je;JNuhghaj;jpd; mKyhf;fj;jpy; gzpf;$W
ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jyhk;. mj;Jld; epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;if kw;Wk;
elj;ij epakj;jpy; cUf;nfhs;tjhfTk; fhzg;glyhk;.
5.5 ,yf;Ffs;> Nehf;fq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; (The nature of goals andobjectives)
,yf;Ffs; (Goals) : ‘jPh;khdq;fSf;Fk;> eltbf;iffSf;Fk; gpd;Ds;s fUj;J‟
(n`d;wp kpd;];Ngf;) my;yJ „tpUk;gg;gLfpd;wjhd ,Wjp tpisT (FWk;
xf;];Nghh;l;; Mq;fpy mfuhjp)
,yf;Ffs; ,U tifahd ,yf;Ffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
m) nraw;ghL mw;w> juhPjpapyhd ,yf;Ffs; (Nehf;F) cjhuzkhf
gy;fiyf;fofkhdJ „cz;ikapidj; NjLtjw;fhf‟ fhzg;glyhk;
(„cz;ik 5% jpdhy; mjpfhpg;gjid fz;$lhff; fhZjy; ,ayhJ‟).
M) nraw;ghl;Lnjhif hPjpahd> mstplf;$ba ,yf;Ffs; (Nehf;fq;fs;).
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gz;Gfs; cjhuzk;
Nehf;fq;fs; SMARTMdit
nraw;ghl;L ,yf;F: nryTf;Fiwg;G
• Fwpg;gplf;$bajd;ik Nehf;fk;: 31 bnrk;gh; 2015 ,y; fhhpahyaf fhfpjhjpfs; njhlh;gpyhd ghjplg;gl;l
nrytPdj;jpid 5% ,dhy; Fiwj;jy;
• mstplf;$ba jd;ik 5% ,dhy;
• milaf;$ba jd;ik Mk;
• nghUj;jg;ghlhd jd;ik Mk;
• fhy tiuaiw nfhz;l
jd;ik
’31 bnrk;gh; 2015 mstpy;‟
gzpf;$W> ,yf;F> Nehf;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisj;
njspthfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;F VJthf mikAk; cjhuzk; tUkhW.
(m) gzpf;$W (Mission): juk; tha;e;j Nritapid toq;Fjy;
(M) ,yf;F (Goal) : cw;gj;jpj; juj;jpid cah;j;Jjy;
(,) Nehf;fk; (Objectives): vjph;tUk; gd;dpnuz;L khjq;fspy; 500 myFfSf;F
1 vDk; vz;zpf;ifapy; gOJfisf; Fiwj;jy;
midj;J ,yf;FfSk; ,yFthf mstpl Kbahjit my;yJ Kw;W KOjhf
vg;nghOJNk milag;gl Kbahjit vd;gjid mtjhdpAq;fs;.
thbf;ifahsh; jpUg;jp vd;gJ xU ,yf;F> MapDk;> thbf;ifahsh;fisj;
jpUg;jpg;gLj;JtJ vd;gJk; mth;fisj; njhlh;e;Jk; jpUg;jp epiyapy;
NgZtJk; njhlh;nraw;ghL. ,jpy; xU Fwpf;Nfhs; milag;gbDk;
nraw;ghlhdJ epWj;jg;glkhl;lhJ.
5.6 epWtdj;jpy; Nehf;fq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Njitg;ghL
(The purpose of organisational objective setting) „Nehf;fq;fshdit> tzpfj;jpdJ nraw;ghLfSk; tpisTfSk; tzpfj;jpdJ
epiyg;ig rPuhd> rpwg;ghdJkhd jd;ikapidAk; NeubahfNth my;yJ kpfj;
jPtpukhfNth ghjpg;gpidr; nrYj;Jtjhd xt;nthU gFjpfspYk; Njitahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd‟ (buf;fh;). Nehf;fq;fshdit gpd;tUk; gpujhdkhd gFjpfspy;
Kfhikf;F Mjuthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
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(m) jpl;lkply;. jpl;lq;fs; ,Wjpahf milfpd;w Nehf;FfNs Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
(M) nghWg;Gj;jd;ik (Responsibility). Nehf;fq;fshdit nghWg;Gs;s
jdpegh;fSf;Fk;> jpizf;fsq;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(,) ,izg;G (Integration). Nehf;fq;fs; nghUj;jg;ghLilaitfshff;
fhzg;gl;lhy;> mit epWtdj;jpDs; ,yf;Ffis xj;jitahff; nfhz;L
nry;y toptFf;Fk;.
(<) Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Motivation). milTfis cUthf;FtJ (ntw;wpahdJ
NghdRf;fspYk;> gjtpAah;TfspYk; njhlh;Gilajhff; fhzg;gLkplj;J)
J}z;Ljiy mjpfhpf;Fk;.
(c) kPsha;T (Evaluation). rpNu];l KfhikahdJ> tzpfj;jpid mjdJ
gphpTfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghfTs;s Kfhikahsh;fspd; nraw;ghLfis
Kfhik nra;tjD}lhff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
(,jidf; fw;gjw;fhf PRIME vDk; nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidf;
ftdpAq;fs;)
5.7 Nehf;fq;fspd; thpir (The hierarchy of objectives)mbg;gilahd $l;LwT Nehf;fk; ($l;LwT eltbf;iffspy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l
tiuaiwfshy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ) kw;Wk; ,izNehf;fq;fs;/ ,yf;Ff;fs; Nghd;wit KOnkhj;j Nehf;fq;fis miltjid cWjpnra;tjw;fhf
Nehf;fq;fspd; thpir vd miof;fg;gl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
5.7.1 mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fs; (Primary objectives)
tzpfj;jpw;F epjpNehf;fk; Nehf;fkhf cjhuzkhf ,yhgk;> KjyPl;bd;
tUkhdk;> gq;nfhd;wpw;fhd tUtha; Nghd;wd fhzg;gbDk;> KOnkhj;j
$l;LwT ,yf;Ffspd; njhpTfspy; kf;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;shj epiyikAk;
fhzg;glyhk;.
,yhgk; (Profit), cs;sPL ntspaPl;Lf;fhd njhlh;Gwtpy; ngWkjp
cUthf;fj;jpid mstpLjy; vd;gJ gue;Jgl;l hPjpapy; ,yhgkhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J KO epWtdj;jpw;Fkhd fpua elj;ijapidAk;> tUkhdr;
nraw;ghLfisAk; ,izf;fpd;wJ. ,yhgkhdJ gq;Fjhuh;fSf;fhd gpujhdkhd
FwpaPlhff; fhzg;gLtNjhL epWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd xg;gPLfisr;
nra;tjw;fhd gy fUtpfspy; xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vt;thnwdpDk;>
ntw;wpapid mstPL nra;Ak; mstPlhf ,yhgj;jpidf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ
mjdpYk; kl;Lg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
m) ,J fzf;fPl;L kughff; fhzg;gbDk;> njhopDl;g rPuhf;fy;fSf;Fk;>
Kfhikrhh; ifahSiff;Fk; ,lkspf;fpd;wJ.
M) ,J Kw;fhy epfo;TfSf;Fhpa tUlhe;j mstPlhFk;. ,J eilKiw
tUlj;jpw;fhd je;JNuhghaq;fis Njitg;ghLfspy; gpujpgypf;fhjjhfTk;>
vt;thnwdpDk; mjd; ghh;itapy; FWfpa fhyj;jpidAilajhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
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,) ,J Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; tzpf Kaw;rpfspd; ntw;wpapid mstPL
nra;tjw;F kpfr; rpwpa mstpNyNa gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ (fhRg;ghr;ry;
mstPLfshf). Vnddpy; ,e;j epiyfspy;> rhjhuzkhf kpff; $basT
KjyPL Njitahdjhff; fhzg;Lfpd;wJ.
5.7.2 ,uz;lhk;epiy Nehf;fq;fs; (Secondary objectives)
,uz;lhk; epiy my;yJ Jizepiy ,yf;Ff;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs;
mbg;gil ,yf;Ff;fis Mjhpf;fpd;wd. mit fPo;tUk; gue;j jiyg;Gf;fspd;
fPo; epuw;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
m) re;ij epiy (Market position)
xt;nthU re;ijf;Fkhd nkhj;j re;ijg;gq;F; tpw;gidapy; tsh;r;rp;;;
thbf;ifahsh; my;yJ rhj;jpag;ghlhd thbf;ifahsh;; nkhj;j
tpw;gidapy; ghhpa tpfpjj;jpw;F jdpj;j thbf;ifahsh;fspy;
jq;fpapUg;gjid jtph;g;gjw;fhd Njitg;ghL ve;jr; re;ijapy;
fk;gdpahdJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;?
M) nghUs; mgptpUj;jp (Product development)
Gjpa nghUl;fisf; nfhzUjy;> nghUs; tPr;nry;iyapid mgptpUj;jp
nra;jy;> Muha;r;rp mgptpUj;jpapy; KjyPL> Fwpj;j tpiy kl;lj;jpy; Fwpj;j
juj;Jldhd nghUl;fis toq;Fjy;.
,) njhopDl;gk; (Technology)
cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mgptUj;jp nra;jy;> ntspaPl;L mynfhd;wpw;fhd
fpuaj;jpidf; Fiwj;jy;> nghUj;jkhd njhopDl;gj;jpidg;gad;gLj;jy;.
<) Copah;fSk; KfhikAk; (Employees and management)
Fwpj;j jpwikfspy; Copah;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;> Copah; Gus;tpidf;
Fiwj;jy;> Gj;JUthd nefpoj;jf;f fyhrhuj;jpid cUthf;Fjy;> cah;
juj;jpyhd jiyth;fis gzpf;fkh;j;Jjy;.
5.7.3 rkepiy kjpg;gl;il (Balanced scorecard)
fg;yhd; kw;Wk; Nehl;ld; MfpNahh; tzpfj;jpid ehd;F ghpkhzq;fspy;
Nehf;Ftjhd rkepiy kjpg;gl;il mZFKiw vDk; mZFKiwapid Kd;itj;jhh;fs;. tzpfkhdJ rpwg;ghfj; njhopw;gl midj;J tplaq;fspYk;
jpUg;jpfukhd nraw;ghL fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
m) epjp hPjpapyhd Kd;Ndhf;F (financial perspective) my;yJ „gq;Fjhuh;fis
ehk; vt;thW Nehf;FtJ?‟ vd;gJ njhlh;gpyhdJ
M) thbf;ifahsh; rhh;gpyhd Kd;Ndhf;F (customer perspective)my;yJ„thbf;ifahsh; ek;ik vt;thW Nehf;Ffpd;whh;fs;?‟ vd;gJ
njhlh;gpyhdJ
,) cs;sf tzpfk;rhh; Kd;Ndhf;F (internal business perspective) my;yJ
„ehk; vjpy; kpfr; rpwg;ghfj; njhopw;gLtJ?‟ vd;gJ njhlh;gpyhdJ
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<) Gj;JUthf;fk; fw;wy;rhh; Kd;Ndhf;F (innovation and learning perspective,)my;yJ „ehk;; ngWkjpapid cUthf;FtjpYk;> Nkk;gLj;JtjpYk;
njhlh;r;rpahf <Lgl KbAkh?‟ vd;gJ njhlh;gpyhdJ
xt;nthU ghpkhzj;jpw;Fk;> tzpfkhdJ ,yf;Ffis cUthf;FtJk;>
nraw;ghl;L mstPLfis Kd;itg;gJk; gpujhdkhdJ. rpy xg;gPl;lstpy;
rhjhuzkhdjhfTk;> ghuk;ghpakhdjhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf>
gq;Fjhuh;fs; jkJ fk;gdpapdJ epiyg;igAk;> tsh;r;rpiaAk; nfhz;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidf; fhz tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ,q;F nghUj;jg;ghlhd
mstPlhf KiwNa fhR cUthf;fKk; mjw;nfhg;ghd> ,yhgKk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fk;gdpfSf;fpilNa cs;sfj; Njhw;wkhdJ ghhpa mstpy;
khWgl;lhYk;> mJ tpidj;jpwdhd ,yf;FfspYk;> mstPLfspYk;
xUKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. thbf;ifahsh; jpUg;jpapid mstPL nra;jyhdJ> gy;NtW
tiffspy; mjhtJ KiwaPLfis vz;zpf; fzf;fpLfpd;w NghJ my;yJ
Neh;fhziy Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wjhd epfo;r;rpapid Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;w NghJ
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
Gj;JUthFjYk;> fw;wYk; vDk; Njhw;wg;ghlhdJ ifahStjw;F kpfTk;
fbdkhdjhff; fhzg;glyhk;. ,e;j ghpkhzq;fspy; gyjug;gl;l ,yf;Ffis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fg;yhd; kw;Wk; Nehl;ld; MfpNahh; ,yf;Nuhdpf;];
fk;gdpapid cjhuzkhf Kd;itf;fpd;whh;fs;. njhopDl;g jiyikj;Jtk;
vd;gJ gy;Ntwhd ,yf;Ffspy; xd;whFk; vd;gJld;> Gjpa nghUs; xd;wpid
cUthf;f vt;tsT fhyk; Njitg;gLk; vd;gJ ,jid mstplj;
njhpTnra;ag;gl;l mstPlhff; nfhs;s KbAk;.
5.8 Nehf;fq;fSf;F ,ilapy; tpl;Lf;nfhLg;Gf;fs; Trade-offbetween objectives
gy gpujhdkhd Nehf;fq;fs; fhzg;gLkplj;J> rpy Nehf;fq;fs; Vida
Nehf;fq;fspd; ,og;Gf;fspd; NghNj ngwg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf> rpwg;ghd
fhRg;ghr;riy miltjw;fhd Kaw;rp my;yJ rpwe;j juj;jpyhd cw;gj;jpg;
nghUs; my;yJ re;ijg; gq;fpid miljy; Nghd;wit ,yhgj;jpid ,of;Fk;
rpy epiyfspNyNa jhd; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
je;JNuhghaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fpilapy;>
tplLf;nfhLg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mj;Jld;> njhpthdJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;bajhfTk; cs;sJ. cjhuzkhf> gpd;tUk; ,U
Kd;itg;Gf;fSf;Fkpilapy;> njhpT fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;itg;G m tpw;gid tsh;r;rp 15%> ,yhg tsh;r;rp 10% &gh 200 kpy;ypad;
vjpuhd fhRg;ghr;ry; kw;Wk; Fiwthd cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; juKk;
thbf;ifahshpd; jpUg;jpAk;
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Kd;itg;G M tpw;gid tsh;r;rp 8%> ,yhg tsh;r;rp 5% &gh 50 kpy;ypad;
kpifahd fhRg;ghr;ry; kw;Wk; cah;juj;jpyhd cw;gj;jpg; nghUspidAk;>
thbf;ifahsh; jpUg;jpapidAk; njhlh;e;J Ngzy;.
epWtdkhdJ> Kd;itg;G M ,id Kd;itg;G m njhlh;gpy; njhpT nra;jhy;>
tpw;gid tsh;r;rpapidAk;> ,yhg tsh;r;rpapidAk; rpwg;ghd fhRg;ghr;ry;> juk;
tha;e;j cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;> thbf;ifahsh; jpUg;jp Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhf (tradeoff)
tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba epiy fhzg;gLk;. ePz;l fhyj;j;py; Fiwthd
juj;jpdJ jhf;fkhdJ> ,q;F ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;gjid ftdpf;f.
5.8.1 ePz;l fhy> FWq;fhy Nehf;fq;fs; (Long-term and short-termobjectives)
Nehf;fq;fs; ePz;l fhy my;yJ FWq;fhy mbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLtjhf
mikayhk;.
m) gpujhdkhd ifj;njhopy; Jiwapd; ke;jkhd epiyapdhy; thLfpd;w
kw;Wk; FWq;fhyj;jpy; el;lq;fis vjph;nfhs;Sfpd;w fk;gdpahdJ> ePz;l
fhyj;jpy; tUthapy; my;yJ ,yhgj;jpy; epiyahd tsh;r;rpapidf;
nfhz;bUg;gjid mbg;gil Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. Mdhy;>
FWfpa fhyj;jpy;> mjdJ mbg;gil Nehf;fkhdJ fk;gdp epiyg;gpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
M) ,uz;lhk; epiy Nehf;fq;fs;> FWq;fhy mbg;gilf;Fk;> ePz;l fhy
mbg;gilf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;glyhk;. jpl;lkpLgth;fs;> Kjdpiy
Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhd je;JNuhghaq;fisj; njhpT nra;jjd;
gpd;dh;> ,uz;lhk;epiy Nehf;fq;fis cUthf;fg;gl;l Kjdpiy
Nehf;fq;fspd; mbg;gil tiuaiwf;F mikthf cUthf;Fthh;fs;.
cjhuzkhf> fk;gdpapdJ> mbg;gil Nehf;fkhdJ> vjph;tUk; Ie;J
tUlq;fspy; gq;nfhd;wpw;fhd tUthapid &gh 3>000 j;jpypUe;J &gh 5>000
khf mjpfhpg;gJ vdf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhd
je;JNuhghaq;fs; gpd;tUgitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
m) vjph;tUk; gd;dpnuz;L khjq;fSf;F nrytPdq;fisf; Fiwg;gjD}lhf
,yhgj;jpid mjpfhpj;jy;
M) vjph;tUk; %d;W tUlq;fSf;F Vw;Wkjp tpw;gidapid mjpfhpj;jy;
,) Ie;J tUlq;fspDs;> cs;ehl;Lr; re;ijf;fhf Gjpa cw;gj;jpg; nghUis
mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;
mjd; gpd;dh; ,uz;lhk; epiy Nehf;fq;fs; kPs; ghprPyid nra;ag;gLk;.
m) gd;dpnuz;L khjq;fSf;Fs; kdpj ts cw;gj;jpj;jpwid 10% Mf
Kd;Ndw;Wjy;
M) vjph;tUk; %d;W tUlq;fspDs;> Fwpg;gpl;l ehLfspDs;> ntspehl;L
tpw;gid epiyaq;fspid ,ul;bg;Gr; nra;tjid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
Vw;Wkjpr; re;ijapy; thbf;ifahsh; Nritapid Kd;Ndw;Wjy;
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
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,) Ie;J tUlq;fspDs; Fiwe;jJ %d;W Gjpa cw;gj;jpg; nghUis
nfhzUk; Nehf;fj;Jld; re;ij Muha;rpapYk;> mgptpUj;jpapYk; mjpf
KjyPl;bid <LgLj;jy;.
tpdh rl;ltbtk;
jpypdp ntw;wpKdp kpfTk; ntw;wpfukhdJk;> tsh;e;J nfhz;L tUtJkhd rpW
tzpf Kaw;rpia jdp chpikahsuhf ,Ue;J Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;whh;. mth;
tzpfj;jpid tphpTgLj;j tpUk;GtNjhL> mNj thpirapYs;s rpwpa
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l jdpahh; fk;gdpahd ];$l;lhp ypkpl;ll;bYk; mtuJ ghh;it
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhs;tdtpd; gpd;dh;> mth; ,U tzpfj;jpidAk; xd;wpypUe;J
xd;W NtWglhjthW xNu nraw;ghl;lhf nraw;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. mth;
Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;w tzpfj;jpdJ rl;lhPjpapyhd tbtk; ahJ? tpilfs;
toq;Fdh;fs; ];$l;lhp ypkpl;ll;Lld; xg;ge;jj;jpidf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> xg;ge;jk;
fk;gdpAlNdNa MFk;. mj;Jld;> jpypdp fk;gdpapdJ flDf;F rl;lg;gb
nghWg;Gilath; my;y. mth;fsJ xg;ge;jkhdJ jpypdpAld; fhzg;gLkhapd;>
mth;fs; mtUld; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapdpy; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. jpypdp njhptpid
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
m) mth; KO tzpfj;jpidANk jdp tpahghu chpikahsuhf ,Ue;J
nraw;gLj;jyhk;. me;j epiyikapy;> ];$l;lhp ypkpl;ll;bd; nrhj;Jf;fs;>
mtUf;F khw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
M) mth; KO tzpfj;jpidANk kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l fk;gdpahfr;
nraw;gLj;jyhk;. me;j epiyikapy;> mtuJ tzpfj;jpdJ nrhj;Jf;fis
fk;gdpapdJ KjyPlhf mth; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ayhk;.
,) nrhj;Jf;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> tUkhdk;> nryTfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,U tzpf
Kaw;rpfSk; rl;lhPjpapy; NtWgl;lit vd mth; cWjpg;gLj;jyhk;.
tpil
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
32 CA Sri Lanka
jdpegh;fs; jk;khy; mila Kbahjitfshff; fUJgitfis
epWtdq;fs; tpisTfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sfpd;wd.
,yhgj;jpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;Stjid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l
epWtdkhdJ tzpfkhFk;.
,yhg Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;litfshf (th;j;jf
epWtdq;fs;) ,yhg Nehf;fw;witfshf epWtdq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik tzpf epWtfq;fSf;fpilapyhd gpujhdkhd
NtWghlhFk;
nghUl;fshdit thbf;ifahsh;fs; kjpf;fpd;w ed;ikfspd;
FtpayhFk;. ed;ikfs; njhl;Lzuf; $baitfshff; fhzg;gLtJld;
mjhtJ> rpwg;ghd tbtikg;G> nraw;ghl;Lj;jpwd; my;yJ njhl;Lzu
Kbahj jd;ikAiladthfTk; cjhuzkhf tpk;gk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Nritfs;> tsh;e;J tUfpd;w nghUshjhuj;jpy; kpfg;
gpujhdkhditahFk;. Nritfs; Ie;J gpujhdkhd ,ay;Gfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd: fl;Gydhfhj; jd;ik> egh;fSf;F egh; NtWglf;$ba
jd;ik> fsQ;rpag;gLj;j Kbahj jd;ik> cw;gj;jpahshplkpUe;J
gphpf;fKbahj jd;ik kw;Wk; chpik Nghd;witfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,it xt;nthd;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jypy; NtWgl;l jhh;g;ghpaq;fisf;
nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
epWtdj;jpYs;s tsq;fshdit 7 M fshf (gzk;> kdpjd; (Mz;>
ngz;) %yg;nghUs;> Kiw> nghwpj;njhFjp> re;ij> Neuk;)
tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
epWtdj;jpd; J}u Nehf;fhdJ> epWtdj;jpd; KOnkhj;j je;JNuhgha
vz;zj;jpidg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. gzpf;$whdJ> epWtdj;jpd;; ngWkjp
mikg;G Kiwik „ve;j tifahd tzpfj;jpy; ehk; cs;Nshk; vDk;
Nfs;tpf;fhd tpilapidAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. gzpf;$whdJ>
(„epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;Ffs;‟ vd rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ)
gzpf;$w;W thf;fpaj;jpy; nghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,yf;Ffshdit> gzpf;$Wf;F cap&l;Ltjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it
mstplf;$bajhf (Nehf;fq;fs; objectives) my;yJ mstpl
Kbahjitahf (Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; aims) fhzg;glyhk;. mjpfkhd
epWtdq;fs; ,it ,uz;bidAk; nfhz;litfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mstplf;$bajhd my;yJ Fwpg;glj;jf;f Nehf;fq;fs; SMART Md
gz;Gfisf; nfhz;litfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Nehf;fq;fspd; thpir fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tzpfj;jpdJ mbg;gil ,yf;F
,yhgkhff; fhzg;glyhk; ,uz;lhk; epiy ,yf;fhdJ mjid
miltjw;fhd topahff; fhzg;glyhk;.
mj;jpahar; RUf;fk
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
33CA Sri Lanka
|
1 fPOs;stw;Ws; vJ epWtdj;jpid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ?
m $l;L ,yf;Ffisj; njhlUfpd;w kw;Wk;> mjdJ nraw;ghLfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w> #oypdpd;W mjid gphpj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;w vy;iyapidf;
nfhz;Ls;s r%f Vw;ghL.
M mjdJ nraw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp> Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs;
nraw;gLfpd;wjhd> ,yhgj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjhd r%f Vw;ghL.
2 jdpahh; Jiw epWtdq;fs; gpd;tUgdtw;wpdhy; chpikahf;fg;gl;L
epWtfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd:
m kj;jpa murhq;fk;
M cs;Sh; murhq;fk;
, mur Kfth;
< NkYs;sitfs; vitAky;y
3 ,yhgj;jidj; jk;Ks; gfph;e;J nfhs;Sfpd;w> tzpfj;jpdJ Copah;fshy;
my;yJ thbf;ifahsh;fshy; chpikahf;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
m tiuaWj;j fk;gdpfs;
M kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl; jdpahh; fk;gdpfs;
, $l;LwT
< gq;Flik
4 SMART vd;gjD}lhf ePh; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ vd;d?
5 tzpf tsq;fs; khjphpap;d; 7 M fisAk; ngahpLf.
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;rpg;G
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
34 CA Sri Lanka
1 tpil m - ,J epWtdk; xd;wpw;fhd tiutpyf;fzkhFk;. midj;J
epWtdq;fSk; ,yhgj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;Stjw;fhf khj;jpuk; ,y;iy.
2 tpil < - NkYs;sit vitAky;y. nghJ epWtdq;fs; kj;jpa my;yJ
cs;Sh; murhq;fj;jpdhy; chpikahf;fg;gl;L my;yJ epWtfpf;fg;gl;Lf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3 tpil , - $l;LwT epWtdq;fs; mjdJ Copah;fshy; my;yJ
thbf;ifahsh;fshy; chpikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
4 Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ> mstplf;$baJ> milag;glf;$baJ> nghUj;jkhdJ> fhy
tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;lJ.
5 gzk;> kdpjd; (Mz;> ngz;) %yg;nghUs;> Kiw> nghwpj;njhFjp> re;ij>
Neuk;
Kd;Ndw;wg;g hPl;irf;fhd tpilfs;
BL 4 | mj;jpahak ; 1: tzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhd mwpKfk
Draft Version
tzpfr; #oy; mwpKfk; gpupT 1 ,y; mikg;G xd;W mjd; R+oy;fSld; vt;thW ,ilj;njhlu;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gjid Mokhd Kiwapy; fUj;jpy; nfhs;tjd; %yk; ,e;j mj;jpahak; Muk;gpf;fpwJ. gpupT 2 NkYk; gy;NtW tifahd R+oy;fisg; gw;wp fye;JiuahLfpwJ.
rpw;wpdr; R+oy; kw;Wk; Nguz;lr; R+oy; Mfpatw;wpilNa xU Kf;fpa NtWghL fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j NtWghl;ilf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L gpupT 3 rpw;wpdr; R+oypy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;.
Rw;Wr;R+oy; gFg;gha;tpd; Nehf;fkhdJ (gpupT 4) tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; mr;RWj;jy;fSf;fhf R+oiy kPsha;T nra;tJk;> Rw;Wr;R+oy; fhuzpfSf;Fjh; jf;f jd;ikiag; NgZtJk; MFk;. xU mikg;G mjd; R+oYld; gy ,ilj;njhlh;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mJ mq;fpUe;J cs;sPLfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJld;> nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis mq;F ntspapLfpwJ. Rw;Wr;R+oyhdJ epr;rakw;w jd;ikf;fhdNjhh; xU Kf;fpa %ykhFk;.
xU mikg;G tof;fkhf khjphp vdr; RUf;fpf; $wg;gLk; nghJthd Rw;Wr;R+oy; Nghf;Ffshy; jhf;fkilfpwJ. ,e;jf; fhuzpfs; rl;lk; njhlh;Ggl;l tplaq;fs;> r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhug; Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fspy; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; jhf;fk; Kjypatw;iw cs;slf;fpa tplaq;fs; gphpt 5 Kjy; 8 tiuapYk;; mjd; xt;Nthh; $whf ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl:Ls;sJ. gpupT 9 ,y;> g+Nfhskakhjy; kw;Wk; cyfshtpa rf;jpfs; tzpfq;fs;kPJ nfhz;l jhf;fk; Mfpad fw;fg;gLk;.
,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ Nghl;bahsu;fspd; jhf;fk; (gpupT 10) kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiwapy; nray;gLk; Nghl;b rf;jpfs; (gpupT 11) Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L epiwtilAk;.
mwpTf; $W
1 tzpf kw;Wk; mikg;gpd; #oy;
1.1 mikg;Gf;fspd; Rw;Wr;R+oYf;fhd mwpKfk;
1.1.2 mikg;Gf;fd; rhh;e;j kw;Wk; tzpfr; R+oiy milahsk; fhZjy; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fs; rhh;e;j R+oy;fspd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; tiffis tpghpj;jy;
1.1.3 mfr; R+oy;fspd; $Wfis Vw;gpirT nra;jy; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt nrad;Kiwapy; xt;nthU $WfspdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,dk; fhZjy;
1.1.4 gzpr; R+oypd; gupkhzq;fis tpsf;Fjy; kw;Wk; mf; $Wfs; tzpfq;fs; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Kiwapid milahsk; fhZjy;
1.1.5 nghJr; $oypd; ghpkhzq;fis tpsf;Fjy; kw;Wk; mf; $Wfs; tzpfq;fs; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Kiwapid milahsk; fhZjy;
1.1.7 mikg;Gf;fd; rhh;e;j kw;Wk; tzpfr; R+oypd; Gjpa khwpfisf; fye;JiuahLjy;
1.1.8 khwptUk; #oYf;F ,izthdjhapUg;gjw;fhf mikg;Gf;fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba rhj;jpakhd eltbf;iffis kPsha;T nra;jy;
1.2 mikg;Gf;fspy; mf;fiwjhuuh;fsJ tfpghfk;
1.2.1 mikg;Gf;fspd; Kf;fpa mf;fiwjhuu;fis milahsk; fhZjy;
1.3 njhopw;Jiw gFg;gha;T
1.2.2 NtWgl;l mf;fiwjhuuh;fs; mikg;Gf;fspd; kPJ nfhz;bUf;Fk; jhf;fq;fis fye;JiuahLjy;
1.3.1 njhopw;Jiwapd; Nghl;bj; jd;ikia Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
35
mj;jpaha
k;
Draft Version
36 CA Sri Lanka
1 mikg;gpd; #oy;
1.1 mikg;gpw;fhd Kiwikrhh; mZFKiw
xU mikg;gpd; my;yJ midj;J gy;NtW mikg;Gf;fspd; my;yJ xd;wpnyhd;W jq;fpapUf;fpd;w gFjpfNs Kiwik vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mikg;gpw;fhd Kiwik mZFKiwahdJ mikg;ghdJ Xh; Kiwik tif vd tiuaiw nra;fpd;wJ.
mikg;G vd;gJ XU Kiwikahff; fhzg;gLtjhy; cs;shu;e;j> ntspahu;e;j uPjpahfj; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; gy;NtW fhuzpfis ehk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Kiwik mZFKiwahdJ epWtdq;fs; mtw;wpd; nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; #oYf;Fk; epWtdq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ.
jpwe;j Kiwikapd; fPo; mikg;ghdJ #oypypUe;Nj cs;sPLfisg; ngWtNjhL mtw;iw ntspaPLfshf khw;wp (cs;shu;e;j nra;KiwA+lhf) #oYf;F toq;FfpwJ.
mikg;gpy; mf;fiw nfhs;gth;fs; vd;gJ mikg;gpd; kPJ mf;fiw my;yJ Mh;tKs;s jdpegu;fSk; FOf;fSkhFk;. mtu;fs; #oYf;Fk; epWtdj;jpw;FkpilNa Kf;fpa gpujpepjpfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fq;fs;
1 mikg;gpd; #oy;
2 mikg;gpd; #oypd; tifg;gLj;jy;
3 rpw;wpdr; #oy; fhuzpfs;
4 tzpfr; #oypid Ma;T nra;jy;
5 nghUspay; kw;Wk; rl;lr; #oy;
6 R%f kw;Wk; kf;fl; #oy; Nghf;Ffs;
7 fyhr;rhug; Nghf;Ffs;
8 mikg;Gf;fspd; kPjhd njhopEl;gj;jpd; jhf;fk;
9 G+Nfhsr; #oypd; Gjpa ghpkhzq;fs;
10 Nghl;bahsh;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fspd; kPjhd mtw;wpd; jhf;fk;
11 Nghl;bf; fhuzpfs;
fw;wy; ntspg;ghL
1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.2.1, 1.2.2
1.1.2, 1.1.4
1.1.3, 1.1.4
1.1.5, 1.1.8, 8.1.1
1.1.5, 1.1.8, 8.1.1
1.1.5, 1.1.8, 8.1.1
1.1.5, 1.1.8, 8.1.1
1.1.5, 1.1.8, 8.1.1
1.1.7
1.3.1, 1.1.4
1.3.1
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 37
1.2 Kiwik vy;iyfSk; mjdJ #oYk;xt;nthU Kiwikf;Fk; Xh; vy;iy fhzg;gLtJld; mit vd;d vd;gijAk; tiuaiw nra;fpd;wJ. vy;iyfshdJ #oypypUe;J mikg;gpid gpupf;fpd;w gFjpfs; my;yJ tiuaiwfshy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpizf;fsj;jpd; vy;iyfshf mjpy; Ntiy nra;gtu;fs; ahh; kw;Wk; mJ nfhz;Ls;s Ntiyfs; vd;d vd;Dk; epge;jidabg;gilapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
VNjDk; xd;W mikg;G Kiwikf;F ntspNa #oYf;F cupj;Jilajhf Mdhy; KiwikAld; xd;wpize;jjhf fhzg;glhJtpbd; mq;F #oyhdJ mikg;G Kiwikapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; vdpDk; KiwikahdJ mupjhfNt #oy; elj;ijfis fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.
1.3 %ba kw;Wk; jpwe;j Kiwikfs;
%ba KiwikahdJ mjd; KiwahdJ #oypypUe;J jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJld; Rje;jpukhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. MfNt> #oypd; nry;thf;fhdJ mikg;G Kiwikia ghjpf;fhJ my;yJ KiwikfSk; mjdJ #oypy; vj;jifa nry;thf;ifAk; nrYj;jhJ.
jpwe;j KiwkahdJ mjd; #oYld; njhlu;Ggl;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J #oypd; nraw;ghLfs;> mikg;gpdJ elj;ijfspYk; (mjdJ Vw;Wkjp rf;jp) nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjhf fhzg;gLk;. jpwe;j KiwikahdJ njhlu;r;rpahf khw;wj;jpw;Fs;shfhj my;yJ tpupthf;fg;glhjjhf fhzg;gLk; xU epiyahd KiwikahFk;.
eilKiwapy; xU rpy KiwikfNs G+uzkhf %lg;gl;ljhf fhzg;gLk;. ,q;F ngUg;ghyhdit miuthrp %lg;gl;ljhfTk; #oYldhd njhlh;Gfs; njhlu;Ggl;l Fwpg;gpl;lstpy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
gy;NtW tifg;gl;l Kiwikfis fPo;tUkhW tpgupf;fyhk;.
a) %lg;gl;l Kiwik #oypy; ,Ue;jhd mjdJ njhlu;G epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
b) miuthrp %lg;gl;l Kiwik #oypy; ,Ue;jhd cs;sPLfs; vjpu;T$wj; jf;fit
fl;Lg;gLj;jj;jf;f/
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l tifapy; #oYld; njhlu;Ggl;lJ
Kw;Jzpaj;jf;f/
fl;lg;gLj;jf; $ba ntspaPLfs;
c) jpwe;j Kiwik fl;lisaplf; $ba kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj tiffspy; ,jdJ njhlu;G #oYld; fhzg;gLk;.
vjpu;T$wj;jf;f kw;Wk; vjph;T$w Kbahj ntspaPLfs;
fl;Lg;gLj;jj; jf;f cs;sPL fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbah cs;sPL vjph;ghuh cs;sPL
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2 : tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
38 CA Sri Lanka
kWGwkhf rKf mikg;Gf;fhd tpahghuq;fSk; murhq;fj; jpizf;fsq;fSk; jpwe;j Kiwikfs; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Vd;? midj;J r%f mikg;Gf;fk; kdpjdhNyNa Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(m) kdpjh;fs; gq;Fgw;Wk; gy;NtW vz;zpf;ifapyhd r%f Kiwikfspy;(FLk;gk;> ez;gu;fs;) Ntiynra;Ak; epWtdk; vd;gJ Xh; mq;fkhf,Ug;gpDk; $l mJ Kf;fpakhfjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
(M) ngUk;ghyhd r%fq;fspy; nra;jpfis tpsk;gug;gLj;jy;> FLk;gkdg;ghq;Ffs; murhq;ff; Nfs;tpfs; Nghd;w r%fr; #oy; kdpjelj;ijahdJ gy;NtW tifahd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
xU epWtdk; my;yJ Kfhikj;JtkhdJ vt;thW ,Ug;gpDk; xU mikg;gpdJ rPuhd nraw;ghl;bw;F ntspthup #oypd; nry;thf;fpdJ tiuaiwapid tpupTgLj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf mikg;Gf;f; Fwpg;gpl;lsT jq;fq;fis jug;gLj;jYld; itj;jpUf;f tpUk;Gfpd;wJ.
tzpf KiwahdJ gFjpastpy; %lg;gl;l Kiwapy; rpy nraw;ghl;L gz;Gfisf; nfhz;;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mZMa;T epiyaj;jpd; cs;sPLfis fl;Lg;gLj;jp vjph;T$wyhk; (ANudpak;) Vnddpy; mtw;wpd; ntspaPLfs; rPuhd kpd;rhu tpepNahfkhFk;.
1.4 epiykhw;Wr; nra;if Kiwikfshf tzpfq;fs;
,yhgj;ijg; <l;Lk; nghUl;L tpahghu mikg;Gf;fs;; jkJ #oypypUe;J fpilf;fj;jf;f cs;sPLfis (tsq;fis) ngw;W mtw;iwg; gpd;G jkJ #oYf;Nf ntspaPLfshf khw;wk; nra;fpd;wd. gpd;D}l;ly; jfty;> ,e;j tifapy; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; cs;sPLfis ntspg;;gLj;JtNjhL ,aYkhd tiuapy; ntspaPLfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU topKiwahfTs;sJ. ntspaPLfs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;glhtpby; cs;sPLfis my;yJ ,k;khw;wr; nra;Kiwfs; rPuhf;fq;fis Ntz;b epw;fyhk;. gpd;tUk; tiuglk; 5.1 ,r;nra;Kiwapid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cs;sPLfs;
toq;Fdh;fs; - %yg; nghUl;fs;
Copah;fs; - kdpjtY Rw;Wr;#oy; jhf;fq;fs;
ntspaPLfs;
nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; -
thbf;ifahsh;fs;
gzk; - Copah;fs;> KjyPl;lhs;hfs;>
muR
mf;fiwjhuh; MjuT
cs;sPLfs; ntspaPL mf;fiwjhuu; jpUg;jp
KjyPl;lhsh;fs; - gzk; (Rw;Wr;#oy;) ntspg;Gw vy;iy jfty; - r%fk;
Jfty;
tiuglk; 2.1 epiykhw;Wr; nra;Kiw
gpd;D}l;ly;
Rw;Wr;#oy; tpisTfs;
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka
cs;sPLfs; %yg;nghUl;fs;> cjphpghfq;fs;; kw;Wk; cg cjphpghfq;fs;
Copak;
gzk;
jftYk; fUj;Jf;fSk;
ngsjPf nrhj;Jf;fs;
epiykhw;Wif my;yJ khw;ww; nrad;Kiw Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fs; Nghd;w nghUl;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F
Copaj;ijAk; %yjdj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jy;.
Nritfis toq;fy;. (cjhuzk; - Nghf;Ftuj;J)
kpfTk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f mwptpid cUthf;Fjy;
ntspaPLfs; gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk;/my;yJ Nritfs;
gzk; (gq;Fyhgk;> tl;b tPjk;> $ypfs;)
jfty;
eltbf;iffspD}lhf Vw;glf;$ba r%f tpisTfs;
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fshy; ,r;nra;KiwahdJ ngWkjp Nru;j;jy; vd miof;fg;gLk;. NtWthu;j;ijapy;> khw;Wr; nra;Kiw vd;gJ cs;sPl;Lg; ngWkjpapYk; Efu;Nthupd; kjpg;gPl;by;> ntspaPLfs; ngWkjpkpf;fitahf ,Ug;gij cWjpgLj;jy; MFk;. cjhuzkhf jsghlj; njhFjpnahd;iw vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthkhdhy; Fwpj;j jsghlkhdJ mJ nra;ag;gl;l kuj;jpd; ngWkjpapYk; Nkk;gl;ljha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
1.5 mf;fiwjhuu;fs;
tpahghuj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu ngWkjpapid Nru;g;gJ vd;gjd; jhh;g;gupak; ahnjdpy; nfhLj;j ntspaPL thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F kfpo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;JtjhfTk; KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F ,yhgj;ij cUthf;FtjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ngUk;ghyhd nghJ mur epWtdq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu ,g;gpur;rpid ,JtiuapYk; jPu;f;fg;glhj xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mf;fiwjhuu;fs; gy;NtW msTfspy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpg;gjhy; thbf;ifahsu; jpUg;jpf;Fk; mikg;gpd; ,yhgj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd rkepiyapy; Fog;gk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
cs;sf mf;fiwjhuu;: ,tu;fs; mikg;gpd; vy;iyf;Fs; ,Ug;gtu;fshtu;. cjhuzkhf Copau;fs;> Kfhikj;Jtj;ij ehk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
njhlu;Gs;s mf;fiwjhuu;: ,tu;fs; mikg;gpw;F ntspNa cs;stu;fshapDk; mikg;gpd; eltbf;iffspy; Neubahf njhlu;gpidf; nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Ug;gu;. cjhuzk;- toq;Fdu;> thbf;ifahsu;fs; kw;Wk; gq;Fjhuu;fs;.
ntspaf mf;fiwjhuu;: ntspaf mf;fiwjhuu;fshf muR> murhq;fk;> cs;Suhl;rp rigfs;> mur FOf;fs; kw;Wk; mOj;jf; FOf;fs; Kjypatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;.
39
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 40
gy mikg;Gf;fSf;F> Kf;fpa mf;fiwjhuu; NtWgLfpd;wdh;.
,g;nghOJ mikg;gpd; NtWg;l;l $Wfs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;Ffs; vt;thW Kuz;gLfpd;wd vd Nehf;FNthkhapd;> gpd;tUk; itj;jparhiy cjhuzj;jpy; njhopy; ty;Ydh;fspd; kPs;xOq;fikf;fg;gLtjw;fhd tpUg;gk; nfhz;bUf;fpdh; vd tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk; (,J mtp\d; kw;Wk; gpl;];nfuhy;l;: jfty; Kiwikfs; kw;Wk; Kiwikaikg;Gf;fs; ,ypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ).
computers paper
Department of Health
and Social Security
How do we replace our equipment
speech
clerical support (distributed)
general manager
acute unit
policies/ control
do training courses exist?
therapists occupational therapists
DISTRICT GENERAL
general manager
general manager
community health
funding?
can we get funds for more
staff?
HOSPITAL
how will the reorganisation
affect us?
physiotherapists
techinicians
mental handicap
unit
patients/ clients
General manager for district
family/career
District Advisory Board
tiuglk; 2.2 xU itj;jparhiyapd; mf;fiwjhuh;fs;
Fwpj;jrpy Nehf;fq;fs; vt;thW Kuz;gLk; vd;gij mtjhdpf;f. cjhuzkhf> khtl;l MNyhridr; rigapd; kPs xOq;fikg;gjw;fhd tpUg;gq;fs; njhopw;jpwd; Copah;fspdhy; vjph;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
1.6 mf;fiwjhuh;fis Kfhik nra;jy;
epWtd mikg;G kw;Wk; mf;fiwjhuu;fSf;fpilNaahd cwTKiw nfhz;Lelhj;jg;gLk; tpjkhdJ mf;fl;rpfspd; rhh;gsthd Nguk; NgRk; ty;yik kw;Wk; xt;nthU jug;gpdJk; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; mbg;gilahd jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;;ghlhFk;. mstPl;L Kiw xd;wpd; %yk; ,jidf; fhl;l KbAk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
41CA Sri Lanka
gytPdk;
rhh;gsthd Nguk; NgRk; ty;yik
mf;fiwjhuupd; Nguk;NgRk; gyk; gyk;
tiuglk; 2.3: rhh;gsthd Nguk; NgRk; ty;yik
1.6.1 mf;fiwjhuu; tiuglk;
nkz;lNyh (1991) mf;fiwjhuh;fis mth;fs; nfhz;l ty;yik (tY) xU mr;rpYk;> mth;fs; mikg;gpd; eltbf;iffs; kPJ Mh;tk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; rhj;jpaj;ij kw;iwa mr;rpYk; nfhz;l tiuglk; xd;wpNy (rpyNtisfspy; nkz;lNyhtpd; tiuglk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;) tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. ,f; fhuzpfs; mjd; mf;fiwjhuu;fSld; mikg;G nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba cwTKiwia tiuaWf;f cjTk;.
nkz;lNyhtpd; tiuglk;
Mh;tj; jpd; kl;lk; FiwT mjpfk;
FiwT
tY
mjhpfk;
(Mjhuk;: Mendelow, 1991)
A B
C D
[dehaf –
mf;fia
jug;gpduhy;
thf;F
mspf;fg;
gly;
fye;J
ciuahly;
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 42
(a) Kf;fpa jug;gpdh; D gpuptpy; cs;sdh;: je;jpNuhghak; mtu;fSf;FFiwe;jgl;rk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj; jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzk; xUKf;fpa thbf;ifahsu;.
(b) C gpuptpYs;s mf;fiwjhuu;fs; ftdkhff; ifahsg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ngUk;ghYk; nrayw;wjhf ,Ug;gpDk; $l> mthfs; gpupT D f;F efUk;jpwd; nfhz;lth;fs;. vdNt mth;fs; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jg;gl;lth;fshff;
ifahsg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ghupa epWtd gq;Fjhuu;fs; C gpuptpy; tuf;$Lk;.
(c) B gpuptpy; cs;s mf;fiwjhuu;fs; je;jpNuhghaj;jpd; kPJ ghhpajhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; jpwidf; nfhz;bUg;gJ ,y;iy> Mdhy;mtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; gug;Giu nra;jy; Kjypatw;wpd; %yk; mjpfrf;jp tha;e;j mf;fiwjhuu;fspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjpy;Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt mtu;fSf;Fj; jfty; njuptpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. r%f gpujpepjpfs; kw;Wk; njhz;L epWtdq;fs; B gpuptpy;tuf;$Lk;.
(d) gpupT A ,y; cs;sth;fs; kPJ Fiwe;jgl;r Kaw;rp fhl;lg;gLk;.
mf;fiwjhuu; FOf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;gpLtjw;F mf;fiwjhuu;
tiuglk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd Johnson et al (2005) Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;. ,J> mikg;gpd; kPJ gpd;tUk; jhf;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(a) $l;lhz;ik MSif rl;lfkhdJ mf;fiwjhuu;fspd; Mu;tk; kw;Wk;tYtpd; kl;lj;ij Vw;gpirT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(b) mth;fsJ kdg;ghq;Ffisg; nghWj;J> rpy mf;fiwjhuu;fis ,lkhw;wk;nra;a Kw;gLjy; kw;Wk; kw;wtu;fis ,lkhw;wk; nra;tij Cf;fkpof;fr;nra;tJ nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
(c) khw;wj;ijj; jLf;Fk; Kf;fpa jLg;ghsh;fs; kw;Wk; khw;wj;ij vspjhf;Fk;trjpaspg;ghsh;fs; milahsk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
murpay; Kd;Dupikfis epWTtjw;fhfTk; mf;fiwjhuu; tiuglk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. jw;Nghija epiyapd; tiuglkhdJ tpUk;gg;gl;l vjpu;fhy epiyapd; tiuglj;Jld; xg;gplg;glyhk;. ,J njhlug;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd khw;wq;fisf; Fwpfhl;Lk;.
mikg;gpd; #oypypUe;J gpd;tUk; tifg;ghLfis ehk; Nehf;f KbAk;.
2.1 mfr; #oy;
mikg;gpd; mfr; #oy; vd;gJ epWtd KiwikapdJ cg njhFjpfSf;F ,ilapyhd cs;sfj; njhlu;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. mitahtd:
2 mikg;Gr; #oypd; tifg;gLj;jy;
mfr; #oy; vd;gJ mikg;gpd; cg njhFjpapd; ,ilj; njhlu;gpid Fwpf;Fk;.
#oy;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;il Ntiyr; #oYf;Fk; nghJr; #oYf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghL Neubr; #oYf;Fk; kiwKfr; #oYf;Fkpilahd NtWghL rpw;wpdr; #oYf;Fk; Ngupdr; #oYf;Fkpilahd NtWghL vd;Dk; tifapy; tiuaiw nra;ayhk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
43CA Sri Lanka
Copag;gil/ njhopy; ngWdh; kw;Wk; njhopy;nfhs;Nthhpilapyhd cwTfs;
Kfhikj;JtKk; Kfhikj;Jtg; ghzpAk;
Kiwahd epWtdf; fl;likg;G
epWtd fyhrhuk; (tpOkpaq;fs; elj;ijfis jk;kpilNa gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sjy; - ehk;nra;Ak; nray;fisf; nfhz;L ek;ik kjpg;gpLjy;)
tpw;gid re;ijg;gLj;jy; tfpghfKk; ,ilj;njhlu;Gk;
njhopEl;gk; (nghwp fUtp Kiwikfs; kw;Wk; Ntiy xOq;F
cs;sfg; ngWkjpr; rq;fpyp / nra;Kiwfs;
2.2 Ntiyr; #oy;
Ntiyr; #oyhdJ mikg;gpd; mfr; #oiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,t;tfr; #oy; mikg;gpd; ,yf;Ffis va;Jtjw;F toptFg;gdthFk;. vdNt Ntiyr; #oy; epWtdj;Jld; Neubahf njhlu;GgLk; epWtdj;ij my;yJ Efu;Nthh; ,uz;ilANk cs;slf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf : Nghl;bahsu;> thbf;ifahsu;> toq;Fdu; kw;Wk; Copau; ,tw;wpd; Nkyjpf jhf;fj;jpid mj;jpaak; 7 ,y; Nehf;fyhk;.
2.3 nghJr; #oy;fs;
nghJr; #oy; kiwKfkhf epWtdj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; midj;ijAk;
Fwpf;Fk; ,tw;iw ehk; (PEST) vd;gu;. mitahtd murpay;> rl;l> nghUshjhu> rKffyhrhu kw;Wk; njhopEl;gf;fhuzpfshFk;.
2.4 Neub kw;Wk; kiwKf nraw;ghl;L #oy;
Neubahd nraw;#oy; vd;gJ mikg;Gf;fspypUe;J vOk; Neubahd jhf;fq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;Fupa #oy; tpirfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf rl;l eltbf;ifapd; fhuzkhf Efu;Tg; nghUspy; juj;jpNyNah my;yJ cs;slf;fj;jpNyNah khw;wj;jpidr; nra;jy;. kiwKf nraw;#oy; vd;gJ ve;j mbg;gilapYk; tpahghu mikg;gpidg; ghjpf;fhj Mdhy; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Neubahd jhf;fj;ij Ntz;b epw;gitahFk;. Neubr; nraw;ghl;Lf;Fj; jhf;fj;ij jLg;gjw;F ,g;nghONj ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. nghJthf Efh;Nthh; EfUk; nrytpy; tPo;r;rp Vw;gLk; mwpFwp njd;gbd; kpfTk; nryT $ba nghUl;fspd; Nfs;tpapy; tPo;r;rp Vw;gLk; tiu fhj;jpUf;fhJ tpahghuj;jpy; ghhpa nryTila nghUl;fisf; Fiwj;J nryT Fiwe;j nghUl;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jyhk;.
2.5 rpw;wpd kw;Wk; Ngupdr; #oy;fs;,t;tpU nghUshjhu #oy;fSk; tpahghu eltbf;iffisg; ghjpf;Fk;.
rpw;wpdr; #oy; - tpahghuj;jpd; rpw;wpdr; #oy; vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; vq;qdk;re;ij tpiyg;nghwpKiwapid ,aq;Ffpd;wJ vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;.(mLj;J tUk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gLk;)
Ngupdr; #oy; vd;gJ tpahghu mikg;Gf;fs; ,aq;Fk; midj;J tpjkhdngsjPff; fhuzpfis cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ,jid ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 44
– Njrpa nry;thf;F
– ru;tNjr nry;thf;F
Nguz;lr; #oy; fhuzpfis ehk; mj;jpahak; 16 ,y; fw;fTs;Nshk;.
3 rpw;wpdr; #oy;
rpw;wpdr; #oy; vd;gJ epWtdj;ij Neubahf ghjpf;Fk; midj;J fhuzpfisAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,r;#oypd; eltbf;iffs; epWtdk; ,aq;Fk; Fwpj;j re;ijr; #oYs; njhlu;Ggl;ljhFk;. mJkl;Lkd;wp mikg;gpd; cs;sf ,ay;Gfs; mjd; re;ijg;gLj;jy; je;jpNuhgha cj;jpapYk; nry;thf;fpidr; nrYj;Jk;.
rpw;wpdr; #oy; tpahghuj;NjhL njhlu;Gila FOf;fisAk; epWtdq;fisAk; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; Fwpj;j tpahghukhdJ Xustpw;F ,tw;wpd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;ilr; nrYj;jp nry;thf;fpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
3.1 rpw;wpdr; #oypd; $Wfs;
mikg;gpd; rpw;wpdr; #oy; vd;gJ jd;Dld; epfo;fhy kw;Wk; vjph;fhy thbf;ifahsu;fs;;> toq;Fdu;fs; kw;Wk; ,ilepiyahsh;fs; Mfpatu;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Nghl;br; vd;gJk; rpw;wpdr; #oypy; Kf;fpa nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; xU fhuzpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
epWtdk; vd;gJ xU jpwe;j KiwikahFk;. mjDila vy;iyfs; #oNyhL ,ize;jitahff; fhzg;gLk;. vdNt epWtdkhdJ ,t; vy;iyfSf;Fs; njhlu;Gfis cUthf;Ftjd; %yNk tpepNahfj;jpidAk; fld; trjpfisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,Wjp Efu;NthUld; my;yJ ,ilaPl;lhsh;fSlhf kiwKfkhf re;ijAld; njhlh;gpidf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
rpw;wpdr; #oypy; Nghl;bahsu; gpujhd ghj;jpuj;ij tfpg;gjhy; cah; Kfhikj;JtkhdJ mikg;gpd; rpw;wpdr;#oypy; Nghl;bahsu;fSf;fpilapyhd cwtpidAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
mJ khj;jpukd;wp mikg;gpw;Jk; Fwpj;j #oypy; ,aq;Fk; Vida mikg;Gf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd cwTfisAk; gw;wp ehk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
vdpDk; tzpfnkhd;W ,yhgj;ij cUthf;fNtz;Lnkd VyNt Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. fhzg;gLtJk; gPw;wu; lf;fu;(1939) vd;gth; ,yhgj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; thbf;ifahsiu cUthf;Fjy; mtrpakhFk; vd $Wfpwhu;.
vdNt re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rk; vd;dntd;why; Fwpg;gpl;l thbf;ifahsu;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F mikg;Gf;fs; xd;Wlndhd;W Nghl;bapLfpd;wJ. Nguhrpupauhd lf;fu; vd;gth; epWtdk; xd;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd Fzhk;rq;fshf Gj;jhf;fKk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; eltbf;iffSk; cUthtjw;F fhuzkhfpd.
rpw;wpdr; #oy; vd;gJ Neubahd nraw;ghl;Lr; #oiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf toq;Fdu;fs;;> Nghl;bahsu;fs;;> thbf;ifahsu;fs;;> jufu;fs;; my;yJ ,ilaPl;lhsu;fs;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
45CA Sri Lanka
rpw;wpdr; #oy;
tiuglk; 2.4: rpw;wpdr; #oypd; $Wfs;
rpw;wpdr;#oyhdJ tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s epWtdj;Jld; kl;Lkd;wp tpahghuj;Jld; vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$ba jdpegu; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fisAk; jd;Ds; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. vdNtjhd; rpw;wpdr;#oy; Gjpa thbf;ifahsu;fis khj;jpuky;yhky; kw;iwa mikg;gpd; jw;NghJ thbf;ifahsuhf ,Ue;J vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,Uf;ff; $bath;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;tifapy;> rpw;wpdr; #oypd; Kf;fpa %ykhf tpsq;FtJ mikg;Gf;ff;fpilapyhd Nghl;bahFk;. ,jD}lhf
thbf;ifahsiu ntw;wpnfhs;sy;.
toq;Fdh;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
rpwe;j ,ilj;jufu;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; Nghd;wtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
KbAk;.
rpw;wpdr; #oy; gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; epkpu;j;jk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; nra;Kiwf;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. nghJthf rpw;wpdr; #oyhdJ cldbahd my;yJ nraw;ghl;Lr; #oiy cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ,r; nraw;ghl;Lr; #oy; ehshe;j mbg;gilapy; vOk; rthy;fis vg;gb Kfhikj;Jt je;jpNuhgha uPjpahf ifahs;fpd;wJ vd;gij Nehf;fpajhFk;. vdNt re;ijg;gLj;Jdu; tpahghuj;jpd; mf;fiwjhuu;fis ftu;tjw;Fupa re;ijg;gLj;jy; El;gq;fis gad;gLj;j Ntz;batuhfpd;whu;.
rpw;wpdr; #oy; cz;ikahd (epfo;fhyj;jpYs;s) kw;Wk; vjph;fhy thbf;ifahsufis cs;slf;fpaJ vd;gjid epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. KfhikahdJ re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitiag; gad;gLj;JtjD}lhf vjph;fhy thbf;ifahsu;fis cz;ikahd thbf;iffahsh;fshf khw;Wfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,r;;nraw;ghl;bid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F vjph;fhy thbf;ifahsh;fspd; NjitfSk; tpUg;gq;fSk; vd;d vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
,ilepiyahsh;fs;
mikg;G
fyhr;rhuk; jpwd;fs; Nghl;bahsh;fs;
mikg;G Copah;fs;
mf;fiwf; FOf;fs;
thbf;ifahsh;fs; Supplierstoq;Fdh;fs;
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 46
4 tzpf Rw;Wr; #oiyg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
4.1 #oy; gFg;gha;T
ngsjPf kw;Wk; r%f uPjpahf xU epWtdj;ij #oTs;s midj;Jk; #oy; MFk;.
#oy; gFg;gha;thdJ je;jpNuhgha jpl;lkpliy cUthf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapd; xU
cs;sPlhFk;. N[hd;rd; kw;Wk; ];Nfhny]; gpd;tUk; gbKiwfis
Kd;itf;fpd;wdu;.
gbKiw 1 #oypd; ,ay;ig kjpg;gply; (c.k;. mJ khwf;$bajh?).
gbKiw 2 fle;j fhyj;jpy; epWtdj;ij ghjpj;j my;yJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba fhuzpfis milahsq;fhzy;.
gbKiw 3 ~cldbahd my;yJ Nghl;br;#oypy; nrayhw;Wfpd;w gpujhd fhuzpfis| milahsq;fhz;fpd;w fl;likg;G gFg;gha;tpid jahupj;jy;.
,g; gbKiwfshdJ Kf;fpakhd mgptpUj;jpfis milahsq;fhz Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gbKiw 4 Vida epWtdq;fs; njhlu;gpy; Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpd; epiy vd;d?
gbKiw 5 #oypdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w mr;RWj;jy;fs; kw;Wk;/my;yJ tha;g;Gf;fs; vit?
ehk; mj;jpahak; 5 ,y; Nehf;fpathW> xU epWtd #oyhdJ gy Kiwfspy; guPl;rpf;fg;glyhk;.
(a) ru;tNjr/cs;ehl;L uPjpahf. rpy epWtdq;fs; ru;tNjr uPjpapy;njhopw;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;> mit njhopw;gLfpd;w my;yJ Vw;Wkjpnra;fpd;w re;ijfs; my;yJ ehLfspd; cs;ehl;L Njitg;ghLfSf;Fcldbahf gjpyspf;ff;$bajhftpUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. rpy fk;gdpfshdJVidatu;fis tpl ru;tNjr Nghl;bapid mjpfk; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
(b) nghJ/gzp. mj;jpahak; 5 ,y; ehk; ,tw;wpd; NtWghl;il Muha;e;jpUe;Njhk;.
i. epWtdq;fs; kPJ kiwKfkhf nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w midj;JfhuzpfSk; nghJr;#oypDs; cs;slf;fg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf: nghJnghUshjhu Nghf;Ffs;> rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp> Gjpa njhopy;El;gk;.
ii. epWtdj;jpd; Nghl;bahsu;fs;> mjd; thbf;ifahsu;fs; kw;Wk;%yg;nghUl;fis ngWtjw;fhd mjd; jpwik Nghd;w epWtdj;jpd; kPJ
mikg;G xd;W ve;jnthU je;jpNuhgha Kfhikj;Jt Kiwapid gad;gLj;jpapUe;j NghjpYk;> mJ njhopw;gLfpd;w #oypd; ,ay;Gfis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sj; jtWkhapd; mjd; Nehf;fq;fis milaKbahJ Nghfyhk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
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47CA Sri Lanka
Neubahf jhf;fk; nrYj;jf;$ba midj;ijAk; gzpr;#oy; cs;slf;FfpwJ.
NtWghlhdJ fbdkhdjhf fhzg;glhjJld; trjpf;fhf kl;Lk; tiuag;gLfpwJ.
tiuglk; 2.5: mikg;G xd;wpd; Rw;Wr; #oy; fhuzpfspd; jhf;fq;fs;
#oyhdJ epr;rakw;w jd;ikapd; xU %ykhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. NtW tifapy; $Wtjhapd;> jPu;khdnkLg;gtu;fs; #oy; fhuzpfs; njhlu;ghf NghJkhd jfty;fis nfhz;bUf;fhjJld; gy tplaq;fs; mtu;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;ljhf cs;sJ. epr;rakw;w jd;ikapd; xl;Lnkhj;j
msthdJ ,U mr;Rf;fspD}lhf kjpg;gplg;glyhk;. vspikahdit/rpf;fyhdit
kw;Wk; epiyahdit/,af;fhw;wYilait.
4.2 #oypd; epr;rakw;w jd;ik
epWtdj;jpd ntspaf #oypd; epr;rakw;w jd;ikNa mjw;fhd xU gpujhd rthyhf
fhzg;gLfpwJ. #oy; epr;rakw;w jd;ikahdJ gpd;tUtdtw;wpypUe;J vof;$Lk;.
mjhtJ #oyhdJ:
(a) epiyahdjhfNth (khw;wq;fshdJ nkJthfTk; vjpu;T$wf;$bajhfTk;fhzg;gly;) my;yJ ,af;fhw;wy;fs; kpf;fjhfNth (khw;wq;fs; mbf;fb>njhlu;r;rpahf kw;Wk; vjpu;T$wKbahjjhf fhzg;gly;. c.k;.njhlu;r;rpahd njhopy;El;g Gj;JUthf;fk;> thbf;ifahsu; tpUg;gk;)fhzg;gLjy;.
(b) ,yFthdjhfNth (nghJthf Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpd; kPJ rpy #oy;fhuzpfs; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jjy;) my;yJ rpf;fyhdjhfNth(epWtdkhdJ gy fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;fpw;F cl;gLjy;) fhzg;gLjy;.
4.3 #oypd; rpf;fy; jd;ik
#oy; rpf;fy; jd;ikahdJ epWtdj;ij ghjpf;fpd;w gy;NtW fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; epr;rakw;w jd;ikfSld; njhlu;GgLfpwJ.
(a) epWtdkhdJ gy;NtWgl;l nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfSf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjpf jpwe;j Nghf;Fila epWtdnkhd;W
gy tifahd fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;fpw;F cl;gLfpd;wJ. epWtdk;
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CA Sri Lanka 48
njhopw;gLfpd;w gy re;ijfshdJ mJ njhlu;Ggl;Ls;stw;why; ngUk;
nry;thf;F nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
(b) mwpT mtrpakhfpd;wJ. rpy #oy;fis ntw;wpfukhf ifahs;tjw;F
mwpthdJ Njitg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf midj;J tpahghuq;fSk; tup
Kiwik njhlu;ghd mwpit nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. Mdhy;
kUe;Jg; nghUl;fSf;fhd tpahghuq;fs; khj;jpuk; Gjpa kUe;JfSf;fhd
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gupNrhjid njhlu;ghf njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(c) #oy; fhuzpfspd; ,ilj;njhlu;GfshdJ rpf;fy; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;J
fpwJ. Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp fk;gdpfshdJ ehzakhw;WtPjj;Jld; mjpf
njhlu;Gs;stu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,J jhdhfNt tl;b
tPjq;fSlDk; njhlu;GgLfpwJ. tl;btPjq;fshdJ fk;gdpapd; fld;
fpuaq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JfpwJ. #o;epiyapid cUthf;fYk;
khjpupaikj;jYkhdJ #oy; epiyikfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
jd;ikia cUthf;Ftjw;fhd rpf;fy; jd;ikfis ifahs;tjw;fhd
topKiwfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4.4 #oy; ,af;fhw;wy;
ve;jnthU jiyaPl;bw;fhd NjitAkpd;wp rPuhfTk; tpiuthfTk; nghUshjhuk; tsu;r;rpailtjw;fhd jpwidNa #oy; ,af;fhw;wy; tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
cau; nghUshjhu ,af;fj;ij nfhz;Ls;s xU nghUshjhukhdJ ru;tNjr Nfs;tpfspd; tpupthf;fk;> mjpfupj;j njhopy;El;g jfty;fspd; gad;ghL my;yJ jsu;j;jg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghLfs; Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd rf;jpkpf;f fhuzpfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,af;fhw;wy; nghUshjhukhdJ Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; cau; tUlhe;j tsu;r;rp tPjj;jpy; gpujpgypf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J tPl;Lj;Jiwfspd; epfu tUkhdq;fspyhd rLjpahd mjpfupg;Gld; njhlu;Gglf;$bajhAs;sJ.
#oypd; epr;rakw;w jd;ikapd; kjpg;gPlhdJ milahsq;fhzg;gl;l VjhtJ khw;wq;fSf;fhf Njitg;glf;$Lk;. #oyhdJ epiyahdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ tuyhw;W uPjpahd Nehf;FfshdJ gaDs;sjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,af;fhw;wy; #oyhdJ ,af;f epiyikfspd; ed;ikia ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w re;ij je;jpNuhghaq;fisAk; khw;wkilfpd;w tpahghuj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa vjpu;fhyk; rhu;e;j Nehf;fpid mjpfk; Nfhhp epw;fpd;wJ.
tpahghuq;fshdJ rpf;fyhdJk;,af;fhw;wYilaJkhd #oy;fSf;F Vw;g
khw;wpaikj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F gpd;tUk; gbKiwfis gpd;gw;w Ntz;bAs;sJ.
(a) tpahghu jpl;lkplypyhd nefpo;Tj;jd;ik.
khw;wj;jpd; tpiuthd njhlu;ghlYf;fhd Njit fhuzkhf ,Jvspikahd Kfhikj;Jt fl;likg;ig nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
(b) #oy; epiyikfspy; ,ay;ghf Vw;gLfpd;w Mgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghdtpopg;Gzu;r;rp.
,J vjpu;fhy tpahghu je;jpNuhghaj;jpw;Fs; GFj;jg;gLfpd;wKd;ndr;rupf;if jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; ,lu; gFg;gha;T vd;gtw;wpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;JfpwJ.
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49CA Sri Lanka
4.5 #oy; jsk;gy; jd;ik
jsk;gy; jd;ikahdJ #oypYs;s epiyaw;w jd;ikapd; msthFk;.
ru;tNjr tpahghu #oyhdJ epiyaw;wjhFk;> mj;Jld; jsk;gy; jd;ikahdJ gy;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J voyhk;.
(a) khWk; muRf;fs; my;yJ murpay; ];jukw;w jd;ik. jPtputhjk; Nghd;wVida murpay; gpur;rpidfSk; jsk;gy; epiyf;fhd %yq;fshffhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(b) ,it nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapd; tpisthd tYtpd; gpuhe;jpa rkdpiyapyhd ghupa khw;wq;fshy; Vw;glyhk;.
(c) ehzakhw;WtPjq;fshdJ fle;jfhyj;ij tpl tu;j;jfj;jhy; FiwthfjPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ~epA+Nahu;f; Jk;Kfpd;w NghJ> ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F rspgpbf;fpwJ| vd;w $w;wpdhy; tpgupf;fg;gl;lthW %yjd re;ijfspd; kPjhdjhf;fq;fshdJ ru;tNjr uPjpahdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 1997 ,y; Vw;gl;lMrpa neUf;fbahdJ gy Mrpa ehzaq;fspdJk; gq;FfspdJk;ngWkjpapy; tPo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpajhdJ cjhuzkhf nfhs;sg;glj;jf;fJ.
4.6 khWk; #oYf;F ,iae;Jnry;yy; tpahghuq;fshdJ khWk; #oYld; ntw;wpfukhf epu;tfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; gy
gpur;rpidfshdJ milahsq;fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(a) #oy; gw;wpa mwpT
nghUj;jkhd #oy; gw;wpa mwptpid njspthf itj;jpUg;gjhdJ #oiy jpwikahf ifahs;tjw;F ve;jnthU tpahghu Njlypw;Fk; kpf cjtpahfTs;sJ. tpahghuq;fshdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gy;NtW tifahd jfty; %yq;fs;> fpilf;fj;jf;f ek;gpf;ifj; jd;ik kw;Wk; (Kf;fpakhf) ngwg;gl;l juTfspd; Ntfk; vd;gtw;iw ftdj;jpy;nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
(b) vjpu;T$wy; khw;wk;
tpahghuq;fshdJ gy;NtW tifahd rhj;jpakhd njupTfis ftdj;jpy;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;: rpwe;jJk; NkhrkhdJkhd #o;epiyfs;> mNjNghd;W ngUk;ghYk; Vw;glyhk; vd mtu;fs; fUJfpd;w ntspaPL. vjpu;T$wiy my;yJ gpujhd fhuzpfspd; khw;w tPjk; njhlu;ghd NtWgl;l vLNfhs;fis gad;gLj;Jfpd;w vjpu;T$wy; tPr;rpid mtu;fs; mbf;fb cUthf;fyhk;. Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jpl;lq;fshdJ vjpu;T$wy; ntspaPLfisAk; vjpu;T$wy; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ milahsq;fhzg;gl;l epr;rakw;w jd;ikfisAk; gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk;. epr;rakw;w jd;ikfshdJ Kf;fpakhditahf fhzg;gLkhapd;> rpf;fy;fis ifahs;tjw;fhd jpl;lq;fshdJ Njitg;glyhk;.
(c) khw;wj;jpw;fhd Vw;ghL
gy Ma;thsu;fs; khWk; #oiy rpwg;ghf ifahsf;$ba toikahd mbg;gil kPs; xOq;fikg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd tpahghu Njitg;ghl;il typAWj;Jfpd;wdu;. ngUk;ghyhd jPu;khdq;fshdJ ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l jiyik mYtyf njhopw;ghl;bypUe;J tpyfp vLf;fg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gJld; njhlu;ghly; tupirfshdJ Njitg;gLfpd;w ,lj;jpw;F jfty;fs; tpiuthf gupkhw;wg;gLtij
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cWjp nra;tjw;F ,yFgLj;jg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.
(d) re;ijg;gLj;jy; khw;wk;
Kfhikahsu;fs; cs;sf re;ijg;gLj;jypyhd khw;wj;ij ftdj;jpy;nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ: vt;thW khw;wkhdJ Copau;fSf;F rku;g;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(e) fyhrhu khw;wj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
,J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;bAs;s khw;wq;fis MNyhrpg;gij kl;Lk; Rl;bf;fhl;ltpy;iy. Vnddpy; khWk; #oyhdJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;glhj nthd;whFk;. Mdhy; mjpf ftu;r;rpfukhd epWtdnkhd;iw cUthf;FjyhdJ cw;gj;jp jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topKiwfs;> Gjpa nghUl;fs;> re;ijfs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; NjLfpwJ.
4.7 epWtd mikg;Grhh; khw;wq;fs;
fk;gdpfshdJ mjpfk; ru;tNjr Nghl;bfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis ru;tNjr re;ijfSf;fhd mjpf Eiotpid nfhz;bUg;gjd; fhuzkhf>epWtd fl;likg;G njhlu;ghd mtu;fspd; tpUg;gj; njupthdJ ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,af;ftpay; kw;Wk; gzpj;Jiw epWtdj;jpypUe;J mjpf nefpo;Tj;jd;ikahd njhopw;ghl;L Vw;ghLfis nfhz;l jl;ilahd epWtd fl;likg;Gf;fis Nehf;fp khWtjhdJ ,jw;fhd rhd;whf fhzg;gLfpwJ. epWtdj;jpd; tiyaikg;G cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; ,izaj;jpD}lhf tpahghuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epWtdq;fs; ,g;Nghf;fpd; kw;WnkhU ntspg;ghlhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. je;jpNuhgha ru;tNjr cld;ghLfSf;fhd Njitg;ghlhdJ ntspehl;L re;ijfSf;fhd EiotpidAk; mtw;iw tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd NjitapidAk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpahdJ (kpd;dQ;ry;> ,izak;) mr;rhj;jpakhd njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w gpujhd fhuzpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
rpy epWtdq;fshdJ thbf;ifahsu; Njitfs; my;yJ Nghl;bahsupd; eltbf;iffSf;F mjpf nefpo;Tj;jd;ikAld; gjpyspg;gjd; fhuzkhf mtu;fspd; njhopw;gilfspd; fl;likg;gpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd. ,J ~nefpo;Tj;jd;ikahd epWtdk;| vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J gpujhd> mUikahd jpwd;fis nfhz;l KO Neu epue;ju Copau;fis mbg;gilahfTk; gFjp Neu Copau;fs; kw;Wk; jw;fhypf my;yJ xg;ge;j mbg;gilapyhd Copau;fis Jiz Copau;fshfTk; nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,j; njhopw;gilahdJ re;ijapy; khw;wq;fis miltjw;F gy;NtW Kiwfspy; nefpo;Tj;jd;ikAilajhf fhzg;glyhk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
51CA Sri Lanka
5.1 murpay; #oy; (The political environment)murpay; #oyhdJ gy topfspy; epWtdj;ij ghjpf;fpd;wJ. mbg;gil rl;l rl;lfnkhd;W nghJthf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
murhdJ tpahghuk; my;yJ njhopw;Jiwf;fhd Neub njhlu;Gila
gpur;rpidfs; kPJ Fwpj;j rpy eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
murpd; nghUshjhu nfhs;ifapd; KOj;njhlu;Gk; tpahghuj;jpw;F
nghUj;jkhdjhfTs;sJ.
5.2 murpay; kw;Wk; rl;lr;#oy;
rl;lq;fshdJ INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit Nghd;w cld;gbf;ifapd; fPohd fl;Lg;ghLfs;> mtw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l mur fl;Lg;ghLfs;> ghuhSkd;w rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghJr;rl;lq;fspypUe;J Vw;gLfpwJ.
5 murpay; kw;Wk; rl;lr; #oy;
mur nfhs;ifahdJ nghUshjhur; #oy;> tpjpfspd; rl;lfk;> njhopw;Jiw fl;likg;G kw;Wk; rpy njhopw;ghl;L gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JfpwJ. murpay; ];jukw;w jd;ikahdJ Mgj;jpw;fhd tpisit Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. murpay; #oYf;fhd NtWgl;l mZFKiwfshdJ NtWgl;l ehLfspy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ru;tNjr tu;j;jfkhdJ ru;tNjr rl;lk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfspd; Nkyjpf rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;Fl;gLfpd;wJ.
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CA Sri Lanka 52
midj;J fk;gdpfisAk; ghjpf;fpd;w rl;l fhuzpfs;
fhuzp cjhuzk;
nghJr; rl;l rl;lfk;: xg;ge;jk;> Fw;wk;> Kftuhz;ik
tpahghuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mbg;gil topKiwfs;> nraw;ghLfspd; Gwf;fzpg;G
Fw;wtpay; rl;lk; fsT> cs;sf ifahly;> ,yQ;rk;> Nkhrb.
fk;gdpr; rl;lk; ,af;Fdu;fSk; mtu;fspd; gzpfSk;> mwpf;ifaply; Njitg;ghLfs;> RtPfupj;jy; nray;Kiwfs;> gq;Fjhuu;fspd; cupikfs;> tq;FNuhj;J epiyik.
Ntiytha;g;Gr; rl;lk;
tu;j;jf rq;f RtPfupg;G> Fiwe;jgl;r $yp> epahakw;w tpyfy;> Ml;Fiwg;G> gpurtk;> rk tha;g;Gf;fs;.
RfhjhuKk; ghJfhg;Gk;
jPaizg;G Kd;ndr;rupf;iffs;> ghJfhg;G nray;Kiwfs;.
juTg; ghJfhg;G Copah;fs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsh;fsJ jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
re;ijg;gLj;jYk; tpw;gidAk;
thbf;ifahsu;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rl;lq;fs; (c.k;. kPs;epjpaspg;Gf;fSk; ,lkhw;wKk;> fld; xg;ge;jq;fSf;F gpd;duhd jPu;j;jy; fhyg;gFjp)> vd;d tifahd tpsk;gug;gLj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;tJ my;yJ mij mDkjpg;gjh.
Rw;Wr;#oy; #oy; khriljy; fl;Lg;ghL> fopTg;nghUl;fis mfw;wy;.
tupr;rl;lk; khefuhl;rp tupf;nfhLg;gdT> tUkhd tup mwtPL>
ngWkjp Nru; tup (VAT)> Njrj;jpidf; fl;b
vOg;Gtjw;fhd tup (NBT)
nghJ mf;fiwahdJ toq;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ> rpy rl;l fl;Lg;ghl;L fhuzpfs; Fwpg;gpl;lnjhopw;Jiwfis ghjpf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> ,yq;ifapy;> nghJg;gad;ghLfs; Mizf;FOthdJ kpd;rhu Jiwfis fl;Lg;gLj;JtJld; ngw;Nwhypa mfo;T kw;Wk; ePu; rhu;e;j njhopw;Jiwfspd; kiwKf fl;Lg;ghl;lhsuhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ (mjhtJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy; KOikahd fl;Lg;ghl;L gq;if nfhz;bUf;fyhk;).
,jd; fhuzkhf:
njhopw;JiwfshdJ jdpAupikkpf;fjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ngUe;njhifahd nghJepjpahdJ <LgLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
5.3 murpd; jhf;fk;Nghl;lu; njhopw;Jiwapd; nghUshjhu fl;likg;ig Neubahf ghjpf;ff;$ba murpd; gy topfis Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhu;. mit fPNo tpgupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,aysT tpupthf;fk;
mur nfhs;ifahdJ epWtdj;jpd; ,aysit mjpfupg;gjw;F my;yJ epWj;Jtjw;F mtu;fis Cf;Ftpf;f KbAk;.
a) tup KiwikahdJ ,ae;jpuj;jpd; kPjhd KjyPl;il Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd ~%yjd
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nfhLg;gdTfis’ toq;f KbAk;.
b) gy;NtW tifahd Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;> Njrpa murpd;%ykhd epjpaspg;G> Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpy;,aysit epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhd ePbj;jpUg;G.
c) rYiffshdJ ntspehl;L epWtdq;fs; %ykhdKjyPl;il Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.cjhuzkhf> INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpYs;s NtWgl;lehLfshdJ [g;ghdpypUe;jhd KjyPl;bw;fhdNghl;bapLfpd;wd.
Nfs;tp murhdJ gpujhd thbf;ifahsuhf fhzg;gLfpwJ
murhdJ rl;lq;fs;> tup jsu;j;jy;fs; my;yJkhdpaq;fs; %yKk; Nfs;tpapy; nry;thf;FnrYj;jKbAk;
KjyPl;il kPsg;ngwYk; rPuikg;Gk;
rpy ehLfspy;> murhdJ Fwpg;ghf ghJfhg;G Nghd;w Kf;fpa gpuNjrq;fspy; tpahghuq;fis %btply; my;yJ tpw;gid ,ilepWj;jy; njhlu;ghd gy jPu;khdq;fis vLf;fpwJ.
tsu;e;J tUk; njhopw;Jiwfs;
murpdhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;glyhk; my;yJ mjdhy; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
Eiotpw;fhd jilfs;
mur nfhs;ifahdJ cs;ehl;L re;ijapy; Nghl;bapLtjw;F ntspehl;L epWtdq;fSf;fhd jPu;itfisAk; Nfhl;lhf;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> Nghl;b my;yJ KjyPl;il fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; my;yJ mtw;iw fbdg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; njhopw;Jiwnahd;wpypUe;jhd EiotpypUe;J epWtdq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
Nghl;b (a) mur nfhs;tdT jPu;khdq;fshdJ re;ijapYs;sxU epWtdj;Jld; njhlu;Gila kw;iwajd; kPJgykhd nry;thf;if nfhz;bUf;Fk; (ck;. Aj;jcgfuzq;fs;).
(b) njhopw;Jiwnahd;wpYs;s xOf;f tpjpfSk;fl;Lg;ghLfSk; epWtd tsu;r;rpiaAk;,yhgq;fisAk; ghjpf;fyhk; - c.k;. Fiwe;jgl;rcw;gj;jp ju epakq;fs;
(c) cl;fl;likg;G toq;FduhfTs;s (c.k;. tPjpfs;.murhdJ njhopw;JiwapYs;s Nghl;bj;jd;ikapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;JtjhfTk;fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(d) muRfSk; INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; Nghd;w ru;tNjrmikg;Gf;fSk; nehbe;JNghd njhopw;Jiwiaitj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;Lcw;gj;jpahsu;fs; xd;wpize;J mjpf re;ijg;gq;fpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtij jLg;gjw;Fkhdnfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$Lk;.
rpy njhopw;Jiwfspy;> muRf;fs; Gjpa nghUl;fspd; GFj;jiy xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ. ,J kUe;Jg;nghUl;fs; jahupg;G njhopw;Jiwfspdhy;
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njspthf fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ Gjpa kUe;JfshdJ gy ehLfspy; fz;bg;ghd gupNrhjidfSf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mtw;iw re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;du; murpd; mDkjpia ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Njrpa mikg;Gf;fSk; rpy epWtdq;fspd; njhopw;ghl;L eltbf;iffis ghjpf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf:
Ngjq;fhl;lYf;F vjpuhd rl;lk;
Rfhjhu ey ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;
nghUs; ghJfhg;Gk; ju epu;zaKk;
njhopyhsu; cupikfs; (c.k;. epahakw;w Ntiy ePf;fk;> gpurt tpLKiw)
gapw;rpaspj;jYk; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffSk;. ,J Ntiyf;fku;j;Jjypd;
epakj;ij jPu;khdpf;ff;$Lk;.
5.4 murpd; kPjhd nry;thf;F
tpahghuq;fshdJ gy topfspy; mur nfhs;iffspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jg;glf;$bajhAs;sJ. (a) mtu;fs; jdpg;gl;l mikr;ru;fs; my;yJ mur Copau;fSf;F mtu;fspd;
tof;fpid ifaspg;gjw;F Kftu;fis Ntiyf;fku;j;jyhk;.
(b) murpay;thjpfs; mtu;fis ghjpf;fpd;w midj;J rl;lq;fspYk; mf;fiw
vLg;ghu;fs; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy;> mtu;fs; epiwNtw;W mjpfhukw;w
,af;Fdu; gjtpia murpay;thjpfSf;F toq;fyhk;.
(c) mtu;fs; tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; %yk;> rl;lkd;w epfo;r;rpepuy; %yk;
nghJkf;fspd; fUj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;j Kaw;rpf;fyhk;.
5.5 murpay; ,lUk; murpay; khw;wKk;
rl;lj;jpyhd khw;wq;fshdJ ngUk;ghYk; vjpu;T$wf;$bajhAs;sJ. murhdJ rl;lj;ij nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;du; cj;Njr jpl;lq;fis ntspapLk;. khw;wkhdJ Vw;gLkhapd; vd;dnra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghf jpl;lq;fshdJ cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
vdpDk; murpay; khw;wkhdJ gy epWtdq;fspd; jpl;lkply; eltbf;iffis rpf;fyhf;Ffpd;wJ. gy nghUshjhu vjpu;T$wy;fshdJ murpay; nfhs;ifapyhd khw;wj;jpd; tpisTfis jtpu;f;fpd;wJ.
(a) Njrpa kl;lj;jpy;> murpay; nry;thf;fhdJ Kf;fpakhjhf fhzg;gLtJld;
tu;j;jfk;> tpiyaply;> gq;Fyhgq;fs;> tup> Ntiytha;g;G> mNjNghd;W
Rfhjhu ey ghJfhg;G vd;git kPjhd rl;lq;fis cs;slf;FfpwJ
(Fiwthf gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sJ).
(b) ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpyhd murpaYk; epWtdq;fs; kPJ Neubahd jhf;fj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf> INuhg;gpa xd;wpa epge;jidfshdJ
INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpYs;s midj;J ehLfisAk; ghjpf;fpwJ.
jPu;khdnkhd;wpYs;s murpay; ,luhdJ murpay; fhuzpfspd; je;jpNuhghaj;ij nry;Ygbaw;wjhf;FtJld; epWtdj;ij fLikahf Nrjg;gLj;Jfpd;wJkhd ,luhFk;. Aj;jk;> murpay; Fog;gk;> Coy; kw;Wk; Njrpakakhf;fy;
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Nghd;wtw;iw ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshf $wyhk;.
5.6 ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk; (International trade)murpay; #oyhdJ ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf Kf;fpak; tha;e;jjhfTs;sJ. ,t; tifahd tu;j;jfkhdJ xg;ge;jq;fs; kw;Wk; cld;gbf;iffspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;lit> Nkyjpf rl;lk; vd;gtw;why; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; cau;kl;lj;jpyhd murpay; ,lupw;Fl;gl;ljhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J tupr;rl;lq;fs;> Copa xOf;f tpjpfs; kw;Wk; clik Nghd;w tplaq;fs; kPjhd nghUshjhu nfhs;if Nghd;w gy;NtW topfspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. Nkhrkhd epiyapy;> RtPfupg;G my;yJ Njrpa kakhf;fYf;fhd mr;RWj;jyhdJ fhzg;gLfpwJ. mur xg;ge;jq;fSf;fhd ru;tNjr Nfs;tpjhuu;fis ftdj;jpy;nfhs;tjw;F kWj;jyhdJ Neubahf my;yJ kiwKfkhf fhzg;gLtjdhy;> Coy; kw;Wk; rl;lkw;w jd;ikia fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F jtWjyhdJ NkYk; rpf;fyhd fhuzpahfpd;wJ.
5.6.1 INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; (The European Union)INuhg;gpa xd;wpakhdJ nghUl;fs; Nritfs;> Copaj;jpw;fhd Rje;jpu mirT kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd Nghl;b Nghd;wtw;wpw;F mDkjpaspf;fpd;w xU jdp INuhg;gpa re;ijia njhopw;gLj;JfpwJ.
jdp re;ij jpl;lkhdJ njhopy;El;g epakq;fis xj;Jg;Nghfr;nra;jy;> Nghl;bf;fhd njhiyj;njhlu;Gfs;> thbf;ifahsu; ghJfhg;G> njhopy;rhu; jifikfspd; gu];gu mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; Vidait Nghd;w gy;NtW tplaq;fis cs;slf;FfpwJ.
INuhg;gpa xd;wpakhdJ ,yq;iff;fhd Kf;fpa tu;j;jf gq;fhsuhFk;. 2018 ,y; Vwj;jho 4.37 gpy;ypad; A+Nuhf;fs; tu;j;jf gha;r;ry;fshf fhzg;gl;lJ (Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; ehzakhw;W tPjj;jpd; gb Vwj;jho &gh. 865 gpy;ypad;).
5.6.2 cyf tu;j;jf epWtdk; (The World Trade Organisation)
cyf tu;j;jf epWtdkhdJ (WTO) Rje;jpukhd tu;j;jfj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; tu;j;jf gq;fhsUf;fpilNaahd gpzf;Ffis jPu;g;gjw;fhfTk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
xg;gPl;L ed;ik Nfhl;ghlhdJ Rje;jpu tu;j;jfkhdJ ru;tNjr nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpiaAk; cs;ehl;L tsu;r;rpiaAk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd rpwe;j topKiwahf fhzg;gLfpwJ vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. kw;nwhUtifapy; $Wtjhapd;> kf;fs; cyfpd; ve;jnthU ,lj;jpYk; nghUl;fs; Nritfis Rje;jpukhf thq;fTk; tpw;fTk; KbAk;.
,yq;if 1995 ,ypUe;J cyf tu;j;jf epWtdj;jpd; cWg;gpduhftpUe;J tUfpwJ. ,yq;ifahdJ rpy mstPLfis ,wf;Fkjpfspd; kPJ Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> jPu;itaw;w kw;Wk; nghJthf Fiwe;j jPu;itfs; vd;gtw;wpd; Fiwthd gad;ghl;ilf;nfhz;l XusT jpwe;jJk; ntspg;gilahdJkhd Ml;rpKiwia nfhz;Ls;sJ vd cyf tu;j;jf epWtdj;jpd; 2016k; Mz;L mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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6 r%f kw;Wk; rdj;njhif Nghf;Ffs;
6.1 rdj;njhifAk; Copar; re;ijAk;
rdj;njhifahdJ epWtdnkhd;wpd; Copa tsq;fis ghjpf;fpd;wJ. vdpDk; mjd; nfhs;iffshdJ kdpj tsq;fis Ntiyf;fku;j;Jjy; kw;Wk; Kfhiknra;jiy Nehf;fpajhAs;sJ.
rdj;njhif tsu;r;rpahdJ ghupa Copa re;ijia toq;FfpwJ.
gpwg;G tPjj;jpyhd mjpfupg;ghdJ mjpf ,sk; rKjhaj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.
,wg;G tPjj;jpyhd FiwthdJ tajhdtu;fspd; mjpfupg;ig fhl;LfpwJ -
,tu;fspy; rpyu; njhlu;r;rpahf Ntiynra;gtu;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;.
,yq;if tajhdtu;fs; my;yJ Foe;ijfs; rdj;njhifia tpl> njhopy;GupNthu;
rdj;njhifahdJ mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J rdj;njhif khw;wj;jpDila
,Whip fhyg;gFjpapid Nehf;fp efu;e;Jnfhz;bUg;gjhf fzf;nfLg;Gf;fs;
njuptpf;fpd;wd. ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F Nehf;Fifapy;> 2020 ,d; eLg;gFjpapy;
rpWtu;fspd; njhif mjpfkhfTk; mjd; gpd;duhd fhyg;gFjpapy; rdj;njhifapy;
Kjpatu;fspd; tpfpjkhdJ njhlu;r;rpahf mjpfupf;fyhk; Dilijan
Kjpatu;fspd; rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G tpfpjkhdJ njuptpf;fpd;wJ.
Copag;gilapd; taJ fl;likg;gpyhd khw;wk;. rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,sk;
rKjhaj;jpdNu fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. mjhtJ ,sk; njhopyhsu;fSk; Copau;fSk;
mjpf tpiyAau;e;jtu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
gy ehLfspy; Copag;gilapy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;ghdJ mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ.
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G mjpfupg;ghdJ ehd;F fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
mjpf gFjp Neu njhopy;fs;
Mz;fs; njhopy;Gupfpd;w gy njhopw;JiwfshdJ Fiwtile;jjd; fhuzkhf>
Mz;fSf;fhd Ntiyapd;ik mjpfupg;G
Nrit Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp - tptrhaj;jpypUe;J Nritfs; Jiwia Nehf;fpa
Copau;fspd; efu;Tk; efu;g;Gwq;fspy; Nritfs; Jiwapyhd cau;
Ntiytha;g;Gf;fSk; ,yq;ifapy; fhzf;$bajhAs;sJ
Foe;ijfis nfhz;Ls;s ruhrup tajpYs;s ngz;fspd; njhif mjpfupg;G
pahghuq;fs; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba r%f Nghf;FfshdJ taJ fl;likg;Gf;fs;> tho;f;if tl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f fl;likg;Gf;fspd; tsu;r;rp vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;FfpwJ.
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6.2 njhopy;nfhs;NthUf;fhd tpisTfs;
vt;thW epWtdq;fs; ,r; rdj;njhif kw;Wk; fy;tp Nghf;Ffis rkhspf;fyhk;.
(a) njhopw;gLfpd;w epWtdj;jpy; Copa re;ijia cUthf;Fjy; (c.k;. ,sk;rKjhaj;jpdu;> gFjpNeu Copau;). kw;WnkhU tifapy; $Wtjhapd;>~ahiu ehk; Ntiyf;fku;j;j Ntz;Lk;?|
(b) epWtdj;jpd; ngsjPf gFjpapid milahsq;fhzy; (mjhtJ rhj;jpakhd gzpaku;j;jy; gFjpfs;).
(c) ngsjPf gFjpapYs;s Copag;gilapd; toq;fy; gFjp Nghf;FfisMuha;jy; (c.k;. ghlrhiy fy;tpia Kbj;J ntspNaWgtu;fshfvjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;? vj;jid Ngu; cs;ehl;L rdj;njhifapd;mjpfupg;G/FiwT tPjk; vd;d?)
(d) Fwpj;j gFjpapy; fy;tpg;Nghf;Ffis Muha;jy;. ,yq;ifCopag;gilapd; fy;tpahdJ gbg;gbahf Kd;Ndw;wkile;Js;sJ vdfle;j jrhg;jq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhd fzf;nfLg;Gf;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
(e) jpwd;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Nfs;tpia Vida njhopy;nfhs;NthuplkpUe;JNfs;tpia kjpg;gply; (c.k;. Fwpj;j gFjpapy; kpd;nghUs; jahupg;Gfk;gdpfs; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLkhapd; mtu;fis xj;j jpwd;fis nfhz;legu;fis Ntiyf;fku;j;Jtjpy; mf;fiw nrYj;Jthu;fs;).
(f) Njitahd Nfs;tpfspy; rpy Vida %yq;fspypUe;J toq;fy; %yk;jpUg;jpg;gLj;jgl Kbfpwjh vd;gij kjpg;gply;.
epWtdq;fspYs;s Copau;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpahdJ rupahf mstplg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kiwahd tsj; je;jpNuhghaq;fs; Njitg;glyhk;.
6.3 FLk;g tho;f;if tl;lk;egu;fis re;ijg;gLj;Jtjd; %ykhd rdj;njhif gad;ghl;bw;fhd xU cjhuzk; FLk;g tho;f;if tl;lk; (FLC) MFk;. ,J rdj;njhif khwpfspd; xU RUf;fkhFk;.
,J taJ> jpUkzepiy> njhopy; epiy (tUkhdk;) kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd;tuT my;yJ tutpd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; tpisTfis cs;slf;FfpwJ.
,jd; %yk; tPl;Lj;Jiwfspd; tsu;r;rpapD}lhd NtWgl;l fl;lq;fismilahsq;fhz KbfpwJ. ,J Fwpj;j nghUl;fs; NritfshdJ tho;f;iftl;lj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l fl;lq;fspy; kf;fSf;F re;ijg;gLj;jg;gl KbfpwJvd;gij njspthf fhl;LfpwJ.
fPOs;s ml;ltidahdJ XusT ghuk;gupa FLk;g tho;f;if tl;lj;ij fhl;LfpwJ. Fwpj;j nghUl;fs; NritfshdJ FLk;g tho;f;if tl;lj;jpYs;s FLk;gq;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l fl;lq;fspYs;s ,yf;F re;ijg;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;.
fl;lk; tpguk; Efu;Nthu; tpUg;gk; jpUkzkhfhjtu; RahjPdkhdtu;.,sk; tajpdu;.
njhopypdJk; ciog;Gf;fspdJk; Muk;g fl;lk;.
cil. fhu;. Nghf;Ftuj;J. nghOJNghf;Ffs;.
Gjpjhf jpUkzkhdtu;
,U tUkhdq;fs;. xg;gPl;lstpy; RahjPdkhdtu;. epfo;fhyj;ijAk; vjpu;fhyj;ijAk; milg;gilahf nfhz;ltu;.
myq;fhug;gLj;jy;. Nghf;Ftuj;J> ePbj;j ghtidapYs;s cilfs;> ,UtUk; ,ize;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Ntz;LNfhs;fs;.
epiwthd FLk;gk; 1
MW tajpw;F fPOs;s Foe;ij. Foe;ijf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs; Nritfs;. FLk;g
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xd;W/xd;wiu klq;F tUkhdk;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpuk;. vjpu;fhyj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;bUg;gu;.
tho;f;iff;F Njitahd nghUl;fs;. eilKiwf;F mtrpakhd nghUl;fSk; nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd Ntz;LNfhSk;.
epiwthd FLk;gk; 2
MW tajpw;F fPOs;s Foe;ij. xd;wiuapypUe;J ,U klq;F tiuahd tUkhdk;. jq;fptho;Nthu;. vjpu;fhyj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;ltu;.
Nrkpg;Gf;fs;. tPL. fy;tp. Foe;ijia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l nghUl;fs;. FLk;g tpLKiwfs;. trjpfSf;fhd Ntz;LNfhs;.
epiwthd FLk;gk; 3
tPl;bYs;s ,sk; Foe;ij. cau; tUkhd kl;lk;. Rje;jpukhdtu;. Xa;T ngWtjw;fhd Nahridfs;.
fy;tp. Foe;ijfSf;fhd tpiyAau;e;j ePz;lfhyg;nghUl;fs;. ,lkhw;wKk; ngw;NwhUf;fhd ePz;lfhyg;nghUl;fspd; tpUj;jpAk;. trjpfSf;fhd Ntz;LNfhs;.
epiwtw;w FLk;gk; 1
tPl;by; Foe;ijfs; ,y;iy. Rje;jpukhdtu;. rpwe;j tUkhdk;. jd;idg;gw;wpaJk; Xa;T+jpak; gw;wpaJkhd Nahridfs;.
Xa;T+jpa tPL. Nghf;Ftuj;J. nghOJNghf;F trjpfs;. RajpUg;jpf;fhd Ntz;LNfhs;.
epiwtw;w FLk;gk; 2
Xa;T+jpak;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tUkhdk;. epfo;fhyj;ij Nehf;fhf nfhz;ltu;.
Nghf;Ftuj;J. ,isg;ghwy;. Rfhjhuk; njhlu;ghd nghUl;fs;. trjpfspy; Fiwthd tpUg;gk;. MWjYf;fhd Ntz;LNfhs;.
jdpj;J tho;gtu; 1
tho;f;if Jizapy; xUtu; khj;jpuk; capNuhbUj;jy;. rpwe;j tUkhdk;. njhopy; Gupjy;. epfo;fhyj;ij Nehf;fhf nfhz;bUj;jy;.
njhopYk; ez;gu;fsplj;jpYk; Neuj;ij nrytply;. Nghf;Ftuj;J. nghOJNghf;F. cil. Rfhjhuk;.
jdpj;J tho;gtu; 2
tho;f;if Jizapy; xUtu; khj;jpuk; capNuhbUj;jy;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tUkhdk;. Xa;T ngwy;.
Nghf;Ftuj;J.nghOJNghf;F. Rfhjhuj;Jld; njhlu;Gila nghUl;fs;. nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; r%f eltbf;iffSf;fhd Ntz;LNfhs;.
tajhdtu;fspd; rdj;njhifahdJ gpe;jpa FOtpy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjhdJ ,yq;iff;fhd xU Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; tpisthdJ Njrpa Nrkpg;G kl;lq;fspyhd Fiwit cs;slf;FfpwJ.
6.3.1 r%f fl;likg;GfSk; tFg;Gf;fSk;
r%f tFg;G: tFg;gpw;fhd mbg;gil vz;zf;fUthdJ gue;j gpuptpw;Fs; gpupf;fg;glyhk;. ,J njhopypd; tif> tUkhd kl;lk;> fy;tp gpd;dzp kw;Wk; Vida khwpfs; vd;git Nghd;w nghJthd mk;rq;fis gfpu;e;Jnfhs;fpd;w mq;fj;jtu;fisAila jdpegu;fis cs;slf;FfpwJ.
(ghy;ku; kw;Wk; Ntu;j;jpd;ud;)
r%ftpay; gjq;fspy;> xU tFg;ghdJ nghJthf NtWgl;l tplaq;fis nfhz;l kf;fs; FOit tpl ngupjhdjhFk;. tFg;Gf;fshdJ Vidatu;fs; kPjhd ed;ikia nfhz;Ls;s rpy tFg;Gf;fisAila r%f fl;likg;gpw;Fs; mlq;FfpwJ.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
59CA Sri Lanka
tYtpw;fhd EioT guk;giu nrhj;J fy;tp milTkl;lk; me;j];J my;yJ nfsutk; tUkhdk;
cau; my;yJ fPo; kl;l tFg;gpypUe;J NtWgl;lthwhd r%f tFg;gpw;Fs; gfpug;gl;l ngWkjpfs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs;> elj;ij vd;gtw;iw jPu;khdpg;gJ rhj;jpakhjhfTs;sJ: rpy Ma;TfshdJ tFg;G epiyf;fhd Efu;T elj;ij njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. (,J re;ij Jz;lkhf;fYf;fhd ftu;r;rpfukhd vz;zf;fUthf r%f tFg;G fhzg;gLtij fhl;LfpwJ.)
6.4 r%f nghUshjhu epiy> tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nry;tk;
FOf;fSf;fpilNa cz;ikapy; rpy NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ re;ijg;gLj;jy; my;yJ jpl;lkply; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd ~r%f tFg;ghdJ| ftdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpy Neuq;fspy; kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw mtu;fspd; epiyf;fhd fhuzkhapy;yhky; r%fj;jpYs;s mtu;fspd; nghUshjhu epiyapd; gpujpgypg;ghf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
6.5 nfhs;tdT ghq;Ffs ;
nfhs;tdT elj;ijahdJ re;ijg;gLj;jypy; xU Kf;fpa gFjpahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. gy fhuzpfshdJ jdpegu;fspdJk; tPl;LJiwfspdJk; nfhs;tdT jPu;khdq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. rdj;njhifAk; tFg;G fl;likg;Gk; nghUj;jkhdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;fhuzkhf ,it ,uz;Lk; elj;ijia jPu;khdpg;gitfshfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;JgitfshfTk; fhzg;gl KbAk;.
(a) elj;ijfis jPu;khdpg;gitahdJ nghUl;fs; Nritfis kf;fs;
nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F J}z;Lfpd;wd. ,it jdpegu; MSik> fyhrhuk;>
r%ftFg;G kw;Wk; nfhs;tdT jPu;khdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (c.k;. czT
my;yJ ePu; my;yJ Mlk;gu nghUl;fs; Nghd;w Njit) vd;gtw;iw
cs;slf;FfpwJ.
(b) kl;Lg;gLj;JgitfshdJ xU egu; rpytw;iw Fiwthf nfhs;tdT
nra;tjw;F VJthfTs;s fhuzpfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd (c.k;. Fiwe;j
tUkhdk;).
r%f nghUshjhu epiyahdJ kf;fs; nryTnra;a Ntz;ba njhifAk; mij mtu;fs; vjd; kPJ nryT nra;fpwhu;fs; Mfpa ,uz;L topfspYk; njhlu;Gglf;$Lk;. ,J toq;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; njhif kw;Wk; nghUl;fs; Nritfs; kPJ tPl;Lj;Jiwapdu; nryTnra;fpd;w tUkhdj;jpd; msT Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 60
7.1 fyhr;rhu Nghf;Ffspd; jhf;fk;
epWtdq;fshdJ gue;j r%f #oypd; xU gFjpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fyhrhu Nghf;FfshdJ epWtdq;fspy; vt;thW khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gjw;fhd cjhuzq;fshdJ ,g;gFjpapy; jug;gLfpd;wd.
7.2 Rfhjhu kw;Wk; czT gpur;rpidfs;
Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; czT njhlu;ghf rpy ehLfspd; kdg;ghq;Ffspy; Kf;fpakhd khw;wq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rpy kf;fs; MNuhf;fpakhd czT gof;fj;ij Nehf;fp nkJthf efu;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;@ NkYk; irtk; rhu;e;j kw;Wk; gRik Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd mjpfupg;ghdJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jw;NghJ gyh; gy;nghUs; re;ijfspy; fpilf;ff;$ba Nrjd cazTg;nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jtij cs;slf;FfpwJ.
7.3 tpahghuq;fspy; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; cztpd; jhf;fk;
tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fSf;fhd re;ijapd; tsu;r;rp (Xl;lg;ge;jaq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fhyzpfs;> tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fshdJ ehfuPf nghUl;fshfTk; nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd).
Copa Rfhjhuk;. njhopy;nfhs;Nthu; cw;gj;jpjpwd; kPJ fhprid fhl;ba NghjpYk; Rfhjhu Fiwtpd; tpisitAk; ftdj;jpy;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. rpy njhopy;nfhs;Nthu; njhopw;gapw;rpf;$lq;fs; kw;Wk; ngsjPf uPjpahd Xa;T trjpfis toq;Ffpd;wdu;. Vidatu;fs; Rfhjhu gpur;rpid kPjhd kd mOj;jq;fis nfhz;l Copau;fSf;fhd MNyhrid jpl;lq;fis toq;Ffpd;wdu;.
Gjpa czTfs;. fle;j jrhg;jq;fspy; MNuhf;fpa czT tiffs; kw;Wk; Jiz re;ijf;fhd Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJ mjpfupj;Js;sJ. rpy czTg;nghUl;fSk; Jiz czTtiffSk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l kd xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; ftdk; cs;slq;fyhd Rfhjhu ey ed;ikfis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
Gjpa tifahd nrsfupa czTf;fhd re;ij
Nrjd czTg;nghUl;fshdJ (nraw;if grisfs;> G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs; kw;Wk; Vida ,urhadk; ,y;yhJ tsu;f;fg;gl;lit) kpf gpugy;akhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J MNuhf.
7.4 njhopy; GhpAk; ngz;fs;fle;j rpy jrhg;jq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf> gy ehLfspy; Copag;gilapYs;s ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ fzprkhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,J njhlu;ghd Nghf;fhdJ gFjp Neu NtiyapYk; nefpo;Tj;jd;ikahd NtiyapYkhd mjpfupg;ghfTs;sJ.
7 fyhrhu Nghf;Ffs;
gy ehLfspy; fle;j rpy tUlq;fspyhd Kf;fpakhd fyhrhu Nghf;FfshdJ Rfhjhuk;> ngz;fs; epiyapyhd khw;wk; kw;Wk; mjpfupj;Js;s #oy; tpopg;Gzu;T vd;git kPjhd mf;fiwapid cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
61CA Sri Lanka
2017k; Mz;L cyf tq;fp mwpf;ifahdJ> ,yq;ifapd; Copar;re;ijapy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfupg;gJ mtrpankdTk; jpwdw;wJk; Fiwthd Cjpak; toq;fg;gLtJkhd NtiyfspYs;s ngz;fspd; cau; njhopy;fSf;fhd Eioit Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ vdTk; njuptpj;jJ. vjpu;fhy tha;g;Gfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F ngz;fs; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rpaspj;jy; jpl;lq;fspy; Eiotjw;F Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mt; mwpf;ifahdJ njuptpf;fpd;wJ. jdpg;gl;l tUkhdj;jpd; Vw;ghl;bD}lhf mtu;fs; nrytpLfpd;w tYtpd; mjpfupg;ghdJ ed;ikaspf;ff; $bajhapUg;gJld; mtu;fspd; Foe;ijfspd; vjpu;fhyk; kw;Wk; eydpy; xU tpisit Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
7.5 #oypay;#oy; kPjhd epWtd eltbf;iffspd; tpisTld; njhlu;Gila gpur;rpidfshdJ mz;ik Mz;Lfspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtkile;Js;sJ.
,yq;ifapy; #oy; njhlu;ghd mf;fiwfshdJ fhlopg;G> kz;zupg;G> fhLfspy; thOk; kf;fSf;fhd mr;RWj;jy;fs;> fdpa mfo;T eltbf;iffspypUe;jhd fly; mupg;G kw;Wk; #oy; khriltpd; mjpfupg;G vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;FfpwJ. ,yq;ifapYs;s gRik ,af;fkhdJ #oy; njhlu;ghd tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJk; #oy; ghJfhg;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F murpay; nry;thf;ifAk; rl;l topKiwfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJkhd epWtdq;fspd; $l;bizg;ghf fhzg;gLfpwJ. gRik ,af;fkhdJ fhLfs; kw;Wk; ePu; Nghd;w Njrpa nrhj;Jf;fis ghjpf;fpd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; rpy ntw;wpfis mile;jpUg;gjhf Ma;Tfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd@ ghJfhg;Gf;fshdJ ghupa cl;fl;likg;G jpl;lq;fs; kPJk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
7.6 tpahghuj;jpd; gjpypWf;if(a) ~gRik nghUl;fs;|. cly; Rj;jpfupg;G rtu;f;fhukhdJ xU re;ijf;
fUtpahf #oYldhd neUq;fpa njhlu;ig gad;gLj;JtijNa fk;gdpfs;tpUk;Gfpd;wd. jw;NghJ rpwg;G re;ijfshdJ ,aw;if rhu;e;j Rj;jpfupg;GnghUl;fisNa mjpfk; tpw;gid nra;fpd;wd.
(b) eilKiwfspyhd khw;wk;. vjpu;kiwahd tpsk;gug;gLj;jyhdJNkk;gLj;jy;fSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpwJ. nlhy;gpd;fspd; tho;tpw;FMgj;jhfTs;s kPd;gpb Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w fk;gdpfspypUe;jhdkPd;bd;fis Gwf;fzpf;fpd;w Efu;Nthupd; gpur;rhukhdJ kPd;gpb Kiwfspd;El;gq;fspyhd khw;wq;fSf;F ,lLr;nry;fpd;wJ.
(c) tiuaiwfs;. Efu;Nthu; #oy; xOq;fpd; eyDf;fhf mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifKiwia khw;Wtjw;F my;yJ fl;lzk; nrYj;Jtjw;F ve;jstpw;Fjahuhf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gjw;F tiuaiwahdJ fhzg;glyhk;.
(d) mwpTk; Fog;gKk;. Efu;Nthu; #oy; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf rupahdKiwapy; mwpT+l;lg;glhkypUf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf> ngUe;njhifahdkPs;Row;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhfpjkhdJ fhLfis Kiwahf Kfhiknra;tjpypUe;jhd (mjhtJ Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpf;F) kuq;fspypUe;Jcw;gj;jpnra;ag;gl;l fhfpjq;fshf ,yFthf khw;wg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,q;FgRik Fwpaply; njhlu;ghf ngUq;Fog;gk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(e) #oy; jhf;fj;jpd; kjpg;gPLfs;. fk;gdpfshdJ KbTg;nghUl;fiskhj;jpukd;wp mtu;fspd; cw;gj;jp nrad;KiwiaAk; kPsha;T nra;fpd;wdu;.
#oy; khriljiy nghWj;jtiu> muRf;fshdJ Fwpj;j gFjpfspy; mjpf ftdj;ijnrYj;j Ntz;batu;fshfTs;sdu;. fk;gdpfshdJ #oy; khriljiy ifahs;tjw;F tbtikf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW mstPLfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bAs;sdu;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 62
8.1 epWtd fl;likg;G
jfty; KiwikfSk; jfty; njhopy;El;gKk; etPd tpahghur; #oypd; mgptpUj;jpapy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf> etPd njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gkhdJ gutyhf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fis cUthf;FtJld; ntspaf fk;gdpapypUe;J gzpf;fku;j;jg;gl;l my;yJ mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l Copau;fSf;F jPu;khdnkLj;jiy gupkhw;Wtjw;F mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.
rpwpaJk; nray;ghLfspy; RWRWg;Gk; nfhz;lJkhd fk;gdpfis Nehf;fpa Nghf;fhdJ fhzg;gLfpwJ. nefpo;Tj;jd;ikAk; NtfKk; Nghl;b ed;ikf;F Kf;fpakhdjhf fhzg;gLtJ mjpfupj;JtUtij fhzf;$bajhAs;sJ. jfty; njhopy;El;gq;fspyhd Kd;Ndw;wq;fshdJ rpf;fyhd njhopw;ghl;L nrad;Kiwfspd; Ntfj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;F mDkjpg;gJld; gpd;D}l;ly; jfty;fis tpiuthf ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; cjTfpd;wJ.
8.1.1 cau;e;jJk; jl;ilahdJkhd epWtdq;fs;
,izak; Nghd;w jfty; KiwikfshdJ jl;ilahd> gutyhf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fspy; ,zf;fg;ghl;ilAk; xUikg;ghl;ilAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.
jl;ilahd fl;likg;Gf;fis Nehf;fpa Nghf;fhdJ Fwpj;j jpl;lq;fspd; kPJ rpwpa epWtdq;fs; ,ize;J cUthf;fpa $l;bizg;gpd; efu;tpd; %ykhd ~,yj;jpudpay; nghUshjhuj;jpdhy;| fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
8.1.2 epWtd fl;likg;Gk; jfty; KiwikfSk;
epWtdnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;Gk; me;epWtdj;jpd; jfty; Kiwik xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s KiwAk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;Ggl;litahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l KiwikfshdJ jiyik mYtyfj;jpYs;s fzpdp
8 epWtdq;fs; kPjhd njhopy;El;gj;jpd; jhf;fk; jfty; KiwikfSk; jfty; njhopy;El;gKk; jl;ilahd epWtd mjpfhug; gbKiwfisAk; gue;j fl;Lg;ghl;L tPr;rstpd; msitAk; Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wij cs;slf;fpa etPd tpahghu #oypd; mgptpUj;jpapy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ.
mikg;Gf;fs; kPjhd jfty;njhopEl;gj;jpd; gpw tpisTfs; cs;slf;Fgitahtd:
toikahd nrad;Kiw (ghupa njhiffs;> rpwe;j Ntfk;> kpfr;rupahd jd;ik)
,yf;f Kiw jfty;fSk; gjpTfis NgzYk;
Gjpa jpwd;fspd; Njitg;ghLk; Ntiyapyhd Gjpa topKiwfSk;
jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; kPjhd ek;gfj;jd;ik
thbf;ifahsu; Nritia toq;FtjpYk; njhlu;ghlypYkhd Gjpa Kiwfs;
,ilr;nraw;ghl;L jd;ikAk; (epWtd vy;iyfSf;fpilNaahd ,izg;ig Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ) jpwe;j KiwikfSk;
ngWkjpkpf;f tskhf jftypd; Njhw;wk;
nfhs;tdT nra;af;$ba> tpw;gid my;yJ gupkhw;wf;$ba nghUshf jftypd; Njhw;wk; (~jfty; re;ij|)
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
63CA Sri Lanka
epiyak; Nghd;w ikag;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s juTfis itj;jpUj;jYk; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jYkhFk;. juTfshdJ njhiytpYs;s (mjhtJ Gtpapay; uPjpahf gpupf;fg;gl;l) mYtyfq;fspYk; Vida ,lq;fspYkpUe;J ikag;gpuNjrq;fSf;F mDg;gg;gLk;.
gutyhf;fg;gl;l KiwikfshdJ ~kj;jpa| my;yJ ~jiyik mYtyfj;jpypUe;J| gy;NtWgl;l ,lq;fSf;F nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l
juT/jfty;fis nfhz;Lnry;fpwJ.
8.2 epWtdq;fs; kPjhd jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Vida tpisTfs;
8.2.1 tof;fkhd nrad;Kiwfs;
jfty; njhopy;El;gkhdJ rpwe;j Ntfj;jpYk; rupahfTk; mjpf njhiffspy; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F juTfis nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jf;$bajhAs;sJ.
8.2.2 vz;zpay; ghpghil Kiwj; jfty;fSk; gjpTfis NgzYk;
jfty; Nrkpg;Gk; gupkhw;wKk; fhfpjj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;lij tpl jw;NghJ ghupasT ,yf;fKiw mbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; gy kf;fs; Njitahd juTfis td; gpujpfshfTk; efy;fshfTk; ngwNt tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. fhfpj ghtidahdJ Fiwf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; fzpdp KiwikfshdJ fhfpj ghtidia ,d;Wk; Cf;Ftpj;Jf;nfhz;bUg;gij fhzf;$bajhAs;sJ.
Kfhik jfty;fspd; ,ay;Gk; juKk; khw;wkile;Js;sJ.
(a) Kfhikahsu;fs; mjpf jfty;fis ngwf;$batu;fshfTs;sdu; - cjhuzkhf> epu;thfj;Jiw KiwikapypUe;J. jftyhdJ fhfpj mbg;gilapyhd mwpf;iffis tpl jFe;j Neuj;jpYk;> kpfr;rupahd jd;ik> ek;gfj;jd;ik kw;Wk; Gjpa jfty;fshfTk; fhzg;gLtjhfTs;sJ.
(b) mjpf tpupthd jpl;lkplyhdJ khjpupfspd; gad;ghl;bD}lhf rhj;jpakhdjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ (c.k;. guk;gy; jhs;)
(c) fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd jfty;fshdJ cldbahf fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
(d) jPu;khdnkLj;jyhdJ rpwe;j jukhd juTfspd; tpisthf Nkk;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
8.2.3 njhopy; gpur;ridfs; (Employment issues)tpahghuj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; midj;J gFjpfSf;Fs;Sk; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; CLUty; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gjdhy; Copau;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; jw;NghJ jfty; njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;Jtjw;Nf tpUk;Gfpd;wdu; vd;gijNa fUJfpd;wJ. jfty; njhopy;El;g jpwd;fshdJ Njitg;gLtJld; Ntiyapy; Gjpa topKiwfshdJ ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
8.2.4 njhopy;El;g khw;wk; (Technological change)jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; kPjhd ek;gfj;jd;ikahdJ epWtdj;jpy; njhlu;r;rpahd khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. KiwikfshdJ rpy Mz;Lfspd; gpd;du; khw;wg;glf;$Lk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 64
8.2.5 thbf;ifahsu; Nrit (Customer service)jfty; njhopy;El;gkhdJ rpwe;j thbf;ifahsu; Nritia toq;Ftjw;F epWtdq;fSf;F JizGupfpd;wJ. thbf;ifahsu; juTj;jsq;fs;> kpd;dZ juT gupkhw;wk; (EDI)> ntspaf tiyaikg;G (extranet)> ,izaj;jsk; kw;Wk; juT mfo;T (data mining) Nghd;w midj;Jk; Nritkl;lq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F gpuNahfpf;fg;gl KbAk;.
8.2.6 jfty; re;ijfs;~jfty; re;ij| vd;w gjkhdJ jftyhdJ nfhs;tdTnra;J tpw;gid nra;a my;yJ gupkhw;wk; nra;af;$ba xU nghUshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;w Njhw;wg;ghl;bd; tsu;r;rpapidNa fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
jftyhdJ xU tskhf fhzg;gLtJld; mJ Vida tsq;fspd; gy ,ay;Gfis nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gJ mwpag;gl;l cz;ikahFk;. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;L Kiwahf Kfhiknra;ag;gl;l jftyhdJ epWtdj;jpw;F nfhz;Ltuf;$ba ed;ikfisj; njspTgLj;JtjhFk;.
8.2.7 njhlu;ghly;fspyhd mgptpUj;jpfs;(Developments in communications)njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gkhdJ jw;NghJs;s fzpdpfis tpl epWtdj;jpy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. kpd;dQ;ryhdJ ru;tNjr uPjpahd njhlu;ghliy tpiuthfTk; tpidj;jpwdhfTk; toq;FfpwJ.
Fuy;top mQ;ry; KiwikfshdJ njhlu;ghly; Neuj;jpYk; ,lj;jpYk;
nefpo;Tj;jd;ikia mDkjpf;fpwJ. fzpdp/njhiyNgrp xUq;fpizg;G
(computer telephone integration) KiwikfshdJ cs;tUif miog;Gf;fspd; ghijia ntspg;gLj;j KbAk; (,it epakkw;w tprhuizfshy; Fwpg;ghf
miog;gpYs;stu;fis tpuf;jpailar; nra;ayhk;). fzpdp/njhiyNgrp xUq;fpizg;ghdJ miog;gpYs;stu;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis jpul;lTk; Nrkpj;J itf;fTk; jdpg;gl;l njhlu;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk; mDkjpf;ff;$bajhAs;sJ.
fzpdp fye;Jiuahly; KiwikfSk; epWtd mwpf;if gyiffSk; Kiwahd kw;Wk; Kiwaw;w Mfpa ,U njhlu;ghly;fisAk; Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.
fhnzhsp fye;JiuahlyhdJ cyfpd; vg;ghfj;jpYKs;s kf;fspilNaahd NeUf;F Neu; njhlu;ghliy mDkjpf;fpd;wJ. fhnzhsp fye;JiuahlyhdJ NghJkhdjhftpUg;gjhf fUjg;gLkhapd;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nrythdJ Fiwf;fg;gl Kbak;.
8.3 jfty; njhopy;El;gKk; njhopyhsu; njhopy;nfhs;Nthu; cwTk;
Ntiyj;jsj;jpYs;s jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gue;j ghtidahdJ njhopyhsUf;Fk; njhopy;nfhs;NthUf;Fkpilapyhd cwit ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
fl;lisr; rq;fpypia gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd Njitia Fiwf;fpd;wJ
kpifahd jfty;fs;
Ntiyapd; ,ay;G
Gtpapay; ,l miktpid ftdj;jpy;nfhs;shj neUq;fpa tpahghuj; njhlu;Gfs;
mjpf nefpo;Tj;jd;ikahd gzp Vw;ghLfs;
rpwe;j fz;fhdpg;Gk; fl;Lg;ghLk;
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
65CA Sri Lanka
jl;ilahd epWtd fl;likg;ghdJ Ml;Fiwg;G Nghf;fpid Nehf;fp
nrd;Wnfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd Kfhikahsu;fSk;
Copau;fSk; gzp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpwhu;fs;.
8.4 tPl;bypUe;J gzpGhpjYk; Nkw;ghh;itAk;njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpyhd Kd;Ndw;wq;fshdJ mYtyfj;jpYs;s jdpegu;fspd; cz;ikahd gq;fspg;gpw;fhd Njitia rpy gzpfspy; Fiwf;fpd;wJ. ,J Fwpg;ghf fzpdpfis cs;slf;fpa gzpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(a) Copau;fs;> cjhuzkhf> tPl;by; juTfis gjpTnra;jiy cs;slf;fpagzpfis nra;ayhk;.
(b) fzpdpapYs;s juTfshdJ njhiynjhlu;G ,izg;gpD}lhf jiyikmYtyfj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gl KbAk;.
(c) Nfs;tp fhzg;gLk; Nghj rpy epWtdq;fs; Rje;jpu Ntiyahl;fisNtiyf;F mku;j;Jtjd; %yk; ed;ikfis milfpd;wd. ,e;jKiwikahJ ehspjs;fs; gpuRupg;gpy; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,J rpy Neuq;;fspy; tPl;Lg; gzpfs; vdg;gLfpwJ (my;yJ> rpy Neuq;fspy; jfty; njhopy;El;gq;fshdJ <LgLj;jg;gLfpd;w NghJ njhiynjhlu;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ). ,e; eilKiwahdJ Gjpjhdnjhd;wy;y. vdpDk; ,J epWtd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F nghJthf GjpjhfTs;sJ.
tpla Ma;T
Ml;Fiwg;ghdJ mz;ikapy; Vw;gl;lnjhd;wy;y. Mdhy; mJ tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> fk;gdpfshy; fLikahf gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
(a) epA+rpyhe;J tpkhd Nrit. 2005 ,w;F gpd;du; Mdhy; 2006k; Mz;bd;Muk;gj;jpy;> epA+rpyhe;J tpkhd NritahdJ mjd; tpkhd nghwpapay;JiwapypUe;J 110 njhopy;fis ePf;fpaJ. mjpfupj;JtUk;Nghl;bj;jd;ikapdhYk; jsk;gy; re;ijapdhYk; mJ 470 jiyik mYtyfnjhopy;fis iftpl;lJ.
(b) 2001 ,w;Fk; 2005 ,w;Fkpilapy;> Nuhy;]; nuha;]; fk;gdpapd; tpkhdg;nghwpapaypd; ngUk;ghyhd cw;gj;jp njhopw;ghLfshdJ `py;ypq;ldpypUe;J(,q;fpyhe;jpd; Nkw;F gFjpapypUe;J) ,d;rpdhDf;F (];fhl;yhe;jpYs;s rpwpafpuhkk;) khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; Copag;gilahdJ %d;wpy; xU gq;fhfFiwf;fg;gl;lJld; fk;gdpahdJ mjd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupj;jJ.
(c) If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpYs;s `hu;yp Nltpl;rd; fk;gdpahdJ mjd; fpisfspy;xd;wpYs;s cw;gj;jp fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia 27 ,ypUe;J 1tiu Fiwj;jJ.
,g; Nghf;fpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW.
(a) jfty; njhopDl;gkhdJ jfty; nrad;Kiw gzpapYs;s eLj;ju Kfhikahsu;fspd; gzp ePf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
(b) FO Ntiyia Nehf;fpa Nghf;F> ,jd; fhuzkhf nghWg;ghdJ Copau;fSf;F gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ. eLj;ju Kfhikahsu;fis newpg;gLj;jp fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gq;fpid Fiwf;fpwJ.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
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CA Sri Lanka 66
8.5 jfty; njhopy;El;g xg;ge;jg; Gw toq;fy;
xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jyhdJ ntspaf epWtdnkhd;wpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l njhopw;ghLfis my;yJ Nritfis xg;ge;jk; nra;tjhFk;. epWtdj;jpw;Fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w NtWgl;l fl;Lg;ghl;L kl;lq;fisf;nfhz;l gy;NtW tifahd xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jypw;fhd njupTfs; fpilf;ff; $bajhAs;sd. xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jyhdJ mD$yq;fisAk; (c.k;. cau; jpwd; nfhz;l egu;fspd; gad;ghL) gpujp$yq;fisAk; (c.k;. Fiwthd fl;Lg;ghL) nfhz;Ls;sJ.
xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jyhdJ ntspaf epWtdnkhd;wpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l njhopw;ghLfis my;yJ Nritfis xg;ge;jk; nra;tjhFk;.
8.5.1 xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jypd; tiffs;gpd;tUk; ml;ltidapy; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW> xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jyhdJ ehd;F ngUk; tifg;gLj;jyhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tifg;gLj;jy; tpguk;
Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhdJ epWtdkhdJ jfty; Kiwik/jfty; njhopy;El;g jpwd;fis mjpfupg;gjw;fhd FWfpafhy Njitg;ghl;il nfhz;bUf;Fk;. tpNrl nkd;nghUs; jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F FWfpafhy xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; nkd;nghUs; jpl;lkplyhsu;fis Ntiyf;fku;j;Jtij cjhuzkhf $wyhk;.
nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;Jtk; Fwpj;j jfty; Kiwik/jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpAk; epWTjYkhdJ ntspaf fk;gdpapypUe;Nj ngwg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf> Gjpa fzf;fPl;L Kiwik.
gFjpasthdJ rpy jfty; Kiwik/jfty; njhopy;El;g NritfshdJ ntspapypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. td;nghUs; guhkupg;G> tiyaikg;G Kfhikj;Jtk; my;yJ njhlu;r;rpahd ,izaj;js Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;git cjhuzq;fshf cs;slf;fg;gLfpwJ.
KOtJkhdJ ntspaf toq;Fdu;fs; epWtd jfty;
Kiwik/jfty; njhopy;El;g Nritfspd; ngUk;gFjpapid toq;Ffpd;wdu;@ c.k;. jfty; njhopDl;g cgfuzq;fs;> nkd;nghUs; kw;Wk; Copau;fSf;F %d;whk; egu; cupikahsuhf my;yJ nghWg;Gilatuhf fhzg;gLfpwhu;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
67CA Sri Lanka
8.5.2 Nrit Vw;ghl;bd; kl;lq;fs;
jfty; Kiwik/jfty; njhopy;El;g Nritfspd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpdJk; Vw;ghl;bdJk; msthdJ ,U epWtdq;fspd; jpwik kw;Wk; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;g %d;whk; egUf;F khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
(a) Neug; gfpu;T
tpw;gidahsu; Neug;gad;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapNyNa ntspaf nrad;KiwKiwikf;Fs; <LgLtjw;FNtz;lg;gLfpwhu;. nkd;nghUs; cilikahdJtpw;gidahsuplNkh my;yJ thbf;ifahsu; epWtdj;jplNkh fhzg;glyhk;.
(b) Nrit gzpafk;
Nrit gzpafkhdJ nghJthf xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopw;ghl;bd; kPNj ftdk;nrYj;JfpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; gzpafkhdJ rk;gsg;gl;bay; nrad;Kiw Nghd;wgy epWtdq;fSf;fhf xNu tifahd epGzj;Jt Nritia toq;fyhk;.,jdhy; epWtdq;fshdJ mtu;fspd; nrhe;j jfty; njhopy;El;gcl;fl;likg;gpid mgptpUj;jpnra;jpUg;gjd; fhuzkhf> gzpafj;jpd;gad;ghlhdJ Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(c) trjp Kfhikj;Jtk;
jfty; Kiwik/jfty; njhopy;El;g #oypy;> trjp Kfhikj;JtkhdJ
epWtd jfty; Kiwik/jfty; njhopy;El;g trjpfis Kfhiknra;fpd;wntspKftu; xUtiu cs;slf;FfpwJ. midj;J cgfuzq;fSk; nghJthfthbf;ifahsuplNk fhzg;gLk;. Mdhy; Fwpj;j Nritfis toq;Ftjw;Fk;Kfhiknra;tjw;Fkhd nghWg;ghdJ trjp Kfhikj;Jt fk;gdpaplNkfhzg;gLfpwJ.
gpd;tUk; ml;ltidahdJ NkNy tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;s xt;nthU xg;ge;j Nritmku;j;jy; Vw;ghLfspd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfis fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jy; Vw;ghL mk;rq;fs; Neu gfpu;T Nrit trjp Kfhikj;Jtk;
Kfhikj;Jt nghWg;G
ngUk;ghYk; njhlu;e;jpUj;jy;
rpy ePbj;jpUf;fpd;wJ
kpff;FiwthfNt ePbj;jpUf;fpd;wJ
ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;
njhopw;ghL nraw;ghL je;jpNuhghak;
Neu msT FWfpa fhyk; eLj;ju fhyk; ePz;l fhyk; epahag;gLj;Jjy; nryT
Nrkpg;Gfs; mjpf tpidj;jpwd;kpf;fJ
epGzj;Jtj;jpw;fhd EioT@ cau;ju Nrit toq;fy;. Kfhikj;JtkhdJ epGzj;Jtj;ij nfhz;Ls;s ,lq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jf; $bajhapUj;jy;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 68
8.5.3 xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lkh vd;gij jPu;khdpj;jy;xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jy; Vw;ghLfis Kfhiknra;jyhdJ vjid xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jy; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jPu;khdpj;jy;> toq;Fdu;fis njupTnra;jYk; Nguk;NgrYk; kw;Wk; toq;Fdu; cwtpid Kfhiknra;jy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;FfpwJ. Fwpj;j NritahdJ xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jy; nra;a Ntz;Lkh vd;gij jPu;khdpf;fpd;w NghJ gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fs; nghUj;jkhditahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(a) je;jpNuhgha KiwahdJ mtrpakhdjh? %d;whk; eguhd jfty;njhopy;El;g epGzu; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;ba cau;e;jgl;r tpahghuk; njhlu;ghdmwptpid mtu;fs; Ntz;Ltjd; fhuzkhf> je;jpuNuhgha jfty; KiwikahdJ xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jypw;F nghJthf nghUj;jkw;wjhfTs;sJ.
(b) KiwikahdJ XusT jdpg;gl;ljhf;fg;gl KbAkh? tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
,ilj;njhlu;Gfis kl;Lk; nfhz;l njhopw;ghLfshdJ mjhtJ
rk;gsg;gl;bay; Nghd;wit ,yFthf ntspaf fk;gdpfsplk; xg;ge;jk;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
(c) xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jy; Vw;ghl;il Kfhiknra;tjw;fhd Kiwik
njhlu;ghf NghJkhd tplaq;fis ehk; njupe;jpUf;fpd;Nwhkh?
epWtdnkhd;W njhopy;El;gk; njhlu;ghf kpff;Fiwe;j mwptpid
nfhz;bUf;Fkhapd;> mJ gzj;jpw;fhd ngWkjpiaAk; rpwe;j Nrit vij
cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ vd;gd gw;wp njupe;Jnfhs;tJ fbdkhdjhf
,Uf;fyhk;. mJ Vida egu;fSldhd cwit Kfhiknra;tjw;F Nkyjpf
epGziu Ntiyf;fku;j;j Ntz;ba mtrpaNkw;glyhk;.
(d) vkJ Njitg;ghLfis khw;w Ntz;bajhf cs;sjh? Njitg;ghLfshdJ
khw;wkilaf;$bajhf fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ epWtdq;fs; ePz;lfhy xg;ge;j
Nrit mku;j;jiy jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
(e) xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jYf;fhd KOr;nryTk; vd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;?
epWtdkhdJ toq;Fdu;fs; tpjpf;fpd;w fl;lzj;ij khj;jpuk;
ftdj;jpy;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUg;gjpy;iy. toq;FdUld; njhlu;ghly;
nra;tjw;fhd fpuak;> mtupd; eltbf;iffis fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd nryT>
el;lj;jpw;nfjpuhd fhg;GWjp nryT vd;gtw;iwAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
8.5.4 xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jypd; mD$yq;fs;
xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jypd; mD$yq;fs; gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(a) ngUk;ghYk; Kd;$l;bNa Fwpg;gplg;gl;l epiyahd tpiyahf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ePz;lfhy xg;ge;jkhff; fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jyhdJ fpuak; njhlu;ghd epr;rakw;w jd;ikia ePf;Ffpd;wJ. NritfshdJ tpidj;jpwdw;wjhf fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ> fpuaq;fshdJ trjp Kfhikj;Jt fk;gdpahy; nghWg;Ngw;fg;glhk;. ,JTk; jukhd Nritia toq;Ftjw;F %d;whk; egiu Cf;Ftpg;gjhfTs;sJ.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
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69CA Sri Lanka
(b) ePz;lfhy xg;ge;jq;fshdJ (gj;jhz;LfSf;F Nkyhdit) vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhdjpl;lq;fis Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd
(c) xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jyhdJ nghUshjhu rpf;fded;ikfisnfhz;Ltuyhk;. cjhuzkhf> trjp Kfhikj;Jt fk;gdpahdJ Gjpanjhopy;El;gq;fSf;fhd Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. ,jd;ed;ikfshdJ mtu;fspdJ thbf;ifahsu; fk;gdpfSf;Fk; fpilf;fyhk;.
(d) epGzj;Jt epWtdkhdJ jpwd;fisAk; mwpitAk; epiyepWj;jpf;nfhs;sKbfpd;wJ. gy epWtdq;fshdJ njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fismtu;fspd; jfty; njhopy;El;g Copau;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;fhd rpwe;j jfty;njhopy;El;g gFjpfis NghJkhdsT nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. jpwikahdCopau;fs; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; mtu;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd njhopy;fisngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhff;> Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpypUe;J tpyfyhk;.
(e) Gjpa jpwd;fSk; mwpTk; fpilf;ff;$bajhfTs;sJ. epGzj;Jt fk;gdpahdJgy thbf;ifahsu;fSf;fpilapy; Fwpj;j epGzj;Jtq;fis nfhz;lCopau;fis gfpu;e;Jnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ,J vt;tpj nryTkpy;yhkYk;Gjpatu;fis Ntiyf;fku;j;jNth my;yJ gioa Copau;fSf;FkPs;gapw;rpaspf;f Ntz;ba NjitAkpy;yhkYk; Gjpa mgptpUj;jpfspd;ed;ikia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F ntspaf fk;gdpia mDkjpf;fpd;wd.
(f) nefpo;Tj;jd;ik (mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;l xg;ge;jk;). tsq;fshdJ Nfs;tpapd;mbg;gilapNyNa cau;j;jg;glNth my;yJ Fiwf;fg;glNth nra;ayhk;;.cjhuzkhf> xU KiwikapypUe;J ,d;DnkhU Kiwikf;F ghupakhw;wj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ> Gjpa Kiwik rpwg;ghfnjhopw;gLtjw;fhf jfty; njhopy;El;g Copau;fSf;fhd Njitg;ghlhdJ,U klq;fhfyhk;. ntspaf fk;gdpahdJ xU jpl;l mbg;gilapNyNa mjd;Ntiyia ngUk;ghYk; Vw;ghLnra;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; rpy Copau;fs; xUnraw;wpl;lj;jpypUe;J kw;iwa nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l fhy,ilntspapy; khw;wg;gLtij vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;.
8.5.5 xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jypd; gpujp$yq;fs;
rpy rhj;jpakhd FiwghLfshdJ fPNo Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
(a) jfty;fSk; mjd; toq;fYk; tpahghuj;jpdJk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpdJk; xUKf;fpa gFjpahf fhzg;gLfpwjh vd;gJ tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ. mYtyfRj;jpfupg;G my;yJ czT toq;fiy Nghyy;yhJ> epWtd jfty;njhopy;El;g NritfshdJ ntspapy; xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gLtJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhftpUf;fyhk;. jftyhdJ Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhfTs;sJ.
(b) fk;gdpahdJ ,ufrpa jfty;fis nfhz;bUf;fyhk;@ mjid ntspegu;fs;
ifahs;tjw;F mDkjpg;gjhdJ tu;j;jf uPjpahfTk;/my;yJ rl;luPjpahfTk;Mgj;jhdjhFk;.
(c) %d;whk; egnuhUtu; jfty; Kiwik/jfty; njhopy;El;g Nritfisifahs;thu;fshapd;> Gjpa MNyhridfis Kd;itg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ GjpamgptpUj;jpfis njhlu;e;J Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Nfh cs;sf Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;Fvt;tpj nghWg;gspf;Fk; NjitiaAk; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhf>Nghl;b ed;ikia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fshdJjtwtplg;glyhk;. ,jdhy; %d;whk;egu; %ykhd VjhtJ Gjpa njhopy;El;gk;my;yJ gpuNahf fUtpfshdJ Nghl;b epWtdq;fSf;Fk;fpilf;ff;$bajhapUf;fyhk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 70
(d) epWtdnkhd;W jpUg;jpaw;w xg;ge;jnkhd;wpw;Fs;shd ,izg;gpy; fhzg;glyhk;. jPu;khdj;ij khw;WtJ kpff; fbdkhdnthd;whf fhzg;glyhk;. Nrit toq;Fdu; jpUg;jpaw;w Nrit kl;lq;fis toq;Fthuhapd;> epWtd nrhe;j fzpdpj; njhopw;ghl;il kPs; cUthf;Ftjw;F my;yJ kw;WnkhU toq;FdUf;F khw;Wtjw;F Vw;glf;$ba nryTk; Kaw;rpAkhdJ fzprkhdjhf fhzg;glf;$Lk;.
(e) ntspaf epWtdnkhd;iw gad;gLj;JjyhdJ Fwpj;j epWtdnkhd;wpw;Fs;
jfty; Kiwik/jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpyhd ed;ikfspdJk; Fwpj;jfpuaq;fspdJk; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it Cf;Ftpg;gjpy;iy. Kfhikahsu;fs;
cs;sf jfty; Kiwik/jfty; njhopy;El;g tsq;fis tpidj;jpwdhfKfhiknra;a KbahjpUf;Fkhapd;> mtu;fs; tpidj;jpwdhf ntspafxg;ge;j Nrit Vw;ghl;il Kfhiknra;a KbahJ Nghfyhk;.
9 g+Nfhs #oypd; Gjpa ,af;fhw;wy;fs;
9.1 ru;tNjr #oypyhd khw;wk;tpahghu #oypyhd khw;wq;fshdJ gy mgptpUj;jpfspd; %yk; Vw;gLfpwJ. rpy Kf;fpakhd mgptpUj;jpfshdJ fPNo gl;bayplg;gLfpwJ.
(a) tpahghu cyfkakhf;fyhdJ Nghl;bj;jd;ikapidAk; cyfk; KOtjpYkhd thbf;ifahsu; ngWifapidAk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. gy cs;ehl;L re;ijfshdJ epuk;gpAs;sjdhy; fk;gdpfshdJ cyfpd; ve;jnthU gFjpapYk; ,yFthf Nghl;baplf;$bajhAs;sJ.
(b) nryTfspd; Fiwg;gpd; tpisthf> Fwpg;ghf njhlu;ghly;fspYk; (,izaKk; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;El;gq;fSk;) Nghf;Ftuj;jpYkhd (Fwpg;ghf thd; Nghf;Ftuj;J) tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;g mgptpUj;jpfs;.
(c) gy;Njrpa ,izg;Gf;fs;> RtPfupg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; je;jpNuhgha cld;ghLfs;.
(d) ru;tNjr njhopw;rhiyfspdJk; ];jhgdq;fspdJk; tsu;r;rp.
(e) murpdJk; nghJkf;fspdJk; %ykhd tpahghu jPu;khdq;fspd; mjpfupf;fg;gl;l Ma;T.
(f) mjpfupj;j tpahghu jhuhskakhf;fy; kw;Wk; murpw;Fk; tpahghuj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd jsu;j;jg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghLk; $l;LwTkhdJ ru;tNjrre;ijfSf;fhd Eioit ,yFgLj;jpAs;sJ.
(g) ntspehLfspyhd xg;ge;j Nrit mku;j;jy;fs; cs;slq;fshf tpahghueilKiwfspyhd khw;wq;fs;.
cyfk; KOtjpYkhd khw;wq;fshdJ Fwpj;j tpahghuk; njhopw;gLfpd;w #oYf;F khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
cyfkakhf;fyhdJ cyfk; KOtjpYKs;s cw;gj;jp njhopw;ghLfisAk; re;ijfspd; mgptpUj;jpiaANk Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jd; xU tpisthdJ mgptpUj;jpaile;j nghUshjhuq;fis tpl mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; nghUshjhuq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; Fiwe;j cw;gj;jp fpuaq;fs; fpilf;ff;$bajhapUg;gjhFk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
71CA Sri Lanka
(h) fk;gdpfSf;Fk; mtu;fspd; Copau;> thbf;ifahsu;fs; kw;Wk; Vidagq;fhsu;fSf;Fkpilapyhd r%f tpahghu cwTfspyhd khw;wq;fs;.
9.2 cyfkakhf;fypd; Njhw;wk;
cyfkakhf;fy;: jPu;itfs;> Vw;Wkjp fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjp mDkjpg;gq;Ffs; Nghd;w ru;tNjr tpahghu jilfspd; Fiwg;gpD}lhf ru;tNjr nghUshjhu fl;lisfspd; mjpfupj;JtUk; ,izg;G> Nghl;;bj;jd;iik> rpwg;Gj;Nju;r;rp kw;Wk; ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfshy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l tpidj;jpwd;fs; %yk; ru;tNjr njhopw;gpupg;gpD}lhf %yg;nghUs; eyd; kw;Wk; nghUl;fs; Nritfis mjpfupg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
RUf;fkhf $Wtjhapd;> cyfkakhf;fypd; Njhw;wkhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;wpypUe;J Vw;gl;Ls;sJ:
(a) njhiyj;njhlu;ghlYk; thd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; cs;slq;fyhf> cyfk;KOtjpYkhd njhlu;ghlypd; tpUj;jp.
(b) ehLfs; tpahghuj;jpypUe;jhd rhj;jpakhd eyd;fis mDgtpg;gjw;FVJthf tpahghuj; jilfisf; iftpl;ljd; fhuzkhfehLfSf;fpilNaahd tpahghuj;jilfspd; ePf;fk;.
(c) murpay; khw;wj;jpdhy; gy nghUshjhuq;fs; ghuk;gupa my;yJ muRjpl;lkpl;l nghUshjhuq;fspypUe;J re;ij Kiwikia Nehf;fpefu;e;Js;sJ.
9.3 epWtd fpuaq;fs; kPjhd cyfkakhf;fypd; jhf;fq;fs;
%yg;nghUl;fspdJk; Copaj;jpdJk; fpuaq;fshdJ gy;NtW fhuzpfspd;fhuzkhf ehl;Lf;F ehL ngupJk; NtWgLfpwJ.
(a) rdj;njhid msT. rpy ehLfshdJ mjpf rdj;njhifapid nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd@ ,J Fiwe;j kl;lq;fspyhd $ypfSf;F ,lLr;nry;fpwJ.
(b) rpwe;j jpwd; mbg;gilapy;. rpy ehLfshdJ mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy;mUikahfTk; tpiy mjpfkhfTKs;s jpwd;fisf;nfhz;l gy egu;fiscUthf;Ftjw;F mtu;fspd; fy;tp Kiwikia tbtikj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
(c) rl;l NtWghLfs;.rpy ehLfspy; nryTfs; FiwthfTs;sd. Vnddpy;tpahghukhdJ tUlhe;j tpLKiw cupkk;> Copa Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; eyd;my;yJ cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;l Fiwe;jgl;r $yp Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf fl;lzk;nrYj;Jtij vjpu;ghu;g;gjpy;iy.
(d) tpNrl cjtp. tpahghuj;ij ftu;tjw;F Njrpa murhq;fkhdJ jhuhsnfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; KjyPl;bw;fhd khdpaq;fs; my;yJ fld;fistoq;FtJld;> cl;fl;likg;G trjpfisAk; ,ytr epyq;fis guprhfTk;toq;fyhk; (,it ntspthup nghUshjhu rpf;fdj;jpw;F cjhuzkhFk;).
(e) %yg;nghUl;fspdJk; Vida NritfspdJk; Fiwthd fpuaq;fs;.Fiwthd fpuaj;jpy; njhopw;rhiynahd;iw elhj;jpr;nry;tjhdJ $ypfs;kPjhd Nrkpg;Gf;F ,lLr;nry;tJld; Fiwe;j tpiyapyhd tYitAk;Vida cs;sPLfisAk; ngWtjw;F epWtdj;ij mDkjpf;fpd;wJ. Vnddpy;,j; njhopw;rhiyfSk; Fiwe;j fpuaq;fis mDgtpg;gjhFk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 72
Rs
RG
RD
TCD
TRD
,f;fhuzpfspd; tpisthdJ cw;gj;jpapd; epiyahd kw;Wk; khWk; nryTfs; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Fiwf;ff;$bajhAs;sJ.
cs;ehl;L epWtdkhdJ gpd;tUk; ,U topfspy; xd;wpd; %yk; ru;tNjr uPjpahf fpilf;ff;$bajhfTs;s Fiwe;j fpuaq;fspd; ed;ikia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. (a) mJ mq;F njhopw;rhiynahd;iw epWTtjd; %yk; Fiwe;j fpua
nghUshjhuj;jpw;F cw;gj;jpia ,lkhw;w KbtJld; mjd; cs;ehl;Lnjhopw;rhiyia %btplyhk;.
(b) mJ Fiwe;j fpuaj;ijf;nfhz;l ehl;bYs;s RahjPd epWtdnkhd;wpw;Fcw;gj;jpia xg;ge;jk; nra;ayhk;.
cU 2.2 epWtd fpuaq;fs; kPjhd cyfkakhf;fypd; jhf;fj;ij fhl;LfpwJ.
CG
xU
0 QD QG Quantity
cU 2.2: fpuaq;fspdJk; ntspaPl;bdJk; kPjhd cyfkakhf;fypd; jhf;fk;
cyfkakhf;fypD}lhf Fiwe;j fpua cw;gj;jp trjpfis ngWtjw;F Kd;dUk; gpd;dUkhd epWtd epiyikia fhl;LfpwJ. tpsf;fj;ij cU.9.2 ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf> ehk; ,ij Milfis cw;gj;jpnra;fpd;w njhopw;rhiyahf fUJNthk;.
nkhj;j tUkhd tiyapahdJ TRD ,y; khwhjpUg;gjhdJ> cw;gj;jpg;nghUshdJ cs;ehl;byh my;yJ ntspehl;byh cw;gj;jpnra;ag;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij cs;ehl;L thbf;ifahsu; ftdj;jpy;nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gijNa fhl;LfpwJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; epWtdkhdJ cs;ehl;L nkhj;j fpua tiyap TCD I vjpu;nfhs;fpwJ. ,J ntspaPL QD ,y; ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;JtJld; nkhj;j ,yhgk; RD ,ypUe;J nkhj;j nryT CD I fopj;J tUtjpy; nkhj;j tUkhdk; RD I cUthf;FfpwJ.
Fiwe;j fpuaj;ijAila ru;tNjr ,lj;jpy; mNj nghUl;fis cw;gj;jpnra;tjw;fhd fpuakhdJ nkhj;j fpua tisap TCG %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,t; tisapahdJ Fiwe;j epiyahd nryitAk; (,J fPo;Nehf;fp efu;tjd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ) Fiwe;j khWk; nryitAk; ( ,J TCD I tpl jho;thf fhzg;gLtjd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ) fhl;Ltij ftdpf;fTk;.
epWtdkhdJ Fiwe;j fpuaq;fSf;fhd ed;ikia ngWkhapd;> mJ ntspaPL QG ,w;F efu;tJld; RG ,ypUe;J CG I fopj;J tUtjw;F rkdhd ,yhgj;ij milfpwJ. cw;gj;jpapd; nkhj;j tpw;gidahdJ tpiyapyhd Fiwtpd; fhuzkhf mjpfupg;gij ftdpf;fTk;.
re;ijfshdJ ru;tNjr toq;Fdu;fsplkpUe;J Fiwthd fpuag; nghUl;fis nfhs;tdT nra;fpd;w Nghl;bahsu;fis nfhz;l tpiy Nghl;bj;jd;ikahdjhf khWkhapd;> ru;tNjr cw;gj;jpia nfhs;tdT nra;ahj epWtdq;fs; nghJthf Fiwe;j ,yhg epiyf;Fs; js;sg;glyhk;.
,jd; fhuzkhf Vida epWtdq;fshdJ Fiwe;j nryTila ,lj;jpw;F
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
73CA Sri Lanka
cw;gj;jpia efu;j;Jtjw;fhd J}z;Ljiy ngWtJld; ntspaPl;ilAk; mjpfupj;J tpiyfisAk; Fiwf;fyhk;.
cU 9.2 ,y; cs;ehl;L epWtdkhdJ CD cld; QD ,y; cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kaw;rpj;Jf;nfhz;bUg;gjhd epiyikia fhl;LfpwJ. Mdhy; Fiwe;jgl;r tpiyfis vjpu;nfhs;SjyhdJ RG ,y; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. mJ mjd; cw;gj;jpapd; vy;iyr;nrytpw;F fPNo ru;tNjr cw;gj;jpahsu;fshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l vy;iy tUkhdj;jpy; cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. mJ vy;iy myFfspd; kPNj el;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJld; ngUk;ghYk; el;lq;fs; midj;jpw;Fkhdjhf fhzg;glyhk;.
Fiwe;j fpuaq;fspd; ,g;gpizg;G> tpupthf;fg;gl;l re;ij njhiffs; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j tpiyfs; vd;gd gy cau; tUkhdKila nghUshjhuq;fspd; MilfSf;fhd re;ijapy; fhzf;$bajhAs;sJ. ,J Jtpr;rf;fu tz;bfs;> kpd; cgfuzq;fs;> ,irf;fUtpfs;> tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; gpsh];jpf; tpisahl;Lg;nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd re;ijfspYk; fhzf;$bajhAs;sJ.
9.4 eilKiwapy; cw;gj;jpapd; cyfkakhf;fy;
eilKiwapy;> epWtdq;fshdJ kpff; Fiwe;j nrytpy; nraw;glf;$ba ehLfSf;F mtu;fspd; cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwfspd; rpy gFjpfis ,lkhw;Wtjw;F Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> thbf;ifahsu; njhlu;G epWtdkhdJ (miog;G ikak;) xU ehl;bYk; gupkhw;w nrad;KiwfshdJ kw;nwhU ehl;bYk; cw;gj;jp nrad;KiwfshdJ %d;whtJ ehnlhd;wpYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
cw;gj;jp trjpfshdJ gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf Fwpj;j ehLfspy; mikf;fg;glyhk;. jPu;itfshy; ghJfhg;gspf;fg;gl;l re;ijfSf;fhd Eioit ngWtjw;F
Nghf;Ftuj;J nryTfis Fiwg;gjw;F
nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpapy; Njrpa my;yJ gpuhe;jpa NtWghLfis
gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjd; %yk; tpw;gidia tpupTgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;
Fiwthd Copa fpuaq;fspd; ed;ikia ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjd; %yk;
cw;gj;jp nryTfis Fiwg;gjw;Fk;
gpd;Ndhf;fpa epiyf;Fj;J xUq;fpizg;gpD}lhf toq;fiy ghJfhg;gjw;F
,J etPd epWtdj;jpd; gy ,ay;GfSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpwJ.
(a) ru;tNjr toq;fy; rq;fpypfs;: epWtdk; cyfk; KOtjpYkpUe;J nghUl;fismy;yJ ghfq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
(b) epWtdq;fspd; tiyaikg;G: epWtdkhdJ rpy eltbf;iffis jhkhfNtNkw;nfhs;fpwJ. Mdhy; mjd; Ntiyapd; Vida rpy gFjpfSf;fhfFiwe;j fpua toq;Fdu;fSld; xg;ge;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
(c) ru;tNjr $l;bizg;Gf;fs;: cs;ehl;L rl;lq;fshdJ ntspehl;L epWtdq;fs;ehl;bw;Fs; njhopw;rhiyfis nrhe;jkhf itj;jpUg;gjw;F mDkjpf;fhjNghJk;> ntspehl;L epWtdkhdJ njhopw;rhiyfis jpwg;gjw;fhfcs;ehl;L epWtdq;fSld; ,ize;J Gjpa $l;LKaw;rp tpahghuq;fiscUthf;Fk;.
9.5 %yjdr; re;ijfspd; cyfkakhf;fy;
cyfkakhf;fyhdJ xt;nthU ehl;bYKs;s %yjdr; re;ijfshdJ ru;tNjr uPjpahf xd;wpizf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;w nrad;KiwiaNa tpgupf;fpd;wJ. xd;wpizj;jy; nrad;KiwahdJ gy ehLfspYs;s re;ijfspd; jsu;j;jg;gl;l
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 74
fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;Js;s njhiyj;njhlu;ghly;fs; %yk; ,yFgLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xU ehl;by; toq;fg;gl;l ghJfhg;Gf;fshdJ cyfk; KOtjpYKs;s %yjdr; re;ijfspy; tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ,g;
Nghf;fhdJ> eh];lhf; (NASDAQ) Nghd;w re;ijfspy; epfo;e;jjd; fhuzkhf> ,yj;jpudpay; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s gq;Fguptu;j;jidfSf;fhf kl;Lk; mjpfupf;ff;$bajhAs;sJ.
ru;tNjr KjyPl;L eltbf;iffis jpl;lkpLfpd;w fk;gdpfSf;fhf (ntspehl;L Neub KjyPL vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ) ntspehl;L ehzaq;fspy; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;s epjpfspd; ngUe;njhifapid ,yFthdjhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bAs;sjdhy; mjpf gaDs;sjhf fhzg;gl KbAk;. me; epjpfshdJ A+Nuh ehza re;ijfspy; fpilf;fj;jf;fjhfTs;sJ. A+Nuh ehza re;ijfshdJ ru;tNjr tpahghu eltbf;iffs; kPjhd mjpfhug;G+u;tkhd fl;Lg;ghLfis jtpu;g;gjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ.
9.6 ntspehl;L KjyPl;bd; tbtq;fs;
ntspehl;L Neub KjyPlhdJ epWtdj;jpd; cs;ehl;L re;ijf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s tsu;r;rpf;fhd khw;wPl;il toq;FfpwJ. epWtdnkhd;W ru;tNjr mbg;gilapy; mjd; jw;Nghija njhopw;ghLfis gy;NtW ehLfspy; fpilahf tpupTgLj;jf;$Lk; (fpilahd xUq;fpizg;G). epiyf;Fj;jhd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ ntspehl;L %yg;nghUl;fs; my;yJ Kf;fpa %yq;fis ngWtjw;F (gpd;Ndhf;fpa xUq;fpizg;G) my;yJ Vida ehLfSf;F ,Wjp cw;gj;jpiaAk; tpepNahfj;ijAk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F (Kd;Ndhf;fpa xUq;fpizg;G) ntspehl;L Neub KjyPl;bD}lhf ru;tNjr gupkhzj;ij nfhz;bUf;ff;$Lk;. gy;tifg;gLj;jyhdJ ru;tNjr Mu;tj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd J}z;Ljiy toq;fyhk;.
9.7 cyfkakhf;fypd; tpisTfs;
cyfkakhf;fyhdJ nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;Fk; epiyahdjd;ikf;Fkhd Nfs;tpfsw;w khjpupahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; jw;NghJ ,J gw;wpa gy tpku;rdq;fs; vOe;Js;sd.
9.8 cyfkakhf;fYf;F rhu;ghd thjq;fs;(a) Gjpa tsu;r;rpaile;j re;ijfspd; Njhw;wk;> cjhuzkhf> Fiwe;j
mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(b) mjpf cw;gj;jpahsu;fSk; thbf;ifahsu;fSk; ru;tNjr re;ijia cUthf;fpajd; fhuzkhf mjpfupj;j Nghl;bj;jd;ik.
(c) rPdh Nghd;w Ke;ija Viog; nghUshjhuq;fspd; tsu;r;rp.
(d) ehLfSf;fpilNaahd tpahghu cld;ghLfSk; ,izg;Gf;fSk;.
(e) Vio ehLfSf;fhd ru;tNjr cjtpfSk; mtu;fspd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapy; toq;fg;gl;l cjtpfSk;.
(f) cyf nghUshjhu rkj;Jtk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
75CA Sri Lanka
9.9 cyfkakhf;fYf;F vjpuhd tpku;rdq;fs;
(a) cyfkakhf;fypd; gpujhd ];jhgdq;fshdJ G8 ehLfspd; (If;fpamnkupf;fh> ag;ghd;> N[u;kdp> fdlh> ,j;jhyp> gpuhd;];> ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk;u\;ah) $l;lhd jPu;khdq;fisNa gpd;gw;WtJld; mtw;wpd; kPNj mjpfftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,e; ehLfspd; nghUshjhu eyd;fSf;NfcjtpGupfpd;wd.
(b) tYkpf;f gy;Njrpa epWtdq;fSf;$lhf G20> cyf tq;fp kw;Wk; ru;tNjrehza epjpak; Nghd;wd ehLfspy; nghUshjhu nfhs;ifapidtpjpf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; mtu;fspd; epWtdq;fSf;Fs; ,e; ehLfspd;cz;ikahd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cs;slf;Ftjpy;iy. ,f; FiwthdnghWg;gspf;Fk; jd;ikahdJ ~ru;tNjr murhq;fkpy;yhj ru;tNjr Ml;rp|vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ (N[hrg;];bf;ypl;];> cyfkakhf;fYk; mjd;jpUg;jpapd;ikAk;).
(c) cyf tWikahdJ ,d;Wk; xU gpur;rpidahf fhzg;gLtJld; cyftq;fp> ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; kw;Wk; Vidatw;wpd; %yk; GFj;jg;gl;lnfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghd gy mr;rKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf>Mgpupf;fhtpw;fhd cjtpfis fl;Lg;gLj;JtJld; khdpaq;fspd; fPo;cw;gj;jpnra;ag;gLfpd;w Nkw;Fyf ,wf;FkjpfSf;fhd re;ijfisjpwg;gjhdJ cz;ikapy; rpy Vio ehLfis cUthf;FfpwJ.
(d) cyfpy; ePbj;j murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu ];juj;jd;ikfhzg;gLtjpy;iy. xU gFjpapd; nghUshjhuj;jpyhd rPu;FiothdJ>cjhuzkhf> njd; mnkupf;fh> Vida ehLfspy; ghupa tpisTfisVw;gLj;jf;$Lk;.
(e) midj;J ehLfSk; ru;tNjr eltbf;ifapy; <LgLtjpy;iy. gjpyhfFwpg;gpl;l rpy ehLfspd; FOf;fSf;fhd Nghf;fhdJ mjpfupj;JtUtjhfTs;sJ. nghJthf xNu gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; mike;Js;s ehLfshffhzg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf> INuhg;gpa kz;lyj;jpYs;s ehLfs;.
vt;thW mur nfhs;ifahdJ ehl;bd; kUe;J jahupg;G njhopw;Jiwia ghjpf;fyhk; vd;gij RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff?
(a) murhdJ Gjpa kUe;JfSf;fhd mq;fPfhuj;ij toq;f Ntz;Lk; (c.k;.mtu;fs; tpw;gid nra;tjw;F Kd;duhd ghJfhg;gpw;fhf).
(b) murhdJ mtu;fspd; Njrpa Rfhjhu Nritf;fhd kUe;JfSf;fhd gpujhdnfhs;tdthsuhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; mtu;fs; fzprkhd nfhs;tdTrf;jpia nfhz;bUg;gu;.
(c) Rfhjhu fy;tp nfhs;iffshdJ Efu;Nthu; Nfs;tpapid ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
(d) gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;fhd epjpAjtpahdJ Ml;Nru;g;gpw;fhd tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilia ghjpf;fpwJ.
tpdh mur nfhs;if
tpil
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(e) Ntiy Neuq;fs; Nghd;w njhopy; eilKiwfshdJ mur njhopy;fl;lisfs; %yk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
10.1 Nghl;bahsh;fs; vd;gth;fs; ahh;?
Nghl;bahsh; vd;gth; xU ifj;njhopy; my;yJ xNu tpahghuj;jpy; xj;j nghUis my;yJ Nritia toq;Fgth;
Nghl;b epiyikahdJ re;ijg;gq;F> nryT> tpiyfs; juk;> xU epWtdj;J jpul;lg;gl;l mDgtk; my;yJ Nghl;bAld; njhlh;Ggl;l cw;gj;jpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
epWtdkhdJ rhj;jpakhd Nghl;bahsh;fisf; nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL Nghl;bahsh; nraw;ghL mth;fsJ ,yhgj;jpYk; rhj;jpakhd jhf;fj;ij nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf Nghl;bahsh; tpiyf;Fiw mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; my;yJ re;ij gq;if mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd fth;r;rpfukhd tpsk;gu rq;fq;fs; my;yJ Gjpa cw;gj;jpia Muk;gj;jpy; epWtdk; ,J gw;wp vr;rhpf;ifahf ,Ue;jhy; mjw;F nghWg;ghspf;f KbAk;.
epWtdkhdJ eilKiwapYs;s Nghl;bahsh;fs; ahh; vd;gij njspthf tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J cldbahf njspthd FOittpl cah;thdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. NfhNfhNfhyh> cjhuzkhf gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;fhd Nghl;baplyhk;.
Nfhyh re;ijapy; ngg;rp> nrhe;j tpahghuf; Fwpapy; rpy;yiw th;j;jfh;fs;
vy;yh Vida Fsph;ghdq;fs;
NjdPh; kw;Wk; Nfhg;gp
nfhNfh NfhyhtpDila jiyik epiwNtw;Wk; mjpfhhp gpujhd Nghl;bahsh;Foha;ePh; Vida kw;w tiutpyf;fzq;fs;
10.1.1 Nghl;bahsh;fspd; tiffs;
nfhl;yh; 4 tifahd Nghl;bahsh;fis gl;bay;gLj;jpAs;shh;. (a) tpahghuf;Fwp Nghl;bahsh;> ,J xNu epWtdq;fs; toq;Fk; xNu
jahhpg;Gf;fshFk;. cjhuzkhf kf;nlhdhy;l; kw;Wk; Ntff; rpq;f;
(b) ifj;njhopy; Nghl;bahsh;fs; xNu cw;gj;jpfs; Mdhy; Vida topfspy;
10 Nghl;bahsh;fSk; mikg;gpd; kPjhd mth;fsJ jhf;fKk;
mikg;Gf;fs; jkJ Nghl;bahsh;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J> mth;fsJ vjph;fhy ,yf;Ffs;> vLNfhs;fs;> ,atsTfs; kw;Wk; #o;epiyfspd; mbg;gilapy; vt;thW Jyq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd khjphpfisAk; Rl;baikj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Kfhikf; fzf;fhsuJ El;gq;fs; Nghl;bahsh; gFg;gha;tpy; cjTtNjhL (c-k; Muha;tjdhy; vt;thW Nghl;bahsh; nryTf;fl;likg;G mth;fSf;F fpilf;fj;jf;f njhpTfshy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ) gy;NtWgl;l El;gf;fspd; jhf;fq;fisAk; khjphpaikf;f cjTk;.
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NtWgl;ljhf fhzg;gLk;. mitahtd Gtpapy; epjpahd re;ijfs; my;yJ cw;gj;jpfspd; vy;iy.
(c) nghJthd Nghl;bahsh;fs;> ,th;fs; xNutifahd nrytplj;jf;f tUkhdKilath;fshf NtWgl;l jahhpg;Gfshf fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf tPl;L tpUj;jpAk; ntspehl;L tpLKiwfSk;.
(d) tFg;Gg; Nghl;bahsh;fs;> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f njhopDl;g NtWghl;Lld; gz;lq;fis toq;Fth;. Mdhy; mJ xNu Njitia jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;Fk;. cjhuzk; jPg;ngl;b jahhpg;ghsh;fs; kw;Wk; rpful; rhiy cw;gj;jp nra;gth;fs;.
10.2 Nghl;bahsh; gFg;gha;T
Nghl;bahsh; gFg;gha;Tvd;gJ gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdk; njhlh;ghd milahsg;gLj;jYk; njhifg;gLj;jYkhFk;. Nghl;bahsh; my;yJ rhj;jpakhd Nghl;bahsh;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ) mJ ntw;wpfukhd Nghl;b El;gj;ij tpUj;jp nra;Ak; xd;whfTk; fhzg;gLk;
xU Kf;fpa Muk;g khwpahf njhopy; fl;likg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Jz;L Jz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;l gy rpwpa Jz;lq;fis nfhz;l epWtdq;fs; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf kpfTk; Nghl;bAilajhf ,Uf;f tha;g;gpy;iy vd;gjdhy; ngUk;ghyhd epWtdq;fs; xU rpwpa mstpyhd nghUl;fs; kPNj Kf;fpa je;jpNuhghaj;ij nfhz;LbUf;Fk;.
ifj;njhopy;fSf;F ,e;epiyik khwhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mq;F rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd epWtdq;fs; re;ijg;gq;F Kaw;rpapy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JtNjhL epWtdj;jpdJ nryTf; fl;likg;igAk; jPh;khdpf;Fk; (nryT jiyik)
Nghl;bahsh; gFg;gha;it ftdj;jpy; nfhs;Sk;NghJ xU epWtdk; ehd;F fhuzq;fis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
fhuzp fUj;J Nghl;bahsh;fsJ ,yf;F(epWtdk; KOjhf ,Ug;gjhf tpahghu myfhfTk;)
tpahghhj;jpd; Clhf Fwpf;fg;gLk; epjp ,yf;Ffs;vit?
Mgj;J njhlh;ghd Nghl;bahsh; kdg;ghq;F ahJ?
Kfhikj;Jt ek;gpf;if mjdJ ,yf;ifghjpf;Fkh? (c-k; epWtdk; re;ij jiytuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;)
epWtd fl;likg;G : njhopw;ghl;L gFjpapy; rhh;gsTepiy vd;d?
Xhplj;jpy; Cf;Ftpg;G Kiw vd;d?
Kfhikahsh;fs; vit tpUk;Gth;? mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU je;jpNuhgha tpirr; rhh;ghf ,Ug;ghh;fsh
ve;jstpw;F tpahghuk; xU FOtpd; gFjpahf,Ue;jhy; Vida FOf;fsJ tpahghu FWf;Fkhdpak; fhzg;gLk;?
ifj;njhopy; njhlh;ghf Nghl;bahsh;fsJ vLNfhs
ifj;njhopy; njhlh;ghf Nghl;bahsh;fsJ Nghl;bgw;wpa ek;gpf;if. (fpuak;> juk; njhlh;ghf)?
Kfhikahdh;fs; ghpyspf;ff;#ba NjhtJ fhyhrhu
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kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa hPjpahd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth?
Vd; Nghl;bahsh;fs; ifj;njhopypd; vjph;fhyk; gw;wpa ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;whh;fs??
Nghl;bahsh;fs; ifj;njhopypdJ ghuk;ghpa mwpit
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whh;fsh ?Nghl;bahsh; eilKiw rhj;jpa epiyikAk; je;jpNuhghaKk;
gq;fPL
nraw;gLj;jy;
KO nkhj;j nryT
ijg;gLj;jYk; tpw;gidAk;
epjpapay; gyk;
epWtdk;
Muha;r;rpAk; nghwpapaYk;
Kfhikj;jpdh; nraw;ghL
cw;gj;jpfs;
Nghl;bahsuJ ,aYik
Nghl;bahsh;fsJ Kf;fpa jpwik. NtW thh;j;ijapy; $wpd;> Nghl;bahsh;fs; vjid jpwk;glr; nra;th;?
Nghl;bahsh;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l re;ijia tphpgLj;jf;#ba jpwikia nfhz;Ls;shh;fsh?
Nghl;bahsh; nrad;Kiwapy; vj;jifa ed;ik
jPikfs; fhzg;gLfp;dwd?
10.2.1 re;ij msT re;ij tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; re;ijg;gq;F
Nghl;bahsh;fis gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; NghJ re;ijAld; njhlh;Ggl;l %d;W
njhlh;Gs;s vz;zf;fUf;fis NtWgLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
(a) re;ij msT :vy;iy – Nghl;bahsh;fsJk; nkhj;j tpw;gid msT my;yJtpw;gid ngWkjpapy; mbg;gilapy; re;ij msT gw;wpa rpe;jidianghWj;jy; gads;sjhf mikAk;. rpy Neuq;fspy; re;ijia tiuaWj;Jep&gpg;gJ fbdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
(b) re;ij tsh;r;rp : Nghl;bahsh;fs; gw;wp gFg;gha;T nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kf;fpa tplakhf mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; vt;tsTNtfkhf re;ij tsh;e;Js;sJ : Fwpg;ghf Kd;ida Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhfvd;gjhFk;;. fk;gdpapdJ je;jpNuhghak; Jhpj tsh;r;rpailjypy; <Lgly;my;yJ gbg;gbahf tpUj;jpailjy; re;ij gw;wpa jPh;khdnkLj;jiyg;ghjpf;Fk;.
(c) re;ijg;gq;F : re;ijg;ghq;F vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpdhy; toq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;
re;ij tpfpjkhFk;. mjpfhpf;Fk; re;ijg;gq;fhdJ Nfs;tp mjpfhpg;gijg;Nghd;WmikaNtz;Lnkd;w mtrpaky;y re;ijahdJ mjpfhpj;j vz;zpf;ifapyhdNghl;bahsh; mjDs; tUtjdhy; re;ij tsh;r;rpailAk; epWtdnkhd;wpdJre;ijg;gq;fhdJ epWtdkhdJ jhdhfNt tsh;r;rpaile;jhYk; FiwtilAk;.,J nghJthf nghpaij itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf xU je;jpNuhgha ed;ikahfTk;Fwpg;gpl;l re;ijapdJ tsUk;gq;fhdJ gy;NtW fhuzpfshYk; Vw;gLk; vdfUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
(i) msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdq;fs;
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(ii) epuk;gyhsh; kPjhd nry;thf;F
(iii) tpiyfs; kPjhd ghhpa nry;thf;F
10.2.2 Nghl;bahsh; Jyq;fy; fl;likg;G
,itaidj;Jk; xU Nghl;bahsh; gpujpgypg;G Ratpguj;jpy; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J nghl;bahsh;fsJ gytPdk; kw;Wk; rhpahd Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd fsj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. nfhl;yh; ehd;F gpujpgypg;G tpguf; Fwpg;Gf;fis gl;baypLfpd;whh;.
Jyq;fy; fhl;lhj gpd;dilthd Nghl;bahsh;
vjph; eltbf;if fhl;Lk; Gyp midj;J vjph;j;jpir efh;TfSf;Fk; fLikahdJyq;fiyf; fhl;Lk;
njhpTnra;j elj;ijAs;s Nghl;bahsh;fs; vy;yh re;ijfspYk; vy;yhre;ijfsJ mr;RWj;jy;fSf;Fk; Jyq;fy; fhl;lhJ> rpy eltbf;iffSf;Fkhj;jpuk; jq;fsJ Jyq;fiyf; fhl;LfpwJ.
fzpf;fKbahj Nghl;bahsh; vjph;T$w Kbahjtuhfpd;whh;.
,t; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l Ratpguq;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fs; rpf;fy; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. mij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtNjhL Nghl;bahsh;fsJ xl;L nkhj;j je;jpNuhghaj;ij vt;thW nghUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
je;jpNuhghaj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty;fs; gpd;tUk; %yq;fspypUe;J Nrfhpf;fg;gLk;.
epjp rhh; $w;Wf;fs;
nghJ thbf;ifahsh; kw;Wk; toq;fyhsh;fsplkpUjhd jfty;fs;
Nghl;bahsh;fsJ jahhpg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa ghprpyid
Kd;ida njhopyhspfsplkpUe;jhd jfty;fs;
njhopy; tpsk;guq;fs;
10.2.3 Nghl;b Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplaq;fs; Nghd;w epWtdk; nfhz;Ls;s xj;j je;jpNuhghaq;fspd; NghJ Nghl;b epWtdq;fs; jPtpukhf ,Uf;f tha;g;Gf; fhzg;gLk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopDl;gk; • Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs;
toq;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs; • Gtpapay; gug;ngy;iy
gq;fPl;L topKiwfs;
jw;Nghija jahhpg;Gf;fs; Vida gFjpfspy; xj;j NtWgl;l gFjpfspy; ey;y tsh;e;J tUk; Nghl;bfshf ,Uf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf khf;];
&];ngd;rh;>UK mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l nrhe;j tpahghuf; FwpiaAila rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsh;> nrhe;j tpahghuf; FwpiaAila czT tpw;gid
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11.1 Nghl;b je;jpNuhghaj;jpdu; Ie;J rf;jp khjphp
Nghl;b fye;Jiuahlypy; Nghf;l;lh; (Nghl;b je;jpNuhghak;) Nghl;bj; jd;ik gz;Gf; fhuzpfspilNa NtWgLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
(a) xU ifj;njhopy; Vidatw;Wld; xg;gpLjy; (cjhuzk; ,urhad
ifj;njhopiy rpy;yiw Milf; ifj;njhopYld; xg;gpLjy;)> rpy fhuzpfs;
xU ifj;njhopiy Vidatw;iw tpl rhj;jpakhd mjpf yhgj;ij
KOjstpy; ngwy; (cjhuzk; %yjdj;jpw;fhd nghpa ntFkjp fpilf;Fk;)
(b) Fwpg;gpl;l xU ifj;njhopYf;Fs;shd fhuzpfs; jdpnahU epWtdk;
njhpTnra;Ak; Nghl;bj; je;jpNuhghaq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;fyhk;.
Ie;J Nghl;br; rf;jpfs; xUifj;njhopy; Nghl;bj;jd;ikapy; xl;Lnkhj;j
ifj;njhopypd; ,yhgj;jpwid $l;lhf jPh;khdpf;Fk; (%yjdj;jpw;fhd ePz;lfhy
mjhtJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; tpisT)
Gjpa tUiffshy; ifj;njhopYf;fhd mr;RWj;jy;
gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; mr;RWj;jy;
thbf;ifahsh; Nguk;NgRk; Mw;wy;
epuk;gyhsh; Nguk; NgRk; Mw;wy;
ifj;njhopypYs;s jw;Nghija Nghl;bahsh;fspilNaahd Nghl;b
Nghl;br; #oy; Ie;J rf;jpfshy; fl;likf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tUif jil>
gjpyPl;Lg;nghUl;fs;> thbf;ifahshpd; Nguk;NgRk; Mw;wy;> toq;fyhshpd;
Nguk;NgRk; Mw;wy;> Nghl;bapy; Nghl;b.
11 Nghl;br; rf;jpfs;
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tiuglk; 111.1 Nghh;l;luJ Ie;J rf;jpfs;
11.2 Gjpa cs;tUdh; mr;RWj;jy; (kw;Wk; mth;fis ntspNaitj;jpUg;gjw;fhd cs;tUif jil)
ifj;njhopYf;Fs;shd GjpatUif Nkyjpf ,aysitf; nfhz;L tUtNjhL mjpf Nghl;biaAk; nfhz;LtUk; ,t;tr;RWj;jypd; gyk; ifj;njhopYf;F ifj;njhopy; NtWgLtNjhL ,uz;L tplaq;fspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
cs;tUif jilapd; typik tUifj;jil Gjpa tUifia
Cf;Ftpf;fkhl;lhJ.
Gjpa tUiff;F ,Uf;fpd;w Nghl;bahsh; nghWg;ghshpd; Nghl;bahsh;
gFg;gha;it ftdj;jpy; nfhs;Sk;NghJ xU epWtdk; ehd;F fhuzpfis
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
11.3 gjpyPl;Lg; nghUl;fspypUe;jhd mr;RWj;jy;
Vida ifj;njhopy;fspdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUl;fs; xNu thbf;ifahsh; Njitfis jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk;
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11.4 thbf;ifahsh; Nguk; NgRk; rf;jp
thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F Fiwe;j tpiyapy; rpwe;j juKila gz;lq;fSk; NritfSk; Njit. ,j;Njitia jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk;NghJ ifj;njhopypd; epuk;gyhsh;fspd; ,yhgj;jpwid tPo;r;rpailar; nra;ayhk;. thbf;ifahsuJ gyj;jpdJ epiyikahtJ gy fhuzpfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
thbf;ifahsh; thq;Ffpd;w msT
thbf;ifahsuJ nrhe;j tpahghuj;jpw;F vt;thW tpjpfs; tpkh;rdj;jpw;Fs;shfpd;wJ.
khw;wj;jpw;fhd nryT (cjhuzk; epuk;gyhsh; khWtjw;fhd nryT)
jukhd nghUl;fsh my;yJ rpwg;ghdjh ( vdNt ,yFthf efuf;$baJ)
thbf;ifahshuJ nrhe;j ,yhgj;jd;ik : Fiwe;j ,yhgj;ijNkw;nfhs;Sk; thbf;ifahsh; epuk;gyhsh;fsplkpUe;jhd Fiwe;j tpiyf;Fjs;sg;gLth;.
epuk;gyhsh;fis fle;J nry;Yk; Efh;NthuJ Mw;wy; (my;yJ epuk;gyhsiuvLj;jy;)
thbf;ifahsh;fsJ thq;Fk; jpwd; my;yJ Efh;NthuJ tpiy tpopg;Gzh;T
Efh;NthUf;F nghUspd; juk; Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ tpiy gw;wpaczh;T Fiwthf ,Ug;gNjhL mjdhy; ifj ;njhopy; mjpfyhgKilajhffhzg;glyhk;.
11.5 toq;Fdh; Nguk;NgRk; Mw;wy;
toq;Fdh;fs; cah;tpiyf;fhd mOj;jq;fis gad;gLj;j KbAk;. cah; tpiyfisg; ngWtjw;fhf toq;Fdh;fspd; jpwik gy;NtW fhuzpfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L ifj;njhopYf;fhd jd;dfj;Nj toq;Fdh;fs;.jdpAhpik kw;Wk; rpyUhpik tpiyfis khw;wf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wjh.
epuk;gyhsh;fspd; ifj;njhopYf;fhd Gjpa tUif my;y gpujpaPl;Lg;nghUl;fspd; mr;RWj;jy;.
ifj;njhopYf;F ntspNa epuk;gyhsh;fs; Vida thbf;ifahsh;fisitj;jpUf;fpd;whh;fsh vd;gNjhL mth;fsJ ngUk;ghyhd tpw;gidf;fhfifj;njhopypy; jq;fpapUf;ff; $lhJ.
thbf;ifahsh; rpe;jidapy; epuk;gyhshpd; cw;gj;jpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
thq;Fgth;fs; Njitiag; ngWtjw;F epuk;gyhsh;fs; NtWgLj;jg;gl;lnghUl;fis nfhz;Ls;sdh;.
thbf;ifahsh; khWk; nryit cah;thf nfhz;Ls;shh;fs;.
11.6 njhopw;JiwapYs;s jw;Nghija tzpfq;fspilNaahd Nghl;b
xU ifj;njhopYf;Fs;shd Nghl;bf;Fs;shd Nghl;b khw;wk; KO nkhj;j ifj;njhopypd; ,yhgj;jdpikiag; ghjpf;Fk;. Nghl;br; nraw;ghL tpiy Nghl;b> tpsk;gu Nghl;b tpahghu gjtpAah;T rq;fk;> re;ijf; fld; Gjpa cw;gj;jpfis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;> tpw;gidf;Fg; gpd;duhd Nrit my;yJ
cj;juthjk; toq;fy; my;yJ cj;juthjk; – vd;gtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;jy; Nghd;w tbtq;fisg; ngwyhk;. Nghl;bahdJ Nfs;tp kw;Wk; re;ij tphpthf;fk; my;yJ khw;wkw;w Nfs;tpia ePf;fy; ,e;epiyikfspy; jdpegh; Nghl;bahsh;fs; nryitf; Fiwg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf Fiwe;j gzj;ij gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd epiyahd %yk; xUq;fpizf;f KbAk;.
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
83CA Sri Lanka
mikg;G vd;gJ Xh; Kiwik vd;Dk; tifapy;> mjd; kPJ cs;thhpahf kw;Wk;ntspthhpahf jhf;fk; nrYj;jj;jf;f gy;NtW fhuzpfs; njhlh;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; mtrpakhFk;.
Kiwikrhh; mZFKiwahdJ mikg;Gf;fis mtw;wpd; nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk;R+oYldhd njhlu;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; gFg;gha;T nra;fpwJ.
xU jpwe;j Kiwik vd;gJ> mikg;ghdJ Rw;Wr;R+oypypUe;J cs;sPLfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJld;> mtw;iw (cs;sf nrad;Kiwfs; %yk;) Rw;Wr;R+oYf;F ntspaPLfshfkhw;WfpwJ.
mf;fiwjhuu;fs; vd;gJ mikg;gpd; kPJ Mu;tk; my;yJ 'mf;fiw" nfhz;l jdpegu;fs;kw;Wk; FOf;fs; Mth;. mth;fs; mikg;Gf;Fk; mjd; R+oYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xUKf;fpakhd ,ilj;njhlh;igg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wdh;.
mfr;R+oy; vd;gJ mikg;gpd; cg Kiwikfspd; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,izf;fg;gl;l cgKiwikfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
gzp kw;Wk; nghJr; R+oy;fs;> Neub kw;Wk; kiwKf eltbf;if R+oy;fs; kw;Wk;rpw;wpd kw;Wk; Nguz;lr; #oy;fs; Mfpatw;wpilNa NtWghLfs; tiuag;glyhk;.
rpw;wpdr; R+oy; vd;gJ toq;Fdh;fs;> Nghl;bahsu;fs;> thbf;ifahsu;fs;> gq;Fjhuu;fs;kw;Wk; ,ilepiyahsh;fs; cs;spl;l cldb nraw;ghl;Lr; R+oiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
gad;ghl;bYs;s xl;Lnkhj;j je;jpNuhgha Kfhikj;Jt Kiw vJthf ,Ue;jhYk;>ve;jnthU mikg;Gk; mJ nray;gLk; R+oypd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis fUj;jpy;vLj;Jf;nfhs;sj; jtwpdhy; mjd; Nehf;fq;fis miltJ rhj;jpakpy;iy.
murhq;ff; nfhs;ifahdJ nghUshjhu R+oy;> rl;lq;fspd; fl;likg;G> njhopw;Jiwf;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; rpy njhopw;ghl;L tplaq;fs; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ. murpay;cWjpaw;w jd;ikahdJ ,lUf;fhdNjhh; fhuzpahFk;. murpay; R+oYf;fhd NtWgl;lmZFKiwfs; ntt;NtW ehLfspy; gpuNahfpf;fg; gLfpd;wd. ru;tNjr tu;j;jfkhdJNkyjpf mk;rq;fshd ru;tNjr rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfspd; tiuaiwfSf;F cl;gl;lJ MFk;.
tzpfq;fs; tpopg;Gld; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba r%fg; Nghf;Ffshtd taJf; fl;likg;Gfs;>FLk;g tho;f;if tl;lk; kw;Wk; r%ff; fl;likg;Gfspd; gupzhkk; Mfpaitcs;sf;Fk;.
gy ehLfspy; fle;j rpy Mz;Lfspy; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd fyhr;rhu Nghf;FfshfRfhjhuk; njhlh;ghd ftdk;> ngz;fspd; khwptUk; epiy kw;Wk; mjpfhpj;j Rw;Wr;R+oy;tpopg;Gzu;T Mfpad cs;sd.
mikg;Gf;fspd; tupir Kiwfspidj; jl;ilahf;Fjy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; guk;gy;vy;iyfis tpupTgLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iw cf;Ftpf;Fk; tplaq;fs; cs;slq;fyhdetPd tzpfr; R+oypd; tsu;r;rpapy; jfty; mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; jfty; njhopy;El;gk;Mfpad Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tfpghfj;ijf; nfhz;L ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd.
mikg;Gf;fs; kPjhd jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gpw jhf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
– tof;fkhd nrad;Kiwahf;fk; (ghupa msTfs;> mjpNtfk;> mjpJy;ypak;)
– vz;zpay;Kiw jfty; kw;Wk; gjpT NgZjy;
– Gjpa jpwd;fspd; Njitg;ghL kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd Gjpa topfs;
– jfty; njhopEl;gk; kPjhd jq;fpapUf;if
– njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsu; Nrit toq;fYf;fhd Gjpa Kiwfs;
– ,ilj;njhlh;gpaq;Fjd;ik (mikg;G vy;iyfspilNa xj;Jiog;ig Cf;Ftpj;jy;) kw;Wk; jpwe;j Kiwikfs;
– jftiy xU ngWkjpkpf;f tskhf Nehf;Fjy;
mj;jpaha ,uj
;jpr; RUf;fk;
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 84
– jfty;fis nfhs;tdT nra;aj;jf;f> tpw;fj;jf;f> my;yJ gupkhw;j;jf;f xUnghUshf Nehf;Fjy; ('jfty; re;ij')
cyfshtpa khw;wq;fs; tzpfq;fs; njhopw;gLk; R+oiy khw;wpaikj;Js;sd.
g+Nfhskakhf;fy; vd;gJ cynfq;fpYk; gue;Jgl;l tifapyhd re;ijfs; kw;Wk;cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspd; tsu;r;rpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jd; xU tpisthf>tpUj;jpaile;j nghUshjhuq;fis tpl tsh;e;JtUk; nghUshjhuq;fspy; cw;gj;jp nryTfs; fzprkhff; Fiwtile;Js;sd.
mikg;Gf;fs; jq;fs; Nghl;bahsu;fis gFg;gha;T nra;J mtu;fspd; vjpu;fhy,yf;Ffs;> mDkhdq;fs;> ,aw;jpwd; kw;Wk; jw;Nghija epiyik Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mth;fs; vt;thW nraw;glf;$Lk; vd;gjw;fhd khjpupfis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Kfhikf; fzf;fhsupd; El;gq;fs; Nghl;bahsu; gFg;gha;T (cjhuzkhf> xUNghl;bahsupd; fpuaf; fl;likg;G mtUf;Ff; fpilf;ff;$ba tpUg;gj; njhpTfisvt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ vd;gij gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk;) kw;Wk; NtWgl;lje;jpNuhghaq;fspd; jhf;fj;ij khjpupahf;Fjy; Mfpatw;wpy; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Nghl;br; R+oyhdJ Ie;J rf;jpfshy; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ: EioTf;fhd jilfs;;>gjpyPl;Lg; nghUl;fs;;> thbf;ifahsu;fspd; Nguk; NgRk; ty;yik> toq;Fdh;fsJ Nguk;NgRk; ty;yik kw;Wk; Nghl;b tzpfq;fs;
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
85CA Sri Lanka
1 mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gJ %ba KiwikfshFk;. rupah jtwh?
rup
jtW
2 ,ilntspia epug;gTk;.
------------------------------ mf;fiwjhuu;fs; vd;gJ mikg;gpd; nraw;ghLfspy; Neubahd mf;fiw nfhz;l> mikg;gpw;F ntspNa cs;s mf;fiwjhuu;fs; Mth;.
3 mikg;gpd; nghJthd R+oiy ghjpf;Fk; Kf;fpa rf;jpfs; ahit?
4 je;jpNuhgha cUthf;fy; nrad;Kiwapy; Rw;Wr;R+oy; gFg;gha;T nghUj;jg;ghlhdjhFk;. ,J cz;ikah ngha;ah?
5 xU fk;gdp mikg;gpd; kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; ehd;F tifahd rl;l fhuzpfisj; jUf.
6 jfty; njhopy;El;gk; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; ve;j %d;iw Cf;Ftpj;jJ?
A mikg;G Kfhiktupirfs; jl;ilahdJ
B fl;Lg;ghl;bd; tprhy msT mfykhf;fg;gl;lJ.
C tof;fkhd nrad;Kiwahf;f Ntiyfs; Fiwf;fg;gl;ld.
D kpf nrfpo;r;rpahd Ntiy Vw;ghLfs;
7 'g+Nfhskakhf;fy;' vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; vd;d?
8 'gzpr; R+oy;' vd;gJ mikg;gpd; kPJ Neubahd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tzpfr; R+oypd; gFjpfs; MFk;. rupah jtwh?
9 fPNo cs;s $w;wpy; cs;s ntw;wplq;fis mjd; fPNo cs;s ngl;bapy; cs;s nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp epug;gTk;.
(1) ............. Nghl;b rf;jpfs; xl;Lnkhj;j njhopy;JiwapdJk; (3) ……………iaf; $l;lhfj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; xU (2) ………… apd; Nghl;bapd; epiyapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
njhopw;Jiwf;fhd (4) …………………… mr;RWj;jy;
(5) …………………………………… mr;RWj;jy;
(6) …………………… ,d; (7) ………….. ty;yik
(8) …………… ,d; Nguk;Ngry; ty;yik
Vw;fdNTAs;s (9) ……………………….tzpfq;fspilNaahd (10) ………………………….. mr;RWj;jy;
njhopw;Jiw Ie;J ,yhgk; Gjpa cs;Eioth;
Nguk;Ngry; Nghl;bj;jd;ik gjpyPLfs; tzpfg; Nghl;bahsh;
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;rpg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 86
1 jtW. mikg;Gf;fs; mit Rw;Wr;R+oiyr; rhu;e;J ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; mit (ngsjPf> rl;l> r%f) vy;iyfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
2 njhlh;Ggl;l mf;fiwjhuu;fs; vd;gJ mikg;gpd; nraw;ghLfspy; Neub Mu;tk; nfhz;l mikg;gpw;F ntspNaAs;s mf;fiwjhuu;fs; Mth;.
3 murpay;-rl;l> nghUshjhu> r%f-fyhr;rhu> njhopy;El;g (PEST)
4 cz;ik. R+oy; vd;gJ xU mikg;igr; Rw;wpAs;s midj;JNkahFk;. vdNt mijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ je;jpNugha cUthf;f nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa cs;sPLfspy; xd;whFk;.
5 gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; VNjDk; ehd;F:nghJ rl;lf; fl;likg;G (c-k;: xg;ge;jk;) juTg; ghJfhg;G Fw;wtpay; re;ijg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid
fk;gdp ,aw;ifr; %oy; Ntiytha;g;G thpapay; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
6 rhpahd tpil A, B kw;Wk; D MFk;. jfty; njhopEl;gk; vd;gJ ngUksthsjuTfs; kpf tpiuthfTk;> mjpf Jy;ypaj; jd;ikAlDk; nra;d;Kiwg; gLj;jg;glj;jf;f KiwahFk;.
7 G+Nfhskakhf;fy; vd;gJ re;ijfspilNa Rje;jpukhd mZfiy tiuaWf;Fk; tpjpKiwfspd; ePf;fk; fhuzkhd th;j;jfk;> Copa efh;T kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpapid ehLfspilNa kPsiktplg;gLj;jy; MFk;.
8 cz;ik
9 (1) Ie;J (2) njhopw;Jiw (3) ,yhgk; (4) Gjpa Eioth;(5) gjpyPLfs; (6) N g u k ; N g ry ; (7) thbf;ifahsh; (8) toq;Fdh;fs;(9) tzpfg; Nghl;bahsh;fs; (10) Nghl;bahsh;fs;
BL 4 | mj;jpahak; 2: tzpfr; #oy;
Kd;Ndw;w guPl;irf;fhd tpilfs
Draft Version
newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G mwpKfk;
,e;j mj;jpahak; mikg;Grhh; newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;ig Nehf;FfpwJ.
newpKiwfs; vd;git vJ rupahdJ kw;Wk; vJ jtwhdJ vd;gJ gw;wpajhFk;> Mdhy; ,J rl;lj;Jldhd ,zf;fg;ghl;bypUe;J NtWgl;ljhFk;.
gpupT 1 ,y;> xU mikg;G jd;id topelhj;j Ntz;ba Kiwahd tzpf newpKiwfisf; fw;;fpNwhk;.
gpupT 2 r%fg; nghWg;igf; fw;gpf;fpwJ. ,J mikg;ghdJ gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Kfhikahf> mf;fiwjhuu;fSf;Fk; gue;jstpy; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; mkkg;Gf;fs; nra;a Ntz;ba flikiag; gw;wpajhFk;.
87
mwpTf; $W
1 tzpfk; kw;Wk; tzpf mikg;Gf;fSf;fhd mwpKfk;
1.1 mikg;gpd; #oYf;fhd mwpKfk;
1.1.6 mikg;Gf;fspd; newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fjy;
mj;jpaha
k;
Draft Version
88 CA Sri Lanka
1 newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; mikg;G
1.1 newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; tzpfk;
newpKiwfs; vJ rupahdJ kw;Wk; vJ jtwhdJ vd;gJld; Fwpj;jNthh; elj;ij ey;yjh nfl;ljh vd vt;thW jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjd; kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J ekJ tho;f;ifia ehk; vt;thW tho Ntz;Lk;> Fwpg;ghf> kw;wtu;fSld; ehk; vt;thW ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpajhFk;. tzpf tho;f;ifahdJ newpKiwrhh; rpf;fy; epiyikfspd; Xh; gad;kpf;f %ykhFk;> Vnddpy; mjd; KOikahd Nehf;fKNk fzprkhd Mjhaj;ijg; ngWjy; mjhtJ> ,yhgkiljyhFk;. tpahghuj;jpy; ntw;wpngWtjw;F kw;wth;fis tpl Kfhikahd epiyj;j jd;ikkpf;f> Mh;tk; kpf;f rhj;jpakhd jPtpu Njly; mtrpakhtJld;> tzpf egh;fs; mj;jifa ed;ikfis mila vij Ntz;LkhdhYk; nra;tjw;F ce;jg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
1.2 gFj;jwpT rhu;gw;w> newpKiw rhu;gpay; kw;Wk; cs;Szu;T
gFj;jwpT rhuh mZFKiwahdJ midj;J jhu;kPff; $w;Wf;fSNk mbg;gilapy; jdpg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fshfTk;> mit Ngr;rhsupd; fyhr;rhuk;> ek;gpf;if my;yJ czu;r;rpapypUe;J vOgitahf ,Ug;gjhfTk; $WfpwJ.
gFj;jwpT rhuh mZFKiwahdJ NtWgl;l fyhr;rhuq;fspy; epyTk; elj;ij tpjpfSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis Vw;gpirT nra;fpwJ. fyhr;rhu uPjpahf jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; rhp gpio njhlh;ghd Nehf;Ffs; newpKiw rhu;gpay; my;yJ jhu;kPf rhu;gpay;thjk; vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J ru;tNjr tzpf R+o;epiyfspy; Xh; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tplakhFk;. mth;fsJ nrhe;j tpjpKiwfspypUe;J fzprkhf NtWgLk; elj;ijrhh;e;j fyhr;rhu tpjpKiwfis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Kfhikahsu;fs;> vt;tifahd tipping; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlh;gpy; mwptjw;fhff; Fog;gkilaf; $Lk;.
newpKiwfs; vd;gJ vJ rupahdJ kw;Wk; vJ jtwhdJ vd;gJ gw;wajhFk;> Mdhy; mJ rl;lk; my;yJ rka tpjpfs; Nghd;wjy;y. newpKiwfSf;fhd gFj;jwpT tha;e;j mZFKiwfs; gf;fr;rhh;gw;w jhu;kPf cz;ikfs; epWtg;gl KbAk; vdf; fUJfpd;wd.
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fq;fs;
1 newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; mikg;G
2 r%fg; nghWg;G
fw;wy; ntspg;ghL
1.1.6
1.1.6
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 89
1.3 gFj;jwptpay;
newpKiwfSf;fhd gFj;jwpthw;wy; mZFKiwahdJ gf;fr; rhh;gw;w> cyfstpa hPjpapy; gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f jhu;kPf rj;jpaq;fs; fhzg;gLtJld; mit mwpe;J nfhs;sg;glyhk; vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mawkish; njhlu;ghf rl;lk; kw;Wk; kjk; Mfpatw;iwf; fw;w gpd;> ehk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba ehd;F Kf;fpakhd gFj;jwptpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; cs;sd.
(m) kjq;fs; cyfshtpa hPjpapy; gpuNahfpf;fg; glj;jf;f Nfhl;ghLfspd; fUj;ijmbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit> MdhYk; cz;ikapy; newpKiw rhh;gpay;mafias cUthf;Ftjw;F mbg;gilahd tifapy; mtw;Wf;F ,ilNANtWghLfs; fhzg;gLtjhy;> mit newpKiw elj;ijf;fhd ek;gfkhdtopfhl;bfshf fUjg;gl KbahJ. vJ rup vJ jtW vd;gij flTs; vt;thWjPu;khdpg;ghu; vd;W Nfl;gjd; %yk; ,e;j tplak; mZfg;glyhk;. kiwKfkhf>,J ntWk; tpUg;gj;njhpT my;yhJ> jhu;kPff; nfhs;iffs;njhlh;Ggl;litahFk;. ,e;j fhuzq;fis ekf;fhf Gupe;Jnfhs;tJk; mtw;iwekJ jhu;kPf newpKiwapd; mbg;gilahfg; gad;gLj;JtJNk KiwahdJ vd;gNj ,jd; cl;nghUshFk;.
(M) gFj;jwptpay; mawkish; kw;Wk; rl;lk; Mfpad ,izahditahfTk;>elj;ijfis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd ,ize;j tpjpfspd; KiwfshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;LNk> rupahd eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw tiuaWf;Fk; nfhs;iffs; kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;sd. ,Ug;gpDk;> mawkish; kw;Wk; rl;lk; ,uz;LNk xd;wy;y. rl;lkhdJ njsptw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> rl;lj;ijg; Nghyd;wp> newpKiwfs; epahakhd Kiwapy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpKiwfspy; mtw;wpd; gad;ghL Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; gw;wp tpthjj;jpw;fhd xU muq;fhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. rl;lk; epr;raj;jd;ikahdjhf ,Ug;gJld;> mjd; tpisthf mgpg;gpuhak; kw;Wk; tpthjj;jpw;F cl;gl;l elj;ijrhh; rpf;fy;fisf; ifahs;tJ fbdkhFk;. kw;nwhU NtWghL vd;dntdpy;> gy rl;l tpjpfs; newpKiwfSld; kpfj; njhiythd Kiwapy; njhlh;Ggl;Ls;sikahFk;. vt;thnwdpDk;> rpy ehLfspy; rpy rl;lq;fs; Fiwe;jgl;rk; tpthjj;jpw;Fhpa jhu;kPf me;j];ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
1.4 gpd;tpisT newpKiwfs;: gad;ghl;Lthjk;
newpKiwfSf;fhd gpd;tpisTthj mZFKiwahdJ tpisTfs; my;yJ ntspg;ghLfspd; Fwpg;gpLif %yk; eltbf;iffspd; gbg;Gfs; gw;wpa jhu;kPf RajPu;g;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mZFKiwahFk;. rup my;yJ jtW vd;gJ ed;ik my;yJ jPikfs; Fwpj;j Nfs;tpahFk;.
gad;ghl;LthjkhdJ nge;jk; (1823) vd;gtuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ> ,J ,e;j
mZFKiwapd; kpfr;rpwe;j R+j;jpukhtJld;> ,J 'kpfg;ngUk; rpwe;j” Nfhl;ghl;bd; RUf;fk; vdf; $wg;glyhk;. ,J eltbf;ifg; Nghf;ifj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; NghJ> mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fSf;F kpfr; rpwe;j ed;ikfisj; juf;$ba xd;iwNa Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $WfpwJ.
,q;Nf kf;fSf;F ey;yJ vJ vd;gij ehk; vt;thW tiuaWg;gJ vd;gJ gw;wpa xU cldbahd gpur;rpid fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rpWghd;ikapdu; kPjhd mjd; rhj;jpakhd tpisT fhuzkhf> gad;ghl;Lthj mZFKiwAk; Nfs;tpf;F cs;shf;fg;glyhk;. xU rpWghd;ikapdupilNa Jauj;ij cUthf;fp> mjd; fpuaj;jpy; xU ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; ngUk; kfpo;r;rpia milAk;
R+o;epiy 'kpfg;ngUk; rpwe;j” nfhs;ifiaj; jpUg;jp nra;Ak;. vdpDk;> ,J newpKiw hPjpahf tpUk;gj;jf;fjhf fUjg;gltpy;iy.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
90 CA Sri Lanka
,Ug;gpDk;> gad;ghl;LthjkhdJ elj;ijf;fhd xU gaDs;s topfhl;bahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J gue;j mstpyhd tpjpfisg; ngwg; gad;gLtJld;> jdpg;gl;l> jdpj;Jtkhd rpf;fy;fisg; gw;wpa RajPu;g;Gfis toq;f cjTtjw;fhf ,J gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
rpNu\;l KfhikahdJ ,af;Feu;fs; rig kw;Wk; ,af;Fdh; rigf;F Neubahf mwpf;ifapLk; gpw Kfhikahsu;fs; MfpNahiu cs;slf;Fk;. KO mikg;igAk; Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;Fk;> mjd; je;jpNuhghaj;ij cUthf;fTk;> tzpfj;jpd; tsh;r;rpj;jpirfs; Nehf;fpa jPh;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;Fk; mtu;fNs nghWg;G Mth;.
rpNu\;l KfhikahdJ fl;lhag;gLj;jTk; ntFkjp mspf;fTk;> kpf Kf;fpakhf> Copah;fs; njhlu;ghd jPh;khdq;fis vLf;fTk; mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
1.5 nghWg;Gzh;T newpKiwfs;
elj;ijf;fhd tpjpfis miltjw;fhf cyfshtpa newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; nghWg;Gzh;T (Deontology) mf;fiw
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Deontology vd;Dk; nrhy;yhdJ fpNuf;f nkhopapy; ,Ue;J
'flik” (Duty) vd;gjpypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. gpd;tpisT mZFKiwahdJ mtw;wpd; tpisTfshy; nray;fisj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; mNj Ntisapy;> nghWg;Gzh;T mZFKiwahdJ Kd;$l;bNa jPu;khdpf;fg;glj;jf;f Kd;$l;ba %yg;gpukhzq;fisf; $WfpwJ. fhd;l; ,d; (1780) gilg;gpy; nghWg;Gzh;T newpKiwfspd; cWjpahd ifahs;if fhzg;gLfpwJ.
cz;ikfisg; gw;wp ehk; jhu;kPf RajPu;g;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;lhy;> ehk; jPu;khdpf;Fk; %yg;gpukhzq;fs; cz;ikfspypUe;J jdpahditahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;W fhd;l; (1780) gupe;Jiuj;jhu;. %yg;gpukhzq;fs; jkf;Fs;NsNa vOtJld;> ey;ytw;wpd; jd;ik gw;wpa cs;Szu;T tpopg;Gzu;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit.
fhd;il (1780) nghWj;jtiuapy;> jhu;kPf elj;ijahdJ jpl;ltl;lkhd Njitg;ghLfshy; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk;> xU jpl;ltl;lkhd Njitg;ghlhdJ> tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gplhky; xU eltbf;ifg; Nghf;if tiuaWf;fpd;wJ. rpy topfspy; nraw;gLjy; rhpahdJ Mifahy;> ehk; mt;thNw nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk; - rupahd elj;ij vd;gJ jhdhfNt rhpahfTs;s xU KbT MFk;.
fhd;l; (1780) ehk; ghpr;rakhf mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba jpl;ltl;lkhd Njitg;ghl;lbd;; ,U R+j;jpuq;fisf; fz;lwpe;jhh;:
(m) kw;wtu;fis fz;ldk; nra;Ak; tifapy; xUNghJk; nraw;glyhfhJ.
(M) kf;fisj; Njitf;fhf khj;jpunkd vspikahfg; gad;gLj;jyhfhJ. (,Jkf;fis xU Njitia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhdNjhh; topKiwahfg;gad;gLj;Jtij ,J jLf;fhJ vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;f. mNjNtis>mth;fs; RahjPdkhdth;fs; vd topelhj;jg;gLtij Vw;gpirT nra;jy;ntz;Lk;. njspthf> mikg;GfSk; mNjNghy; r%fKk; $l kw;wtu;fs; %yk;jkJ Nritfisg; ngWtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jhJ nraw;gl KbahJ.)
1.6 ,aw;if rl;lk;
newpKiwfSf;fhd ,aw;ifahd rl;l mZFKiwahdJ> xU njhFjpahd
Fwpf;Nfhs; my;yJ ',aw;ifahd” jhu;kPf tpjpfs; fhzg;gLtJld;> ,e;j
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 91
tpjpfs; vd;d vd;gij ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk; vd;w fUj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sd. tzpf newpKiwfisg; nghWj;jtiu> ,aw;if rl;l mZFKiwfs; ngUk;ghYk; cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfSld; njhlu;GgLfpd;wd. cupik fhzg;gLk; ,lj;jpy;> me;j cupikia kjpf;f Ntz;ba flikAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Jujpu;\;ltrkhf> flikfisg; gw;wpa jhf;fq;fs; cupikfisg; NghyNt njspthf ,Ug;gJld;> cupikfs; Fwpj;j fUj;J NtWghL ePbf;Fk; gue;j gFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1.7 flik kw;Wk; tpisTfs;
mtw;wpd; J}a;ikahd tbtj;jpy;> ,aw;if rl;lj;jpd; flikfNsh my;yJ fhd;l;bd; (1780) jpl;ltl;lkhd Njitg;ghLfNsh vkJ nray;fspd; tpisTfis fUj;jpy; nfhs;tij mDkjpf;fhJ: ehk; nefpo;r;rpaw;w jhu;kPf tpjpfSf;Ff; fPo;g;gbtjdhy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l topapy; nraw;gLfpNwhk;.
Jujpu;\;ltrkhf> mj;jifa mZFKiwahdJ tpUk;gj;jfhj KbTfisf; nfhz;bUf;f KbAk;. ve;jnthU R+o;epiyiaAk; ehk; kjpf;f Ntz;ba KOikahd cupikfis kf;fs; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> mt;thW nra;tjpy; ekJ eltbf;iffs; nghJthd ed;ikf;F jPq;F tpistpg;gijf; fhzyhk;. gpizapy; tpLtpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; xU Fw;wk; Ghpe;j egu; ,jw;fhd xU cjhuzk; MFk;. nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd rhj;jpakhd mr;RWj;jyhdJ jdpegupd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd cupikf;F vjpuhf rkg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; tpisthf> gpd;tpisTthj mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilapyhd eltbf;ifj; njhlh;fSf;Fk;;> nghWg;Gzh;T my;yJ ,aw;if rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd eltbf;ifj; njhlh;fSf;Fk; ,ilayp; Kuz;ghLfSf;fhd rhj;jpak; ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jdpg;gl;l tplaq;fs; tpthjj;ijj; J}z;Ltjhf mikAk;NghJ> elj;ijf;fhd nefpo;tw;w tpjpfSf;fhd xU mZFKiwahdJ newpKiwrhh; rq;flq;fis cUthf;ff;$Lk; vd;W $WtJ epahakhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. thjq;fs; vjpu; jpirfspy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLk; NghJ vd;d nra;tJ vd;gijj; jPu;khdpg;gJ vg;NghJNk fbdkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> nghJthf vq;fSf;F xd;Wk; nra;ahJ ,Ug;gjw;fhd njhpT fpilahJ. kpff; Fwpg;ghf> tzpfj;jpy; ,J cz;ikahFk;.
1.8 ey;nyhOf;f newpKiwfs;
ey;nyhOf;f newpKiw mZFKiwahdJ xU ,zf;fkhd my;yJ ey;nyhOf;fkhd tho;f;ifiag; gpd;gw;WtijAk;> ey;y tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghd gFj;jwpTrhh; RajPu;g;igAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;l msTf;F> ,J ve;jtpjkhd jPtpu epiyiaAk; jtpu;g;gijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf> JzpT vd;gJ xU Kidapy; Nfhioj;jdj;jpw;Fk; kWGwj;jpy; Kl;lhs;jdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. tzpfj;jpy; newpKiwrhh; elj;ijf;fhd xU topahf nghUj;jkhd ew;gz;Gfis tsu;g;gJ Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf> Kfhikahsu;fs; Neu;ik> JzpT> epahaj;jd;ik kw;Wk; cWjpahdjd;ik Nghd;w gy ey;nyhOf;fq;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
1.9 newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; je;jpNuhghak;
newpKiwfshdit $l;L tzpf elj;ij KOtJk; gpuNahfpf;fg;glj;jf;fnjdpy;> mikg;G Nkw;nfhs;Sk; midj;JNk mjpypUe;J gha;r;ry; miltjd; fhuzkhf> mJ gzpf;$w;wpd; mbg;gil mk;rkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. je;jpNuhgha jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sYf;Fg; nghWg;ghd Kfhikahsu;fs; mikg;gpd; newpKiwrhh; epiyf;fhd jkJ nghWg;igj; jtpu;f;f KbahJ. tpUk;gj;jfhj
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
92 CA Sri Lanka
Kd;Ndw;wq;fis tbfl;Lk; tifapy; mtu;fs; jkJ midj;Jj; jPh;khdq;fSf;FNk newpKiw tpjpfis czu;TG+u;tkhfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
1.10 newpKiwrhh; rq;flq;fs;
newpKiwfSf;F Kuzhd gy;NtW mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; tzpfg; nghWg;gpw;F Kuz;ghlhd Nehf;Ffs; nfhz;l Kfhikahsu;fSf;F newpKiwrhh; rq;flq;fis cUthf;ff;$ba gy gFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpd; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; my;yJ mjpfhutupiriaj; jukpwf;Fk;> kpff; Fwpg;ghf nfhs;ifahdJ njsptw;wjhfTk; $Ljyhd rpNu\;l eghf;splkpUe;J topfhl;Ljy; fpilf;fhjpUf;Fk; NghJk; kpf cau;e;j kl;lj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;>
tpUk;gj;jfhj ru;thjpfhu murhq;fq;fSld; njhlh;GgLtJ nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; nropg;Gf;F gq;fspg;G nra;tJld;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,U ehLfspYk; mtu;fs; r%fj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUk; midj;J ed;ikfisAk; Mjupg;gjdhyhFk;. ,J xU gpd;tpisT thjk; MFk;. ,J mjpfhu Ml;rpapd; njhlu;r;rpf;F gq;fspg;gjhf gpd;tpisT mZFKiw mbg;gilapYk;>; mbg;gilapy; mUtUg;ghdit vd nghWg;Gzh;T mZFKiwapYk; vjpu;f;fg;glyhk;.
tpsk;gug;gLj;jypyhd ehzaj;jd;ik vd;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidahFk;. Gy cw;gj;jpfs; mtw;wpd; ew;ngah; %ykhfNt Nkk;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUis thq;FtJ thq;Fgtupd; kfpo;r;rp> ntw;wp kw;Wk; vjph;g;ghy; fth;r;rp Mfpatw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; vd;w vz;zj;ij Ntz;Lnkd;Nw cUthf;FtJ Neu;ikaw;wJ vdj; jhf;fg;glyhk;. toq;Fdh; cz;ikapy; xU fw;gidiaNah my;yJ fditNah tpw;fpwhu;> ngsjPfg; nghUisay;y vd;w mbg;gilapy; mij ghJfhf;f KbAk;.
$l;Ltzpfg; nghWg;G kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l cupikfs; Mfpatw;wpd; vjpnujpu; fUj;Jf;fshy; Copau;fSldhd njhlh;Gfs; tz;zkakhf;fg; gLfpd;wd. ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nrhj;jhf xU Ntiy vd;w Nahrid ,g;NghJ ,q;fpyhe;J njhopyhsu; cwTfspypUe;J kiwe;Jtpl;lJ> Mdhy; gzpePf;fq;fSf;F toptFf;Fk; $l;Ltzpf KbTfs; ,d;Dk; Nkhrkhdit vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy. Ntiytha;g;G re;ij kpjkhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ $l> mgpyhi\fs; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifj; juq;fspy; jpBu; Ntiyapd;ik ntspg;gilahd jhf;fj;jhy; ,J epfo;fpwJ. MapDk;$l> tzpfq;fs; ciog;igg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nryT kw;Wk; mjd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwidf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;tJ kl;LNk rupahdJ. jq;fs; Copau;fspd; jpwikfs; jq;fsJ Nghl;b ed;ikf;fhd kpf Kf;fpa %ykhf ,Ug;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; njhopy; nfhs;Nthh; $l nkype;j fhyq;fspy; capu;tho;tjw;fhf nryTf; Fiwg;Gf;F cl;glyhk;.
kw;nwhU newpKiw rpf;fyhdJ> nfhLg;gdT nraw;ghLfSf;F cjt my;yJ jLf;f mjpfhuk; cs;s mjpfhupfSf;F mikg;Gf;fs; nrYj;Jtijg; gw;wpaJ MFk;. thy;ld; (1978) ,e;j gFjpapy; cs;s rpwe;j NtWghLfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwhh;.
(m) kpul;bg; gwpj;jy;. ntspehl;L mjpfhupfs; nghUj;jkhd nfhLg;gdTfs; toq;fg;glhjtplj;J mikg;Gf;fsJ cs;ehl;L eltbf;iffis KOikahf %Ltjhf mr;RWj;Jtjhf mwpag;gLfpwJ
(M) ,yQ;rk;. ,J xU mikg;G rl;lg;G+u;tkhf cupik nfhs;shj NritfSf;fhdnfhLg;gdTfs; MFk;. rpy rpwe;j NtWghLfs; mwpag;glNtz;bAs;sd.cjhuzkhf> rpy Kfhikahsu;fs; murpay; gq;fspg;Gfis ,yQ;rk; vd;WfUJfpd;wdu;.
(,) cuha;TePf;fy; gzk;. cs;ehl;L mjpfhupfshy; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw epWj;jg;gLtjhy; gy;Njrpa mikg;Gf;fs; rpy rkaq;fspy; rl;lg;G+u;tkhf cupik ngWk; Nritfisg; ngw KbahJ ,Uf;Fk;. rupahd egu;fSf;fhd fhRf; nfhLg;gdTfs; mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpd; ,ae;jpuq;fSf;F vz;nzapLtjw;F NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 93
(<) gupRfs;. rpy fyhr;rhuq;fspy; ([g;ghd; Nghd;wit) gupRfs; ehfupf Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapd; ,d;wpaikahj gFjpahf fUjg;gLfpd;wd> Nkw;fj;jpa fz;fSf;F mit newpKiw re;Njfj;jpw;Fupajhf Njhd;Wk; R+o;epiyfs; $l cs;sd. mj;jifa fyhr;rhuj;jpy; nraw;gLk; Kfhikahsu;fs; cs;Su; gof;ftof;fq;fis gpd;gw;w Rje;jpukhf czuyhk;.
tzpf newpKiwfs; Nghl;b elj;ijf;F nghUj;jkhditahFk;. Vnddpy;> rpy mbg;gil tplaq;fspy;> Nghl;b epahakhdjhf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk re;ij RahjPdkhf ,Uf;f KbAk;. Mf;Nuh\khf Nghl;bapLtjw;Fk;> xOf;fkw;w Kiwapy; Nghl;bapLtjw;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; cs;sJ.
1.11 $l;Ltzpf newpKiwfspd; Nehf;nfy;iy
$l;Ltzpf newpKiwfs; %d;W R+o;epiyfspy; fUjg;glyhk;.
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr r%fj;Jldhd mikg;gpd; njhlu;G
mikg;gpd; tof;fkhd nraw;ghLfspd; tpisTfs;
Copau;fspd; jdpg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fspd; elj;ij
rKjhaj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jy;. mikg;ghdJ gue;j murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f $oy; fl;likg;gpw;Fs; nraw;gLfpwJ. ,J gue;j fl;likg;gpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;JtJld; mjdhy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jg;glyhk; vd;gJ jtpu;f;f KbahjJ kw;Wk; rupahdjhFk;. murhq;fq;fs;> jdpg;gl;l murpay;thjpfs; kw;Wk; mOj;jf; FOf;fs; midj;Jk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; epu;thf Cjpak; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itf;Fk;. khwhf> ehzaf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwr; Rik Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; jq;fsJ nrhe;j gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijmikg;Gf;fNs fz;Lgpbf;Fk;. ,j;jifa tplaq;fspy; ru;tNjr jsk;gy;fs; kw;Wk; $l;Ltzpf MSiff; fl;likg;gpy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ehLfspy; nraw;gLk; mikg;Gfis ghjpf;Fk;. ,JNghd;w tplaq;fspy; mikg;G jdJ nrhe;j nfhs;ifia cUthf;fp Cf;Ftpg;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ.
$l;Ltzpf elj;ij. mikg;G Neub fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; tplaq;fs; kPjhd $l;Ltzpff; nfhs;iffis epWt Ntz;Lk;. Rfhjhuk;> ghJfhg;G> Rw;Wj; Jz;bly;> rkkhd tha;g;Gfs;> Rw;Wr;R+oy; tpisTfs;> murpay; nraw;ghL> ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu eltbf;iffSf;fhd MjuT Mfpait ,f; nfhs;ifapd; fPo; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fspd; cjhuzq;fshFk;.
jdpegh; elj;ij. jdpegu;fspd; elj;ijf;F topfhl;Lk; nfhs;iffs; NkNy tpthjpf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; $l;Ltzpf epiyg;ghl;bypUe;J tuf;$Lk;. jdpg;gl;l elj;ijia ghjpf;f Kaw;rpg;gJ ve;j mstpw;F nghUj;jkhdJ vd;gij mikg;G jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa elj;ijapd; rpy mk;rq;fs; je;jpNuhgha Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf Fwpg;ghf Kfhikahsu;fs; mikg;gpd; juhjuq;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtjhfNth my;yJ tbtikg;gjhfNth fhzg;gLk; NghJ ,Uf;fyhk;. Epjpapay; ehzaj;jd;ik kw;Wk; rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhd rkkhd ifahsy; Mfpait ,jw;fhd rpwe;j cjhuzq;fshFk;.
$l;Ltzpf newpKiwf; Nfhitfs;. mikg;Gf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; newpKiw epakq;fspd; $l;Ltzpf Nfhitfis ntspapLfpd;wd. mbg;gilapy;> ,J xU ey;y NahridahfTk; ehk; NkNy tpthjpj;j Fwpg;gpl;l nfhs;iffis gug;Gtjw;fhd xU gaDs;s topAkhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> mj;jifa Mtzk; njhlh;ghd Nghjpa fhtdk; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(m) ,J mjpfg;gbahd gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;ljhfNth my;yJ tpupthfNth ,Uj;jyhfhJ> Vnddpy; ,J tpsf;fj;jpw;fhd rl;lG+u;tkhd mZFKiwiaAk;> Kd;du; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffis epahag;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L Xl;ilfisj; NjLtjw;fhd tpUg;gj;ijAk; Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
(M) rpNu\;l cWg;gpdh;fs;; jq;fs; nrhe;j KbTfspYk; nray;fspYk; njhlu;e;Jfilgpbj;jhy; kl;LNk mJ nry;thf;iff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
elj;ij Fwpj;j newpKiwf; FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs;> epr;rakhf> gzpf;$w;wpy;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
94 CA Sri Lanka
RUf;fkhf ,izf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;.
vdpDk;> Kfhikahsu;fs; jq;fs; mikg;Gf;;fSf;F jq;fs; nghWg;Gfs; my;yJ flikfspy; Njhy;tpaila Coyw;wth;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jdJ nfsutj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; xU ifafg;gLj;jy; Kaw;rpia
Kd;dpaf;Fk; jiyik epu;thf mjpfhup> 'jdp ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;” nfhs;tdTg; gphpTj; jiytu; kw;Wk; Njitaw;w mjpetPd Kiwikiaf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; jfty; njhopEl;g Kfhikahsu; midtUNk (nghJthf> gq;Fjhuu;fs;) mtu;fs; rl;ltpNuhjkhf nraw;gltpy;iy my;yJ ve;jnthU fzprkhd jdpg;gl;l ed;ikiaAk; ngwtpy;iy vd;whYk;> epWtdj;jpd; cupikahsu;fSf;fhd jkJ flikapy; Njhy;tpailfpd;wdh;.
1.12 lf;fupd; 5 tpdh khjpup
xU Fwpg;gpl;l R+o;epiyapy;> nghJthf tzpfj;jpw;fhd xU newpKiwrhh; rpf;fypd; NghJ> kpfTk; newpKiw rhh;e;j tpisTfisj; jPu;khdpf;f lf;fupd; 5 Nfs;tp khjpupiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;;. ,J Ie;J Kf;fpa Nfs;tpfspy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jPh;khdk;:
,yhgfukhdjh?
rl;l hPjpahdjh?
epahakhdjh?
rhpajhdjh?
ePbj;J epw;ff;$bajh?
xt;nthU R+o;epiyapYk; lf;fupd; midj;J %yg; gpukhzq;fSNk gpuNahfkhfhJ. NkYk;> xt;nthU %yg; gpukhzq;fspilNaAk; Kuz;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jPh;khdk;
,yhgfukhdjh?
vjDld; xg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;? ,yhgj; jd;ikia Xh; %yg; gpukhzkhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ newpKiwrhh; rq;flq;fspy; jdpegh; jPh;khdq;fspYk; ghh;f;f tzpfj; jPh;khdq;fspy; lf;fhpd; khjphp gad;kpf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij epahag;gLj;Jk;.
rl;l hPjpahdjh?
,J njhlh;GgLk; rl;lg;gpuhe;jpa epajpfspNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ.
epahakhdjh? ahUila rpe;jidg; Nghf;fpy;? mf;fiwjhuu; ahh; kw;Wk; jPh;khdj;jpd; fhuzkhd mth;fs; kPjhd jhf;fk; Mfpad fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
rhpahdjh? ,J newpKiwrhh; epiyg;ghl;bNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ> kpff; Fwpg;ghf> CLnray;fspd; tpisTfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba msT fzprkhdjh vd;gJ njhlh;ghd nghWg;Gzh;T mZFKiw kw;Wk; Nehf;ftpay; mZFKiw Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghl;bNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ.
ePbj;J epw;fj; jf;fjh?
jPh;khdk; Rw;Wr; #oy; rhh;ghf rhpahdjh my;yJ NtW topfspy; ePbj;J epw;fj;jf;fjh?
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 95
1.13 newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; fzf;fpaw; njhopy;
newpKiwfs; fzf;fhsu;fSf;fhdNjhh; Kf;fpa fUJifahf cs;sJld; gy epjpj; jfty;fspd; gadhsh;fs; mth;fsJ Ntiyia ek;gpapUf;fpwhu;fs;.
xU fzf;fhsuJ nghWg;G xU jdpg;gl;l Nrit ngWdh;fs; my;yJ njhopy; nfhs;NthuJ Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;tJ kl;Lky;y. mtu;fs; nghJ eyDf;fhf> mjhtJ Nrit ngWdh;fs;> fld; toq;Feu;fs;> murhq;fq;fs;> njhopy; nfhs;Nthh;> Copau;fs;> KjyPl;lhsu;fs;> tzpf kw;Wk; epjp r%fk; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhh; fzf;fhsh;fsJ Ntiyapy; ek;gpapUf;Fk; ek;gpapUf;Fk; kw;wtu;fsJ $l;L ey;tho;T kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;L gzpahw;w Ntz;ba flik cs;sJ. ,J rKjhaj;jpw;F tp];jhpj;Js;sJld;> ngUk;ghYk; r%fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis toq;Ftij cs;slf;Fk;.
fzf;fpay; mikg;Gf;fs; cUthf;fpa newpKiwf; Nfhitfs; fzf;fhsu;fs; nghJ eyDf;fhf nraw;gLtijAk; mtu;fspd; gzpia newpKiwahfr; nra;tijAk; cWjpg;gLj;j cjTfpd;wd.
,yq;ifg; gl;la fzf;fhsu; epWtfk; toq;fpa njhopy;rhh; fzf;fhsu;fSf;fhd
newpKiwfs;> ru;tNjr fzf;fhsu; rk;Nksdk; (IFAC) ntspapl;l IFAC newpKiwf; FOtpd; njhopy;rhh; fzf;fhsh;fSf;fhd newpKiwfspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
1.13.1 mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
newpKiwf; Nfhitfs; fzf;fhsu;fs; Ie;J mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfisf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vdj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
fzf;fhsu; nghJ eyid G+u;j;jpnra;J r%fj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis G+u;j;jp nra;tij cWjp nra;tjw;fhf ,e;j nfhs;iffs; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; njhopy;rhh; jpwd; kw;Wk; Nghjpa ftdk;
mq;fj;jtu;fs; jkJ jpwikapid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapyhf Njitahd mstpy; njhopw;jpwd;rhh; mwpT kw;Wk; jpwikfs; vd;gtw;iw nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba njhlu;r;rpahd flg;ghl;bid cilatu;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. mq;fj;jtu;fs; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; njhopy;rhh; epajpfSf;F ,izthf kpff; ftdkhfr; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ehzaj;jd;ik mq;fj;jtu;fs; jkJ njhopw;jpwd;rhu; kw;Wk; tpahghu cwTKiwfspy; jpwe;j kdJlDk; Neu;ikAlDk; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
njhopy;rhh; elj;ij
mq;fj;jtu;fs; njhlu;Ggl;l rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;FtpjpKiwfis gpd;gw;wp njhopw;jpwDf;F Vw;glf;$ba mgfPh;j;jpapidj; jtpu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,ufrpak; Ngzy; njhopw;jpwd;rhh; kw;Wk; tpahghu cwTKiwfspd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l jfty;fspd; ,ufrpaj; jd;ikapid kjpj;J elj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; cupa tpNrl mjpfhukpd;wpNah> my;yhtpby; rl;luPjpahd my;yJ njhopy;uPjpahf Fwpg;gpl;l jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F cupikNah flg;ghNlh ,y;yhj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mt;thwhd jfty;fis %d;whk; jug;gpdUf;F ntspg;gLj;Jjy; MfhJ. njhopw;jpwd;rhh; kw;Wk; tpahghu cwT Kiwfspd; tpisthf ngwg;gl;l ,ufrpak; tha;e;j jfty;fshdit mq;fjtUilaNjh my;yJ %d;whk; jug;gpduJ gpuj;jpNaf ed;ikfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jyhfhJ.
gf;fr;rhh;gpd;ik mq;fj;jtu;fs; jkJ njhopw;jpwd;rhh; kw;Wk; tpahghu KbTfis vLf;Fk; NghJ ,ilA+Wfs;> mf;fiw Kuz;ghLfs; my;yJ Vida egu;fsJ epahakw;w jiyaPL vd;gtw;wpid jtpu;f;Fk; tpjkhf nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
96 CA Sri Lanka
1.13.2 mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfSldhd ,zf;fg;glhd elj;ijf;fhd mr;RWj;jy;fs;
mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfSldhd ,zf;fg;glhd elj;ijf;fhd gy mr;RWj;jy;fs; ,dq;fhzg; gl;Ls;sd.
mr;RWj;jy; tiutpyf;fzk; cjhuzk; Ra mf;fiw epjprhh; kw;Wk; Vida mf;fiwfs;
mq;fj;jtu;fsJ mDkhd KbTfs;; kw;Wk; elj;ijfspy; jtwhd nry;thf;F nrYj;jf; $Lk;.
f
Nrit ngWdh; kPJ epjprhh;e;j mf;fiwfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
Ra kPsha;T fzf;fhsh; jhk; my;yJ jkJ mikg;gpd; kw;nwhU cWg;gpdh; Nkw;nfhz;l RajPh;g;G xd;iw kPsha;T nra;jy;
fzf;fha;T mikg;gpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l epjpf;$w;Wf;fisf; fzf;fha;T nra;jy;
thjhly; fzf;fhsu; xUtu; jkJ jw;rhh;gw;w Nehf;F rthYf;F cl;gLk; tifapy; Nrit ngWdu; my;yJ njhopy; nfhs;Nthu; rhu;ghdnjhU fUj;ij my;yJ epiyg;ghl;il Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
rl;ltof;F xd;wpNy Nrit ngWduJ rhh;ghf tof;iff; nfhz;L elhj;Jjy;
ghpr;rak; Kw;wth;fs; kPJ $Ljyhd ek;gpf;if my;yJ ghpjhgk; Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhd neUf;fkhd cwTKiw
fzf;fha;Tf; FOtpdJ FLk;g cWg;gpdh; Nrit ngWduhff; fhzg;gly;
kpul;ly; fzf;fhsh; cz;ikahd my;yJ
czh;e;J nfhz;l mOj;jk;
fhuzkhf jw;rhh;gw;w epiyapy;
njhopw;glhik
,zf;fkpd;ik fhuzkhff; fzf;fha;thsiug; gjpyPL nra;ag; Nghjhf mr;RWj;jy;
,e;j mr;RWj;jy;fs; Fwpg;ghf> RahjPdj; jd;ikf;fhd mr;RWj;jy;fSld; njhlh;Ggl;litahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 97
2 r%fg; nghWg;G
2.1 $l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;G
tzpfq;fs;> Fwpg;ghf ghupa tzpfq;fs;> mit r%fg; nghWg;igr; nraw;gLj;Jk; vd;w vjpu;ghu;g;GfSf;F Mshfpd;wd. ,J xU jtwhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fUj;jhFk;> Mdhy; nghJthf njhz;L ed;nfhilfs;> Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;Fjy; my;yJ ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; Nkk;ghL my;yJ guhkupg;gpw;fhd nryT Nghd;w r%fj;jpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l ed;ikfis toq;Ftjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjhfj; njupfpwJ. rpWghd;ik eltbf;iff; FOf;fspd; nraw;ghl;lhy; ngUk; mOj;jk; cUthf;fg;gLtJ tzpfq;fis Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ> Vnddpy; mit ngUksthd tsq;fis Efh;tjhfff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
,j;jifa thjq;fspd; Ntfk; ,g;NghJ kpfg; ghupajhfTs;sJ> r%fg; nghWg;G vd;w fUj;J newpKiwfspd; tplaj;jpy; fpl;lj;jl;l gpupf;fKbahj tifapy; Fog;gkile;Js;sJ. NtWghl;il epidtpy; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. r%f nghWg;G kw;Wk; newpKiw elj;ij Mfpait xd;wy;y.
,e;j R+o;epiyapy;> gq;Fjhuu; nry;tj;ij cr;rg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xNu Nehf;fj;Jld; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; xU tzpfj;ij newpKiwahd xU ghzpapy; elj;j KbAk; vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> mjpy; xU gue;j mf;fiwjhuu; nghWg;G fUjg;gLfpwJ. kWGwk;> gy ghupa tzpfq;fs; fle;j fhyq;fspy; nghWg;gw;w Kiwapy; ele;J nfhz;ld vd;gjpy; re;Njfk; ,y;iy> NkYk; rpy njhlu;e;Jk; mt;thW nra;fpd;wd.
2.2 $l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;Gf;F vjpuhd thjq;fs;
g;uPl;Nkd; (1970) $l;Ltzpfr%f nghWg;Gf;F vjpuhf gpd;tUk; topfspy; thjpl;lhu;.
(m) tzpfq;fSf;F nghWg;Gfs; ,y;iy> kf;fSf;F kl;LNk nghWg;Gfs; cs;sd.$l;Ltzpfq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd Kfhikahsu;fs; tzpfj;jpd; mtu;fs; ahuhy;Ntiyf;F epakpf;fg; gl;lhh;fNsh me;j cupikahsu;fSf;Fg;nghWg;ghspfshth;.
(M) ,e;j njhopy;nfhs;Nthh; jh;k nraw;ghl;il jq;fsJ Nehf;fkhf njhz;L,Uf;fyhk;> Mdhy; 'nghJthf (mtu;fspd; Nehf;fk;) r%fj;jpd; mbg;giltpjpfSf;F ,zq;f> Kbe;jtiu mit gzk; rk;ghjpg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;>,t;tpuz;LNk rl;lj;jpy; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfTk; newpKiw tof;fj;jpy;
mKy;gLj;jg; gl;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLk;” (g;uPl;Nkd;> 1970)
(,) xU KfhikahsUf;F r%fg; nghWg;Gfs; cs;sd vd;w $w;Wf;F VNjDk; mu;j;jk; ,Ue;jhy;> 'mtu; jdJ Kjyhspfspd; eyDf;fhf ,y;yhj tifapy;
nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mu;j;jkhFk;.” (g;uPl;Nkd;> 1970)
(<) Kfhikahsu;fs; mijr; nra;jhy;> mtu;fs; nghJthff; $wpdhy;> cupikahsu;fspd; gzj;ij mtu;fs; mq;fPfupj;jijj; jtpu NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf nrytpLfpwhu;fs;;. rpy Neuq;fspy; mJ thbf;ifahsu;fs; my;yJ toq;Fdu;fspd; gzk; kw;Wk; rpy Neuq;fspy; Copau;fspd; gzk; MFk;. ,ijr; nra;tjd; %yk;> Kfhikahsu;> tupfis cau;j;JtJ kw;Wk;
$l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;G vd;gJ mikg;ghdJ nghJthd Kiwapy; r%fj;Jf;fhd jdJ flg;ghLfis Vw;gpirT nra;Jnfhs;Sk; msTf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ntspthhp tpisTfs; vd;gJ $l;Ltzpf eltbf;iffspd; r%f kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; eltbf;iffspd; fpuakhFk;.
mikg;G xd;wpd; newpKiwrhh; epiyg;ghlhdJ mjd; mf;fiwjhuu; njhlh;ghd Fiwe;jgl;r flg;ghLfisj; jhz;br; nraw;gLk; msTf;F fhzg;gLk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
98 CA Sri Lanka
mit vt;thW nrytplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jPu;khdpg;ghh;. mit murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfNs jtpu tzpfj;jpdjy;y. ,jw;F ,uz;L Ml;Nrgidfs; cs;sd:
(i) murhq;f mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Kfhikahsu;fs; [dehafuPjpahf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gltpy;iy (my;yJ NtW topapy;Nju;e;njLf;fg;gltpy;iy)
(ii) Kfhikahsu;fs; murhq;ff; nfhs;ifapy; ty;Yeu;fs; my;y> mj;jifar%f nghWg;G nrytpdq;fspd; tpupthd tpisit Kd;$l;bNa vjpu;ghu;f;fKbahJ.
g;uPl;Nkd; (1970) r%f nghWg;G khjpupahdJ ,ay;ghfNt murpay; uPjpahf $l;Lj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ vd;W thjpLfpwhh;. mj;Jld;> xU Rje;jpu rKjhaj;jpy; Kw;wpYk; mtrpakhdij tpl $l;LwT tpupthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd tha;g;ig ,opTgLj;JfpwJ.
$l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F vjpuhd ,uz;lhtJ thjk; vd;dntd;why;> nry;tj;ij cr;rg;gLj;JtJ tzpf eltbf;iffspypUe;J r%fk; gadilaf;$ba rpwe;j topahFk;.
(m) nry;tj;ij cr;rg;g;Lj;JtjhdJ> r%f hPjpahf tpUk;gj;jf;f Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Ftoq;Ftjw;fhf ehl;bw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tup tUthia mjpfupf;Fk; tpisitf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(M) gq;Fjhuu; ngWkjpia cr;rg;gLj;JtJ r%fj;jpd; gpw gpd;jq;fpa cWg;gpdu;fs;
kPJ 'Fiwe;j” tpisitNa nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
(,) gy mikg;Gf;fspd; gq;Ffs; Xa;T+jpa epjpfSf;F nrhe;jkhdit> mjd; ,Wjp gadhspfs; vg;gbAk; nry;te;ju;fshf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
2.3 $l;Ltzpf r%f nghWg;Gzu;Tf;fhd mf;fiwjhuu; mZFKiw
mf;fiwjhuu; mZFKiwahdJ mikg;gpd; nraw;ghLfs; kPJ gy FOf;fSf;F mf;fiw fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tzpfr; R+oypy; ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;> mq;F gq;Fjhuu;fs; tzpfj;jpy; chpik itj;jpUf;f> Mdhy; Copau;fs;> thbf;ifahsu;fs; kw;Wk; murhq;fKk; jq;fs; eyd;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;tjw;F Fwpg;ghf tYthd Nfhuy;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,J mbg;gilapy; ,aw;if rl;lf; Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;J ngwg;gl;l xU thjkhFk;> ,J jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; $l;L cupikfs; vd;w fUj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
etPd $l;Ltzpfq;fs;; r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; uPjpahf kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;jit Mifahy;> mtw;wpd; mjpfhuj;ij jilapd;wp gad;gLj;JtJ jtpu;f;f Kbahky; kw;wtu;fspd; cupikfis Nrjg;gLj;Jk;. cjhuzkhf> mtu;fs; xU ngupa trjpia %Ltjd; %yk; xU KO r%fj;ijAk; ghjpf;ff;$Lk;> ,jdhy; cs;Su; njhopyhsu; njhFg;gpy; ngUk; tpfpjj;jpy; ePz;lfhy Ntiyapd;ik mKy;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,NjNghy;> mit Rw;Wr;R+oiy khRgLj;Jtjd; %yk; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nrjg;gLj;jf;$Lk;. toq;Fdu;fs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F rkkw;w xg;ge;jq;fis tpjpf;f mtu;fs; thq;Fk; jpwd; my;yJ re;ij gq;ifg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mtu;fs; jq;fs; KjyPl;L KbTfspd; %yk; murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ tpUk;gj;jfhj nry;thf;if nrYj;jf;$Lk;. ,e;j mZFKiwapd; fPo;> $l;Ltzpfr%fg; nghWg;igf; filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; mikg;G xU rpwe;j $l;Ltzpfg; gpui[ahf vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; nraw;gl mikg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
kw;nwhU thjk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fs; cs;s mikg;Gf;fs;> mit gad;gLj;Jk; tsq;fSf;fhf mij rhu;e;Js;sJ vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j tsq;fspy; rpy toq;Fdh;;fSldhd Neub xg;ge;jq;fshy; ngwg;gLfpd;wd> Mdhy; kw;wit murhq;f nrytpdq;fshy; toq;fg;gLk;. Nghf;Ftuj;J cl;fl;likg;G> njhopy;El;g Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Copah;;fSf;fhd fy;tp Nghd;wd mtw;Wf;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 99
,e;j tplaq;fSf;F nrYj;Jk; tupfSf;F mikg;Gf;fs; gq;fspf;fpd;wd vd;gJ njspthfpwJ> Mdhy; mtw;wpilNaahd njhlh;G kpfTk; Fiwthdjhf cs;sJld;> ftdkhf epu;tfpg;gjd; %yk; tupr;Rikia Fiwf;f KbAk;. r%f nghWg;Gs;s nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nray;fspd; %yk; r%fk; toq;Fk; trjpfis mikg;Gf;fs; mq;fPfupj;J gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; cl;nghUs; MFk;.
epWtdq;fis gq;Fjhuu; KjyPl;bw;fhd thfdq;fshfg; ghu;g;gJ NghJkhdjy;y vd kpz;l;];ngu;f; (1983) mwpTWj;Jfpwhh;.
(m) eilKiwapy;> mikg;Gf;fs; gq;Fjhuu;fshy; gaDWjpkpf;f tifapy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtJ mhpjhFk; vd mtu; gupe;Jiuf;fpwhu;. ngUk;ghyhd gq;Fjhuu;fs; nrayw;w KjyPl;lhsu;fs; Mth;.
(M) ghupa $l;Ltzpfq;fs; re;ijfis khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;. r%f nghWg;ghdJ>fl;lhag;gLj;jg; gl;lhNyh my;yJ jd;dhu;tkhdNjh> ,ij Vw;gpirTnra;tjw;fhd xU topKiwahFk;.
(,) NkYk;> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb> tzpfq;fSf;F epiwa murhq;f MjuT fpilf;fpwJ. tPjpfs;> cl;fl;likg;G> fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; Vida gad;fSf;fhf nghJkf;fs; gzk; nrYj;Jfpwhu;fs;> ,it midj;Jk; tzpfq;fSf;Fg; gadspf;fpd;wd. tzpfq;fs; tup nrYj;jpdhYk;> nghJkf;fNs ,Wjpapy; tpiy %yk; mjid nrYj;Jfpwhu;fs;.
(<) tzpfq;fspd; je;jpNuhghaj; jPh;khdq;fs; vg;NghJk; gue;j r%f tpisTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> kpz;l;];ngu;f; (1983) $Wfpwhh;> mikg;G ,U tifahd ntspaPLfis cUthf;FfpwJ: nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; kw;Wk; mjd; nraw;ghLfspd; r%f tpisTfs; (cjhuzk;: #oy; khrilT).
2.4 ntspthhp tpisTfs;
tzpfq;fs; jq;fs; nraw;ghLfspd; nkhj;j r%f nryitj; jhq;Ftjpy;iy vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy;> r%fg; nghWg;gpd; gad;ghlhdJ ,jw;F <Lnra;Ak; xU topahFk;. xU cjhuzk; R+oyhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhopy;Jiw khrilT MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F jPq;F tpistpf;Fk;: njhopy;Jiw khriltpdhy; ahuhtJ Neha;tha;g;gl;bUe;jhy;> khRgLj;Jgtu; Neha;tha;g;gl;l egUf;F Nrjk; my;yJ ,googolths nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;> mNjNghy; xU fl;Lkhd epWtdk; jw;nrayhf xUtupd; tPl;il Nrjg;gLj;jpapUg;gpDk; ,JNt epajpahFk;.
eilKiwapy;> epr;rakhf> char msTfs; kw;Wk; rpy Neha;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Gs;sptptu cwTfis milahsk; fhz;gJ xg;gPl;lstpy; vspjhdjhf cs;sNghJk;;>
xU egupd; %r;Rj;jpzwy;> ,Uky; Kjypad njhopw;rhiy X My; ntspg;gLk; J}rp
Jfs;fshy; Vw;gl;ljh my;yJ njhopw;rhiy Y My; Vw;gl;ljh vd;gijf; fz;wptJ fbdkhd tplakhFk;.
epr;rakhf> ,e;j ntspg;Gw nryTfs; nghJthd tuptpjpg;gpy; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd thjplyhk;: Mdhy; ,J kw;w jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; tzpfq;fspilNa nryitg; gutyhf;Fk; tpisitf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> tup tUthia mjd; %yj;jpy; epWj;Jtij tpl> Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nrytplg;glyhk;. khR fl;Lg;ghl;L cgfuzq;fs; ,e;j rpf;fiy ifahs;tjw;fhd rpwe;j topahf ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt> r%f nghWg;ig Mjupg;gtu;fs; tzpfj;jpd; nghWg;Gfs; gpd;du; tup nrYj;JtJld; KbtilahJ vd thjpLth;.
xU tzpfj;jpd; Neub eltbf;iffspd; tpisTfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F ntspNa r%fg; nghWg;Gf;F VNjDk; epahak; cs;sjh? cjhuzkhf> tzpfq;fs; njhz;L mikg;gf;fSf;F mDruiz nfhLf;f Ntz;Lkh my;yJ fiyfSf;F epjpAjtp nra;a Ntz;Lkh? gy thjq;fs; mthf;s mt;thW nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(m) xU tzpfj;jpd; mf;fiwjhuu; fUj;J Ngzg;gl;lhy;> nghJkf;fs; tzpfj;jpd;xU mf;fiwjhuuhth;. xU tzpfkhdJ xU gue;j r%fj;jpd; xU gFjpahf
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
100 CA Sri Lanka
,Ug;gjhy; kl;LNk ntw;wp ngWfpwJ. ju;kj;jpw;F nfhLg;gJ vd;gJ ,j;jifa xU cwit Cf;Ftpf;Fk; xU topahFk;.
(M) njhz;L ed;nfhilfs; kw;Wk; fiy epjpAjtp Mfpait nghJ cwTfspidNkk;gLj;Jk; gaDs;s Clfkhf ,Ug;gJld;> mit tzpfj;ij ed;Fgpujpgypf;Fk;. tpsk;guj;ijg; NghyNt> xU Fwpg;gpl;l th;j;jf ehkj;jpd;tpw;gidia Cf;Ftpf;fhky;> tzpfj;ijg; gw;wpa Efu;Nthu; tpopg;Gzu;itNkk;gLj;Jtjw;F ,J kw;nwhU tif tpsk;gukhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
r%f nghWg;Gf;F MjuthfTk; vjpuhfTk; thjq;fs; rpf;fyhditahFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,Wjpapy; mit rKjhaj;ijg; gw;wpa khWgl;l mDkhdq;fisAk;> mjDs; cs;s jdpegu;fSf;Fk; mikg;GfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwTfisAk; nfhz;l mbg;gilapy; mwpag;glyhk;.
2.5 newpKiwrhh; epiyg;ghL
xU mikg;gpd; newpKiw epiyg;ghlhdJ mJ mf;fiwjhuu;fSf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; mjd; Fiwe;jgl;r flikfis ve;jstpw;F jhz;br; nraw;gLk; vd;gjhFk;.
N[hd;rd; (2005) ehd;F tpsf;fg;glq;fisf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk; rhj;jpakhd newpKiw epiyg;ghLfspd; tPr;ir tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
FWq;fhy gq;Fjhuu; mf;fiw
ePz;lfhy gq;Fjhuu; mf;fiw
gd;epiy mf;fiwjhuu; nghWg;Gf;fs;
r%fj;jpd; tbthf;Fdh;
2.5.1 FWq;fhy gq;Fjhuu; mf;fiw
mikg;ghdJ $l;lhz;ik MSif kPjhd gue;Jgl;l tiuaiwfis murhq;fk; kl;LNk tpjpf;Fk; vd;w mbg;gilapy;> jdJ newpKiw epiyg;ghl;by; FWfpa fhy gq;Fjhuu;fspd; eyDf;fhd nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; epiyg;ghl;Lf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jf;$Lk;. ,e;j Fiwe;jgl;r mZFKiw rl;lj;jpd; Nfhupf;iffSf;Ff; fPo;g;gba Ntz;ba flikia Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;> Mdhy; Fiwthd fzprkhd elj;ij tpjpfSf;F ,zq;fhJ. ,e;j epiyg;ghl;il jhz;br; nraw;gLjy; murhq;f mjpfhuj;jpw;F rthy; tpLf;fyhk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;> tsh;Kf ehLfspy; nraw;gLk; mikg;Gf;fSf;F ,J xU Kf;fpakhff; fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sk; tplakhFk;.
2.5.2 ePz;l fhy gq;Fjhuu; mf;fiw
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; ePz;lfhy mf;fiwiaf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk;NghJ mikg;G newpKiwrhh; nghWg;Gfisg; gw;wp tpupthd Nehf;iff; nfhs;tjw;fhd ,uz;L fhuzq;fs; cs;sd.
(m) gue;j nghWg;Gfspd; Vw;gpdhy; mikg;gpd; $l;Ltzpf ew;ngah; Nkk;gLj;jg;glyhk;. mj;jifa nghWg;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd nryT mbg;gilapy; tpsk;gu nryT vd epahag;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
(M) $l;Ltzpf mjpfhuj;jpd; nghWg;ghd gapw;rp rl;l xOq;FKiwf;fhd r%fkw;Wk; murpay; mOj;jq;fis cUthf;Ftijj; jLf;fyhk;. newpKiwnghWg;Gfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; nraw;ghl;L Rje;jpuk;ghJfhf;fg;gLtJld;> xOq;FKiwfs; njhlh;ghd Rikfs; Fiwf;fg;glyhk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 101
2.5.3 gd;epiy mf;fiwjhuu; nghWg;Gf;fs;
mikg;G gq;Fjhuu;fs; jtpu;e;j kw;iwa mf;fiwjhuu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfspd; epahaj;jd;ikia Vw;Wf;nfhz;L> me;j vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis mjd; $wg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fshf cUthf;ff;$Lk;. ,J Vnddpy;> toq;Fdu;fs;> njhopy;nfhs;Nthh; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsu;fs; Nghd;w FOf;fSld; nghUj;jkhd cwTfspd;wp mikg;G nraw;gl KbahJ.
cupikfs; kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;g;GfSf;F ,ilapy; NtWghl;il cUthf;f KbAk;. cupikia rl;luPjpahd my;yJ jhu;kPf nfhilahff; fUjyhk;. tpUj;jp kw;Wk; rPuhf;fq;fSf;F cl;gl;l tifapy; mtw;wpd; mbg;gil nghJthf njspthf epWtg;gl;bUg;gjhy;> xUtu; rl;l cupikfSld; kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghd epiynad tpsf;fkspf;Fk; epiyikapy; ,Ug;ghh;. jhu;kPf cupikapd; fUj;jhdJ kpfTk; FiwthdjhfTk;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;> ,aw;if rl;lj;jpd; R+o;epiyapy; NkNy tpthjpf;fg;gl;lgb gf;fr;rhu;ghd thjj;jpw;F cl;gl;lJjhfTk; cs;sJ. cjhuzkhf> jq;fis Ntjidg;gLj;Jgtu;fSf;F jq;fs; cupikfs; kPwg;gl;Ls;sjhf mwptpf;f Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba Nghf;F cs;sJ. ,J cz;ikahd epiyikah ,y;iyah vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; mgpg;gpuhaj;Jf;Fupa tplakhFk;. cjhuzkhf> ,q;fpyhe;jpy;> gzp ePf;fq;fs; epfOk;NghJ 'Ntiy nra;Ak; cupik' gw;wp mbf;fb Ngrg;gLfpwJ. ,q;fpyhe;J rl;lj;jpy; mj;jifa cupikfis; vJk; ,y;iy vd;gJld;> mj;jifa cupikf;F xU jhu;kPf mbg;gil ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W gutyhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glTkpy;iy. vdpDk;> ngupa mstpyhd Ntiyapd;ikiaj; jLg;gij murhq;fq;fs; mjpf Kd;Dupikahdjhf khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gutyhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gq;Fjhuu;fisj; jtpu NtW mf;fiwjhuu;fspd; rl;l cupikfisAk; kjpf;Fk; flik mikg;Gf;fSf;F cs;sJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,it ,q;fpyhe;jpy; tpupthdit> ,jpy; gue;j Ntiytha;g;G rl;lk; kw;Wk; Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G rl;lk;> mj;Jld; xg;ge;jk; kw;Wk; nrhj;J Nghd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil rl;lq;fSk; mlq;Fk;. jhu;kPf cupikfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> mikg;Gf;fs; eilKiw rhh;e;jitahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;: mtu;fs; jq;fs; nghJ newpKiw epiyg;ghl;ilAk;> Nkhrkhd tpsk;guk; Fwpj;j mf;fiwapd; msitAk; kdjpy; nfhz;L> flikfshff; fUjj; jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis epWt mtu;fs; ftdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mf;fiwjhuu;fSf;fhd flikfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ> mikg;gpd; nraw;jpwd; mstPlhdJ ,e;j Nkyjpfkhd Njitg;ghLfspd; kPJ rupahd viliaf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf> gutyhf mwpag;gl;lgb> kiwe;j mdpjh Nuhbf; Kw;wpYk; epjp mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gplg;gl;l mikg;gpd; nraw;wpwd; gw;wp ftdk; vLj;jpUff;tpy;iy. mjw;F gjpyhf> vuprf;jp gad;ghl;ilf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; fhyepiy khw;wj;ij eptu;j;jp nra;tjpYk;;> mtw;wpd; toq;Fdh; mikg;Gfspy; gzp epiyikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjpYk;>
moFrhjdg; nghUl;fisr;; Nrhjpj;J mjpy;
tpyq;Ffs;
vJTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gij cWjp nra;tjd; %yk; tpyq;Ffspd; cupikfis epiyepWj;JtjpYNk nray;jpwid mstpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; tpUk;gpdhu;.
2.5.4 r%fj;jpd; tbthf;Fdh;
xU tzpf mikg;G mf;fiwjhuu;fSf;fhd gue;j nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ fbdkhdjhFk;. rKjhaj;ij tbtikg;gtupd; gq;F ,d;Dk; mjpfkhfTs;sJld;> ngUk;ghYk; nghJj;Jiw mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; njhz;L epWtdq;fspd; gpuhe;jpaq;fs; mj;Jld; rpy ed;F epjpaplg;gl;l jdpahu; mikg;Gf;fs; ,e;j topapy; nraw;glf;$Lk;. ,e;j mZFKiwapd; epahaj;jd;ik $l;Ltzpf MSif kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$wypd; fl;likg;igg; nghWj;jjhFk;. mj;jifa tfpghfj;jpw;fhf mikg;Gf;fs; njspthf mikf;fg;gl;lhy;> murhq;fj;jhy; my;yJ jdpahu; mDruizahsu;fshy; mJ njhlug;glyhk;. vdpDk;> mtu;fSf;fhd epjp ek;gfj;jd;ikf;fhd ve;jnthU Njitg;ghLfisAk; mtu;fs; G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
102 CA Sri Lanka
2.6 $l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;Gj; je;jpNuhghak;
$l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;ig ep&gpf;Fk; je;jpNuhghaj;ijf; nfhz;l xU tzpfkhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;ghLfSld; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l xU njspthd jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. $l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;Gzu;T eltbf;iffspd; cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
njhz;Lg; gzpfSf;F ed;nfhilfis toq;Fjy;
mur rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; (jd;dhu;t njhz;L mikg;Gf;fs;) eltbf;iffSf;fhd gq;fspg;G
cs;ehl;L ey;y nray;fSf;fhd MjuT
Kf;fpa jPh;khdq;fspy; mf;fiwjhuu;fis cs;slf;Fjy;
tzpfj;jpd; r%f kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; jhf;fq;fis Kfhik nra;jy;
xU je;jpNuhghaj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gJ vd;gJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l $l;Ltzpf r%f nghWg;Gzu;T Kaw;rpfSf;F epjp toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpisTfis fz;fhzpj;jy; MFk;.
2.7 je;jpNuhgha $l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;G
$l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;G eltbf;iffs; je;jpNuhgha $l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;Gf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yj;jf;f tzpfj;jpd; newpKiwfis gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk; vd thjplg;glyhk;. $l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;G eltbf;iffs; je;jpNuhghakhFk; NghJ mit tzpfj;jpd; ePz;lfhy ntw;wpapd; kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;bUg;gJld;> mjd; %yk; tzpfj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ed;ik kpf;fjhf ,Uj;j;y Ntz;Lk;.
je;jpNuhgha $l;Ltzpf r%f nghWg;Gzu;T Kaw;rpfspd; cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
kUe;jhf;f mikg;G xd;W Copah;fs; jfik ngWk;NghJ me;j mikg;gplkpUe;J kUe;Jfis nfhs;tdT nra;thh;fs; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy; Copau;fSf;F gapw;rpaspj;jypy; epjpapLjy;.
rpNu\;l thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F ,ytr ,izag; gapw;rpapd; gpd; jkJ epjptrjp cw;gj;jpfis nfhs;tdT nra;thh;fs; vdf; fUjp ,ytr ,izag;gapw;rp toq;Fjy;
mikg;gpd; tpRthrj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf> rpwe;j Kd;Ndw;ghl;L eltbf;iffSf;fhf epakpj;jy; kw;Wk; <Lgl Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
tpisahl;L mzpfSf;F mth;fsJ Milfs;> gpw cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk;ikjhdj;jpy; tpsk;guk; nra;Ak; ,l xJf;fPL Mfpatw;iwg; ngWk; tifapy;mDruiz toq;fy;.
$l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;G je;jpNuhghakhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkh vd;Dk; jPh;khdk; newpKiw rhh;e;jjhFk;. xU ghpg+uz Kjyhspj;Jtg; ghu;itapy; midj;J r%f nghWg;Gzu;T eltbf;iffSk; je;jpNuhghakhdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;> Vnddpy; mikg;gpd; gzk; KOtJNK mf;fiwjhuu;fSf;F gadspg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kWtskhf> xU Mokhd gRikahd Kd;Ndhf;fhdJ> tzpfq;fs; r%fj;jpypUe;J ed;ikfis vLj;jf; nfhs;tjhy;> mit r%fj;Jf;F vijahtJ jpUg;gpj; ju Ntz;Lk; vd thjhLfpwJ.
'$l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;Gj; je;jpNuhghak;' kw;Wk; 'je;jpNuhgha $l;Ltzpf r%fg;
nghWg;G” Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNaahd xU NtWghlhf> mikg;G Fwpj;jNjhh; $l;Ltzpf r%f nghWg;Gzu;T $Ljyhd msT fl;GydhFk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk; Mjuit Cf;Ftpj;jyhFk;. ,jd; tpisthf> newpKiwf; fz;Nzhl;lkhdJ ,jidg; ngUkstpy; Mjupg;gjhf (je;jpNuhgha $l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;gid mikg;gpw;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; tifapy; Nkk;gLj;jy;) ,Uf;fyhk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 103
newpKiwfs; rupahdJ kw;Wk; jtwhdJ vd;gJ gw;wpajhFk;> Mdhy; mJ rl;lk;my;yJ kj tpjpKiwfs; Nghd;wjy;y. newpKiwfSf;fhd gFj;jwptpay; mZFKiwfs; Gwepiy jhu;kPf cz;ikfis epWt KbAk; vd;W fUJfpd;wd.
gpd;tpisTthj newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghL elj;ijfis mtw;wpd; tpisTfshy; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd> nghWg;Gzh;T mZFKiw KOikahd jhu;kPff; nfhs;iffspd; ,Ug;igf; fUJtJld; tpisTfisg; Gwf;fzpf;fpwJ. ,aw;ifr; rl;lk; vd;gJ cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfisg; gw;wpajhFk;> mNj rkak; ey;nyhOf;f newpKiwfs; elj;ijapy; kpjkhd jd;ik kw;Wk; ,zf;fkhd tho;f;ifia elj;Jtjw;fhd Nahridia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit.
newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gltpy;iy: gpd;tpisTthjk;> nghWg;Gzh;Tthjk; kw;Wk; ,aw;if rl;l mbg;gilapyhd tpjpfs; ntt;NtW KbTfisr;Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; jpwd; nfhz;lit. ,jd; tpisthf> mikg;gpy; midj;J kl;lq;fspYk;newpKiw rq;flq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.
$l;Ltzpf newpKiwfs; %d;W R+o;epiyfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd: Njrpa kw;Wk;ru;tNjr r%fj;Jld; njhlu;G> tof;fkhd nray;ghLfspd; tpisTfs;; kw;Wk;jdpegu;fspd; elj;ij
ftdj;Jld; cUthf;fg;gl;lhy;> xU $l;Ltzpf newpKiwf; Nfhit ngWkjpkpf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
lf;fupd; 5 Nfs;tp khjpupahdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l R+o;epiyapy; kpfTk; newpKiwahdtpisTfis> nghJthf tzpfj;jpw;fhd xU newpKiw rpf;fypd; NghJ jPu;khdpf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ.
nghJ eyDf;fhf nray;gLtJ vd;gJ r%fj;jpd; eyDf;fhf ngUkstpy;nraw;gLtjhFk;
njhopy;Kiw newpKiwfs; epGzu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l elj;ijf;F gpuNahfpf;fj; jf;fjhf,Ug;gJld;> mit ngUk;ghYk; nfhs;iffis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;litahFk;.
ehzaj;jd;ik> gf;fk; rhuhik> ,ufrpak; Ngzy;> njhopy;rhh; jpwd; kw;Wk; Nghjpa ftdk; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhh; elj;ij Mfpad Ie;J mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; MFk;.
nghJg; gapw;rpapYs;s fzf;fhsu;fspd; RahjPdj;Jf;fhd mr;RWj;jy;fspy; Ra mf;fiw> Ra kPsha;T> thjhly;> gupr;raj;jd;ik kw;Wk; kpul;ly; Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
$l;Ltzpf r%f nghWg;G vd;gJ xU mikg;G nghJthf rKjhaj;jpw;fhd flikfis ve;j mstpw;F Vw;gpirT nra;fpd;wJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
$l;Ltzpf eltbf;iffspd; r%f kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; fpuaq;fis ntspthhp tpisTfs; Fwpf;Fk;.
xU mikg;gpd; newpKiw epiyg;ghL vd;gJ mf;fiwjhuu;fSf;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r flikfisj; jhz;br; nraw;gLk; msthFk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
mj;jpahar; Rw;W
Draft Version
104 CA Sri Lanka
1 mikg;G xd;wpd; newpKiwrhh; epiyg;ghL vd;jgdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?
2 ntspthhp tpisT vd;why; vd;d?
3 mikg;G xd;W mjd; $l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;Gj; je;jpNuhghaj;jpd; xU gFjpahf mJ gpd;gw;wj;jf;f $l;Ltzpf r%fg; nghWg;G eltbf;iffs; %d;Wf;F cjhuzk; jUf.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;rpg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 105
1 mjd; gq;Fjhuh;fSf;fhd Fiwe;jgl;lr flg;ghl;ilj; jhz;br; nraw;gLk; msT
2 mikg;gpdhy; jhq;fpf; nfhs;sg;glhj mjd; r%f my;yj Rw;Wr; #oy; fpuak;
3 cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW epuw;gLj;jg;glyhk;:
njhz;Lg; gzpfSf;F ed;nfhilfis toq;Fjy;
mur rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; (jd;dhu;t njhz;L mikg;Gf;fs;) eltbf;iffSf;fhdgq;fspg;G
cs;she;j ey;y nray;fSf;fhd MjuT
Kf;fpa jPh;khdq;fspy; mf;fiwjhuu;fis cs;slf;Fjy;
tzpfj;jpd; r%f kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; jhf;fq;fis Kfhik nra;jy;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Kd;Ndw;w guPl;irf;fhd tpilfs
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 106
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 3: newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%fg; nghWg;G
Draft Version
tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk; mwpKfk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpNy> Kfhikahsh;fsJ tfpghfj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;JfpNWhk;. gphpT 1 Kfhikj;Jtj;Jf;fhd gpujk Nfhl;ghLfis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJld;> mikg;G xd;wpNy fhzg;glj;jf;f NtWgl;l Kfhikahsh;fspd; tif kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; epiwNtw;Wk; Kf;fpa flikfs; rpytw;iwAk; fw;gpf;fpwJ.
gy vOj;jhsh;fs; Kfhikahsh;fsJ tfphghfk; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghLfs; njhlh;ghf jkJ nrhe;j fUj;jhf;fq;fis cUthf;fpAs;sJld;> ehk; ,tw;iw gphpT 2 ,y; kPshaTs;Nshk;.
tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; gaDWjp Mfpad Kfhikahsh;fsJ Kf;fpa fUJnghUs;fshf cs;sJld;> ehk; ,tw;iwg; gw;wp gphpT 3 ,y; fye;JiuahlTs;Nshk;.
gpd;dhuhd mj;;jpahaq;fspy; tzpfj;jpd; Kfhik gw;wpa tpNrl mk;rq;fis NkYk; fw;Nghk;.
mwpTf;$W2 Kfhikj;Jtj; njhopw;ghLfs;2.1 Kfhikj;Jtj;Jf;fhd
mwpKfk; 2.1.1 Kfhikj;Jtj;ijg; nghUs; tiuaiw nra;J Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; gug;ngy;iyia
milahsk; fhZjy;
2.1.2 Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; fiy kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdj;ij Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
2.1.3 tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; gaDWjp Mfpatw;iwg; nghUs; tiuaiw nra;J> ,e;j vz;zf;fUf;fis mikg;gpd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwDld; njhlh;GgLj;jy;
2.1.4 Kfhikj;Jt nrad;Kiwia tpsf;fp> Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; gpujhd nrad;KiwfspilNaahd njhlh;gpid tpahf;fpahdk; nra;jy;
2.2. Kfhikahsh;fspd;tfpghfk; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs;
2.2.1 mikg;G xd;wpd; Kfhikahsh;fs; vd;gth;fs; ahh; kw;Wk; fzf;fhsh; xUtuJ Kfhikj;Jt tfpghfj;ij vd;gij milahsk; fhzy;
2.2.2 gy;NtW mbg;gilfspd; fPo; (fpilahd kw;Wk; epiyf;Fj;jhd) mikg;G xd;wpy; fhzg;glj;jf;f NtWgl;l tifahd Kfhikahsh;fisAk; mth;fsJ nghWg;Gf;fspd; gug;ngy;iyiaAk; Muha;jy;.
2.2.3 mikg;G xd;wpy; Kfhikahsh;fspdhy; tfpf;fg;gLk; gpujhd tfpghfq;fis tpsf;Fjy;
2.2.4 Kfhikj;Jt tfphghfq;fis ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd jpwd; Njitg;ghLfis milahsk; fhz;gJld;> mikg;Gf; fl;ikg;gpy; cs;s NtWgl;l Kfhikahsh;fSf;fhd Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwd;fSf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij fye;JiuahLjy;
2.2.5 ,lh;epiyikfs; kw;Wk; vjph;ghuhj epfo;Tfis Kfhik nra;tjw;fhd jpwd; Njitg;ghLfis Vw;gpirT nra;f.
2.3 Kfhikahsh;fSf;fhd rthy;fs;
2.2.6 khwptUk; #oypy; Kfhikahsh;fSf;fhd vjph;fhy rthy;fis tpsf;Ff
2.2.7 cw;gj;jpj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Ntiyj;jyj;jpy; Gj;jhf;fj; njhopEl;gj;jpd; gpuNahfj;ij fye;JiuahLjy;
2.2.8 NtWgl;l jiyKiwfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; Copah;fis Kfhik nra;Ak; Kiwapidf; fye;JiuahLjy;
2.2.9 fyhr;rhuf; fyg;G Ntiyf; FOf;fspd; elj;ijrhh; Fztpay;Gfis milahsk; fz;L> mth;fisg; gaDWjp tha;e;j tifapy; Kfhik nra;tjw;fhd gaDWjpkpf;f Kfhikj;Jt El;gq;fis Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
2.2.10 gy;Njrpa/gy;fyhr;rhu Copah;fsJ elj;ijrhh; Fztpay;Gfis milahsk; fz;L> mth;fisg; gaDWjp tha;e;j tifapy; Kfhik nra;tjw;fhd gaDWjpkpf;f Kfhikj;Jt El;gq;fis Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
107
mj;jpaha
k;
Draft Version
1 Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Nehf;fKk; nrad;KiwAk;
1.1 Kfhikj;Jtk;
"ngwg;gLfpd;wit Vida egu;fSf;$lhf nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ" vd nghJthf Kfhikj;Jtk; tiuaWf;fpd;wJ. (];Btu;l;)
'tsq;fis (kdpj> epjp> %yg;nghUs;> mwpTrhu;e;j my;yJ njhl;LzuKbahjit) jahu;gLj;jp ifahs;tjD}lhf xU epWtdj;jpd; midj;J gFjpfisAk; topelj;jp newpg;gLj;Jfpd;w nrad;KiwNa" Kfhikj;Jtk; MFk;. (mdhd;)
'Copau;fs; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij njupe;J nfhs;tJld; mij mtu;fs; rpwe;j kw;Wk; rpf;fdkhd Kiwapy; nra;fpwhu;fsh vd;gij fz;fhzpj;jwpAk; fiyNa" Kfhikj;Jtk; MFk;. (nla;yu;)
Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ 'tpisTfis mstpLtjw;Fk; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;Fk; mtrpakhd kdpj epjp nrhj;Jf;fis jahu;gLj;Jjy;> tsq;fis Kfhiknra;jy;> Nehf;fq;fis tiuaWj;jy; kw;Wk; je;jpNuhgha jpl;lkply; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa epWtd nrad;Kiw MFk;. epWtdj;jpYs;s Vidatu;fSf;fhfTk; gpw;fhy gad;ghl;bw;fhfTk; cz;ikfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Nrfupj;J itg;gijAk; Kfhikj;JtkhdJ cs;slf;FfpwJ". (mdhd;)
'tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fis cr;r tpidj;jpwDld; miltjw;F %yjdk;>,ae;jpuk;> %yg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Copak; Nghd;w tsq;fis newpg;gLj;jp tpisjpwDld; gad;gLj;JtNj" Kfhikj;Jtk; MFk;. (mdhd;)
Kfhikahsu;fspd; gpujhd tfpghfq;fshdit Ntiy jpl;lkply;> ts xJf;fPL
kw;Wk; jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; gpujhd gq;if tfpf;fpd;wdu;.
fw;wy; ntspg;ghLfs; mj;jpaha cs;slf;fq;fs;
1 Kfhikj;Jt nrad;Kiw kw;Wk; Nehf;fk;
2
3
Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlh;ghd vOj;jhsh;fs;
tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; gaDWjp
2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.4,
2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.5,
2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.3,
2.3.4, 2.3.5
2.2.3, 2.2.4
2.1.3
108 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
109CA Sri Lanka
ePq;fs; ,q;F Nehf;fpathW> tiutpyf;fzq;fshdJ Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; NtWgl;l Njhw;wg;ghLfis typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. NtWgl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fis xg;gpLjyhdJ Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wpa gy tplaq;fis vkf;F njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
• Kfhikj;JtkhdJ fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;Ftij tpl tYthd Kiwapyhdghijia tFg;gNj ,itnadf; fhl;LfpwJ.
• Kfhikj;JtkhdJ jpl;lkply;> tsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;> tpisTfiskjpg;gply; Nghd;w gy nraw;ghLfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lNj vd gytiutpyf;fzq;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd
• rpy tiutpyf;fzq;fshdJ xU Fwpf;fg;gl;l mikg;gpw;Fs; Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Njitia typAWj;JfpwJ
• gy tiutpyf;fzq;fshdJ Vidatu;fspd; Kaw;rpfSf;$lhf Nehf;fq;fismiltjw;fhd nrad;KiwahfNt Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Nehf;FfpwJ
1.2 xU fiyah my;yJ tpQ;Qhdkh?
Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ xU tpQ;QhdkfTk; mNjNtis xU fiyahfTk; cs;sJ.
Kfhikj;JtkhdJ mwpT> Kiwfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; mbg;gilapyhdJ: ,e;j tifapy; Kfhikj;Jtk; Xh; tpQ;QhdkhFk;.
vdpDk;> gaDWjp kpf;fjhf ,Ug;gjw;fhf> Kfhikahsh;fs; jpwd; kpf;fth;fshfTk;> Gj;jhf;fkhdth;fshfTk;> ,aw;jpwd; cilath;fshfTk;> mDgtk; kpf;fth;fshfTk;> mj;jifa gy Njitg;ghLfs; cilath;fshfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; Mfiahy; Kfhikj;Jtk; Xh; fiyahFk;.
tpQ;QhdkhdJ xU mj;jpthuj;ij cUthf;f> Kfhikj;Jt eilKiw my;yJ fiyahdJ ntw;wpfukhd Kfhikahsh;fs; nrad;Kiwfs;> jpirepiy kw;Wk; njhpTfs; Kjypatw;iw toq;FfpwJ.
1.3 epWtdq;fis Kfhiknra;jy;
$l;lhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fspdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nraw;wpwDf;fhd xU r%f Vw;ghNl epWtdk; MFk;.
,t; tiutpyf;fzkhdJ Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd Njitia Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ.
(a) Nehf;fq;fshdJ epWtdj;jpw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.(b) rpyegu; me;Nehf;fq;fshdJ milag;gLfpwjh vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpisTfisAk; kjpg;gPLfisAk; fz;fhdpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
(c) rpyegu; njhopw;ghl;L jj;Jtq;fs;> newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; $l;lhz;ikngWkjpfs; vd;gtw;iw epiyepWj;jTk; njhlu;ghly; nra;aTk;Ntz;bAs;sJ.
(d) rpyegu; epWtd cupikahsu;fspdJk; Vida gq;Fjhuu;fspdJk; mf;fiwfis ftdpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
NtWgl;l epWtdq;fshdJ Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfis nfhz;Lnry;tjw;fhf NtWgl;l fl;likg;Gf;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf> rpy epWtdq;fshdJ .jdpg;gl;l je;jpNuhgha jpl;lkply; gpupTfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. Vidait nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 110
jdpahu;Jiw tpahghuq;fspy;> Kfhikahsu;fs; gq;Fjhuu;fs; rhu;ghfNt nraw;gLfpd;wdu;. eilKiwapy;> gq;Fjhuu;fs; kpf mupjhfNt jiyaPLnra;fpd;wdu;. cjhuzkhf> tpahghu toq;Fdu; ,yhgq;fis> tUlj;jpw;nfhUKiw toq;fy;.
nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspy;> Kfhikj;JtkhdJ muR rhu;ghfNt nraw;gLfpd;wJ. Fbahl;rpapYs;s murpay;thjpfs; thf;fspj;j r%fj;jpw;F nghWg;Gilatu;fhsf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; ngUk;ghyhd Nehf;fq;fis 'cupikahsu;fs;" cUthf;fyhk;. mjhtJ> Kfhikj;Jtj;ij tpl murpdhy; murhdJ rpy nfhs;iffs; my;yJ jpl;lq;fis nraw;gLj;JkhW cau;kl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F $wyhk;. ,jd; %yk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Rje;jpuk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
1.4 Kfhikj;Jt nrad;Kiw
gpd;tUk; tpsf;fg;glkhdJ Kfhikj;Jt nrad;Kiwia tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
#oy; Kfhikj;Jt nrad;Kiw
#oy;
cs;sPLfs; (tsq;fs;
ntspaPLfs;
(milag;gl;l
,yf;ffs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs;)
tpidj;jpwd; gaDWjp
cU 4.1: Kfhikj;Jt nrad;Kiwapd; tpsf;fg;glk;
NkNy tpgupf;fg;gl;l gpujhd nraw;ghLfis gpd;tUkhW RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gplyhk;:
(a) vjpu;fhyj;jpy; epfo;tjw;F vd;d Njit vd;gij jPu;khdpg;gijAk; eltbf;iff;fhd jpl;lj;ij cUthf;FtijAk; jpl;lkply; cs;slf;FfpwJ.
(b) Njitahd tsq;fspd; cr;r gad;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tJld; Mf;fG+u;tkhdnjhlu;Gfis Cf;Ftpg;gjD}lhf mj;jpl;lq;fis ntw;wpfukhfeilKiwg;gLj;JtNj xOq;fikj;jy; MFk;.
(c) xU Fwpj;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jPu;khdpg;gijAk;mjw;fhf egu;fis <LgLj;JtijAk; topelj;jy; cs;slf;FfpwJ.
(d) jpl;lq;fSf;fhd Nghf;fpid rupghu;j;;jy; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; MFk;.
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; xOq;fikj;jy;
jiyik tfpj;jy;
jpl;lkply;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
111CA Sri Lanka
1.5 Kfhikj;Jt tifg;gLj;jy;fs;1.5.1 rpNu\;l Kfhikj;Jtk;cau;kl;l Kfhikj;JtkhdJ ,af;Fdu; rigiaAk; rigf;F Neubahf mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;fpd;w Vida Kfhikahsu;fisAk; cs;slf;FfpwJ. ,tu;fs; KO mikg;gpidAk; Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;F nghWg;ghfTk; mjd; je;jpNuhghaq;fis cUthf;fy; kw;Wk; tpahghuj;jpd; Nghf;fpw;fhd jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
cau;kl;l Kfhikahsu;fs; Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd kpf Kf;fpakhf Mszp njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fkhd mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;.
1.5.2 ,ilepiy Kfhikahsu;fs;,k;Kfhikahsu;fs; epWtdj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gpupTfSf;F nghWg;ghf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; - cjhuzkhf> gpupTfs; my;yJ fpisfs;. ,tu;fs; mtu;fspd; gpupT njhopw;ghl;ghl;bw;fhf cau;kl;l Kfhikahsu;fSf;F gjpyspf;Fk; nghWg;Gilatu;fshf cs;sdu;. ,tu;fspd; gzpahdJ $l;lhd nfhs;iffSf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fSf;FNkw;g jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F mtu;fspd; gpupTfis xOq;fikj;J newpg;gLj;Jtij cs;slf;FfpwJ.
,ilepiy Kfhikahsu;fs; gy mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;bUg;gu;. ,tu;fs; mtu;fspd; Copau;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd rpy mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;bUg;gu;. ,tu;fs; mtu;fspd; epGzj;Jtj;jpypUe;jhd tYit nfhz;bUg;gJld; cau;kl;l Kfhikahsu;fshy; vLf;fg;gLk; jPu;khdq;fis ePf;Ftjw;Nfh my;yJ jhkjg;gLj;Jtjw;Nfhthd vjpu;kiw tYtpidAk; nfhz;bUg;gu;. mtu;fs; jkJ rl;lG+u;tkhd tYtpidNa gpuNahfpf;fpd;wdu; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. vdNt mtu;fSf;F Kiwahd njhopy; tpguq;fs;> mjpfhu vy;iyfs; kw;Wk; Vidatw;wpw;fhd Njit fhzg;gLfpwJ.
1.5.3 fPo;kl;l Kfhikahsu;fs;fPo;kl;l Kfhikahsu;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; newpg;gLj;jy; kPNj ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;. Copau;fSf;fhd Ntiyfis xJf;Fjy;> ehshe;jk; Copau;fspd; Ntiyia Nkw;ghu;itnra;jy; kw;Wk; jukhdJk; cupa njhifapYk; cw;gj;jp kl;lj;ij miljy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F ,tu;fs; nghWg;ghf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
1.5.4 tupirepiy kw;Wk; Copa Kfhikahsu;fs;Kfhikahsu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fis Muha;fpd;w NghJ tupirepiy kw;Wk; Copau; vd;w gjq;fshdJ nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
tupirepiy mjpfhuk; vd;gJ Kfhikahsu; xUtu; Copau; xUtu; kPJ nfhz;bUf;fpd;w fpilahd rq;fpypapd; (my;yJ tupirepiy) fPo; Nehf;fpa mjpfhuNkahFk;.
Copa mjpfhuk; vd;gJ xU Kfhikahsu; my;yJ gFjp tupirepiy mjpfhukpy;yhj kw;iwa tupirepiy my;yJ gFjp xd;wpw;F rpwg;G MNyhridfis toq;Ftjw;F nfhz;bUf;fpd;w mjpfhukhFk;. Copa mjpfhukhdJ MNyhrid ngWk; gFjpapd; jPu;khdq;fspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jNth my;yJ rupahdij Nkw;nfhs;tjpNyh jiyaPLnra;a KbahJ. kdpjts gFjpahdJ Neu;KfNju;tpw;fhd Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf fzf;fPl;L KfhikahsUf;F MNyhrid toq;Ftij cjhuzkhf $wyhk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 112
1.5.5 njhopw;ghl;L mjpfhuk;
Kfhikahsu;fs; KO epWtdj;jpw;Fkhd njhopw;ghl;L mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. vdNt ,tu;fspd; gpuptpw;Fs; Fwpj;j tplakhdJ fhzg;gLkhdhy; ,tu;fs; eltbf;iffis vLg;gjw;F Vida gFjpfis fl;lhag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;bUg;gu;. epjp fzf;fhsu; Vida gFjpfspypUe;J epjp mwpf;iffis Ntz;Ltij cjhuzkhf $wyhk;. njhopw;ghl;L mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd gpujhd gpupTfshdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;FfpwJ:
Types ofmanagement
Descriptionnjhopw;ghl;L cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwia Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;>
tbtikj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; (mj;jpahak; 8 ,y; Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ)
Kfhikj;Jtk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; tsq;fisAk; eltbf;iffisAk; Kfhik nra;jYk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; El;gq;fis gad;gLj;jYk; (mj;jpahak; 9 ,y; Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ)
re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Ml;Nru;g;G> gapw;rpaspj;jy;> kjpg;gply; kw;Wk;
kdpjts Cf;fg;gLj;jy; cs;slq;fyhf epWtd njhopw;gilia Kfhik nra;jy; (mj;jpahak; 10 I ghu;f;f)
1.5.6 ngWkjpg; ghq;F Kfhikahsu;fs; (Value stream managers)
ngWkjpg; ghq;fhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;why; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Muha;r;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk; (R&D) tpepNahfk; tbtikj;jy; thbf;ifahsu; Nrit cw;gj;jp thbf;ifahsu;fs; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
,J Muha;r;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk;>tbtikj;jy;> cw;gj;jp> re;ijg;gLj;jy;> tpepNahfk;> thbf;ifahsu; Nrit Nghd;w cs;sf njhopw;ghLfspd; njhlu;Gld; toq;Fdu;fshy; ntspthupahf njhlq;fp mtu;fshNyNa ntspthupahf Kbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;> nryit Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; Gjpad Gidjy;fis mjpfupg;gjw;F>ngWkjpg; ghq;F Kfhikahsu; ngWkjpg; ghq;fpw;Fs;shd njhopw;ghLfshdJ KO epWtd rl;lfj;jpw;Fs;Sk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
1.6 xOq;fikj;jy; njhopw;ghl;by; Kfhikahsupd; ghj;jpuk;
1.6.1 Ntiyj; jpl;lkply;Ntiyj; jpl;lkply; vd;gJ jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fshdJ midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; tpidj;jpwdhf milag;gl;ljh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nrad;KiwfisAk; Ntiy KiwikfisAk; cUthf;FtjhFk;.
(a) gzp tpupirg;gLj;jy; my;yJ Kd;Dupikaspj;jy;> mjhtJ Nehf;fq;fismiltjw;Fk; fhyf;nfLit miltjw;Fkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;fpzq;fgzpfis ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sy;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
113CA Sri Lanka
(b) gzpfis ml;ltidg;gLj;Jjy; my;yJ epuy;gLj;JjYk; nghUj;jkhd NeumsTfspy; NtWgl;l jdpegu;fSf;F mtw;iw xJf;FjYk;.
(c) gpd;tUtdtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F rupghu;j;jy;fisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk;cUthf;fy;:(i) Kd;Dupikf;fhd fhyf;nfLf;fs; milag;gl;bUg;gJld; Ntiy
gpd;dilT fhzg;gltpy;iy
(ii) toikahd gzpfs; mtw;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;jpUf;fpwJ
(d) cWKupikj; jpl;lq;fs;: khw;wq;fs; my;yJ gpur;rpidfs; epfOkhapd; vd;dnra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs;> c.k;. fzpdp Kiwik Njhy;tpAwy;my;yJ njhopw;rhiy eltbf;if.
(e) jdpegu;fspd; Kaw;rpfis xUq;fpizj;jy;: epuy;fisAk; jpl;lq;fisAk;xd;wpizj;jy;. ,jd; %yk; mj;juTfSk; NtiyAk; njhopw;ghl;bd; xUfl;lj;jpypUe;J kw;iwajw;F rpf;fypd;wp eilngWfpd;wJ.
rpy njhopy;fs; (c.k;. ,izg;G tupir gzp) Kw;WKOjhf toikahdjhf fhzg;gLtJld; xU Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; xU gbKiwNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;@ vdpDk; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fSf;fhf> rpy tifahd njhlu;r;rpahd jpl;lq;fSk; khw;wq;fSk; Njitg;glyhk;.
1.6.2 mjpf tsq;fs; gad;ghl;bw;fhf xJf;fg;gLk; gFjpia kjpg;gply;tpupthf $Wtjhapd;> Kfhikahsu;fSk; Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fSk; gpd;tUk; tsq;fis mZff;$bajhfTs;sdu;. ,it gpuptpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;glNth my;yJ <LgLj;jg;glNth KbAk;.
(a) kdpjtsq;fs;: Copa NeuKk; jpwd;fSk;
(b) %ytsq;fshdJ %yg;nghUl;fs;> cgfuzk;> ,ae;jpu Neuk;> mYtyf ,lk;Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;FfpwJ.
(c) ghjPl;L topfhl;ly;fSs;s epjp tsq;fs;
(d) jfty;fs;
xU Kfhikahsu; my;yJ Nkw;ghu;itahsu; gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;fpilNaahd xJf;fPl;L tsq;fSf;F nghWg;ghf ,Uf;fyhk;:
(a) xNu Nehf;fj;ij miltjw;fhd NtWgl;l topfs; (c.k;. nkhj;j ,yhgj;ijmjpfupj;jy;> mjpf tpw;gid my;yJ nryT Fiwg;G Nghd;wtw;wpw;F)
(b) nkhj;j tsq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nghl;bg; gFjpfs; Ntiyapd; xU gFjpgpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mjpf Kd;Dupik kpf;fjhf fhzg;glyhk;.
xU NtiyahdJ gpd;tUk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy; cah;e;j Kd;Dhpikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;:
mJ Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; G+u;j;jpnra;ag;gl Ntz;bapUe;jhy; (mjhtJfhyf;nfLtpw;Fs;)
Vida gzpfs; mjd; kPJ jq;fpapUf;Fkhapd;
Vidatu;fs; mjd; kPJ jq;fpapUf;Fk; NghJ
mJ Kf;fpakhd tpisitNah my;yJ jhf;fj;ijNah nfhz;bUf;Fkhapd;
toikahd Kd;Dupikfs; my;yJ tof;fkhd cr;rgl;r Neuq;fshdJ (c.k;. tup jpUk;gy;fs;) Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu jpl;lkplf;$bajhfTs;sJld; Vida gzpfs; mtw;iw rhu;e;Nj jpl;lkplg;gLfpwJ.
vjpu;ghuhj Nfs;tpfs; Vw;gLk; NghJ toikaw;w Kd;Dupikfs; epfoyhk;. vdNt Ntiyf;fhd jpl;lkplyhdJ mtru epiyfs; kw;Wk; epuw;gLj;jg;glhjtw;wpw;fhf toikahd epuw;gLj;jg;gl;l cr;rq;fisAk; Kd;ndr;rupf;if jpl;lq;fisAk; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 114
1.7 Kfhikahsu;fSf;fhd rthy;fs;21 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Kfhikahsu;fs; gy rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. nghUshjhuf; fhyepiyahdJ vjph;T$Wtjw;Ff; fbdkhjhfTk;> njhopy;El;gkhdJ tpiue;j Ntfj;jpy; tsu;r;rpaliktjhfTk;> Kfhik kw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;fhd gioa mZFKiwfs; khwptUk; etPd R+oypy; ngUkstpw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wjhfTk; khwptUfpwJ.
,f; fhyfl;lj;jpid ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;fhf Kfhikahsu;fs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba Fwpg;gpl;l jpwd;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
• khw;wj;Jf;Fj; jiyik tfpj;jy;: etPd tzpf cyfk; Ntfkhf efu;tjhFk;.khw;wj;jpw;F kpf tpiuthfj; Jyq;Fk; jd;ik kw;Wk; gaDWjp kpf;fjPh;khdq;fis tpiuthf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fkhd xU mikg;gpd; ,aYikahdJNghl;b ed;ikf;fhd xU Kf;fpa %yf; fhuzpahfTs;sJ. vdNt>Kfhikahsu;fs; jq;fs; mikg;Gf;fspy; khw;wj;ij Kd;ndLg;gjw;Fk;jiyik tfpg;gjw;Fkhd jpwik tha;e;jtu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• Copah;fisj; jf;fitj;jy;: nghJthf 'tho;f;iff;fhd Ntiy” vd;Dk;Nehf;fpd;ik fhuzkhf> 21 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Copau;fsJ Gus;thdJ fle;jfhyq;fspy; ,Ue;jij tpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ. mj;Jld;> jpwikahdCopau;fSf;fhd cyfshtpa hPjpapyhd gw;whf;Fiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. MfNt>Copau;fs; KjyPL nra;ag;gLtjw;Fk;> tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> <LghL kw;Wk;Mjutspg;gij czUtjd; %yk; tskhf;Fk; xU R+oiy cUthf;Ftjpy;Kfhikahsu;fs; jpwikahdtu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• njhlh;r;rpj;jd;ikj; jpl;lkply;: mikg;gpd; vjpu;fhyj; jiyth;fiscUthf;Fk; tpjkhf> eLj;ju Kfhikahsu;fSf;F rupahd jpwd;fs;> gapw;rpaspj;jy;> mDgtk; kw;Wk; mwpit toq;Fjy;. gy etPd mikg;Gf;fs; KjyPl;bd; gw;whf;Fiwahy; jlq;fyiltjhy; Kfhikapd; eLj;ju kl;lq;fspy; jpwikfis tsu;f;fTk; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; NghuhLfpd;wd.
khwptUk; R+oiyr; rkhspg;gjw;fhf tzpfk; ftdj;jpy; vLf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; mj;jpahak; 2 ,y; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j rpf;fy;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd cj;jpfs; fhzg;gLtjid Kfhikahsu; cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
1.7.1 neUf;fb epiyikfs; kw;Wk; vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfs;
neUf;fb epiyik kw;Wk; gpw vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfs; Kfhikahsu;fSf;F fLikahd rthy;fis Kd;itg;gJld;> Kfhikahsh;fs; mr; #o;epiyfspy; tpiuthf rpe;jpf;fTk;> Fiwe;j jftyspf;fg;gl;l jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJld;> mjpfupj;j ,lh;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;. Kfhikj; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sypy; ,J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij ehk; 5 Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; NkYk; fw;fTs;Nshk;.
GyDzu; jpwd;fs;> tzpf epGzj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtf; fiyapd; xU gFjpahff; fUjg;gLk; gpw jpwd;fs; Kjypad Kfhikj;Jt tpQ;Qhdj;ij tplTk; neUf;fb epiyikfspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;fjhFk;. Nfhl;ghl;L hPjpahd my;yJ tpQ;QhdKiw Kfhikahsu;fs; vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfshy; mjpf rthYf;F cs;shf NeupLk;.
xU neUf;fb epiyik Vw;gLk; NghJ> R+o;epiyrhh; jpl;lkply;> tzpfj; njhlu;r;rpj;jd;ikj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; mdh;j;j kPl;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;w El;gq;fs; Kfhikahsu;fSf;F gad;kpf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mjpf ];jpuj;jd;ik kpf;f fhyq;fspy; Kfhikahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,j;jifa jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;J Nrhjpf;Fk; tifapy; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; mj;jifa jpl;lq;fspd; Nrhjid Kjypatw;Wf;fhd mjpf jpl;lkplyhdJ> Kfhikahsu;fs; kw;Wk; xl;Lnkhj;j mikg;Gk; neUf;fb epiyikfis rkhspg;gjw;F trjpaspf;Fk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
115CA Sri Lanka
1.7.2 fyg;Gj; jiyKiw mzpfs;
jiyKiw NtWghLfs; kf;fs; njhlu;G nfhs;Sk; tpjk;> mtu;fspd; mZFKiw kw;Wk; Ntiy Kiw> njhopy;El;gj;jpw;fhd mtu;fspd; mZFKiw kw;Wk; gad;ghL kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j kdepiy Kjypatw;wpd; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
jiyKiw Fztpay;Gfs;
Foe;ij tsh;g;ghsh;fs; (1946-1964) Nghl;bkpf;fJ> fbd ciog;gpd; %ykhfNt me;j];Jf;fs; ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;w kdg;ghq;F
jiyKiw X (1965-1977) nghJthfNt mjpfk; re;Njfk; kpf;f kdg;ghq;ifAila RahjPd rpe;jidahsh;fs;
jiyKiw Y (1978-,d;Wtiu) njhopEl;gj;Jf;F rhjfkhdth;fs;> gpd;D}l;lYf;F kjpg;gspg;gh;> FOr; nraw;ghl;Lf;F ed;F Jyq;fyspg;gh;.
Kfhikahsu;fs;
• jiyKiwfSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• NtWgl;l jiyKiwapduhy; nfhz;bUf;fg;gLk; gz;Gfis milahsk; fz;Lrhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• xNu khjpupahdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jidapypUe;J NtWgl;Lf;fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.; xU jiyKiwapd; midj;J cWg;gpdu;fSk; xNuepakj;Jf;F ,zf;fkhdth;fshf ,Uf;f khl;lhu;fs;
• ntt;NtW fz;Nzhl;lq;fisAk; jPu;TfisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tpjkhf>mzpfSf;Fs; NtWgl;l jiyKiwfspd; fyg;gpid cs;slf;Fjy;
• jpwe;j jpl;l Ntiy> NtiyNeuk; kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fspd;mbg;gilapy; nefpo;thd jd;ik> Ntiyf;F ntt;NtW mZFKiwfistoq;Fjy; Kjypa tplaq;fspy; Ntiy kw;Wk; jPu;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy;nefpo;thf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,Wjpapy;> kf;fis kf;fshf Nehf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. jdpegu;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;jcupikfisf; nfhz;bUg;gh;.
1.7.3 gy;fyhr;rhu Copau;fs; kw;Wk; FWf;Ff; fyhr;rhu mzpfs;
tzpfj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpahd cyfkakhf;fy; vd;gJ ekJ nrhe;jf; fyhr;rhuk; jtpu;e;j NtW xU fyhr;rhuj;jpypUe;JtUk; Copah;fis Kfhik nra;tJ kw;Wk; FWf;F-fyhr;rhu FOf;fis epu;tfpg;gJ vd;gJ ngUkstpy; nghJthdjhf tsh;e;JtUfpwJ.
ehk; tsu;f;fg;gl;l fyhr;rhuk; ehk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; r%f kw;Wk; elj;ij tpjpKiwfspYk; mjd; tpisthf kw;wtu;fSld; ehk; njhlu;G nfhs;Sk; tpjk; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
,J jtwhd Gupjy;fs;> Nfl;fg;glhj Fuy; nfhLf;fhj mDkhdq;fs;> jtwhf tpsq;fpf; nfhz;l cly; nkhop> Ntiy nra;Ak; ghzpfspy; cs;s NtWghLfs; Kjypatw;wpd; fhuzkhf tPo;r;rpailaf;$ba tzpf cw;gj;jpj;jpwid ghjpf;Fk;. nkhopj; jilfs; kw;Wk; Neu NtWghLfs; Nghd;w ngsjPf ,ilA+Wfs; xU FWf;F fyhr;rhu FOtpd; Kfhikahsu; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rpf;fy;fis mjpfg;gLj;Jk;.
Draft Version
116 CA Sri Lanka
,e;j rpf;fy;fspd; jhf;fj;ij Fiwf;f Kaw;rpg;gjd; %yk; Kfhikahsu; mzpapd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwdpy; Vw;glj;jf;f tPo;r;rpapidj; jtpu;f;fyhk;. ,jw;fhf Kfhikahsu; gad;gLj;jf;$ba gy El;gq;fs; cs;sd. mit gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fyhk;:
• fyhr;rhu NtWghLfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;L kjpj;jy;.
• mzpapd; tof;fkhd kw;Wk; gaDWjpkpf;f njhlu;ghlYf;F cjTk; tpjkhf>nka;epfu; FOg;gzp Ntiyaplj;ij Vw;gLj;jp toq;Fjy;
• FWf;Ff; fyhr;rhu gapw;rpia toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;
• midtUf;Fk; rkkhd tha;g;Gf;fisf; nfhLf;Fk; jpwe;j R+oiy Cf;Ftpj;jy;
• ed;F njhlu;ghly; nra;ag;gl;l kw;Wk; Gupe;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l mzpf;fhd tpjpKiwfis tiuaWg;gjd; %yk; FO fyhr;rhuj;ij epWTjy;
• midj;J cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; tfpghfq;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;GfisAk; njspthftiuaWj;jy;
• mzpapd; midj;J cWg;gpdu;fSk; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLk; tifapyhd FOmilahsj;ij cUthf;Fjy;
• jtwhd Gupjy;fisj; jtpu;f;Fk; tifapy; mjpfkhd njhlh;ghly;
• mzpf;Fs;Nsahd NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; khWgl;l fz;Nzhl;lq;fis Mjhpj;jy;
1.8 njhopy;El;gk;njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gaDWjpkpf;f gad;ghlhdJ Kfhikahsu;fSf;F mtu;fsJ nrhe;j kw;Wk;; mzpapd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ngupJk; cjtf;$Lk;.
• nraw;jpl;l Kfhik nkd;nghUshdJ Neuk;> tsq;fs;> ghjPL kw;Wk;nraw;jpl;lq;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wg;gbKiwfs; Kjypatw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;>fz;fhzpf;fTk; Kfhik nra;aTk; Kfhikahsu;fSf;F cjTk;.
• kpd;dQ;ry; Kfhik nkd;nghUshdJ kpd;dq;ry;fisj; jd;dpaf;fkhfKfhik nra;jy; kw;Wk; Nrkpj;J itj;jy; %yk;; cjtKbAk;. kpd;dQ;ry;re;ijg;gLj;jy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Kfhikahsu;fSf;F ,J kpfTk; cjtpahf,Uf;Fk;.
• thbf;ifahsu; cwT Kfhik (CRM) nkd;nghUs; thbf;ifahsu;fisf;fz;fhzpf;fTk;> me;j thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F kpf Kf;fpakhdtw;iwmilahsk; fhzTk; cjTfpwJ. nraw;jpl;lq;fs; my;yJ Nritfisthbf;ifahsu;fSf;F kpfTk; ftu;r;rpfukhdjhf khw;Wk; rpwpa khw;wq;fisr;nraw;gLj;j Kfhikahsu;fSf;F ,J cjTk;. NkYk;> jd;dpaf;f tpw;gidg;gl;bayply;; nray;Kiw kw;Wk; gpw Kfhikg; gzpfSf;Fk;> Gjpa thbf;ifahsu;fis cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fTk; gpd;njhlu;tjw;Fk; ,J cjTk;.
• r%f Clf Kfhik. mikg;Gf;fs; thbf;ifahsu;fSlDk; gpwmf;fiwjhuUlDk; njhlu;G nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; r%f Clfq;fs; Gul;rpiaVw;gLj;jpAs;sd> ,Ug;gpDk; ,J mjpf Neuk; vLf;Fk;. r%f Clf Kfhiknkd;nghUs; ,jd; Rikia vspjhf;fyhk;> cjhuzkhf> ,Liffisjpl;lkpLtjd; %yk;. ,J juitAk; gFg;gha;T nra;fpwJ> cjhuzkhf> ve;j,Liffs; kpfTk; ntw;wpfukhf ,Ue;jd> ,Lifapl rpwe;j ehs;> thuj;jpd;rpwe;j ehs;> ve;j jsk; rpwe;jJ> ,Liffspd; cs;slf;fj;jpw;F gjpyspj;jy;kw;Wk; gytw;iw ,J Kfhikahsu;fSf;Ff; fhl;lyhk;. ,jdhy; me;jKfhikahsu;fs; jq;fs; r%f Clf %Nyhghaj;ij ed;whf khw;Wtjw;fhdkhw;wq;fisr; nra;a cjTfpwhu;fs;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 117
• cw;gj;jp fz;fhzpg;G nkd;nghUs; my;yJ rhjdq;fs; cw;gj;jpapd;ntspaPl;ilf; fz;fhzpf;f cw;gj;jpapy; Kfhikahsu;fSf;F cjtf;$Lk;.fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;l Copau;fs; ,e;j topapy; fz;fhzpf;fg;glhjtu;fis tpljpwikahdtu;fshf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
• xU mzpapd; nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;j FO nra;jpaply;kw;Wk; xspg;gl khehL Nghd;w njhlu;ghly; nkd;nghUs;fisKfhikahsu;fs; epWtyhk;.
2 Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wp vOj;jhsu;fs;
2.1 n`d;wp gNahy;: Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Ie;J njhopw;ghLfs;gNahy; (1841-1925) xU gpuhd;]; ehl;L njhopyjpguhthu;. ,tu; nghJthd Kfhikj;Jt jj;Jtq;fs; vd;w vz;zf;fUit cUthf;fp gpugyg;gLj;jpdhu;: kw;nwhU tifapy; $Wtjhapd;> midj;J epWtdq;fSk; gFj;jwpthd jj;Jtq;fSf;Nfw;g fl;likf;fg;gl;L Kfhiknra;ag;gl KbAk; vd;gNj ,tuJ fUj;jhFk;. mj;jj;Jtq;fis eilKiwapy; gpuNahfpg;gJ ,yFthd tplaky;y vd;gij gNahy; jhkhfNt czu;e;jhu;: 'xNu khjpupahd epiyikfspy; ,U jlit xNu jj;Jtq;fis ehk; gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;bapUg;gJ vg;NghjhtJ epfo;fpwJ: nfhLg;gdthdJ NtWgl;l kw;Wk; khw;wkilAk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Nfw;g Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;."
gNahy; ve;jnthU epWtdj;jpw;Fk; gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f Ie;J Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfis tifg;gLj;jpdhu;.
njhopw;ghL tpsf;fk;
jpl;lkply; ,J epWtdj;jpdJk; mjd; cg gpupTfSf;Fkhd Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd je;jpNuhghaq;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> epfo;r;rpfs;> nray;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis jPu;khdpj;jiy cs;slf;FfpwJ.
xOq;fikj;jy; epWtd Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;F nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bAs;s gzpfspd; fl;likg;ig cUthf;fy;@ jdpegu; FOf;fSf;fhd NtiyfSf;Fs; ,g;gzpfis tifg;gLj;Jjy;@ Ntiyfis gpupTfSf;Fk; JiwfSf;Fk; xJf;Fjy;@ Ntiyfis nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F mjpfhuq;fis gfpu;e;jspj;jy;@
Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wp goik tha;e;j vOj;jhsu;fSk; epWtdKk; ngUk;ghYk; tpidj;jpwd; njhlu;ghfNt ftdk;nrYj;jpdu;.
gNahy; (Fayol) xU epu;thfpahf ,Ue;jJld; epWtdj;jpd; nghJj;jj;Jtq;fis Kd;itj;jhu;.
nla;yu; xU nghwpapayhsuhf ,Ue;jJld; kpf tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwikfis Muha;e;jhu;.
khNahTk; mtuJ rfhf;fSk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwdpd; fhuzpahf NtiyapYs;s jdpegu; kw;Wk; FO elj;ijapid Muha;e;jdu;.
njhlu;e;Jte;j vOj;jhsu;fs; Kfhikahsu;fs; vd;d nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikahd Nehf;fpy; Muha;e;jdu;.
buf;fu; tpahghuq;fspy; Kfhikahsu;fspd; rpf;fd Nehf;fpid typAWj;jpdhu;.
kpd;l;];gu;f; Kfhikj;JtkhdJ ,izf;fg;glhj KOikaw;w eltbf;if xd;whFk; vd thjpl;lJld; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; ghj;jpuj;jpidAk; tpgupj;jhu;.
Draft Version
118 CA Sri Lanka
eltbf;iffis xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf jfty; njhlu;ghly; Kiwikfis toq;Fjy;.
fl;lisaply; mjpfhuj;ijAk; (jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F) nghWg;Gf;fisAk; (nraw;wpwDf;fhd) nfhz;Ls;s KfhikahsUf;fhd gzpfis nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F Copau;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Fjy;.
xUq;fpizj;jy; epWtdj;jpw;Fs;Ss;s jdpegu;fspdJk; FOf;fspdJk; eltbf;iffisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;jy;. Kfhikj;JtkhdJ gfpug;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; midj;J rhu;ghfTk; (my;yJ rpwg;G xUq;fpizg;G) mZFKiw> Kaw;rp> mf;fiw kw;Wk; Neuj;jpYs;s NtWghLfis xj;Jg;Nghfnra;a Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Lg;gLj;jJjy; jpl;lq;fSf;Nfw;g nraw;wpwdhdJ fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F> jdpegu;fspdJk; FOf;fspdJk; nraw;ghLfis rupghu;j;jYk; kjpg;gplYk;. jpl;lq;fspypUe;jhd tpyfy;fs; milahsq;fhzg;gl;L rupg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
etPd Nehf;fpypUe;J gNahypd; tifg;gLj;jypy; ,U gpujhd tplaq;fs; tpLgl;bUg;gjd; %yk; ePq;fs; Fog;gkilayhk;.
(a) 'Cf;fg;gLj;jy;" Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. Copau;fspd; Njitfis ftdj;jpy;nfhs;shJ Ntiyianra;tjw;F mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;w my;yJ fl;lisaplg;gLfpd;w NghJ mtu;fs; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tijNa ,J fUJfpd;wJ.
(b) “njhlu;ghly;" Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; mJ fl;lisaply;(mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fy;)> newpg;gLj;Jjy; (jfty;fis gwpkhwy;) kw;Wk;fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; (gpd;D}l;ly;fis toq;fy;) Nghd;w nrad;Kiwfspd; %yk;Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
,J egu;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtijf;fhl;bYk; tsq;fisAk; nrad;KiwfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w xU tplakhfNt Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghl;bd; goik Nehf;if Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd tpopg;Gzu;thdJ Kd;du; xU cs;shu;e;j nrad;KiwahfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; mJ njhlu;ghliyAk; nry;thf;ifAk; cs;slf;fpajhf tsu;r;rpaile;jJ
2.1.1 gNahypd; gjpdhd;F jj;Jtq;fs; gNahy; mtupd; mDgtq;fspid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L gjpdhd;F Kfhikj;Jt jj;jJtq;fisAk; cUthf;fpdhu;. ,j;jj;Jtq;fshdJ xU Nkw;ghu;itahsu; vt;thW mtupd; gFjpapid xOq;fikf;fTk; Copau;fis Kfhiknra;aTk; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd nghJthd topfhl;ly;fis etPdfhy Kfhikahsu;fSf;F toq;FfpwJ.
(a) njhopw;gpupg;G. njhopw;gpupg;Gk; rpwg;Gj;Nju;r;rpAk; Fwpj;j Kaw;rpapNy NtiyiamjpfkhfTk; rpwg;ghfTk; nra;fpwJ.
(b) mjpfhuKk; nghWg;Gk;. mjpfhuk; vd;gJ fl;lisfis toq;Ftjw;fhdcupikAk; fPo;gbjYf;fhd tYTkhFk;. Kfhikahsu;fs; mtu;fspd; epiyfhuzkhf cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhd mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;bUg;gu;. mNjNghd;Wjdpg;gl;l mjpfhukhdJ jdpegu; MSik> mwpT kw;Wk; mDgtk; vd;gtw;iwmbg;gilahf nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mjpfhukhdJ nghWg;gpid cUthf;FfpwJ.
(c) xOf;fk;. epWtdj;jpw;Fs; fPo;gbjYk; kupahijAk; kpf Kf;fpakhffhzg;gLfpd;wd. ey;y xOf;fkhdJ mj;JkPwy;fs; njspthf fhzg;gLfpd;wNghnjy;yhk; jz;lidfis gpuNahfpg;gjw;F Kfhikahsu;fis Ntz;LfpwJ.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 119
(d) fl;lisapy; Xhpdj;jd;ik. Copau; xUtu; Nkyjpfhup xUtuplkpUe;J kl;LNkfl;lisfis ngw Ntz;Lk;.
(e) ,af;Ftpj;jypy; xUik. epWtd eltbf;iffshdJ xU ikag;gLj;jg;gl;lmjpfhuj;ijAk; eltbf;iff;fhd xU jpl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(f) jdpegu; mf;fiwahdJ nghJ mf;fiwf;F Jiznra;jy;. Copau; xUtu;my;yJ Copa FOtpw;fhd mf;fiwfshdJ epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fk;mf;fiwfSf;Fk; JizGuptjhFk;. ,J Copau;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghl;iljtpu;g;gjw;Fk; xw;Wikia guhkupg;gjw;Fk; mtrpakhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(g) Msdpf;fhd Cjpak;. rk;gsk; - Copau;fshy; Mw;wg;gLfpd;w NritfSf;fhdtpiy - epahakhdjhf fhzg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gJld; njhopyhsu; kw;Wk;njhopy;jUdu; ,UtUf;Fk; jpUg;jpfukhdjhfTk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(h) ikag;gLj;Jjy;. ikag;gLj;Jjypd; Nehf;fkhdJ kdpjtsj;jpd; cr;r gad;ghlhFk;. ikag;gLj;Jjypd; msthdJ xt;nthU epWtdj;jpdJk; #o;epiyfSf;FNkw;g NtWgLfpwJ.
(i) ‘fl;lisr; rq;fpyp’ mjpfhu rq;fpypahdJ epWtdj;jpd; cau;kl;l mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J fPo;kl;lk; tiu fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(j) fl;lisaply;. kdpjtsj;jpw;Fk; %yg;nghUl;fSf;Fkhd epWtd fl;lisahdJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. rupahd %yg;nghUl;fSk; jFe;j Copau;fSk; xt;nthU njhopw;ghl;bw;Fk; eltbf;iff;Fk; mtrpakhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(k) rkj;Jtk;. epWtdq;fspy; rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ ePjpapdJk; md;gpdJk; fyitahffhzg;gLfpwJ. Copau;fSld; gzpahw;Wk; NghJ Neu;ikAlDk;rkj;Jtj;JlDk; ele;Jnfhs;tJ ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(l) gzpg;ghJfhg;G. kdpjtsj;jpd; cr;r cw;gj;jpj;jpwid miltjw;F epiyahdCopag;gil mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
(m) jd;dhu;tepiy. xU jpl;lj;ij tFj;J mjd; ntw;wpia cWjpg;gLj;JtjhdJcz;ikapNyNa tYthd Cf;fg;gLj;jyhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mu;tk;> Mw;wy;kw;Wk; Kaw;rp vd;gd epWtdj;jpd; midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; tpUk;gg;gLfpwJ.
(n) gzpahsu; xw;Wik. FO NtiyahdJ epWtdnkhd;wpw;F mbg;gilapy;mtrpakhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. njhopy; FOf;fSk; gue;j Neub tha;nkhop %ynjhlu;ghlYk; FO Ntiyia Cf;fg;gLj;JfpwJ.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
120 CA Sri Lanka
2.2 F.W. nla;yu;: tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jtk;gpunlupf; W. nla;yu; (1856-1915) If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jt ,af;fj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. Kfhikj;JtkhdJ mjpfkhd my;yJ Fiwe;j njsptw;w fUj;Jf;fspy; jq;fpapUg;gjw;F gjpyhf> ed;whf milahsq;fhzg;gl;L njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epiyahd jj;Jtq;fis mbg;gilahfnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w thjj;ij ,tNu Kjypy; Kd;itj;jhu;. nla;yu; kpfj;jpwikahd xU nghwpapayhsuhf fhzg;gl;lJld; mtu; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F nghwpapay; tpidj;jpwd; mZFKiwapid mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.
tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; jj;Jtq;fshdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;FfpwJ.
(a) cz;ikahd tpQ;Qhd gzpfis cUthf;fy;. ,Jtiu Copau;fs; nfhz;bUe;j midj;J mwpTk; Kfhik %yk; jpul;lg;gl;L gjpTnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpwpaJk; ngupaJkhd xt;nthU jdp tplaKk; rl;lj;ij Fiwg;gjw;fhd tpQ;Qhd Muha;r;rpf;fhd tpdhthf khWfpwJ.
(b) tpQ;Qhd njupTk; Copau;fspd; mgptpUj;jpapd; tsu;r;rpAk;: Copau;fs;ftdkhf gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gJld; mtu;fSf;F nghUj;jkhdnjhopy;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(c) cr;r cw;gj;jpj;jpwid ngWtjw;F Ntiyiajpl;lkply;>kjpg;gply; kw;Wk;fl;Lg;gLj;Jjypw;fhd El;gq;fspd; gpuNahfk;.
(d) Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; Copau;fSf;Fkpilapyhd epiyahdJk;neUf;fkhdJkhd $l;LwT: 'njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; njhopy;jUdu;fSf;Fkhdnjhlu;GfshdJ ,f;fiyapd; kpfKf;fpa gFjpia vJtpj tpdhf;fSkpy;yhky;cUthf;FfpwJ".
eilKiwapy; tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jt El;gq;fshdJ gpd;tUk; $Wfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
(a) gzp Ma;T El;gq;fshdJ Ntiyfis Ma;Tnra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; gad;ghl;bw;fhd mjpf tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwikfis cUthf;FfpwJ. Fwpf;Nfhspw;F 'xU rpwe;j Kiw" gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tiuf;Fk; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyapy; khw;wq;fshdJ mDkjpf;fg;glkhl;lhJ.
(b) jpl;lkpYk; nraw;ghLk; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Fwpj;j Ntiyia nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F mwpTrhu;e;Njh my;yJ cly;uPjpahfNth gapw;rpaspf;fg;gLfpd;w egu;fis rpwe;j ed;ikia ngWtjw;F jpl;lkplf;$ba rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; FiwthfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J Kfhikahsupd; njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ.
(c) njhopy;fs; Ez;zpajhf tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ: Ntiy nrad;Kiwfspd;KOtijANkh my;yJ xU gFjpiaNah nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F jdpegUf;FmDkjpaspg;gij ghu;f;fpYk;> jdpegUf;fhf KOikahf tpNrlj;Jtj;Jld;tbtikf;fg;gl;l njhopyhdJ jdpahdJk; ,yFthdJkhd gzp $Wfshfgpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. (jw;NghJ njhopy; jpUg;jpf;F Kf;fpakhf fUjg;gLk; gzpapd;'nghUs;" kw;Wk; 'Kf;fpaj;Jtk;" vd;gd ,d;Dk; Kf;fpakhd ngWkjpfshfntspg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.)
(d) Copau;fSf;F Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Gjpa KiwikfspdJk; ntspaPl;Lepakq;fspdJk; mbg;gilapy; Cf;Ftpg;G nfhLg;gdTfs; toq;fg;gl;lJ: GjpaKiwikfshdJ cw;gj;jpj;jpwidAk; ,yhgq;fisAk; ngUkstpy;mjpfupj;jJ. nfhLg;gdthdJ Kf;fpakhd Cf;Ftpg;G rf;jpahf kl;LNkfUjg;gl;lJ.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 121
nla;yuhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;JtkhdJ (fpy;gpuj; kw;Wk; fhz;l; Nghd;w rkfhyj;jtu;fSk;) ngUk;ghYk; cly;uPjpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ntiy njhlu;ghdjhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwidAk; tpidjpwidAk; ftdj;jpy;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; $WfshdJ ,d;Dk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2.3 vy;ld; khNah: kdpjts njhlu;Gfs;1920 fspy;> Kfhikahsu;fs; kdpj elj;ijapd; rpf;fiy ftdj;jpy;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij fhl;Ltjw;fhd Muha;r;rpahdJ njhlq;fpaJ. njhopDl;gj;jpwd; kPjhd OOf;ftdKk; (tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo;) r%f jpwdpd;ikapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;gij ,J milahsg;gLj;jpaJ: Kfhikahsu;fs; vt;thW Copau;fis Kfhiknra;tJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghf gapw;rpaspf;fg;gltpy;iy. mNj Neuj;jpy;> ,ae;jpu ghtidahdJ Njhd;wpajd; fhuzkhf toq;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU epjp Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSk; Copau;fspd; tpuf;jpia Nghf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; kdpj Cf;fg;gLj;jypy; rpf;fy; epiy ntspg;gl njhlq;fpaJ.
vy;ld; khNah `hu;tu;l; tpahghu ghlrhiyapy; njhopw;rhiy Muha;r;rpf;fhd Nguhrpupauhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,tu; 1924-1932 ,ilapy; rpf;fhf;Nfhtpy; Nkw;fj;jpa kpd;rhu fk;gdpapd; `hNjhu;d; Ntiyfspy; ghupa Muha;r;rpapy; njhlu;r;rpahf <Lgl;bUe;jhu;. ,t; Ma;TfshdJ Kjypy; tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jt gpd;dzpapNyNa cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; Ntiy ntspaPl;bd; kPjhd ntspr;rj;jpd; tpisT njhlu;ghd Muha;r;rpapid njhlq;fpdhu;fs;. vdpDk;> ntspr;rk; njhlu;ghdij tpl milag;gl;l cw;gj;jp kl;lq;fis jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Copau;fspd; kdg;ghq;Fk; FOj;njhlu;GfSk; kpfKf;fpakhdjhf fhzg;gl;lij mt; Ma;thdJ ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
`hNjhu;d; Ma;tpYs;s Kf;fpa $whdJ Copa FOf;fspd; ,af;ftpay;fis Muha;tjhf fhzg;gl;lJ. FOthdJ ntspaPl;il fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;> nry;thf;fw;w Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fis Klf;Fjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; mjd; elj;ij newpfis nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; kpf tpidj;jpwdhf fhzg;gl;lJ. Copau;fs; r%f my;yJ clik Njitfs; cs;slq;fyhf gy;NtWtifahd cstpay; Njitfshy; Ntiyapy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs; vd;gNj ,t; Ma;tpd; Kbtpy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt kdpj njhlu;G ghlrhiyapd; Kfhikj;Jt Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilahdJ.
jsepiy Ma;T
nla;yupd; nfhs;iffs; ePbf;fpd;wjh?
,J nla;yupd; nfhs;if $Wfis gw;wp tpthjpf;fpd;wJ. jd;dpaf;fthf;fk;> Neub Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk; Ez;zpa tbtikg;gpyhd NtiyfSf;$lhf cr;rg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w fl;Lg;ghl;il gpd;tUk; tpahghuq;fspy; fPo;kl;l Copa Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; fhzyhk;:
ghupa Jupj cztfq;fs; (nkf;nlhdhy;]; Nghd;wit)@
miog;G ikaq;fs;> ,q;F miog;Gf;fs; gjpag;gl;L Neukplg;gLtJld;fz;fhzpf;fg;gLfpwJ (rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mwpf;ifaplg;gLfpwJ). mj;Jld;Copau;fs; jsj;jpypUe;J foptiwf;F Nghtjw;Fk; mDkjp Nfl;fNtz;bAs;sJ.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
122 CA Sri Lanka
2.3.1 etPd kdpj njhlu;Gfs; (Neo-human relations)gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOj;jhsu;fs; (mjhtJ kh];NyhTk; `hu;];ghu;f;Fk;) rthYf;fhd Njit> njhopypYs;s jdpg;gl;l mgptpUj;jpAk; nghWg;Gk; cs;slq;fyhf Copau;fspd; NtWgl;l cau;kl;l Njitfspd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;. ,J Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhopy; jpUg;jp vd;gtw;wpw;fhd Kf;fpa Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;itj;j etPd kdpj njhlu;G ghlrhiyahf khwpaJ.
kdpj njhlu;G mZFKiwfshdJ epWtd nraw;ghl;bd; NtiyapYs;s kdpj fhuzpapd; (Fwpg;ghf Ntiy FOtpy;) nry;thf;fpd; Kf;fpakhd tpopg;Gzu;tpw;F gq;fspg;G nra;jJ. ngUk;ghyhd Nfhl;ghLfshdJ Copau;fis jpUg;jpgLj;jp Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F Kfhikahsu;fSf;F gapw;rpaspf;ff;$ba topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ftjw;Fk; mjd;%yk; (Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahf) Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; ed;ikfis ngWtjw;FNk Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd.
2.4 Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd etPd vOj;jhsu;fs;
,UgjhtJ E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhtJ gFjpapy;> Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fshdJ kpfTk; khWgl;ljhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
(a) epWtd njhopw;ghL njhlu;ghd Ke;ija Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJ jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;w Fwpj;j Kfhikj;Jt El;gq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpapYk; Nkw;ghu;itf;fhd fw;if JiwfspYk; njhlug;gl;bUe;jJ. tpidj;jpwdpw;fhd NjlyhdJ njhopw;rhiy nghwpapay; kw;Wk; gzp Muha;r;rp Jiwfspy; njhlu;fpd;wJ.
(b) kdpj njhlu;G Nfhl;ghlhdJ Cf;fg;gLj;jy;> FO kw;Wk; jdpegu; elj;ij>jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiw cstpaypd; VidaNjhw;wg;ghLfSf;fhd fw;gpj;jypd; mgptpUj;jpapd; %yk; cau;j;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.
(c) Kfhikahsu; gzpfspd; ,ay;G njhlu;ghd gy Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd: Kfhikahsu; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;> Kfhikahsu; vd;dnra;fpwhu;fs;> mjpfupj;JtUk; rpf;fyhdJk; xOq;fw;wJkhd tpahghu#oy;fs ;.
2.5 gPl;lu; buf;fu;: Kfhikj;Jt nrad;Kiw
gPl;lu; buf;fu; 1940fspYk; 1950fspYk; gy If;fpa mnkupf;f $l;Lj;jhgdq;fSf;fhd tpahghu MNyhrfuhf flikahw;wpdhu;.
tpahghu Kfhikahsu; xU mbg;gil njhopw;ghl;ilNa nfhz;bUf;fpwhu; - rpf;fd nraw;ghL vd buf;fu; thjpl;lhu;. ,jw;fpzq;f> tpahghu Kfhikahsu; Vida tif epWtd Kfhikahsu;fspypUe;J NtWgLfpd;whu;. Kfhikj;JtkhdJ mJ cUthf;Ffpd;w rpf;fd tpisTfspd; %yk; mjd; ePbj;jpUg;igAk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; kl;LNk ep&gpf;f KbAk;. vdpDk; Kf;fpakhd rpf;fdkw;w tpisTfSk; mjd; eltbf;ifapd; tpisthf Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
123CA Sri Lanka
2.5.1 Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; gzpfs;
buf;fu; rpf;fd nraw;ghl;bd; ,t; mbg;gil njhopw;ghl;bw;Fs;Ss;s Kfhikj;Jt njhopy;fis gpd;tUkhW tpgupj;Js;shu;.
(a) tpahghuj;ij Kfhiknra;jy;. tpahghuj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fshdJ thbf;ifahsu;fisAk; GjpaJ Gidjy;fisAk; cUthf;FtjhfTs;sJ.
(b) Kfhikahsu;fis Kfhiknra;jy;. Njitg;ghLfshdJ:
Nehf;fq;fspd; %ykhd Kfhikj;Jtk; (my;yJ nraw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk;)
Kfhikahsu; njhopy;fspd; jFe;j fl;likg;G
epWtdj;jpy; rupahd newpKiwfis (fyhr;rhuk;) cUthf;fy;
vjpu;fhy Kfhikahsu;fSf;fhd Vw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;sy; (Kfhikj;Jtnjhlu;r;rp)
epWtd fl;likg;gpd; jpwdhd nfhs;iffis miljy;
(c) Copau;fisAk; NtiyiaAk; Kfhiknra;jy;
tpahghu Kfhikj;Jtk; cs;slq;fyhf Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; midj;J gpupTfspYKs;s Kfhikahsupd; nraw;ghlhdJ Kiwahd Ra kjpg;gPL> xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l mwptpd; ngWif (c.k;. Kfhikj;Jt El;gq;fs;) kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt jj;Jtq;fSf;fhd fw;wy; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; cau;j;jg;glyhk;.
2.5.2 Kfhikj;Jt nrad;Kiwfs;
gpd;du;> buf;fu; Kfhikahsupd; gzpfis Ie;J tiffshf gpupj;jhu;. (a) epWtdj;jpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fis tiuaWj;jy;. Kfhikahsu;fs; epWtdj;jpd;
Nehf;fq;fs; vd;dthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jPu;khdpg;gJld; xt;nthUNehf;fj;jpw;Fkhd milTkl;lj;jpd; ,yf;Ffis mstpLtJkhFk;. mjd;gpd;du; mtu;fs; epWtdj;jpYs;s Vidatu;fSf;F ,t; ,yf;Ffisnjhlu;ghly; nra;fpd;wdu;.
(b) Ntiyia xOq;fikj;jy;. epWtdj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w NtiyahdJKfhiknra;af;$ba njhopy;fs;> Kfhiknra;af;$ba eltbf;iffs; vdgpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;fs; Kiwahd epWtd fl;likg;gpw;Fs; xd;wpizf;fg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gJld; egu;fs; Ntiyfis nra;atjw;F njupTnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(c) Copau;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jYk; mtu;fspd; Ntiyfis nra;tjw;F Njitahdjfty;fis mtu;fSf;F njhlu;ghly; nra;jYk;.
(d) njhopypd; mstPL. Kfhikj;JtkhdJ:
(i) midj;J Mszpf;Fkhd nraw;wpwd; mstPLfis my;yJ Nehf;fq;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) cz;ikahd nraw;wpwid gFg;gha;Tnra;jy;> cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;smstPLfs; Nehf;fq;fSf;F vjpuhf mtw;iw kjpg;gplYk; NtWghl;ilgFg;gha;T nra;jYk; Ntz;Lk;.
(iii) fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis njhlu;ghly; nra;jYk; fPo;kl;l Copau;fs;mNjNghd;W caujpfhupfSf;Fk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpgupj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
(e) Copau;fis tpUj;jpnra;jy;. Kfhikahsu; mtu;fsplKs;s jpwikfisntspf;nfhz;L tuyhk; my;yJ mtu;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. mtu; mtu;fspd;xUikg;ghl;il gad;gLj;jyhk; my;yJ nfLf;fyhk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 124
xUtu; rpwe;j my;yJ Nkhrkhd Kfhikahsuhf ,Ug;gpDk;> xt;nthU KfhikahsUk; NkNy gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s midj;J Ie;J njhopw;ghLfisAk; nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. vdpDk; Nkhrkhd Kfhikahsu; ,j;njhopw;ghLfis tpidj;jpwdpd;ikAld; nraw;gLj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis xU rpwe;j Kfhikahsu; mtw;iw rpwg;ghf nraw;gLj;Jfpwhu;. gNahy; Nghyy;yhJ> buf;fu; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;by; njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;jpAs;shu;.
2.6 kpd;l;];gu;f;: Kfhikahsupd; ghj;jpuk;
`d;wp kpd;l;];gu;f; (1989) If;fpa mnkupf;f $l;Lj;jhgdq;fspy; xU rpwpa khjpupia njupTnra;J mq;F cau;kl;l Kfhikahsu;fs; cz;ikahf mtu;fspd; Neuj;ij vt;thW nrytpLfpd;wdu; vd;gij Ma;Tnra;jhu;. Kfhikahsu;fs; mtu;fspd; md;whl Ntiyf;fhyj;jpy; %d;W tifahd Kfhikj;Jt ghj;jpuj;ij G+u;jpj;jpnra;fpd;wdu; vd mtu; njuptpf;fpd;whu;.
tfpghf tif tfpghfk; tpsf;fk;
Ms;rhu; ghj;jpuk; Kfhikahsupd; Kiwrhh; mjpfhuk; my;yJ epiyapd; mbg;gilapy;
ngaustpy; jiytu; (my;yJ rk;gpujha G+u;tkhd)
Jiyik epu;thfpfsJ Neuj;jpd; ngUk; gFjp fk;gdpapd; $l;lq;fspYk; ,uhg; Nghrdq;fspYk; Vidatw;wpYk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tjpYk; nrytplg;gLfpwJ.
jiytu; Ml;Nru;g;G> NtiyapypUe;J ePf;Fjy;> Copa gapw;rpaspj;jy;>Copau;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; epWtd Nehf;fq;fSld; jdpegu; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis xj;Jg;Nghf nra;jy;.
,izg;G mjpfhup fl;lisapd; epiyf;Fj;J rq;fpypf;F ntspNaahd njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;. rpy Kfhikahsu;fs; mtu;fspd; Copau;fis tpl mtu;fspd; rfhf;fSlNdNa ghjp Neuj;ij nrytpLth;.
jfty; toq;Fk; ghj;jpuk; Kfhikahsu;fspd; Eiotpd; mbg;gilapy;: Nky;Nehf;fpaJk;
fPo;Nehf;fpaJkhdClfq;fs;
gy ntspthupnjhlu;Gfs;
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; ‘Kfhikahsu; #oiy Nkw;ghu;it nra;tJld; Copau;fs;> caujpfhupfs; Vida gpupTfspy; cs;s rfhf;fsplk; ,Ue;J jfty;fis ngwy;. ngUk;ghyhd ,j; jftty;fs; Kiwaw;w jd;ikapy; fhzg;gLtJld; Kfhikahsupd; njhlu;G tiyaikg;gpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;litahf cs;sJ.
cj;jpNahfg; Ngr;rhsu; Kfhikahsu; gpupT my;yJ epWtdj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw kpf;f egu;fSf;F jfty; toq;Fjy;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
125CA Sri Lanka
jfty; gug;Ggtu; Kfhikahsu; cupa jfty;fis Copau;fSf;F gug;Gfpd;whu;.
jPu;khdnkLj;jy; ghj;jpuk; Kfhikahsupd; Kiwahd mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; jfty;fspd; Eiotpd; mbg;gilapy;> xU gFjpapd; NtiyAld; njhlu;Gila jPu;khdq;fshdJ KO epWtdj;jpw;Fkhf Nkw;nfhs;s mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.
Kaw;rpahsd; Kfhikahsu; gpupTfis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F my;yJ khw;wkile;j #oYf;fhd eltbf;iffSf;F cjTtjw;F cupa jpl;lq;fis Muk;gpf;fpd;whu;.
,lu;fis ifahs;gtu; Kfhikahsu; vjpu;ghuhj mOj;jq;fSf;F gjpyspf;f Ntz;bAs;sJld; jpl;lj;jpypUe;J NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLkhapd; jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
ts xJf;fPl;lhsu; Kfhikahsu; tsq;fis jpul;LtJld; njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fisAk;> Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsq;fspd; tpepNahfj;ijAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;.
ts xJf;fPl;lhsu; Kfhikahsu; tsq;fis jpul;LtJld; njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fisAk;> Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsq;fspd; tpepNahfj;ijAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;.
,ilj;jufu; epWtdj;jpd; cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; Kfhikj;Jt Neuj;jpy; kj;jpa];jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
ehshe;j Ntiyapy; toikahd Nfs;tpahdJ NtWgl;Nlh my;yJ mjpfkhfNth fhzg;gLtjdhy; kpd;l;];gu;f;fpd; Ma;thdJ Kfhikahsu; gw;wpa goik Nfhl;ghl;bw;F rthyhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
(a) Kfhikahsu;fs; vg;nghOJk; Mo;e;J rpe;jpg;gtu;fshfTk; Kiwahf jpl;lkpLgtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
(b) Kfhikj;Jt NtiyahdJ ,izf;fg;glhjJld; njhlu;r;rpaw;wJkhfTs;sJ.
(c) midj;J md;whl NtiyfSk; fPo;kl;lj;jpYs;stu;fshy; nra;ag;gLfpwJvd;w goikahd nfhs;iff;F khwhf> Kfhikahsu;fSk; md;whlNtiyfis nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf> rk;gpujha flikfs; (Kf;fpagpujpepjpfis tuNtw;wy;) my;yJ mjpfhuj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;lit(fhNrhiyapy; ifnahg;gkply;).
(d) Kfhikahsu;fs; Kfhikj;Jt jfty; Kiwikfspd; Kiwahd ntspaPl;bw;F tha;nkhop %ykhdJk; Kiwaw;wJkhd jfty;fis tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. tha;nkhop %y jfty;fshdJ mz;ikf;fhyj;jitahfTk; ngUk;ghYk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;F ,yFthdjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 126
(e) Kfhikj;Jtj;jpdhy; tpQ;QhdNkh my;yJ njhopNyh Fiwf;fg;gl KbahJ.kpd;l;];gu;f;fpw;fpzq;f> Kfhikj;Jt nrad;KiwfshdJ tpQ;Qhd uPjpahfgFg;gha;T nra;ag;glNth my;yJ Nfhl;ghl;bd; guPl;rpf;fj;jf;f gFjpf;Fs;khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;glNth KbahJ.
eilKiwapy; nghJ Kfhikj;JtkhdJ jj;Jtq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLgitfis tpl Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mDgtj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lit>cs;Szu;T kw;Wk; epahaj;jPu;g;G tplaq;fis nfhz;litahf fhzg;gLfpwJ vd kpd;l;];gu;f; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. 'Jz;lkhf;fYk; tha;nkhop %y njhlu;ghlYk;" Kfhikahsu; Ntiyia tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
2.7 fhl;];: Kifikj;Jt jpwd;fs; (Katz Management skills)fl;]; (1955) jiytu;fs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba %d;W NtWgl;l jpwd;fis Kd;itj;jhu;. fl;]; jpwd;fshdJ gz;GfspypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ vd tpthjpj;jhu;. jpwd;fshdJ jiytu;fs; vij milaf;$bajhfTs;sJ vd;gjhFk;. mNjNtis gz;Gfs; vd;gJ jiytu;fspd; jdpegu; MSikapd; xU gFjpahFk;.
jpwd;fs;
njhopDl;gj;jpwd; Fwpj;j nraw;ghl;bYs;s mwpT> jpwd; kw;Wk; Nju;r;rp
kdpj jpwd; egu;fSld; gzpahw;Wtjw;Fk;> FOtpy; fye;Jnfhs;sTk; njhlu;ghly; nra;tjw;Fkhd jpwd;
vz;zf;fUj; jpwd; vz;zf;fUf;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fSld; gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd jpwd;
jpwd;fspd; xt;nthU tifapd; Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJ mjpfhug; gbKiwapYs;s jdpegu; epiyf;Nfw;g NtWgLfpwJ vd fl;]; tpthjpj;jhu;. kdpj jpwd;fshdJ vg;nghOJk; Kf;fpakhdjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;Fk; jpwd;fshdJ cau;kl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F mtrpakhdjhf fhzg;gLtJld; njhopDl;g jpwd;fshdJ Fiwe;j Kf;fpaj;JtKilajhfTs;sJ. mjpfhug; gbKiwia Fiwf;ifapy;> Copau;fs; Fiwe;j fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;Fk; jpwd;fisAk; mjpf njhopDl;g jpwd;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
3 tpidj;jpwDk; tpisjpwDk;
3.1 rpf;fdk;> tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; tpisjpwd;epWtdj;jpdhy; milag;gl;l nraw;wpwd; kl;lq;fis ftdj;jpy;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ rpf;fdk;> tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; tpisjpwd; njhlu;ghf nghJthf ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. tpidj;jpwdhdJ 'nra;tij rupahf nra;" vdTk; tpisjpwdhdJ 'rupahdij nra;" vdTk; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. vkf;F njspthd tiutpyf;fzq;fs; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
tpidj;jpwdhdJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;w nghUl;fs; NritfSlDk; mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tsq;fSlDk; njhlu;GgLfpwJ.
xU rpwe;j nraw;ghlhdJ mjd; Nehf;fq;fisNah my;yJ Vida jpl;lkplg;gl;l tpisTfisNah vt;thW milfpd;wJ vd;gjd; kPNj tpisjpwdhdJ ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
127CA Sri Lanka
rpf;fdkhdJ nryit Fiwj;jy; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jjyhf ngUk;ghYk; Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ.
tpidj;jpwdhdJ fpuaj;jpw;Fk; milTkl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig mstpLfpwJ. Nkyjpf fpuakpy;yhky; milag;gl;Ls;s Kd;Ndw;wk; my;yJ nraw;wpwd; Fiwahky; fpuaj;jpyhd Fiwg;G my;yJ ,it ,uz;bdJk; fyitahdJ tpidj;jpwdpyhd midj;J Kd;Ndw;wq;fshfTs;sJ. tpidj;jpwdhdJ cw;gj;jpj;jpwDld; njhlu;GgLfpwJ. vdpDk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwdhdJ cs;sPl;L tsq;fSf;Fk; ntspaPl;bw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ghf my;yJ cw;gj;jp Nkyjpf Neu tpfpjkhf kpff;FiwthfNt Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ.
tpidj;jpwdhd njhopw;ghlhdJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l cs;sPl;L tsq;fSf;fhf cr;r ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ@ my;yJ mJ toq;fg;gl;l Nrit my;yJ nghUspd; nfhLf;fg;gl;l juk; kw;Wk; njhiff;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r cs;sPLfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. tpidj;jpwdpw;fhd jFe;j mstPlhdJ vt;thW NeuKk; tsq;fSk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gjw;fhd gjpTfspd; tpguj;ij Ntz;lyhk;.
tpidj;jpwd; mstPLfshdJ cs;sPl;bw;Fk; ntspaPl;bw;Fkpilapyhd tpfpjkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• rpy;yiw tpahghu ,lj;jpd; xU rJu kPw;wUf;fhd tpw;gid
• xU myF ntspaPl;bw;fhd fpuak;
• xU fpNyh kPw;wUf;fhd fpuak;
• xU egu;/xU kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;fhd cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;
tpisjpwdhdJ Nehf;fq;fSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; njhlu;ghditahfTs;sJ. nghJthf Nehf;fq;fshdJ njupTnra;ag;gl;l thbf;ifahsu; FOtpd; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd epWtdj;jpd; ,aYikAlDk; mjd; nraw;ghl;L Nehf;fj;ijAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJlDk; njhlu;GgLfpwJ. ,q;F rpy nghJthd Fwpf;Nfhs; mstPLfs; jug;gLfpwJ.
• Gjpa nghUspw;fhd Fwpj;j re;ijapd; re;ijg;gq;F
• nghUs; my;yJ tpahghuf;Fwpapd; tpopg;Gzu;tpd; msT
• Gj;JUthf;fk; my;yJ mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd nryT
• nghUspd; juk; my;yJ nraw;wpwd;
thbf;ifahsu; NjitfshdJ epWtd ,aysTld; xj;Jg;NghjypYs;s tpisjpwdhdJ ,uz;L tpdhf;fis cs;slf;FfpwJ.
• nghUs;/Nritapd; ,ay;Gfs; Njitia G+u;j;jpnra;fpd;wjh? kw;nwhU tifapy;$Wtjhapd;> nghUj;jkhd nghjpaply; ed;ikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh?
• ,it thbf;ifahsu; FOTld; ntw;wpfukhf njhlu;GgLfpd;wjh?
3.2 tpisjpwdpw;fhd Kiwik ts mZFKiw
tpisjpwid mZFtjw;f gy topfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Kiwik ts tpisjpwdhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd jpwid cs;slf;FfpwJ.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 128
#oypypUe;J mUikahdJk; ngWkjpahdJkhdtsq;fis ngwy;
vz;nza; fk;gdpfshdJ vz;nza; ,Ug;Gf;fis ghJfhf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. vdNt xU vz;nza; fk;gdpf;fhd vjpu;fhy ntw;wpapd; xU Fwpfhl;bahf ,Ug;Gf;fspd; msthdJ fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ehshe;j eltbf;iffis jf;fitj;jy;
,jw;F ,yq;ifapd; ,uj;jjhd epWtdq;fs; cjhuzkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ
#oy; khw;wq;fSf;F gjpyspj;jYk; #oiy jf;fitj;jYk;
tpahghu epWtdq;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Fwpj;j tpahghuj;jpy; jq;fpapUg;gjw;fhd jpwid nfhz;bUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F jtwptpLfpd;wd.
jw;NghJ tsq;fis ngWtjpYs;s tpisjpwdhdJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy; thbf;ifahsu; Njitfis miltjpy; Kf;fpakhdjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3.3 cs;sf nrad;Kiw mZFKiw
cs;sf nrad;Kiw mZFKiwahdJ ehk; tiuaWj;jthwhd tpisjpwid tpl epWtdj;jpd; cs;sf gzpfisAk; tpidj;jpwidAk; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. vdpDk; ,J epWtdk; mjd; cs;sf nrad;Kiwfspy; tpidj;jpwdhfTk; MNuhf;fpakhfTk; fhzg;gLtjdhy; mJ tpisjpwdhfTk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij fUJfpwJ. cs;sf tpidjpwDk; 'MNuhf;fpaKk;" thbf;ifahsu; Njitfis miltjpy; epWtd tpisjpwdpd; xU ntspthupahd Fwpfhl;bahf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e; Nehf;fpy; gy gpur;rpidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
thbf;ifahsu;fis Gwf;fzpj;jy;
ePq;fs; Copag;gilia jpUg;jpg;gLj;JtjD}lhfTk; kpFe;j tpidj;jpwDlDk; tof;fw;Wg;Nghd nghUl;fis cw;gj;jpnra;J njhopw;rhiy xd;iw elhj;jp nry;yyhk;: Mdhy; thbf;ifahsu; Njitfs; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl khl;lhJ.
je;jpNuhghaq;fis Gwf;fzpj;jy;
cs;sf nrad;Kiw kPjhd ftdkhdJ NghJkhdjhf fhzg;gLtjpy;iy: ePq;fs; cq;fs; thbf;ifahsUld; neUf;fkhf ,Ug;gjw;F tpUk;gyhk; - Mdhy; mtu; rupahd thbf;ifahsuhf fhzg;gLfpwhuh kw;Wk; njhlu;ghdJ thbf;ifahsu; ngWkjpAilajh?
epiyia fUJjy; Kfhikahsu;fs; cs;shu;e;j cly;epiyapd; Gwepiy epahahjpgjpfshf fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. Kfhikahsu;fs; xU rpf;fyhd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mtu;fspd; nrhe;j Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; 'ebfu;fshf" fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; vd;gijNa nkd; Kiwikfs; mZFKiw Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
#oiy Gwf;fzpj;jy;
#oYldhd epWtd njhlu;ghdJ ,t; mZFKiw %yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtjpy;iy.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
129CA Sri Lanka
3.4 Fwpf;Nfhs; mZFKiw
Fwpf;Nfhs; mZFKiwahdJ tpahghuj;jpd; cz;ikahd nraw;wpwid mjd; Fwpf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fSlDk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSlDk; xg;gpLtjd; %yk; tpisjpwid mstpLfpwJ. Fwpf;Nfhs; mZFKiwahdJ gad;gLj;Jtjw;F kpfTk; ,yFthdjhFk;. cjhuzkhf tpisjpwdpd; mstPLfshf ntspaPl;L mstPLfis ga;dgLj;Jifapy; ,J rhj;jpakhdjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• ,yhg ,aysT• tsu;r;rp• Copag; Gus;T (Copa jpUg;jpapd; mstPlhf)• GjpaJ Gidjy;• re;ijg;gq;F• juk;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; Nehf;fq;fSk; epWtd ,yf;Fld; xj;Jg;NghFkhapd; mtw;iw miljyhdJ epWtdk; tpisjpwdhf fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;lyhk;. Mdhy; rpy gpur;rpidfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
xg;gPLfs; epWtdq;fs; jdpahf fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. mtu;fspd; ntspaPl;L tpisjpwdhdJ Vida epWtdq;fSldhd xg;gPl;by; kl;LNk cz;ikapy; mstplg;gl KbAk;.
,zf;fg;ghL tpisjpwdhdJ gy;NtW tifahd Fwpfhl;bfSf;$lhf kl;LNk mstplg;glyhk;. mJ mtw;wpw;fpilNa ,zq;f itf;fg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.
Fwpf;Nfhis cUthf;Fk; nrad;Kiwia ghjpj;jy;
Kfhikahsu;fs; mtu;fshy; ,yFthf milaf; $ba Fwpf;Nfhs;fis cUthf;fyhk;.
mstply; jpwdhdJ rk Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jld; fhzg;;gLtjpy;iy
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mstpLjypy; huhgl;rk; fhzg; glyhk;. tpisjpwdpd; midj;J Njhw;wg;ghLfisAk; ,yFthf kjpg;gpl KbahJ. Nrit toq;fy; epWtdq;fspy;> Copa ew;gz;Gfis mstpLtJ fbdkhFk;> vdpDk; ,J epWtd tpisjpwdpw;F Kf;fpakhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
mstPl;bypUe;J ngwg;gl;lit vitNah mitNa Kfhiknra;ag;gLfpwJ (buf;fu;)
Kfhikahsu;fs; nraw;wpwdpd; Vida Njhw;wg;ghLfspd; el;lj;jpw;fhf vd;d mstplg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ gw;wp kl;Lk; ftdk; nrYj;jyhk;.
,Wjpahf> njupTnra;ag;gl;l Nehf;fq;fshdJ rupahditahf fhzg;gLtJld; mit tpisjpwDld; ntw;wpfukhfTs;sJ vd ehk; fUj Ntz;Lk;.
vdpDk; vJ tpisjpwdhdJ vd;gij jPu;khdpg;gJ ahu;?
• tpahghuj;jpw;fhd gpur;rpidahdJ njspthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;@ gq;fhsu;fs;rhu;ghfNt tpahghuk; elhj;jg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; mtu;fNs ,Wjpahd Kbitnfhz;bUg;gu;.
• Vida mikg;Gf;fSf;fhf (nghJj;Jiw Nghd;w)> ,ij jPu;khdpg;gJ ,yFty;y.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 130
y`pU> gpujPg;> fp`hd; kw;Wk; nuh\hd; Mfpa ehy;tUk; Nru;e;J ,irf;fUtpfis jpUj;Jfpd;w tpahghunkhd;iw Muk;gpj;jdu;. xt;nthUtUk; tpahghuj;jpw;fhd %yjdkhf &gh.500>000 <LgLj;jpdu;. vt;thW tpahghuj;ij elhj;jpnry;y Ntz;Lk;? vg;NghJ mtu;fs; ,tw;iw fye;jhNyhrpg;gJ? jpl;lkplypy; vd;d nra;tJ? kPsha;tpy; vd;d nra;tJ? kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; vd;d nra;tJ? vd;git njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sij vg;NghJ mtu;fs; jPu;khdpg;gJ Nghd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf mtu;fSf;F rpy epr;rakw;w jd;ikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. y`pU> gpujPg;> fp`hd; kw;Wk; nuh\hd; MfpNahu; tpahghuj;ij Kfhiknra;af;$ba ,U topfis MNyhrpf;Ff. NtW Msdp Nru;f;fg;gltpy;iy vd fUJf.
,g;gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fkhdJ> epWtd fl;likg;gpYk; mjpfhug; gbKiwapYkpUe;J Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfspd; gpur;rpidfis NtWgLj;Jtjw;Nf cq;fsplk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. y`pU> gpujPg;> fp`hd; kw;Wk; nuh\hd; MfpNahu; gy njupTfis nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,q;F rpy cjhuzq;fs; jug;gLfpd;wd.
(a) midj;J Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffSk; xU egupd; njhopyhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.,e;epfo;it nghWj;jtiu> cjhuzkhf> gpujPg; Ntiyia jpl;lkpl;L>newpg;gLj;jp> fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;@ Vida %tUk; Ntiyia Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
(b) jdpegu;fSf;fpilNa Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghLfis gpupj;Jf;nfhs;sy; (c.k;.buk;]; jpUj;JjYk; jpl;lq;fis cWjpg;gLj;JjYk; nuh\hDila njhopyhf,Uf;fyhk;).
(c) nraw;FO %ykhd Kfhikj;Jtk;. midtUk; xd;whf mku;e;J> Nru;e;Jjpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. rk mjpfhuj;ijAila gq;fhsu;fis nfhz;lrpWtpahghuj;jpy;> ,J ngUk;ghYk; mjpf tpisjpwd;kpf;fjhfTs;sJ.
tpdh tpahghu Kfhik
tpil
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
131CA Sri Lanka
Kfhikahsu;fs; Ntiyia jpl;lkply;> ts xJf;fPL kw;Wk; jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy;gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fis tfpf;fpwhu;fs;.
epWtdk; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; kPjhd goik vOj;jhsu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tpidj;jpwid ftdj;jpy; nfhz;ldu;.
ghay; xU epu;thfpahf ,Ue;jJld; epWtdj;jpd; nghJ jj;Jtq;fis Kd;itj;jhu;.
nla;yu; nghwpapayhsuhf ,Ue;jJld; kpf tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwikfis Muha;e;jhu;.
khNahTk; mtuJ rfhf;fSk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwdpd; xU fhuzpahf gzpapYs;sjdpegupdJk; FOtpdJk; elj;ijfis Muha;e;jhu;.
njhlu;e;Jte;j vOj;jhsu;fs; Kfhikahsu;fs; vij Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij kpf nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikahd Nehf;fpy; Muha;e;jdu;.
buf;fu; tpahghuq;fspy; Kfhikahsu;fspd; rpf;fd Nehf;fj;ij typAWj;jpdhu;.
kpd;l;];gu;f; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; ghj;jpuq;fis tpgupj;jhu;. Kfhikj;JtkhdJ ,izf;fg;glhjnthd;whfTk; Kiwaw;w nraw;ghlhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd thjpl;lhu;.
tpidj;jpwdhdJ nghUl;fs; Nritfis cw;gj;jpnra;tJlDk; mtw;iw cw;gj;jpnra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tsq;fSlDk; njhlu;GgLfpwJ.
tpisjpwdhdJ rpwe;j xU nraw;ghlhdJ mjd; Nehf;fq;fisNah my;yJ Vidajpl;lkplg;gl;l tpisTfisNah vt;thW milfpwJ vd;gij ftdj;jpy;nfhs;fpwJ.
mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 132
1 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ gNahypd; Ie;J Kfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfspy; xd;whf fhzg;gltpy;iy? A fl;lisaply; B fl;Lg;gLj;jy; C njhlu;ghly;nra;jy; D xUq;fpizj;jy;
2 Kfhikj;JtkhdJ Fiwe;j my;yJ mjpfkhd njsptw;w fUj;Jf;fspy; jq;fpapUg;gjw;F gjpyhf> ed;whf milahsq;fhzg;gl;L njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJld; epiyahdJkhd jj;Jtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd tpthjpj;jtu; ahu;?
A ghay;
B nla;yu;
C buf;fu;
D kpd;l;];gu;f;
3 buf;fupd; fUj;Jg;gb> tpahghunkhd;wpd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; kpifahd nghWg;Gf;fshdJ Copa tsu;r;rpahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,f;$w;W rupah my;yJ jtwh?
4 fPo;tUk; $w;whdJ rupah my;yJ jtwh vdf;$Wf?
'gpunlupf; nla;yu; mtupd; nghwpapay; gpd;dzpf;F khwhf> Copau;fs; mtu;fspd; njhopypUe;J ngw;w jpUg;jpiaNa gpujhdkhf ftdj;jpy;nfhz;lhu;".
5 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ n`d;wp kpd;l;];gu;f;fpdhy; milahsq;fhzg;gl;l Kfhikahsu;fspd; Ms;rhu; ghj;jpuq;fspy; xd;whf fhzg;gltpy;iy?
A ,lu;fis ifahsy;
B epWtd Njitg;ghLfSld; jdpegu; Njitfis ,zq;fnra;jy;
C CopaUf;F gapw;rpaspj;jy;
D fl;lisr;rq;fpypf;F ntspNa ,izj;jy;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;rpg;G
Draft Version
133CA Sri Lanka
1 tpil c - njhlu;ghly; nra;jy;.
2 tpil b nla;yu; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jtj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.
3 jtW. kpifahd nghWg;ghdJ rpf;fd nraw;wpwdhFk;.
4 jtW. nla;yu; nghwpapay; tpidj;jpwidNa KOikahf ftdj;jpy;nfhz;lJld; mtupd; Kiwikia cl;GFj;jpajpypUe;J Vw;gl;l nfhLg;gdtpyhd mjpfupg;Gf;fshdJ ve;jnthU rpwe;j CopaUf;Fkhd NghJkhd Cf;fg;gLj;jyhf fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; ek;gpdhu;.
5 tpil a . ,J xU jPu;khdnkLj;jy; ghj;jpukhFk;. ',ilA+Wfs;" vjpu;ghuhj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Vw;gLgitahFk;. ,it jPu;f;fg;gLtjw;F Kfhikj;Jt cs;sPlhdJ Njitg;gLfpwJ.
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;irf;fhd tpilfs;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 134
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 4: tzpf Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; mwpKfk; ,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ jpl;ljp;ly;> jPh;khdnkLj;jy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Mfpa tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLfpd;wJ. gphpT 2 ,y; jpl;lkplypd; Nkyjpf tplaq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; jPh;khdnkLj;jy; kPjhd nry;thf;F Mfpatw;wpidf; fw;gjw;F Kd;ghf> gphpT 1 ,y; jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiwiaf; fw;gjd; %yk; Muk;gpf;fyhk;.
,Wjpapy;> gphpT 3 ,y; fl;Lg;ghl;L vz;zf;fU> mJ nraw;gLk; NtWgl;l kl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gyk;kpf;f fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwikfspd; Fzhjpraq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fw;fTs;Nshk;.
mwpTf;$W 3 Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs; 3.1. jpl;lkply; kw;Wk;
jPh;khdnkLj;jy; 3.1.1. jpl;lkply; vd;gjid nrhw;nghUs; tiuaiw nra;J> mikg;G xd;wpy; jpl;lkplypd;
Nehf;nfy;iyia Muha;jy;
3.1.2. mikg;G xd;wpdJ vjph;fhy jpirKfj;ij Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
3.1.3 NtWgl;l #o;epiyfspy; jpl;lkply; tiffis ,dq;fhZjy;
3.1.4 mikg;gpd; gaDWjp kpf;f tpjj;jpy; jpl;lkplypd; mD$yq;fs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkplypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iwf; fye;JiuahLjy;
3.1.5 jpl;lkplYf;fhd jilfs; kw;Wk; mikg;gpd; jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;fhf> mtw;iw nty;tjw;fhd topKiwfis Muha;jy;
3.1.6 jpl;lkplYld; njhlh;Ggl;l gbKiwfis fye;JiuahLjy; (je;jpNuhgha khw;WtopKiwfSld; njhlh;Ggl;l tifapy;)
3.1.7 jpl;lkplypd; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiwapy; mf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; topKiwfis milahsk; fhZjy;
3.1.8 khwptUk; #oypy; jpl;lkplYf;fhd rthy;fis Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
3.1.9 jPh;khdnkLj;jypd; Nehf;nfy;iy kw;Wk; mikg;gpd; jPh;khdnkLj;jy; kw;Wk; gpur;rid jPh;j;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw ,dk; fhZjy;
3.1.10 Kfhikahsh;fs; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wdh;fsJ Kf;fpw jPh;khdnkLj;jy; mZFKiwfis milahsk; fhZjy;
3.1.11 NtWgl;l mikg;G #o;epiyfspy; Kfhikahsh;fs; vjph;nfhs;Sk; jPh;khdnkLj;jy; epiyikfis milahsk; fhZjy;
3.1.12 NtWgl;l jPh;khdnkLj;jy; khjpupfs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwfis tpsf;Fjy;>Gj;jprhJhpa jPh;khdnkLj;jYf;fhd jilfis Muha;jy;
3.1.13 khwptUk; #oypyhd Gjpa jPh;khdnkLj;jy; mZFKiwfis Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
3.1.14 jpl;lkply; nrad;KiwAld; njhlh;Ggl;l gbKiwfis fye;JiuahLjy; (je;jpNuhgha khw;WtopKiwfSld; tpNrlkhfj; njhlh;Ggl;l tifapy;)
3.4 fl;Lg;gLj;jy; 3.4.1 Kfhikj; njhopw;ghlhf> fl;Lg;gLj;jiy nghUs; tiuaiw nra;J> mikg;gpd; ntw;wpf;F fl;Lg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Muha;jy;
3.4.2 mikg;gpd; fl;Lg;gLj;jYld; njhlh;Ggl;l gbKiwfis Muha;jy;
3.4.3 mikg;gpd; fl;Lg;gLj;jypy; fzf;fhsupd; tfpghfj;ij Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
3.4.4 mikg;gpd; fl;Lg;gLj;jypd; Nghjhd Gjpa njhopEl;gj;jpd; gpuahfj;ijf; fye;JiuahLjy;
135
mj;jpaha
k;
Draft Version
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
136 CA Sri Lanka
1 jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiw
1.1 jpl;lq;fs;
jpl;lk; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; tbtikf;fg;glyhk; mit fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. jpl;lj;jpd; tiffs;
tpsf;fk;
jdpg; ghtidj; jpl;lq;fs;
,j;jpl;lk; xU jdp re;jh;g;gj;jpidNah my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU epfo;r;rpiaNah cd;dpg;ghf Nehf;Ffpd;wJ. ,j;jpl;lk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nra;ag;glkhl;lhJ. cjhuzk;: jdpegh; nrad;Kiw Vw;ghl;Lf;fhd jpl;lk;> nrad;Kiw epfo;r;rpf;fhd jpl;lk; kw;Wk; xU fzf;fPl;L fhyj;jpw;fhd ghjPL.
epiyj;J epw;Fk; jpl;lq;fs;
njhlh;r;rpahd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; my;yJ cs;sf eltbf;iffis RKfkhf ,af;Ftjw;F Njitg;gLk; midj;J eilKiefs;> tpjpfs; vd;gtw;iw cd;dpg;ghff; ftdpf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.
#o;epiyrhh; jpl;lq;fs;
jpl;lq;fs; Vw;fdNt jahhpf;fg;gl;L Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;r;rpfs; epfo;e;jTld; mj;jpl;lq;fs; mKyhf;fg;gLk;. ngUk;ghYk; ,t;tifahd epfo;Tfs; ghjfkhd epfo;Tfshf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt nefpoj;jf;f jpl;lq;fs; ,aw;if mdh;j;j kPz;nloy; jpl;lq;fis cs;slf;Fk;.
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fq;fs; fw;wy; ntspg;ghLfs;
1 jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiw 3.1.1, 3.1.2,
3.1.3,3.1.4, 3.1.5,
3.1.6, 3.1.7, 3.1.9
2 fzf;fhsh;fSf;fhd jpl;lkply;; kw;Wk; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;
3.1.8, 3.1.10, 3.1.11,
3.1.12, 3.1.13,
3.1.14
3.2.5, 3.2.5 3 fl;Lg;gLj;jypd; jd;ik kw;Wk; Nehf;nfy;iy 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.3,
3.4.4
jpl;lk; vd;gJ topelj;jypd; cj;jpNahf G+u;t gpuNahfk;> jpl;lkply; gbKiwapd; njhlu;r;rpahd je;jpNuhgha fzpg;gPL> je;jpNuhgha Njhw;Wtpg;G kjpg;gply; kw;Wk; rpwe;j khw;Wg; gad;ghl;il Nju;e;njLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw rpghupR nra;fpwJ
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 137
1.2 jpl;lkplYf;fhd Njitfs;
jpl;lnkhd;wpdpy; fpilf;ff; $ba ed;ikfs; (a) ,J xU epWtdj;jpw;Ff; FWq;fhy jd;ikia ePf;fp ePz;l fhy
ghh;itia vLg;gjw;;F cjTtJld; xU epWtdj;jpw;F Vw;glf;$baeprrakw;w jd;ikia vjph; nfhs;sTk; cjTfpd;wJ.
(b) tsq;fis xJf;Ftjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.
(c) ,J xU xOq;fikg;gpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspd; nraw;ghLfisAk;,izg;gJld; nraw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jt jPh;khdq;fis cah;e;jje;jpNuhghak; ePz;l fhy ,yf;F kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtWgl;lre;jh;g;gq;fSld; ,izg;gjidAk; epr;rag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
(d) mikg;gpd; cz;ikahd nray;epiwNtw;wj;jpid mstpl kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jj; Njitahd juhjuq;fis eph;zapg;gjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ.
(e) ,J epjp toq;Fdh;fis trjpf;Fs;shf;FtJld; toq;Fdh;fisAk;>njhopyhsh;fisAk; ePz;l fhy cwT gw;wp vz;Ztjw;F Cf;fkspf;Fk;.
(f) je;jpNuhghaq;fis cUthf;Fk; nraw;ghlhdJ> ghhpaJk; rpf;fyhdJkhdcs;sPLfis Ntz;b epw;gjdhy;> ,J Kfhikahsh;fspd; jdpg;gl;ltsh;r;rpapYk;> tpopg;Gzh;tpYk; rpwe;j jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;JtJld;Kfhikahsh;fspd; Kfhikg; gjtpAhpik jpl;lkplypYk; topfhl;Lfpd;wJ.
1.3 jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; tl;lk;
fPNo fhl;lg;gl;l tiuglk; jpl;lkplYf;Fk; fl;Lg;gLj;jYf;Fkhd tiuglj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. jpl;lkply; gbKiwfis eilKiwg;gLj;JfpwJ. jpl;lkplyhdJ khw;Wg;gad;ghLfspUe;J xd;iwj; njhpT nra;jiyAk; gpujhdkhfj; jPh;khdnkLj;jy; nraw;ghl;bidAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,Wjp 2 gbKiwfSk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwia Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
mg;gbKiwfs; ,uz;Lk; nray; epiwNtw;wj;ij mse;J jpUj;jk; nra;fpd;wd. mt;tpUnraw;ghLfSk; khw;Wg;gad;ghLfs; njhpT nra;ag;gl;likAk; mtw;iw mKyhf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd jpl;l;q;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;likAk; epr;rapf;fpd;wd.
jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; tl;lk;
jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; tl;lk; nra;Kiw 1
,yf;Ffis ,dk; fhzy; nra;Kiw 2
jpl;lkply; gbKiwfs;;
,yf;Ffis miltjw;F gq;fspg;Gnra;af;$ba khw;W cj;jpfis
(je;jpNuhghak;) ,dk;fhzy;
nra;Kiw 3
xt;nthU je;jpNuhghaj;ijAk; kjpg;gPLnra;jy
nra;Kiw 4
tUlhe;j ghjPL tbtj;jpy; ePz;lfhyjpl;lq;fis mKyhf;fk;
nra;jy;
nra;Kiw 5
jpl;lj;jpypUe;J tpyfyile;jitfSf;Fg; gjpyspj;jy;
nra;Kiw 6
khw;W eilKiwfis njupTnra;jy;
nra;Kiw 7
tiuglk; 5.1: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; tl;lk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; gbKiw
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
138 CA Sri Lanka
gbKiw 1 ,yf;Ffis ,dk;fhzy;
xU epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikj;Jtk; vq;F Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fis ,yf;Ffs; eph;zapf;Fk;. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,yf;Ffs; gpd;tUkhW.
,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;jy; re;ijg;gq;fpid mjpfhpj;jy; midtiuAk; tpl rpwe;j juj;ijAila nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
,e; Nehf;fq;fs; “tzpfk; vq;F ,Uf;f tpUk;GfpwJ" vd;Dk; tpdhTf;F tpilaspf;Fk;.
gbKiw 2 Kf;fpakhd je;jpNuhghaq;fis ,dk;fhzy;
xU epWtdk; ‘vq;Nf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;’ vd;gijj; jPh;khdpj;jgpd; mJ milaNtz;ba ,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;yf;$ba nraw;ghLfs; mj;je;jpNuhghaq;fis ,dk; fhzNtz;Lk;. mjdhy; xUepWtdk; jw;NghJ vq;Nf cs;sJ vd;gijj; njspthf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjid epr;rak; nra;tjw;fhf jfty; jpul;Lk; nraw;ghnlhd;iw ifahs;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J ‘epiyik Ma;T’ my;yJ ‘je;jpNuhghaf; fzPg;gPL’ vdTk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; cs;sf> ntspafg; ghh;itiaAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
(a) epWtdk; vd;d tsq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;gij mwpaepWtdj;jpd; midj;J cs;sf gFjpfspypUe;Jk; jfty;jpul;ly; Ntz;Lk;. xUepWtdj;jpd; cw;gj;jp ,aYikahdJmjd; njhopy;El;g mwptpYk; vt;tsT rpwe;j Kiwapy;me;epWtdk; re;ijg;gLj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vd;gjpYk;vt;tsT njhifg;gzk; mjd; tq;fpf; fzf;fpy; cs;sJvd;gJ Nghd;w fhuzpfshYk; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
(b) xU epWtdk; jkJ Rw;whlypy; vj;jifa epiyapy; cs;sJvd;gij mwpa ntspafj; jfty;fisAk; jpul;ly; Ntz;Lk;.xUepWtdk; jdJ gyk;> gytPdj;ijf; fzPg;gPL nra;tijg;Nghy; jkJ Nghl;bahsh;fis fzpg;gPL nra;aNtz;Lk;. (mfw;Wjy;) Gjpa re;jh;g;gq;fismwpe;J nfhs;s jw;fhyj;jpYs;s Kf;fpa re;ijfis Muha;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cyfj;jpd; epiyiaAk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mJ Kd;Ndw;wj;jpyh my;yJ gpd;diltpyh nry;fpwJ? Vjph;fhyj;jpy; vd;delf;fNehpLk;?
je;jpNuhghaj;ijf; fzpg;gPL nra;J Kbj;j gpd;dh; khw;Wj; je;jpNuhghaq;fSk; ,dk;fhzg;glyhk;. xU epWtdk; jdJ Fwpg;gpl;l re;ijfis kPsg;ngWtjd; %ykhfNth my;yJ jkJ re;ijapy; tpw;gidf;Fg; gjpyhfg; nghUl;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjd; %ykhfNth jkJ njhopw; Jiwapy; Fiwe;j nrytpy; cw;gj;jpnra;Ak; epWtdkhfj; jk;ik epr;rag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,J mf tpUj;jp my;yJ $l;Ltpahghuk; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
gbKiw 3 je;jpNuhghaf; fzpg;gPL
je;jpNuhghakhdJ nghUj;jkhdjd;ik> eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba jd;ik kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ik Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;. xU xOq;fikg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhis miltjw;Fg; ghhpastpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j je;jpNuhghaq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; njhpTnra;a Ntz;Lk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 139
gbKiw 4 khw;Wr; nrad;Kiwiaj; njhpT nra;jy;
mLj;j gbKiwahf ePz;lfhy epjpj;jpl;lj;Jld; ,izg;gjw;fhf njhpT nra;j je;jpNuhghaq;fis xd;whf jpul;Ljy; ,lk;ngWk;. ,J gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lk;.
jahh; nra;ag;gl;l fhRg; gha;r;ry;
jahh; nra;ag;gl;l ePz;lfhy ,yhgk;
%yjd nrytPdj;jpl;lk;
Ie;njhif vjph;T $wy;
ePz;lfhy Fwpf;Nfhs;> je;jpNuhghaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw nrhw;fspy; tpghpj;jy;.
gbKiw 5 ePz;lfhy jpl;lj;ij mKyhf;Fjy;
ePz;lfhy jpl;lkhdJ gpd;G rpWrpW ghfq;fshf cilf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mt;ntt;NtW ghfq;fs; trjpahf xNu fhyfl;lj;jpy;
te;J Nrh;tjpy;iy. je;jpNuhghak; ‘m’ ,uz;liu tUlq;fs;
vLf;fyhk;. mNjNeuk; je;jpNuhghak; ‘M’ Ie;J khjq;fis vLf;fyhk; vdpDk; %d;W tUl jpl;lk; tiu ,it Muk;gpf;fg;glkhl;lhJ. vdpDk; jpl;lj;jpid KOtJkhf rkkhd fhyg;gFjpf;F gphpg;gJ tof;fkhFk;. (toikahf xU tUlk;). ,jd;%yk; ngwg;gl;l ngWNgW vd Fwpfpa fhyj;jpl;lkhdJ ghjPL vd miof;fg;gLk;.
1.2 Nehf;fq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy;
xU mikg;gpy; cs;s gy;NtW Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;FfSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlh;gpd; xU vspa khjpup ghuk;gupa epWtd fl;likg;Gf;F xj;j xU $k;gfk; MFk;. cr;rpapy; mike;Js;sJ xl;Lnkhj;j gzpf;$w;W MFk;> ,J xl;Lnkhj;jj; jpizf;fsk;rhh; my;yJ nray;ghl;L nghWg;GfSf;F xj;jpUf;Fk; xU rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd gue;j mstpyhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fshy; Mjupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU tzpfj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu> xU Kjd;ik> $l;Ltzpf Nehf;fkhdJ> gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; jpUk;gyhf ,Uf;Fk;> ,Ug;gpDk; ,J mstplg;gLk;. gpw Kjd;ik Nehf;fq;fs; ,Ug;gJld;> nryTfs;> Gj;jhf;fk;> re;ijfs;> cw;gj;jpfs;; kw;Wk; gytw;wpw;fhd Jiz Nehf;fq;fs; epr;rakhf ,Uf;Fk;.
xt;nthU cau; kl;l ,yf;FfSk; kpfTk; tpupthd> fPo;kl;l ,yf;Ffshy; Mjupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it rk;ge;jg;gl;l nraw;ghl;by; rpNu\;l Kfhikahsu;fspd; nghWg;GfSld; xj;jpUf;fyhk;.
mikg;gpd; jdpg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fspd; gzp ,yf;Ffis milAk; tiu ,e;j Kiw fPo;Nehf;fp njhlu;fpwJ.
jpl;lkply; nray;Kiw nghJthf xl;Lnkhj;j gzpf;$w;W kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; mikf;fg;gl;l> mikg;gpd; kpf cau;e;j my;yJ je;jpNuhgha kl;lj;jpy; njhlq;FfpwJ. nraw;ghLfs;> jpizf;fsq;fs; vd> ,Wjpapy;> Copau;fspd; jdpg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fSf;fhd ,yf;Ffs;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhd Kfhik kl;lq;fs; %yk; ,it fPo;Nehf;fp nry;fpd;wd.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
140 CA Sri Lanka
Nehf;fq;fspd; fl;likg;G vz;zf;fU my;yJ fPo;Nehf;fp nry;Yk; fl;likg;ghdJ> l;uf;fh; (1989) ,dhy; ,yf;Ffshy; Kfhik nra;jy; vd;Dk; Kiwikapdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,yf;Ffshy; Kfhik nra;jy;
Nfhl;ghl;bd; xU gFjpapd; %yk; Nehf;fq;fs; SMART ,ay;gpidf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd Kjd;Kjypy; ghpe;Jiu nra;jtuhthh;.
• Fwpg;gplf;$bajd;ik (Specific)
• mstplf;$ba jd;ik (Measurable)
• milaf;$ba jd;ik (Achievable)
• nghUj;jg;ghlhd jd;ik (Realistic)
• fhy tiuaiw nfhz;l jd;ik (Time related)
,d;W> ajhu;j;jkhd jd;ikahdJ ngUk;ghYk; ,uz;L fhuzq;fSf;fhf> ngWNgWfis ikakhff; nfhz;l jd;ikahf khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
1. Nghl;b ed;ikf;fhd xU topahf GJikapd; jw;Nghija ehl;lk;>epWtg;gl;l nrad;Kiwfis epu;tfpg;gij tpl ngWNgWfis miltjpy;Kfhikapd; tdk; nrYj;jg;gLtJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
2. ajhu;j;jkhdJ vd;why; vg;gbapUe;jhYk; milaf;$baJjhd;.
Gpw khwpfs; cs;sd: milaf;$bait ngwj;jf;fdTf;fhfg; gjpyPL nra;ag;glyhk;> ,J fpl;lj;jl;l xNu khjpupahd fUj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;> njhlu;Gila (FO my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l jdpegUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tplak;) %d;whtJ tpUg;gkhf (R) Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ.
mikg;G KOtJk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. mit gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd:
• jpl;lkply; (Planning) jpl;lq;fs; ,Wjpahf milfpd;w Nehf;FfNsNehf;fq;fshFk;.
• nghWg;Gj;jd;ik (Responsibility). Nehf;fq;fshdit nghWg;Gs;s jdpegh;fSf;Fk;> jpizf;fsq;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• ,izg;G (Integration). Nehf;fq;fs; nghUj;jg;ghLilaitfshff;fhzg;gl;lhy;> mit epWtdj;jpDs; ,yf;Ffis xj;jitahff;nfhz;L nry;y toptFf;Fk;.
• Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (Motivation). milTfis cUthf;FtJ(ntw;wpahdJ NghdRf;fspYk;> gjtpAah;TfspYk; njhlh;Gilajhff;fhzg;gLkplj;J) J}z;Ljiy mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• kPsha;T (Evaluation). rpNu];l KfhikahdJ> tzpfj;jpid mjdJgphpTfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghfTs;s Kfhikahsh;fspd; nraw;ghLfisKfhik nra;tjD}lhff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
(,jidf; fw;gjw;fhf PRIME vDk; nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidf; ftdpAq;fs;)
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 141
1.3 Kiwrhh; jpl;lkply; Kiwapdhy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs;
Kiwrhh; jpl;lkply; Kiwapy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs; fPNo tiuglj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
ed;ikfs; tpsf;fk;
,lh;fis ,dk; fhzy;
je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lk; ,lh;fis ,dk;fhzTk; Kfhikg;gLj;jTk; cjTfpwJ.
Kfhikahsh;fis Nahrid nra;a ce;JfpwJ
je;jpNuhghaj;jpl;lk;> Kfhikj;Jt FOtpd; vz;zq;fis xd;W Nrh;g;gjd;%yk; Gjpa tplaq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; Gjpjhf tplaq;fis njhlq;Ftjw;Fk; Cf;fkspf;fpwJ.
jPh;khdk; vLj;jiy mOj;jg;gLj;jy;
fk;gdpfs; mirtw;wthd ,Uf;f KbahJ. mit #oypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g khw;wkila Ntz;Lk;. ntWkNd epiyahf epw;gij jtph;jJ khw;wj;jpw;fhd NjitiaAk; mij jOt Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ijAk; je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lkply; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
rpwe;j fl;lg;ghL ,yf;Ffs; ntspg;gilahf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; Kfhikj;Jt fl;Lg;ghl;il rpwg;ghf nra;ayhk;.
njhlh;r;rpahd jd;ikia vy;yh fl;lq;fspYk; typAWj;jy;
ePz;lfhy> kj;jpafhy> FWfpafhy Fwpf;Nfs;fs;> jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfs; vd;gd xd;Wlndhd;W njhlh;GgLk; tifapy; jahhpf;fg;glyhk;. je;jpNuhgha cs;sPLfsw;w ghjPl;L KiwfshYk; nray; epiwNtw;w fzpg;gPl;L KiwfshYk; je;jpNuhghaq;fs; nraw;wpwdw;w Kiwapy; toq;fg;glyhk;.
tpahghuj;jpd; fUj;jpay; jpl;lk;
ePz;lfhy tzpfj;ij fl;bnaOg;gpa Kaw;rpahsd; xUtdplk; tpahghu fUj;jpay; jpl;lk; fhzg;gLk; vd Kfhikj;Jt vOj;jhsuhd gPl;lh; bufh; thjhbdhh;. Mt;tpahghu fUj;jpay; jpl;lk; xU Kaw;rpahsdpd; tpahghu KbTfs; njhlh;ghfTk; jftyspf;Fk; ngupastpyhd xOq;fikg;Gf;fspy; tpahghu fUj;jpay; jpl;lkhdJ jdp xUtuhy; jPh;khdk; vLf;f Kbahj fhuzj;jpdhy; nghJ mwpthff; fUjg;gLk;.
1.4 nraw;jpwdhd jpl;lkplypy; fhzg;gLk; jilfs;
nraw;jpwdhd jpl;lkplypy; vof;$ba jilfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd:
ed;ikfs; tpsf;fk;
vjph;fhyk; njhpahky; ,Uj;jy;
Gjph;fs; vg;NghJk; cUthFk;. jpl;lq;fs; Nkyjpfkhf tpgukhf ,Ue;jhy; mit Gjph;fSld; Nrh;e;J ,aq;f KbahjpUf;Fk;.
Fiwe;j mstpyhd Gjpa Mf;fk;
Gjpa tplaq;fisg;gw;wp Mf;f G+h;tkhf Nahrid nra;a KbahjpUg;gjhy; Gjpa re;jh;g;gq;fs; ,dk; fhzg;gLtJ jtph;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
gak; jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; epfof;$ba vjph;kiwahd tpisTfisg; gw;wp gak;nfhs;tjhy; Kfhikj;Jtk; jpl;lkpliy jtph;j;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ.
nrayw;w jd;ik khw;wk; nra;jypy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhuj;Jt jlq;fypdhYk;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
142 CA Sri Lanka
,it goikahdit vdf; fUJtjdhYk; ,e;epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.
jw;fhy mgptpUj;jpia cd;dpg;ghf ftdpj;jy;
xt;nthU ehSk; vjph;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fis cd;dpg;ghff; ftdpg;gjdhy; vjph;fhyj;jpy; vt;thW ntw;wpngWtJ vd;gij jPh;khdpf;f ,ayhJNghFk;.
Neh;kiw jd;ik nraw;jpwdhd je;jpNuhgha jpl;lkplYf;F Neuhd vz;zq;fs; Nghjhik nghpa jilq;fshf mikAk;.
tsq;fs; Nghjhik
kpif MtYila jpl;lq;fs; mit nraw;jpwd;kpf;f tifapy; mKyhf;fk; nra;tjw;F tsq;fs; NghjhkypUj;jhy; Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
njhlh;ghly; gw;whf;Fiw
njhlh;ghlypy; fhzg;gLk; rpukq;fs; ,f;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; nraw;jpwd;kpf;f tifapy; khw;wg;gLtijf; Fiwf;fpd;wd.
kWj;jy; jpl;lq;fs; khw;wq;fisf; Fwpj;J epw;Fkhdhy; khw;wq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; mtw;iw kWg;ghh;fs;
2 fzf;fhsh;fSf;fhd jpl;lkplYk; jPh;khdnkLj;jYk;
2.1 jpl;lkply; fzf;fhsh; njhlh;GgLk; KO jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiw FWfpa kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyj;ij cs;slf;Fk;. jpl;lkply; tif tpguk;
je;jpNuhgha/ epWtd/ePz;l xOq;Fj; jpl;lk;
,J xU tUl fhyj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhyj;ij cs;slf;Fk;. ,J Fwpf;Nfhis miltjw;fhf jahhpf;fg;gLk; ePz;lfhy nrad;Kiw jpl;lj;ij jahhpf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; cUthf;fk;> fzpg;gPL> je;jpNuhghaj; njhpT vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;.
ghjPl;L/ FWq;fhy je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lk;
xU xOq;fikg;gpd; njhopw;ghLfs;> eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; gphpTfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F nghJthf xU tUl fhyj;ij cs;slf;fpa tpgukhd jpl;lj;ij jahh; nra;jiy cs;slf;Fk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ntiyfis je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lk; jahhpf;Fk;. gpd; mj; je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lk; nra;Kiwahf khw;wg;gLk;.
njhopw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wjhfNth my;yJ xt;nthU ehSf;Fk; nghUe;Jtjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mj;Jld; xU xOq;fikg;gpd; tsq;fs; vt;thW ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vDk; jpl;lj;Jld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ntiyfis ghjPl;L jpl;lk; jahhpf;Fk;. gpd; mg;ghjPl;L jpl;lk; nra;Kiwahf khw;wg;gLk;.
tzpf jpl;lkplypy; fzf;fhshpd; Kf;fpa tfp gq;fhf ghjPL jahhpj;jy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jpl;lq;fs; cj;jpNahfG+h;tkw;w Kiwapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lhYk; my;yJ gFj;jwptw;w fhuzpfshy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jg;gl;lhYk; $l gFj;jwpthd jpl;lkply; rl;lfk; (framework) jPh;khdnkLj;jYf;F Jizahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
xU fzf;fha;thsd; vLf;Fk; jPh;khdkhdJ fpuak; epiyahdjh my;yJ khWgLgitah> nghUj;jkhditah my;yJ nghUj;jkw;witah Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. fzf;fplKbahj fhuzpfSk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 143
2.1.1 je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lkply;
gy Kd;ida E}y;fs; gytw;wpy; tpahghuj; je;jpNuhghakhdJ> je;jpNuhgha cUthf;fk; epr;rakhf xU jpl;lkply; nra;Kiwahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghYk; ,J je;jpNuhgha jpl;lkply; nra;Kiwia jdpahd xU Jiwf;Fg; gfpu Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Fwpj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
l;uf;fh; je;jpNuhgha jpl;lkplYf;F 3 tbtq;fs; ,Ug;gjhf tiutpyf;fzk; nra;fpwhh;.
(a) KiwahfTk; vjph;fhyk; gw;wpa rpwe;j mwpTlDk; cjhuzkhf vjph;fhytpisT jw;fhy ,lh; tutpid vLf;Fk; jPh;khdk; gw;wpa njhlh;r;rpahdnraw;ghL.
(b) ,e;j jPh;khdq;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F Njitahd Kaw;rpia Kiwahf xOq;fikj;jy;.
(a) xUq;fikf;fg;gl;l> Kiwahd gjpy;Fwpg;gpd;%yk; ,j;jPh;khdq;fspd; ngWNgw;iw mstpLjy;.
2.1.2 ePz;lfhy jpl;lkplypd; ngWkjp
ePz;lfhy jpl;lkply; rl;lfkpy;yhJ jdpahf ,aq;Fk; xU ghjPl;L jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwik cr;r Kf;fpa ed;ikfis xU epWtdj;jpw;F ngw;Wj;juhJ.
(a) ePz;lfhy Fwpf;Nfhis Fwpg;gplhJ xU Kfhikahsd; vd;d milaKaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;jpUf;fkhl;lhh;. mj;Jld; Fwpg;gpl;lnraiy miltjw;F rhj;jpag;gLk; tifiaAk; mwpa ,ayhJ.
(b) ePz;lfhy jpl;lkply; ,y;yhJ ghjPlhdJ rhjhuzkhf tpw;gidiavjph;Tnfhs;tjhf mikAk;. nray; epiwNtw;wkhdJ fle;jfhyg; ngWNgw;iw kl;Lk; mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;. xU epWtdj;jpd; %y Mw;wiy mwpaf;$ba vt;tpj Ma;Tk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ.
(c) ngUk;ghyhd tpahghuj; jPh;khdq;fs; ePz;lfhy mbg;gilapy;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf Vw;fdNt cs;s nghUs;tPo;r;rpaila njhlq;fpa re;jh;g;gj;jpy; rhjhuzkhf Gjpa nghUs;mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl khl;lhJ. FWfpa fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd;msT mjpfhpf;fj; njhlq;Fifapy; fl;lhakhf %yjdr; rhjdq;fs;thq;fg;glNth ,izf;fg;glNth KbahJ.
(d) ePz;lfhyj; jpl;lkplypy; mjpfhpf;Fk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfis (tpw;gidjtph;e;j) ngUk;ghYk; vjph;Nehf;fyhk;> jtph;f;fyhk; my;yJ fle;Jtuyhk;. epWtdk; rpwg;ghf ,aq;f Ntz;Lnkdpy; mjd; tfpgq;Fftdkhf tpghpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2.2 ghjPLk; jpl;lkplYk; ghjPL vd;gJ vjph;tUk; xU fzf;fPl;L tUlj;jpw;fhd xU mstPl;Lj; jpl;l nraw;ghlhFk;. ghjPL vd;gJ xU xOq;fikg;G vd;d mila vz;zpAs;sJ vd;gJ njhlh;ghdJk; mJ jkJ Fwpf;Nfhshf vij eph;zapj;Js;sJ vd;gJ njhlh;ghdJkhd jpl;lkhFk;. ,q;F vjph;T$wy; vd;gJ vjph;fhyj;jpy; vd;d eilngWk; vd;gJ njhlh;ghd kjpg;gPlhFk;.
xUq;fikg;Gf;fs; ntWkNd ghjPL jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fhuzj;Jf;fhf mit ghjPL jahhpj;jYk; xU rpW tplakhFk;. xU ghjPl;L tUkhdf; $w;W
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
144 CA Sri Lanka
rpwg;ghfj; jahhpf;fg;gl;L xU fpuaf; fzf;fhshpd; Gj;jfj;jpy; itj;jpUf;fg;gl;L kWgbAk; ghh;itf;Fl;gLj;jg;glhjpUj;jYk; mehtrpakhdJ. xU xOq;fikg;G ghjPL jahhpf;fg;gl;l gpd; mg;ghjPl;bypUe;J mjd; cz;ikahd jahhpg;gpypUe;Jk; ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mjdhy; ghjPL jdpahf jahhpf;fg;gLtJkpy;iy mjd; gpd; ntWkNd Nfhg;gplg;gLtJkpy;iy. vdpDk; mbg;gil cs;sPLfshd ghjPl;L jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. ghjPl;L jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw mtrpakhf njhlh;ghly;> ,izg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gtw;iw epWtdj;jpDs; epr;rak; nra;Ak; KiwahFk;. njhlh;ghly;> ,izg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd;gd nghJthd Fwpf;Nfhs;fshFk;. ghjPl;Lj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Kiwapd; Fwpg;gpl;l Fwpf;Nfhis fz;fhzpg;gjd; %yk; NkYk; gy jfty;fs; ngwf;$bajhftpUf;Fk;:
jpl;lkply; tif tpguk;
xOq;fikg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhis miltjid epr;rag;gLj;jy;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; xU xOq;fikg;gpd; nkhj;jj;jpw;FkhfTk;> jdpj;JiwfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; nrad;KiwfSf;FkhfTk; jahhpf;fg;gLk;. ,f;Fwpf;Nfhspy; mstplf;$ba tplaq;fs; ,yf;Ffshf tiuag;gl;L ghjPl;L jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fhy mstpy; milag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fl;lhlaj; jpl;lkply; ,J ghjPl;L jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwapYs;s xU Kf;fpakhd ,ay;ghFk;. jpl;lkplyhdJ> Kfhikj;Jtk; xd;Wf;F> ntspNa fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; jdJ Jiw njhlh;ghd> nra;Kiw njhlh;ghd> tpNrlkhf) Kfhikahsd; njhlh;ghd ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F tpgukhd jpl;lj;ij jahh; nra;tjw;Fk; gpur;ridfis vjph;Nehf;Ftjw;Fk; mOj;jk; nfhLf;fpwJ. ,J xU xOq;fikg;gpd; nray; epiwNtw;wj;Jf;F jilahf mikAk; xU Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; jdpegh;/,izg;gw;w jpl;lkplypy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; jd;ikia jtph;f;fpwJ. ,J Kfhikahsh;fSf;F xU epWtdk; vjph;ghh;j;jpUf;Fk; Kf;fpa re;jh;g;gq;fis ,dk; fhz cjTtJld; mjd; %yk; jw;fhyj;jpy; mr;RWj;jy;fspd; tpisTfis jw;NghNj Fwpj;j nrad;Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;tjd;%yk; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; re;jh;g;gq;fspd;%yk; G+uz ed;ikiag; ngWtjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ.
vz;zk; kw;Wk; jpl;lk; vd;gtw;iw njhlh;ghly; nra;jy;
xU jpl;lj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; jdpegh; xUth; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwptjw;F cj;jpNahfG+h;t Kiw xd;W mtrpakhFk;. njhlh;ghlyhdJ rkaj;jpy; Kfhikahsh;fs; mth;fSf;F fPopUg;gth;fSf;F toq;Fk; fl;lisfis xU topj; njhlh;ghlyhfTk; vz;zq;fisg; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;Sk; ,U topj;njhlh;ghlyhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
nraw;ghLfis ,izj;jy;
nghJthd ,yf;if Nehf;fp midj;J Kaw;rpfSk; cr;r mstpy; ,izf;fg;gLtjw;fhf xOq;fikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Jiwfspd; ntt;NtW nraw;ghLfSk; cgJiwfSk; ,izf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,t; ,izg;G vz;zf;fU czh;j;JtJ> cjhuzkhf nfhs;tdTj; Jiw mjd; ghjPl;il cw;gj;jp Njitia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kWGwk; cw;gj;jp Njit ghjPlhdJ tpw;gid vjph;ghh;g;ig mbg;gilahff;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t; vz;zf;fU Neubahdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,izg;G vd;gJ miltjw;F fbdkhdjhFk;. mj;Jld; Jiz mD$ykhf;fy; kw;Wk;; ghjPl;by; fhzg;gLk; JiwfSfSf;fpilapyhd jpl;lq;fSf;fpilapYk;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 145
Kuz;ghLfs; fhzg;gLk;. vdNt epWtdj;jpd; mjprpwe;j ,yf;if miltjw;F vy;yh Jiwfspd; Kaw;rpAk; xU ,izf;fg;gl;l jpl;lkhf xUq;fpizf;fg;glkhl;lhJ.
nghWg;Gf; fzf;fPl;bw;F xU rl;lfj;jpid toq;fy;
ghjPl;L ikaj;jpypUf;Fk; Kfhikahsh;fs; mth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghl;bypUf;Fk; nrad;Kiwfspd; ghjPl;L ,yf;if miltjw;F nghWg;ghdth;fshf ,Ug;gij ghjPl;Lj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Kiw Njitg;gLfpwJ.
fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwia eph;zapj;jy;
cz;ikahd nray; epiwNtw;iw fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk; fzpg;gpLtjw;Fkhd xg;gPl;L msTNfhshf ghjPL fhzg;gLfpwJ. ghjPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpypUe;jhd cz;ikahd ngWNgw;iw xg;gpLtjd;%yk; cz;ikahd nray; epiwNtw;wf; fl;Lg;ghL ngwg;gLfpwJ. gpd; ghjPl;bypUe;jhd tpyfy;fis Nrhjid nra;J mt;tpyfy;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj fhuzpfshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
njhopyhsh;fspd; nray; epiwNtw;wj;jpid mjpfhpg;gjw;F Cf;fkspj;jy;
njhopyhsh;fspd; tpUg;gKk; gq;fspg;Gk; mth;fspd; ngWNgWfspd; rkh;gpg;G Kiw%yk; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. mJ mth;fs; vt;tsT rhpahf nraw;gl;lhh;fs; (gpioahf) vd;gij mth;fSf;F mwpag;gLj;Jk; Kfhikahshpd; nghWg;Gf;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;LtJld; ghjPl;bypUe;J tpyfy; mile;j fl;Lg;gLj;jf; $ba fhuzpfis ,dk; fhz;gjd; %yk; vjph;fhy nray; epiwNtw;wj;ij mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd Mh;tk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
mDkjpaspg;gjw;fhd rl;lfj;jpid toq;Fjy;
xU ghjPL ,af;FduhYk; cah; KfhikahsuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;dh; mJ ghjPl;L ikaj;jpd; ghjPl;by; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fpuaj;ij vy;yh ghjPl;L clikahsUk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU mjpfhuj;Jtk; kpf;fjhfj; njhopw;gLfpwJ. xU cj;jpNahfG+h;t ghjPl;by; nrytPdk; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; xU ghjPl;L clikahsh; Ntwhd nrytpd mjpfhuj;Jtj;ij ehlhky; xt;nthU ehs; eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
nray; epiwNtw;wf; fzpg;gPl;bw;fhd mbg;gilia toq;Fjy;
xg;gply;> ghjPl;Lld; cz;ikahd ngWNgw;iw fzpg;gpl;L xg;gply; vd;gjd;%yk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F xg;gPl;lsT toq;Fk; nraw;ghL xU ghjPl;L clikahshpd; nray; epiwNtw;iw fzpg;gPL nra;tjw;F mbg;gilia toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd fzpg;gPl;bd; ngWNgW %yk; Kfhikahsh; xUth; Nkyjpf epjpf; nfhLg;gdT my;yJ gjtpAah;T vd;gtw;wpd;%yk; ntFkjp toq;fg;glyhk;. khw;W topKiwahf fzpg;gPL nraw;ghlhdJ gzpahsh;fspd; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; gapw;rp vd;gtw;wpd; kPjhd Nkyjpf KjyPL nra;Ak; NjitiaAk; mOj;jkhf;Fk;.
2.3 jPh;khdnkLj;jy;
gfph;T mjpfhu xg;gilg;Gk; rpy rkaq;fspy; Kfhikahsh;fs; jPh;khdq;fis kw;wth;fSf;F gfph;fpd;wdh; vDk; mh;j;jj;ij nfhLj;j NghjpYk; jPh;khdnkLj;jy; Kfhikahsh;fspd; gpujhd flikahfTs;sJ. jPh;khdq;fis gy;NtW tifg;gLj;jyhk;. mtw;iw Ie;J tpjkhf tifg;gLj;jy; xU gaDs;s fzpg;gPlhf mikAk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
146 CA Sri Lanka
jPh;khdk; tpsf;fk;
toikahd jpl;lkply; jPh;khdq;fs;
nghJthd ghjPL kw;Wk; ml;ltiz jahhpg;G
FWq;fhy gpur;rpid jPh;khdq;fs;
nghJthf kPs; vohj ,aw;ifiaAila jPh;khdq;fs;. cjhuzkhf> xU Kfhikahsh; gzpahsh; xUthpd; gpur;rpidia jPh;j;J itj;jy; my;yJ fPo; Ntiy nra;Ak; xUtUf;F mLj;J vd;d nra;tJ vd;gJ njhlh;ghf mwpT+l;ly;
KjyPl;L my;yJ KjyPlw;w jPh;khdq;fs;
cjhuzkhf> xU rhjdj;jpd; cUg;gb xd;iw thq;f Ntz;Lkh? xU Jiw %lg;gl Ntz;Lkh? ,t;thwhd jPh;khdq;fs; ePz;lfhy tpisTfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
ePz;l xOq;Fj; jPh;khdq;fs;
,j;jPh;khdk; mUikahf kPs;ghh;it nra;ag;gl;lJk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld; xU KiwNa ,j;jPh;khdnkLf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; ,j;jPh;khdk; njhlh;r;rpahf my;yJ kPs; vOk; gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;T toq;Ftjhf mikAk;.
fl;Lg;ghl;L jPh;khdq;fs;
nray;epiwNtw;wk; Vkhw;wkspf;Fk;NghJk; vjph;ghh;g;igtpl Fiwthf cs;s re;jh;g;gj;jpYk; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlh;ghf ,j;jPh;khdk; mikfpd;wJ.
jPh;khdq;fs; gpur;rpidfis jPh;g;gjhf ,Ug;gJld; ve;j nraiy nra;tJ vd;gJ njhlh;ghf gy njhpTfs; fhzg;gLk;NghJ mtw;Wf;Fk; jPh;thf mika Ntz;Lk;. gpur;rpidfs; gy;NtWglyhk;. mit vtw;iwg;gw;wpaJ vd;gtw;iw kl;Lk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljy;y> mit gpd;tUk; fhuzpfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L NtWglyhk;.
• mit jPh;g;gjw;F vt;tsT ,yFthf my;yJ fbdkhdjh vd;gjd; %yk;
• vt;tsT fhy ,ilntspf;Fs; mit Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
• gpur;rpidfs; fzf;fplf;$baitah my;yJ gz;Grhh; jPh;khdpf;Fk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpapUf;fpd;wJth
• xU Kfhikahsd; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F vt;tsT jfty;fs;fpilf;ff;$bajhAs;sd.
• xU jtwhd jPh;khdk; vLf;fg;gbd; mjd; tpisTfs; vt;tsT ghuJ}ukhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;
• mj;jPh;khdq;fis vt;thW ifahs;tJ vd;gij jPh;khdpg;gJ ahh;
jPh;khdq;fs; ntt;NtW topfspy; cUthFk;.
gFj;jwpthdit– thjg; nghUj;jKila tpjj;jpy; jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
kdg;ghq;F rhh;ghdit - gFj;jwptw;w fhuzpfs;> r%f> murpay;vz;zq;fs; vd;gtw;why; nry;thf;F nrY;jg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fshFk;.jPh;khdnkLg;gth;fs; jpUg;jpaspf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; jPh;TfisNkw;nfhz;lhYk; mit rpwe;j jPh;Tfshf ,Uf;f khl;lhJ.
cj;jpNahf G+h;tkw;wit - cj;jpNahfG+h;t jpl;lq;fspy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;jPh;khdq;fs; Nghyy;yhJ rk;kjj;jpd; %ykhfTk; re;jh;g;gq;fs; vOk;NghJmtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;%ykhfTk; vOk; jPh;khdq;fshFk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 147
2.3.1 gFj;jwpTs;s jpl;lkply; tbtk;
gFj;jwpTs;s jpl;lkply; tbtj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gbKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW; gb 1 gpur;rpidia
,dq;fhZjy;
jPh;khdq;fs; jfty;fspy;yhky; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. jPh;khdnkLg;gth; gpur;rpid njhlh;ghf Kjypy; mwpTWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
gb 2 gpur;rpidia tiutpyf;fzk; nra;J Nfhitg;gLj;jy;
tiutpyf;fzk; gpur;rpid RUf;fkhf tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F xU epWtdj;jpd; tpw;gid tPo;r;rpailfpwJ vd fUJNthk;. tUkhdf; FiwNt ,jd; jhf;fkhf mikAk;. tUkhdg; gw;whf;Fiw vq;Nf Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gij mwpa Nkyjpf jfty; Njitg;gLk;.
Nfhitg;gLj;jy;> Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpur;rid vd;gJ tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;l rpy cg$Wfs; fhzg;gLtJld; gpur;rpid Kiwahd tpjj;jpy; jPh;g;gJ rhj;jpakhf ,Uf;Fk; gpur;rpidfshFk;. Nfhitg;gLj;jg;glhj gpur;rpidfs; vd;git fzpg;gpLtjw;F fbdkhf ,Ug;gJld; ntspg;gilahd thjg; nghUj;jkw;witahfTk; mtw;iw jPh;g;gjw;F mbg;gilahd eilKiwfs;> tpjpfs; mw;witahfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
gb 3 khw;W nrad; Kiwfis ,dk; fhzy;
khw;W nrad;Kiwfs; ,dk; fhzg;gl;lJk; mtw;iw fzpg;gPL nra;tjw;F mit xt;nthd;W njhlh;ghd jfty; Njitg;gLk;.
gb 4 jPh;khdnkLj;jYk; mtw;iw ghpkhwYk;
khw;W nrad;Kiwfs; njhlh;ghd jftiy kPs;ghh;it nra;jgpd; jPh;khdk; vLf;fg;gLk;.
gb 5 jPh;khdj;ij mKy;gLj;jy;
kPs; mj;jPh;khdk; mKyhf;fg;gLk; nghpastpyhd jPh;khdq;fSf;F kWghh;it nra;jYk; nrwpthd jpl;lkplYk; Njitg;glyhk;. mKyhf;fk; jpl;lkplYf;F Vw;wthW nra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;gij epr;rak; nra;tjw;F jfty; mtrpak;.
gb 6 jPh;khdj;jpd; jhf;fq;fis fzpg;gply;
jPh;khdnkLj;jgpd; mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fis kW ghh;it nra;a jfty; mtrpak;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
148 CA Sri Lanka
2.4 khwptUk; #oy;fs;
epiyaw;w jd;ik tha;e;j> njhlh;r;rpahd khw;wj;Jf;F cl;gLk; gue;Jgl;l #oypNyNa mikg;Gf;fs; njhopw;gLfpd;wd.
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,k; khw;wq;fs; rpf;fyhditahf khw;wk;ngWfpd;wd. ,J epr;rakw;w jd;ikia mjpfhpg;gJld;> jPh;khdk; vLj;jypyhd ,lh;fisAk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wd.
ngUk;ghYk;> rpf;fyhd fhyg;gFjpfspy;> Kiwrhh;e;j khjphpfspy; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;gth;fs; Fiwthf ek;gpapUg;gJld;> $Ljyhd mstpy; Kd;Dzh;T kpf;f> nefpo;thd kw;Wk; fle;jfhy mDgt mbg;gilfspy; mike;j Kiwfspy; jq;fpapUg;gh;.
jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;gth;fs; jkJ mwptpid mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;> jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sypyhd ,lhpidf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;sTkhf> mj;jifa #o;epiyfspy; vLf;fj;jf;f gbKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. ,yf;fpidj; njspthf> tiutpyf;fzk; nra;jy; kw;Wk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sy;
2. ghhpa jd;de;jdp khw;wj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf> rpwpasthd>mjpfhpg;Gg; gbKiwrhh; Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; jPh;khdq;fSf;fhd fhyvy;iyapidf; Fiwj;jy;
3. mwptpid mjpfhpf;Fk; Kfkhf> tpUg;gj; njhpTfis Muha;r;rp nra;jy;
4. mtrpakw;w ,lh;fisj; jtph;j;jy;. jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;gtuJ fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s ,lh;fs; gpw;Nghlg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. Neh; kw;Wk; vjph;kiw tpisTfis kjpg;gpLtjd; %yk; ,lh;fisj;njspTgLj;Jjy;
6. ,aYkhdtiu> mtrpakhd NghJ jpl;lq;fs; khw;wg;glj;jf;f tifapy;tpUg;gj; njpTfisj; jpwe;j epiyapy; itj;jpUj;jy;
2.5 fzf;fPl;by; jPh;khdnkLj;jy; fzf;fPl;lhshpd; jPh;khdq;fs; ,U tifg;gLk;
• “Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;” my;yJ “kWf;Fk;” jPh;khdq;fs;
• jug;gLj;jy; jPh;khdq;fs;
2.4.1 “Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; my;yJ kWf;Fk; “jPh;khdq;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;l re;jh;g;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpid ftdj;jpw;Fl;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; vLf;fg;gLk; jPh;khdq;fshtJld; kw;iwa re;jh;g;gq;fSld; ,r;re;jh;g;gq;fis xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;j;jYk; Njitaw;wJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l nrad;KiwAld; NkNy nry;yj; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;l gpd;Gk; (Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; tpUg;gj;njhpT) me;epWtdk; NtW re;jh;g;gq;fisg; gw;wp rpe;jpj;Jg; ghh;g;gjw;Fk; mr;re;jh;g;gj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Rje;jpuKz;L.
cjhuzj;jpw;F rhjhuz tpahghuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; xg;ge;jk;/fl;lis xd;Wld;
njhlh;e;J ,aq;Ftjh vd;gJ njhlh;ghd jPh;khdk; xg;ge;jk;/fl;lis xd;W
kw;iwa re;jh;g;gq;fistpl vt;thwhdJ vd;gijtpl xg;ge;jk;/fl;lis xd;W
kw;iwa re;jh;g;gq;fistpl vt;thwhdJ vd;gijtpl xg;ge;jk;/fl;lis xd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; (mJ gq;fspg;ig mjpfhpf;Fkh? mJ vjph;fhyj;jpy; gy fl;lisfSf;F ,l;Lr; nryYkh)
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 149
2.4.2 jug;gLj;jy; jPh;khdq;fs;
Nghl;bapypUf;Fk; re;jh;g;gq;fspypUe;J xd;iwNah my;yJ gytw;iwj; njhpT nra;Ak; jPh;khdkhFk;. mjdhy; ntt;Ntwhd gy re;jh;g;gq;fs; xg;gPl;L ghh;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,it gpd;tUk; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Njhd;Wk;.
(a) vy;yh re;jh;g;gq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Nghjpa tsq;fspd;ik.vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU epWtdk; cs;thhpahf vtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;aNtz;Lk;. Copah; gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf vg;gFjpfis nfhs;tdT nra;aNtz;Lnkd jPh;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(b) re;jh;g;gq;fshdit xNu ngWNgw;iw miltjw;F gy topfisf; fhl;Lk;.
cjhuzj;jpw;F Gjpa ,lf;fhhpahyaj;ij efuk; ‘m’ tpyh my;yJ efuk;
‘M’tpyh njhpT nra;tJ vDk; jPh;khdj;jpy; ,uz;L re;jh;g;gq;fSk; xNunjhpthd fhhpahya miktplj;ijNa ntt;NtW tpjj;jpy; toq;Ffpd;wd.
2.5 FWq;fhy jPh;khdnkLj;jYf;fhd epiyahd kw;Wk; khWk; nryTfs;
2.5.1 nraw;ghl;L kl;lq;fSld; khw;wkilAk; fpuaq;fs;
xt;nthU jPh;khdj;jpw;Fkhd khw;Wj; njhpit kjpg;gpLtjw;F FWq;fhy jPh;khdj;jpd; ngUk;gq;fhdit fpuaKk; tUkhdq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSld; vt;thW khw;wkilfpd;wd vd;gJ njhlh;ghd jfty;fis Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. rpy cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW>
ghjPl;L ntspaPL ve;j kl;lj;jpy; eph;zapf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;?
tpw;gid msit mjpfhpg;gjw;F tpw;gid tpiyia Fiwf;f Ntz;Lkh?
ntspaPl;il mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf Nkyjpf njhopw;rhiy nrayhw;wiy nfhs;tdTnra;a Ntz;Lkh?
Mf;ff;$W ‘x’ vd;gJ cs;thhpahf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lkh my;yJtoq;FdhplkpUe;J nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lkh?
xU Kiw kl;Lk; vOk; tpNrl fl;lis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lkh?
,t;tif xt;nthU jPh;khdq;fspdJk; khw;Wr; nrad;Kiwfspd; ntt;NtW fl;lq;fspy;> Kfhikj;JtkhdJ fpuaj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;jy; mtrpakhdJ. xU epWtdk; xUKiw kl;Lk; vOk; fl;lisapdhy; vof;$ba Nkyjpf Ntiyfspd; epkpj;jk; Gjpa Copah;fis Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; epiy Vw;gLnkd mwpahky;; mt;tif fl;lisia epWtdk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. Mjdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpiyf;F mf;fl;lisis G+h;j;jp nra;tJ epWtdj;jpw;F KO el;lj;ij Vw;glj;jf;$Lk;.
FWq;fhy jPh;khdnkLj;jypy;> fpuakhdJ gpd;tUkhW gpuptilfpwJ. (a) J}a khWk; nryTfshd Neh;%yg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;wit ,yFthf
nghUl;fs;> Nritfs;> ghtidahsh;fs; kw;Wk; Vidatw;Wf;Fclikahf;fg;glyhk;.
(b) FWq;fhyj;jpy; epiyahftpUf;Fk; khWk; nryTfs;> Neubahf fpuag;nghUl;fSf;F fhl;lg;gl KbahJ. vdpDk; nghUs; cw;gj;jpnra;ag;glhky; tpl;lhy; my;yJ Nrit toq;fg;glhky; tpl;lhy; ,tw;iwjtph;f;fyhk;. mf;fpuaj;jpw;fhd kl;lk; njhlh;gpyhd jPh;khdkhdJ jpdKk;vd;w mbg;gilapy; jahhpf;fhky; ngUk;ghYk; ghjPL jahhpf;ifapy;eph;zapf;f Ntz;Lk;. (vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; nraw;ghl;L kl;lj;jpy;) cjhuzkhfnjhopyhsh; juf; fl;Lg;ghl;il $wyhk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
150 CA Sri Lanka
(c) epiyahd nrythdJ ePz;lfhyj;jpy; my;yJ nraw;ghl;L kl;lk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT khw;wkile;jhy; khWk; nrythf khWk;. ,t;thW eilngWtJ Fwpg;gpl;l nghUs;. ghtidahsh; Nghd;w fhuzpfistpl je;jpNuhgha jpl;lkply; %ykhFk;.
vy;iyf; fpuaj; jj;Jtk; FWq;fhyj;jpy; khw;wkilahjjdhy; ,tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l FWq;fhy jPh;khdnkLj;jYld; ,it njhlh;GglhJ. ,it ePz;l fhy jPh;khdj;Jld; njhlh;Ggl;lit. vt;thwhapDk; ePz;lfhy ruhrhpf; fpuak; Njitg;gl;lhy; mit ePz;l fhyj;jpy; jtph;f;fg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf xU tzpfk; ,aq;Fk; xt;nthU thfdj;jpd; kPjhd thp.
fpuaq;fis ,t;tiffspy; gphpg;gjd;%yk;> nkhj;jf;fpuaj;ij ntspaPl;bd; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; kPs;kjpg;gpLtJ rhj;jpakhFk;.
2.5.2 vy;iyf;fpua vz;zf;fU
FWq;fhy jPh;khdkhdJ jw;NghJs;s trjpfspypUe;J kpfr; rpwe;j ngWNgw;iw ngWtij Nehf;fhff; nfhs;Sk;.
Fwpg;ghf FWq;fhyj;jpy; epiyahd nryT khw;wkilahky; ,Uf;Fk; mjhtJ vy;iyg;gad;> tUkhdk; kw;Wk; xt;nthU jPh;khdj; njhptpd; gq;fspg;Gk; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
mt;tifahd #o;epiyapy; gq;fspg;ig cr;rg;gLj;Jk; jPh;khdj; njhpit njhpT nra;jNy rhpahd njhpthFk;. vg;gbahapDk; fpuakhdJ epiyahd kw;Wk; khWk; fhuzpfSf;F toq;fg;glhky; ,t;tifahd mZFjiy nra;a KbahJ. epiyahd fpuak; khw;wkilahky; tpl;lhYk;$l fpuaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gphpTfshd epiyahd kw;Wk; khWk; fhuzpfs; fzf;fPl;by; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtjdhy; mit mg;NghJk; Njitg;gLk;.
2.6 nghUj;jkhd fpuak;
jPh;khdnkLj;jYf;F gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba fpuakhdJ nghUj;jkhd fpuak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
(a) nghUj;jkhd fpuak; vjph;fhy fpuaq;fshFk;.
(i) jPh;khdkhdJ vjph;fhyj;ijg; gw;wpajhapUf;Fk;. Vw;fdNtnra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fis mJ khw;whJ. Kd;dh; Vw;gl;l fpuak;
‘jw;NghJ’ nra;ag;gl;l ve;jnthU jPh;khdj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjhfmikahJ. mt;tifahd fpuak; gioa fpuak; my;yJ %o;fpafpuak; MFk;.
(ii) ,t;tif fpuakhdJ Vw;fdNt nrYj;jg;gl;l nrytpid kl;Lk;cs;slf;fpapUf;fhJ rl;l uPjpahf fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xg;ge;jk; xd;wpy;nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhif ,d;Dk; nrYj;jg;glhjpUf;Fk;fpuaj;jpidAk; cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;. (,itnghUe;jpa fpuak; vdTk;miof;fg;gLk;)
(b) nghUj;jkhd fpuakhdJ fhRg;gha;r;ry;fs;: mjhtJ gpd;tUtd Nghd;wfpuak; my;yJ fl;lzk; Nkyjpf gzr; nrytpidf; nfhz;bUf;fhjJld;jPh;khdnkLj;jypd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf jtph;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ngWkhdj; Nja;T> epiyahd Nke;jiyf; fpuaj;ij cUthf;Ftijg;Nghd;W
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 151
fw;gidahd thlif my;yJ tl;b> epiyahd Nke;jiyf; fpuaj;ijcUthf;Ftijg; Nghd;W
midj;J cwpQ;rg;gl;l Nke;jiyf;fpuak; jPh;khdj;ij ghjpf;Fk;Nke;jiyf; fpuaq;fis mJ miltjdhy; ePz;lfhy Nke;jiyf;fpua cwpQ;ry; vg;NghJk; nghUj;jkw;wjhftpUf;Fk;.
(c) nghUj;jkhd fpuakhdJ mjpfhpf;Fk; fpuakhFk;: cjhuzkhf xUnjhopyhsh; mLj;j thuj;jpy; nra;tjw;F vt;tpj NtiyAk;vjph;ghh;f;fg;glhjpUe;jhYk; mtd; jdJ mbg;gil Cjpaj;ij (&gh
100/= vdf; fUjpdhy;) ntWkNd Ntiy nra;ahky; te;J Nghtjw;fhftoq;fg;glyhk;. mtUila Kfhikahsh; mtDf;F &gh 40 idkl;Lk; ciof;ff;$ba Ntiy xd;iw toq;Ftjw;F jPh;khdpf;fyhk;.
Njwpa nghUj;jkhd eydhf &gh 40/= k; &gh 100/= nghUj;jkw;wjPh;khdkhf ,Uf;Fk;. Vnddpy; mJ xU vjph;fhy fhRg;gha;r;ryhf,Ue;jhYk;$l njhopyhspf;F Ntiy toq;fg;gl;lhYk;toq;fg;glhtpl;lhYk; mjid cUthFk;.
2.7 tpj;jpahrkhd nryT> jtph;f;ff;$ba nryT kw;Wk; re;jh;g;g nryT
nghUj;jkhd fpuaj;ij tpghpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Vida gjq;fs;
tpj;jpahrkhd nrythdJ jPh;khdnkhd;wpd; tpisTfshy; Vw;gLk; Nkyjpf nryTfshd nghUj;jkhd fpuakhFk;.
jtph;f;ff;$ba nryTfshtd %Ljy; my;yJ %yjd kPsg; ngwy; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlh;Gnfhz;Ls;s gjq;fshFk;. vdpDk; ,it jPh;khdq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2.8 nghUj;jkw;w fpuak;
jPh;khdnkLj;jYf;F nghUj;jkw;w nrytpdq;fis tpghpg;gjw;F gy gjq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gLk;. Vnddpy; mit vjph;fhy fhRg;gha;r;ryhf ,y;yhjpUf;Fk; my;yJ jPh;khdnkLj;jhYk; vLf;fg;glhtpl;lhYk; mit cUthFk;.
2.8.1 Mo;e;j fpuak;
%o;fpa fpuak; jPh;khdnkLj;jYf;F nghUj;jkw;w gioa nrythFk;.
(a) mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l eilKiwaw;w nrhj;J: xU epWtdk;fzdpf;fUtpnahd;iw ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dh; &gh 200>000 w;Fnfhs;tdT nra;jJ vdf; fUJNthk;. mJ Vw;fdNt Njwpa Gj;jfg; ngWkjp
&gh 70>000/= w;F Nja;khdkile;Js;sJ. vdpDk; fzdpj;Jiw tsh;r;rp fhuzkhf mJ Vw;fdNt kPs;tpw;gidg; ngWkjpia ,oe;Js;sJ. mf;fUtp jw;NghJs;s NjitfSf;fhf ,d;Dk; xU tUlfhyk; ghtpf;fg;glyhk;. vdpDk; me;epWtdk; Nkyjpf trjpfSld; etPd fUtpnahd;iw thq;Ftjw;F my;yJ thq;fhJ tpLtjw;F vj;jdpf;fyhk;. vdNt ghtidapYs;s rhjdk; gadw;wjhf xJf;fp itf;fyhk;.
jPh;khdnkLj;jy; kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd fpuak; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf Muk;gj;jpy; &gh 200>000 ngWkjpahftpUe;J gpd; &gh 70>000 id Njwpa Gj;jfg;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
152 CA Sri Lanka
ngWkjpia mile;j me;j rhjdk; fpuak; vd miof;fg;gLk;. gzk; nrytopf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; mr;nrhj;J khw;Wg; gad;ghLk; mw;Ws;sJ.
(b) mgptpUj;jpf; fpuaq;fs; Vw;fdNt epfo;e;jpUf;Fk;: xU epWtdk; Gjpaghtidahsh; Nritnahd;iw tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F &gh 2>500>000nrytspj;Js;sJ vdTk; me;j epWtdj;jpd; re;ijg;gLj;jy; Jiwapd;Gjpa jp nra;tij iftpLtJ> my;yJ iftplhjpUg;gJ vDk; jPh;khdk;vLf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. vdpDk; &gh 2>000>000 id nryT nra;jjidjPh;khdnkLg;gth;fs; jtph;j;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; mit Mo;e;j nryT MFk;.
2.8.2 nghWg;gpf;fg;gl;l fpuak;
(c) khw;Wr; re;jhg;gq;fsNjlypy; mr;Nrit Efh;Nthuhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhky;tpl;lJ vdTk; nfhz;lhy; mJ xU th;j;jfj;Njhy;tpahFk;. Gjpa Nritia tpUj;jp njhlh;ghf vt;tifahd jPh;khdk; vLf;fg;gl;lhYk; epfof;$ba vjph;fhy fhR ntspg;gha;ry;fNs nghWg;gpf;fg;gl;l fpuakhFk;. epWtdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;> jw;NghJ jtph;f;f Kbahj> Vw;fdNt gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fshy; nghWg;gpf;fg;gl;l fpuak; Njhd;Wk;.
2.8.3 fw;gidf; fpuak;
fpuaf; fzf;fPl;L Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; fw;gidf; fpuaq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;. (a) Jiz kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; clikapYs;s jq;Fkpl trjpf;fhd
ghtidf;fhfTs;s tUkhd epiyak; my;yJ nryT epiyak; vd;gtw;Wf;F mwtplg;gLk; fl;lzk; fw;gidr; nrythFk;.
(b) <l;ba KjyPl;bd; kPjhd fw;gid tl;bf; nfhLg;gdthdJ rpy Neuj;jpy;tUkhd epiyak; my;yJ nryT epiyak; vd;gtw;Wf;F vjpuhfjahhpf;fg;gLk;.
2.8.4 tuyhw;Wr; nryT
tuyhw;Wr; nryT jPh;khdnkLj;jYf;F nghUj;jkw;wjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> vjph;fhy fpuaj;ij vjph;T $Wtjw;fhd fpilf;ff;$ba rpwe;j mbg;gilia tuyhw;W nryT toq;Fk;.
2.9 nghUj;jkhd tUkhdq;fs;
nghUj;jkhd tUkhdq;fSk; vjph;fhy> mjpfhpf;Fk; fhRg;gha;r;ry;fshFk;.
(a) (i) jw;NghJ nra;ag;gLk; ve;jtpjj; jPh;khdKk; Kd;dh; ngwg;gl;ltUkhdj;jpw;F Kw;Wk; nghUj;jkw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;. nfhLg;gdTf;Ff; fPo; xU ghtidahshplkpUe;J xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l gzkhdJ mr; nraykh;it njhlh;tjh ,y;iyah vd;gJ njhlh;ghd jPh;khdj;Jld; njhlh;gw;wjhftpUf;Fk;.
(ii) jPh;khdk; vLf;fg;gl;lij fUj;jpy;nfhs;shJ ,d;Dk; fpilf;fg;ngwhj vdpDk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; fpilf;fg;gLk; tUkhdkhdJ nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;. xU xg;ge;jj;ij njhlh;tjh ,y;iyah vd;gjw;F Nkyhf xg;ge;jj;jpy; thbf;ifahsd; nfhLg;gjw;F flikg;gl;bUf;Fk; fl;lzkhdJ
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 153
nghUj;jkw;wjhftpUf;Fk;.
(b) nghUj;jkhd tUkhdkhdJ fhRg; gha;r;ry;fshFk;. eilKiway;yh nrhj;J tpw;gidf;fhd ,yhgg;Gj;jfkhdJ mr;nrhj;Jf;fhd gzk; ngwg;gl;L mr;nrhj;ij tpw;gjh ,y;iyah vDk; jPh;khdj;Jld; nghUj;jkw;wjhftpUf;Fk;.
(c) nghUj;jkhd tUkhdq;fshdit mjpfhpf;Fk; tUkhdq;fshFk;. nray;
Kiw ‘m’&gh 1 kpy;ypaid cioj;J nray;Kiw ‘M’&gh 2.5
kpy;ypaid cioj;jhy; nghUj;jkhd tUkhdkhf nray;Kiw ‘m’w;F
gjpyhf nray;Kiw ‘M’id njhpT nra;tjhf ,Uf;Fk;. [2.5 kpy;ypad;
- 1 kpy;ypad;] = &gh 1.5 kpy;ypad;
2.10 fzpg;gplKbahj fhuzpfs;
jPh;khdnkLj;jypy; fhzg;gLk; fzpg;gpl Kbahj fhuzpfshdit tpisTj; jPh;khdj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jf;$ba nghUj;jkhd nryT my;yJ tUkhdk; %yk; fzpg;gplf;$ba fhuzpfshFk;. mit ,uz;L %yq;fspypUe;J mbg;gilahfpd;wd.
(a) fzf;fpay; mw;w Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
(b) gzj;jpd;%yk; fzpg;gPL nra;a Kbe;j NghjpYk; fzpg;gPL
nra;ag;glhjpUf;Fk; fhuzpfshFk;. mit fzpg;gPL nra;ag;glhjpUj;jy;>
rhpahd kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Nghjpa jftypd;ikahyhFk;.
,f; fhuzpfs; jPh;khdq;fspd; ePz;lfhy ntspg;ghl;il vjph;T$Wk;.
2.11.1 mstpl Kbahj fhuzpfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;
jPh;khdnkLj;jypy; fhzg;gLk; kjpg;gpl Kbahj fhuzpfshdit #o;epiyf;Nfw;gTk; fUj;jpnyLf;fg;gLk; re;jh;g;gj;jpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;gTk; khWgLk;.cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
fhuzpfs; tpsf;fk; gzg; ngWkjpapd; fpilg;gdT
xU re;jh;g;gk; ,yhgk; juf;$bajhf ,Uf;fyhk;. vdpDk; xU fUtpiaf; nfhs;tdT nra;jypy; epjpapLtjw;Fk; ,aq;Fk; %yjdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; NghjpasT gzk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
gztPf;fk; ntt;NtWgl;l nghUl;fspd; tpiyfspy; Vw;gLk; gztPf;fj;jpd; jhf;fk; fUj;jpnyLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Kf;fpakhf epiyahd tpiy xg;ge;jk; njhlh;ghd jPh;khdj;jpy; ,J mtrpakhdjhFk;. xU re;jh;g;gj;jpd; %ykhd tUkhdk; xg;ge;jk; %ykhf epiyahdjhf ,Uf;FnkdpDk; nryT gztPf;fj;Jld; mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;Yk;. gztPf;ff; fhuzp fUj;jpnyLf;fg; glhjpUf;Fnkdpy; mt;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; ,yhgj;jd;ik kpifg;gLj;jpf;$wg;gLk;.
njhopyhsh;fs; xU njhopw;rhiyia %Lk;> Gjpjhf xU Ntiyr; Rw;WKiwia cUthf;Fk;> my;yJ Ntiy eilKiwia my;yJ ,lj;ij khw;Wk;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
154 CA Sri Lanka
jPh;khdq;fshdit njhopyhsh;fspd; rk;kjj;JldDk; njhopyhsh; eyd;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;Lk; vLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
thbf;ifahsh;fs; Gjpa nghUl;fis mwpKfk; nra;Ak; my;;yJ nghUs; cw;gj;jpia epWj;Jk; jPh;khdq;fs; my;yJ ntspaPl;bd; juk; my;yJ tpw;gidapd; gpd;duhd Nrit vd;git njhlh;ghd jPh;khdq;fs; epr;rakhf thbf;ifahshpd; ed;kjpg;gpYk;> Nfs;tpapYk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;. xU nghUs; njhlh;ghd jPh;khdkhdJ xU njhFjpg; nghUl;fs; kPjhd thbf;ifahshpd; elj;ijapy; gpujpgypf;fg;gLk; vd;gij epidtpy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf xU G+q;fh fUtpfisAk; rhjdq;fisAk; xNu tpahghug; ngahpd;fPo; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; epWtdnkhd;W xU nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;ahJ tpLk;NghJ (cjhuzj;jpw;F G+q;fh rk;kl;lk;) my;yJ Fiwe;j juj;jpy; GjpanjhU nghUis Nrh;f;Fk;NghJk; mt;tpahghuf;Fwpapd; fPopypUf;Fk; midj;J r%f nghUl;fs; kPjhd Nfs;tpapy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;jpnyLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nghl;bahsh;fs; Nghl;br; re;ijnahd;wpy;> rpy jPh;khdq;fs; Nghl;b epWtdq;fspypUe;J xU kWnkhopia (gjpiy) J}z;bnaOg;Gk;. cjhuzkhf Nfs;tpia mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf tpw;gid tpiyia Fiwf;Fk; jPh;kdkhdJ> midj;J Nghl;bahsh;fSk; mNj nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;thh;fshapd; ntw;wpaspf;fhJ.
Neuf; fhuzp xU re;jh;g;gj;ij vg;NghJ vLg;gJ vd;gij jPh;khdpg;gjw;F xU njhpT fhzg;gLk;. mj;njhpT ‘Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;’ my;yJ ‘jtph;j;jy;’ vd;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;. %d;W njhpTfs; fhzg;gLk;.
xU re;jh;g;gj;ij ,g;NghJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;. jw;NghJ xU re;jh;g;gj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;shky; mij
Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Kd; fhj;jpUj;jy;. re;jh;g;gj;ij jtph;j;jy;.
nra;tjw;F Njitg;gLk; Vida njhpTfs;
(a) xU Jiw %lg;gl;lhy; mJ jw;fhypfkhfth my;yJepue;jukhfth %lg;gl;lJ? jw;fhypfkhf%lg;gl;likahd Nfs;tp ke;jkhfTs;s re;jh;g;gj;jpy;xU xg;Ngwf;$ba Kd; nkhopthftpUf;Fk;.
(b) nghUl;fis Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tpw;gJ vdj;jPh;khdnkhd;iw Nkw;nfhz;L mjdhy; fpilf;fg;gl;ltUkhdk; xg;gPl;lstpy; rpwpjhf ,Ue;jhy; mf;Fiwe;jtpiy Nkk;gLj;jiy vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;F nra;tJvd;gij jPh;khdpg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. mt;tpw;gidiaePz;lfhyj;jpw;F nra;tjhdhy;> mg;nghUSf;fhd Nfs;tpmjpfhpf;Fkhdhy; me;epWtdj;jpd; nkhj;jg;gq;fspg;G xUkl;lj;jpw;F %o;fp epWtdk; jkJ epiyahd nryitf;$l kPsg;ngw KbahjthW el;lj;ij vjph;nfhs;Sk;.
toq;Fdh;fs; rpy jPh;khdq;fs; toq;Fdh;fisg; ghjpf;Fk;. cw;gj;jp thpiria jw;fhypfkhf %Lk; jPh;khdkhdJ toq;Fdh;fspd; ePz;lfhy ed;kjpg;ig rpijtilar; nra;Ak;. nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l cUg;gbapy; tptuf;Fwpg;ig khw;wk; nra;tjw;fhd jPh;khdq;fs;>
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 155
,Ug;Gf; nfhs;iffis khw;Wjy;> epiyaw;w Nfs;tp vd;gdTk; toq;FdUf;F fiwia cz;L gz;Zk;. rpy Neuk;> ,e;j epWtdk;jhd; toq;Fdhpd; Kf;fpa thbf;ifahsuhf ,Uf;Fnkdpy; Nfs;tpia Fiwg;gjw;F my;yJ nfhLg;gdit jhkjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jPh;khdk; toq;Fdiu tpahghuj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wf; $bajhapUf;Fk;.
nra;jf;f Kiw epjpg;gpuNahfj;jpy; Kd;nkhopT rpwe;jjhftpUf;Fk;. vdpDk; mtw;iw vt;thW nra;J Kbg;gJ vd;gJ njhlh;ghf Jiw Kfhikahsh;fSk; njhopy;El;g ty;Ydh;fSk; rpy xJf;fPLfisf; nfhz;bUg;ghh;fs;. rpy fzdpr; rhjdq;fis nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F jPh;khdnkLj;jy; mtrpakhdjhftpUf;fyhk; vdpDk; Jiw Kfhikahsdplk;> mtUila mk;Kd;nkhoptpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fs;s gzpahshpd; tpUg;gk;> jpl;lkplg;gl;l jpfjpapy; mj;jpl;lj;ij mKyhf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd rhj;jpaf;$W kw;Wk; Kd;nkhopT nra;ag;gl;l jpl;lk; cz;ikapNyNa mjpy; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; Ntiyia nra;Akh vd;git njhlh;ghf rpy jdp xJf;fPLfs; fhzg;gLk;.
nefpo;Tj; jd;ik kw;Wk; cs;sff; fl;Lg;ghL
Ntiyapy; cg xg;ge;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; my;yJ ePz;lfhy xg;ge;jj;jpy; <LgLjy; Nghd;w jPh;khdq;fs; nefpo;Tj; jd;ikaw;wpUj;jy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghlw;wpUj;jy; Nghd;w jPikfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Njitfs; khw;wkilgit ahftpUf;Fk;NghJ xOq;fikg;gpd; nrad;Kiwfspy; nefpo; jd;ikia fl;bnaOg;Gjy; tpUk;gj;jf;fjhFk;.
fzpf;f Kbahj mikar;nryT
mikar; nryT Fwpg;gplg;glhj ,lj;jpYk; $l tUkhdj;ij <l;bf;nfhs;tjw;fhf tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F NtW re;jh;g;gq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. jw;NghJ ,yhgk; juf;$ba NtW re;jh;g;gq;fs; ,y;iy vDk; Cfj;jpd;fPo; jug;gl;l nray;jpl;lk; xg;Ngwf;$baJ vdf; $Wtjd;%yk; rpghhpR xd;wpid jFjpAilajhfr; nra;tJ gaDs;sjhf mikAk;.
murpay; mOj;jk; nghpastpyhd epWtdq;fspd; KjyPl;L my;yJ KjyPlw;w jPh;khdq;fspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjw;fhd murhq;fj;jpd; mOj;jk; fhuzkhf mt;tif epWtdq;fs; f\;lj;ij vjph;nfhs;Sk;.
rl;l fl;Lg;ghLfs; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l nraw;ghl;bYs;s rl;l nry;Ygb njhlh;ghd re;Njfk; fhuzkhf rpy jPh;khdq;fs; kWf;fg;glyhk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
156 CA Sri Lanka
3 fl;Lg;gLj;jypd; Nehf;fKk; jd;ik
3.1 fl;Lg;gLj;jypd; jd;ik
epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis mila Kfhikahsh;fs; me;j epWtdj;jpd; chpikash;fSf;Fk;> gq;Fjhuh;fSf;Fk; nghWg;ghf ,Ug;gh;. mth;fs; ,jid cWjpg;gLj;j ek;gfj;jd;ikahd> xOq;F Kiwahd topfis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(a) tzpfj;jpd; midj;J jdpegh;fSk;> myFfSk; Nehf;fq;fisAk;>,yf;FfisAk; epWtdj;jpd; nghJthd topfhl;ly;%yk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
(b) tsq;fs; tpidj;jpwdhf Nehf;fj;ij milAk; tz;zk; vt;tpj tpuaKk;; Vw;glhky; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
(c) tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; nrad;Kiw Mfpait jpl;lj;Jld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Njitahd re;jh;g;gj;jpy; rhpahd eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;glKbAk;.
(d) nrad;Kiwfis fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; kjpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,it gyk;kw;Wk; gytPdj;jpdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w fw;wy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;jy;fisf; fz;Lzug; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ KOnkhj;jr; nraw;ghlhFk; (my;yJ nraw;ghLfspd; njhFjp). ,q;F ,yf;FfSk;> epakq;fSk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. eltbf;iffs; Nehf;fq;fisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk; nghWj;J Nkw;ghh;it nra;ag;gLtJld; gpiofSf;nfjpuhd rhpahd eltbf;ifAk; Njitg;gLkplj;J jw;Nghija jpl;lkply; tl;lj;jpy; my;yJ vjph;tUfpd;w fhyj;jpy; (fw;wypD}lhf) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,J fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tiuglk; 5.2: ghuk;ghpa fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwik
mjpfhu Kiwfs; epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij mila cjTfpd;wd. mit Kiwrhh; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh vdg; gy tifg;gLk;.
xU epWtdj;jpw;F vy;yh gb epiyfspYk; mjpfhu nrad;Kiw Njitg;gLfpd;wJ: je;jpNuhghaKiw> nraw;ghl;Lg; gbKiwfs; mitahFk;.
fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwikahdJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf> milaf;$bajhf> nghUj;jkhdjhf> nray;ghl;bid Nehf;fpajhf> khw;wpaikf;ff;$bajhf> ,aYkhdjhff; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Objectives Plans and
standards Actual performance
Comparison of
performance with plans/standards
Deviations
identified
Control action? Control action?
On target.
No corrective action
required
Nehf;fq;fs; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; epakq;fs;
cz;ikg; ngWNgWfs;
ngWNgw;iw jpl;lk; epakj;Jld; xg;gply;
,yf;fpy;: jpUj;j eltbf;if mtrpakpy;iy
Tpyfy;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld
fl;Lg;ghl;L eltbf;if?
fl;Lg;ghl;L eltbf;if?
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 157
3.2 fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kl;lq;fs; nuhgl; md;udp Kfhikj;Jt kl;lq;fis %d;W mbg;gil kl;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fpd;whh;. (a) je;jpNuhgha Kfhikj;Jtk; - (je;jpNuhgha cr;rj;jpdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ): ,J rhpahd Nehf;fpid cUthf;Fjy;> nfhs;ifapid cUthf;fy;> gpur;rpidfis ifahs;tjpYk; jq;fp cs;sJ.
(b) cghaKiw Kfhikj;Jtk; - (eLj;ju kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gf; fl;likg;G%yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ). epWtd ,Wjp milTfSf;fhdtopKiwfis ];jhgpj;jy;> tsq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;JtjpYk; mzpjpul;lTk;>Gj;JUthf;fj;jpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(c) nraw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk; (nraw;ghl;L ikaj;jpdhy;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ): cghaj; jpl;lkplypid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tof;fkhdeltbf;iffSld; njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ.
Kfhik kl;lk;
cah;
je;jpNuhgha
ePz;lfhyj; jPh;khdq;fs;
,ilepiy cgha eLj;jufhy jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; Kfhikf; fl;Lg;ghl;L jPh;khdq;fs;
fPo;epiy njhopw;ghl;L Njhopw;ghl;L> FWq;fhyj; jPh;khdq;fs;
Tof;fkhd CLnray; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy;
tiuglk; 5.3: fl;Lg;ghl;L kl;lq;fs;
3.2.1 je;jpNuhghaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
je;jpNuhgha kl;lj;jpy;> gpd;tUk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; eltbf;iffisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(a) je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lkply;: KOikahd epWtdj;jpw;fhd my;yJ epWtdtopf;fhd Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fq;fis cUthf;Fjy; (nraw;ghLfisfz;fhzpj;jYk;). ,it tha;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; mr;RWj;jy;fisf;fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhd #oy; Muha;Tfis cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
(b) epWtd fl;likg;gpid tbtikj;jy; (my;yJ kPsha;T nra;jy; my;yJkPs tbtikj;jy;): Ml;Fiwg;G> gphpg;Gfs;> tpahghu ifalf;fg;gly;>tpahghu ,izT> jpizf;fsg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; ,it Nghd;w gy.
(c) kdpj tsk; cs;slq;fyhf (c.k;: Ml;Nrh;g;G> gapw;rp> rd;khdk;>gjtpAah;T> rk tha;g;Gf;fs;)> #oy;> newpKiwfs;>$l;Lg;nghWg;gspj;jd;ik> rthiy vjph;nfhs;Sk; jd;ik> kw;Wk; ,lh;
Kfhikj;Jt mstPLfs;> %yjdkply;> nfhs;tdT/%yjdkply; ,itNghd;w gue;j tplag; gug;Gf;fspy; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; elj;ij tpjpj;njhFg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;wpidj; jPh;khdpj;jy;.
(d) epWtd hPjpapyhd Kd;ndLg;Gf;fs;> kPs; nghwpapaw; nraw;ghL my;yJnkhj;jj; ju Kfhikj;Jtk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
158 CA Sri Lanka
(e) cah; kl;lj;jpyhd je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lkply; njhlh;ghf tsh;r;rp kw;Wk;mjdJ ngWNgWfis Nkw;ghh;itaply;. ,it Kfhikj;Jt jfty;fs;kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply; njhlh;gpyhd rl;lfj;jpid cUthf;FjypidAk;cs;slf;Fk;.
(f) $l;lhl;rpia Kfhik nra;jy; - ,af;Fdh; rigapd; tfpgq;Ffisj;jPh;khdpj;jy;> gue;j mstpyhd jPh;khdj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;sy;> gq;Fjhuh;fSf;F mwpf;ifaply; Nghd;wit ,itahFk;.
3.2.2 cgha fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
,J njhopw;ghl;L Kfhikahsh;fspdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; gue;j kl;lj; jPh;khdq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtijr; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk;. mitahtd:
(a) cghaj; jpl;lkply;: cjhuzkhf re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikahsh; njhlh;gpy;> nghUs; my;yJ re;ij jpl;lkply;> Clf ml;ltizaply;> Nghd;wtw;wpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. cw;gj;jp Kfhikahsh; njhlh;gpy;> nfhs;ssTj; jpl;lkply;> ts xJf;fPL> cw;gj;jp ml;ltizaply; Nghd;wtw;wpid cs;slf;Fk;.
(b) ghjply; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;Lf;fhd ghjPl;Lf; fl;Lg;ghL.
(c) nrad;Kiwfis mgptpUj;jp nra;jYk; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;JjYk;(je;jpNuhgha kl;lj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nfhs;ifapd; Njitg;ghLfisG+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf). ,it Ml;Nrh;g;G> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;Lkl;l Copah;fSf;F ntFkjpaspj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpid cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.gpw eilKiwfshdit njhopw;ghl;L eltbf;iffspd; vy;iyapYs;seph;thf nrad;Kiwfs;> Kiwikfs;> ,lh; Kfhikj;Jtk;> juf;fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;wtw;wpid cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
(d) njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fl;gl;l jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; ,zf;fg;ghl;Leltbf;iffSld; Vw;Giladthf cs;sjh vdf; fz;fhzpj;jy;.
3.2.3 nraw;ghl;Lf; fl;Lg;ghL
nraw;ghl;Lf; fl;Lg;ghlhdJ> Vw;fdNt jpl;lkpl;l jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; milag;gLfpd;wdth vd;gjid cWjpnra;tjw;fhfg; nghJthf eilKiwapYs;s fl;Lg;ghl;L eltbf;ifAlDk;> kPnoOk; eltbf;iffSlDk; njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ. ,e;j kl;lj;jpy;> rpwpa Kfhikj;Jt jiyaPLfs; my;yJ jw;WzpT Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. nraw;ghl;Lf; fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwikahdJ jd;dpaf;fj;jd;ikAld; fhzg;gLtJld; Vw;fdNt jpl;lkpl;l Vw;Wf; nfhz;L nraw;glf;$ba vy;iyfSld; jpl;lq;fspypUe;jhd milahsq;fhzg;gl;l NtWghLfs; njhlh;gpy; mwpf;iffisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
nraw;ghl;Lf; fl;Lg;ghL Kiwikf;fhd cjhuzkhdJ fld; fl;Lg;ghLfs;(fzf;fPLfspy;) kw;Wk; fl;lisr; nrad;Kiw> tpiyg;gl;bayply;> kw;Wk; tpdpNahf ml;ltizaply;(tpw;gisapy;) Nghd;wtw;wpid cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 159
3.3 nraw;jpwd; tha;e;j fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Kiwik – 6 A f;fs;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; eilKiwapd; my;yJ Kiwikapd; tpidj;jpwdhdJ gpd;tUk; MW tplaq;fisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ. mjid ehk;
‘6A’ fs; vd miof;fpNwhk;.
(a) nraw;gLj;Jk; kf;fspdhy; Vw;Wnfhs;sg;gLtjhff; fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;: mth;fsJ Njitfs; kw;Wk; vjph;ghh;f;iffs; Nghd;wit myfpd; fyhrhuj;Jld; nghUe;Jtjhd jd;ik.
(b) mZff;$ba jd;ik - Ghpe;J nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; mjd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlh;gpy; ,yFtpy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik.
(c) khWfpd;w epiyikfSf;Fk;> Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; xj;Jg;NghFk; jd;ik.
(d) eltbf;if rhh;e;j jd;ik.tpyfy;fs; rhpahd eltbf;iffisAk;>Nkk;gLj;jy;fisAk; J}z;Lfpd;wd.
(e) nghUj;jkhd jd;ik– re;jh;g;gj;jpw;Fk;> jpwikfSf;Fk;> nraw;gLj;Jk;kf;fspd; Njitf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd jd;ik
(f) fl;Lgbahff; $ba my;yJ fpua tpidj;jpwd;. nraw;ghl;L fl;Lg;gLj;jy; fpuakhdJ tpyfy; kw;Wk; nraypog;Gld; njhlh;Gila (,J ,lh; gFg;gha;tpdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;) fpuaj;jpid tpl Fiwthdjhff; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> jLg;gjw;fhd nrythdJ nraypog;Gr; nrytpid tplf; Fiwthdjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
3.4 fl;Lg;ghl;L je;jpNuhghaKk; nrad;KiwAk;
epWtdj;jpy; fl;Lg;ghL vt;thW gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij gy;NtW khjphpfs; tpghpf;fpd;wd. gpugy;akhd ,uz;L khjphpfis ehk; ,q;F Nehf;fyhk;.
3.4.1 re;ij> mjpfhuj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ,dtop fl;Lg;ghL (Market, Bureaveratic & clan control)
william ouchi epWtdq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; %d;W (3) mbg;gil fl;Lg;ghl;L je;jpNuhghaj;ij milahsq;fz;Ls;sdh;.
(a) re;ij fl;Lg;ghL (Market control): epWtd elj;ijia fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;f;fhf cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspaf uPjpahf tpiy topKiwfs; kw;Wk; njhlh;Gila nray;jpwd; msTfis re;ij fl;Lg;ghL gad;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J jshthd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;lhd mikg;G uPjpahd tbtq;fshd ngU epWtdq;fSlhd FOkk;> $l;lzp kw;Wk; cg xg;ge;jf;fhuh;fis cs;slf;fpa xg;ge;j njhopy;Jiwia gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
re;ijf;fl;Lg;ghlhdJ ngU epWtdf;$l;L kl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhf epWtdkhdJ tUkhdf;$w;W> fhRg;gha;r;ry; $w;W> kw;Wk; epjp epiyikf; $w;iw gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,e;j $w;Wfis gad;gLj;jp epWtdj;jpd; nraw;wpwdhdJ Vida epWtdq;fSld; xg;gplg;gl;Nlh kw;Wk; fle;j fhyq;fis xg;gplg;gl;Nlh epahag;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
re;ij topKiw/nghwpKiwahdJ %yjd re;ij kw;Wk; Nghl;bahsh; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhFjp kl;lj;jpy;> ,yhg ikakhfNth (profit centre) my;yJ KjyPl;L
ikakhfNth (Investment centre) epfo;tjw;f;F jdpahd njhFjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fkhapd;> re;ij fl;Lg;ghlhdJ kpfTk; njhlh;Gilajhf fhzg;gLk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
160 CA Sri Lanka
njhopw;ghl;L gl;lj;jpy; tpiyg;nghwpKiwahdJ njhopw;ghl;L eltbf;iffis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;f;F xU topKiwahf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf: ,yf;F nryT gad;ghL> xg;ge;jj;jpw;fhd Nghl;b xg;ge;j Gs;sp> kw;Wk; ghpkhw;w tpiy.
(b) mjpfhuj;Jt fl;LghL (Bureavcratic control): fl;Lghl;bid NgZtjw;f;F mjpfhuj;Jt fl;Lg;ghlhdJ Ms;rhu jd;ikaw;w tpjpfs; kw;Wk; mwpf;iffis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. nfhs;iffs;> epakgLj;jg;gl;l ,af;f eilKiwfs; tpjpfs;> Gs;sp tpgutpay; mwpf;iffs;. ghjPL (ghjPl;L fl;Lg;ghLfs;) Copah; nraw;wpwd; kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; njspthd xOq;F fl;likg;G.
(c) topKiwahd/,dtop fl;Lg;ghL: topKiwahd fl;Lg;ghlhdJ ngUepWtdf;$l;L fyhrhuj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. NkYk; ,JepWtdj;jpd; gfpugl;l kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; epakgLj;jg;gl;l elj;ijfismbg;gilahf nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;.
Ouchi midj;J epWtdq;fSk; NkNyAs;s je;jpNuhghaq;fspd; fyg;gpidNa gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd Kd;itf;fpd;whh;. Mdhy; jug;gl;l epiyikfSf;F mikthf fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; nghwpKiwahdJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wjhd nefpoj;jf;f ghh;itapidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
#o;epiyfs; je;jpNuhghaf; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
toikahd njhopDl;gk;
epiyahd #oy;
ghhpa msT njhopw;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;G
nghJthf mjpfhu Ml;rp
rpy ,d topapyhd fl;Lg;ghLfs; rhj;jpag;gLk; (cah; Kfhik>R&D)
cs;sfntspaPLfSf;fhdtpiyaply;
tpiyapy; Nghl;b tpw;gidg; nghUs;
my;yJ tpahghuf;Fwpfl;likg;G
nghJthd re;ij
,yhg ikaj;jpDs; ,d topapyhd my;yJ gzpj;Jiwrhh; fl;Lg;ghL
tof;fkw;w njhopDl;gk;
epiyaw;w #oy;
rpwpa msT jha mikg;G
nghJthf ,d topapyhd fl;Lg;ghL
tof;fkhd nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWk;
jpizf;fsq;fspDs; gzpj;Jiwrhh; fl;Lg;ghL
3.4.2 fl;Lg;ghl;L nrad;Kiw
Jhonson & Scholes jdJ ngUepWtd je;jpNuhghaj;jpy; fl;Lg;ghl;L nray;Kiwia gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.
(a) cs;sPl;L ikak; (nfhLf;fg;gl;l je;jpNuhghaj;jpy; cs;sf tsq;fisfl;Lg;gLj;jy;) my;yJ ntspaPl;L jtph;g;G (nfhLf;fg;gl;lje;jpNuhghaj;jpy; tpisTfisAk;> ntspaPLfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
(b) Neub (Nkw;ghh;it> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; elj;ij tbtikg;ig gad;gLj;jyhk;) my;yJ Neubaw;w (tpUg;gg;gl;l/vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;l elj;ijfs; my;yJ ntspaPLfis mile;Jnfhs;s Rw;W#oy; epiyikfis cUthf;Fjy;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 161
,k;khjphpahd glj;ij/fl;likg;ig gad;gLj;jp MW fl;Lg;ghLfis Kd;itf;fpd;wdh;. kPz;Lk; epWtdkhdJ ,e;j nray;Kiwfis fye;J gad;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy; rpy epWtdq;fspy; epWtd fyhrhuk;> G+Nfhstpay;> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l je;jpNuhgha rthy;fSf;F mikthf rpy nrad;Kiwfs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jyhk;.
cs;sPl;L ikak; ntspaPl;L ikak;
Neub Neub Nkw;ghh;it xd;W my;yJxU rpy jdpg;gl;l egh;fshy;je;jpNuhgha jPh;khdj;jpy;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Neubfl;Lg;ghl;bd;NghJ nghJthfCopah;fshy; tzpfj;jpw;F,lg;gl;l Kaw;rpia ftdk;nrYj;JfpwJ.
jpl;lkply; Kiwik ts Njitg;ghl;il jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; xJf;fPL nra;jy;. NkYk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghl;il fz;fhzpj;J khWghLfis milahsk; fz;L mtw;wpw;fhd rhpahd eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;. cjhuzq;fshdit ghjPl;L fl;Lg;ghL> Ntiy nrad;Kiwia epakg;gLj;jy;> my;yJ ts xJf;fPl;bw;fhd kj;jpag;gLj;jg;gl;l fzf;fPl;Lr; rkd;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.(tUkhdj;ij rjtPjj;jpy; nfhz;l re;ijg;gLj;jy; ghjPL)
nraw;wpwd; ,yf;F: ntspaPlhd tUkhdk;> ,yhgk;>ju epakk; kw;Wk; Vida Kf;fpa nraw;wpwd; Fwpfhl;bfis (Key performance
Indicators) cw;W Nehf;fpwJ. epWtdk; kw;Wk; je;jpNuhgha tzpf myFfspd; (strategic
business units) nraw;wpwdhdJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ,yf;FfSf;F xg;gpl;L kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;L> mjid vg;gb mila Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F nefpo;T jd;ikaspf;fpwJ. ghhpa epWtdq;fs; cs;sf Nfs;tpia vjph;nfhs;tjw;fhf ntspaPLfspy; nefpo;T jd;ikia jLf;fhJ kj;jpa fl;Lg;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tjw;f;F mDkjpaspf;fpwJ.
,jd;fhuzkhf nraw;wpwd; ,yf;F ghhpa epWtdq;fSf;Nf nghUe;jf;$bajhfpd;wJ.
Neubaw;w
r%f/fyhrhu fl;Lg;ghL.tpjpKiwfs;> ngWkjpfs; kw;Wk;elj;ijapd; vjph;ghh;f;iffs;epakgLj;jg;gl;L kw;Wk; FOmy;yJ epWtdj;jpw;f;Fs;Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.jdpegh;fs; FO nry;thf;F> fy;tpkw;Wk; gapw;rp> ntFkjp <Lghl;Lkw;Wk; Vida fhuzpfs;%yk; xUthpirf;Ff; nfhzug;gLfpd;whh;fs;.Fwpg;ghf khWfpd;w #oypy; ,JkpfTk; kjpg;ghdJ. Vnddpy;
khw;wj;jpw;F ‘thq;Fjy;’ vd;gJghJfhf;fpw;F Mjuthff;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Ra fl;Lg;ghL
Neub jiyaPL ,y;yhky;vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;l Copaepakg;gLj;jg;gl;l elj;ijfs;kw;Wk; nraw;wpwidNgZtjw;f;F Copah;fSf;F>njspthd ,yf;F> nraw;wpwd;gpd;D}l;b rYiffs;> kw;Wk;jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
cs;sf re;ij nghwpKiw. epWtdj;jpd; myFfSf;fpilNa tsq;fis xg;ge;jkply; njhlh;gpyhd Kiwrhh; Kiwik toq;Fdh; thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F ,ilapyhd cs;sfr;re;ij ghpkhw;wq;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. myFfs; ntspthhpahd toq;Fdh; Nghl;bj;jd;ikapy; tUkhdj;jpid ciof;f my;yJ KbTfis mila vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. cs;sfr; re;ijfs; cs;s thbf;ifahsiu jpirKfg;gLj;jy; njhlh;gpy; xUikg;ghl;bidAk;> tpidj;jpwidAk; Cf;fg;gLj;JtjD}lhf NgZfpd;wd.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
162 CA Sri Lanka
jpl;lq;fshdit newpg;gLj;jypd; Kiwhd $w;Wf;fshFk;. jpl;lkply; nrad;KiwahdJ je;jpNuhgha gFg;gha;itAk;> je;jpNuhgha cUthf;fj;ijAk; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;ilAk; kw;Wk; rpwe;j khw;wPl;bd; njhpTkhf mike;Js;sJ.
jpl;lkply; nrad;KiwahdJ tof;fkhf mikg;gpd; xl;Lnkhj;j ,yl;rpa Nehf;Fkw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk; cah; my;yJ je;jpNuhgha kl;lj;jpy; Muk;gpf;Fk;. gpd;dh; mit Kfhikj;Jtg; gilfs; Clhf> Kfhik njhopw;ghLfSf;fhd kw;Wk; jpizf;fsq;fSf;fhd mj;Jld; jdpj;jdp Copah;fSf;fhd ,yf;Ffs;> Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis cUthf;Fk; tifapy; fPo;Nehf;fp njhlh;ghly; nra;ag;gLk;.
fzf;fhshpd; Kf;fpakhd je;jpNugha jpl;lkplyhf ghjPL jahhpg;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
gFj;jwpthd jpl;lkply; rl;lfkhdJ jPh;khdj;ij ,e;j jPh;khdq;fs;Kiwrhuh hPjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk;> my;yJ gFj;jwptw;w fhuzpfshy;nry;thf;F nrYj;jg;gl;lhYk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;f;fhd xU nghwpKiwapidtoq;Ffpd;wJ.
fzf;fhsuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jPh;khdkhdJ epiyahd kw;Wk; khWk;>njhlh;ghdkw;Wk; njhlh;gw;w NkYk; fzf;fpl Kbahj fhuzpfs; fpuaj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jfpd;wdth vd;gJ njhlh;gpy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;.
fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwikahdJ> epWtdNehf;if mila cjTfpwJ. ,q;F KiwahdKiwrhuh fl;Lg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
epWtdq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bid mjdJ nraw;ghl;Lr; rl;lfj;jpd;: je;jpNuhgha> nraw;ghl;L> kw;Wk; njhopw;ghL Mfpa midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; Ntz;b epw;fpd;wd.
fl;LghL KiwikahdJ> mZff; $bajhfTk;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;s$bajhfTk;>jOtf;;$bajd;ikia nfhz;ljhfTk;> nraw;ghl;il Nehf;fpajhfTk;nghUj;jkhdjhfTk;> eilKiwg;gLj;j$baJk;> nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; fhzg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 163
1 milg;Gf; Fwpf;Fs; jug;gl;l nrhw;fspy; xd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp> fPNoAs;s $w;wpidg; g+h;j;jp nra;f.
'................................... vd;gJ Fwpj;jrpy> ngUk;ghYk; ghjfkhd epfo;Tfspd; ,lk;ngWifapd; NghJ eilKiwg;gLj;jj;jf;f tifapy; Kd;$l;bNa
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s jpl;lq;fs; MFk;.”
(tzpfj; jpl;lq;fs;> #o;epiyrhh; jpl;lq;fs;> jdpg;gad; jpl;lq;fs;)
2 “ghjPL” kw;Wk; “Kd;Dzh;T” Mfpatw;Wf;F ,lapyhd NtWghL vd;d?
3 jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f fpuaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; njhlh;Ggl;l fpuaq;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,f; $w;W cz;ikahdjh jtwhdjh?
4 milg;Gf; Fwpf;Fs; jug;gl;l nrhw;fspy; xd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp> fPNoAs;s $w;wpidg; g+h;j;jp nra;f.
'................................... fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ gzpg;ghsh; rig kl;lj;jpyhd jPh;khdq;fis nraw;ghl;L kl;l Kfhikj;Jtk; eilKiwg;gLj;JtJld;
njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;.”
(je;jpNuhgha> cgha> njhopw;ghl;L> nraw;ghl;L)
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;ir
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
164 CA Sri Lanka
1 '#o;epiyrhh; jpl;lq;fs; vd;gJ Fwpj;jrpy> ngUk;ghYk; ghjfkhd epfo;Tfspd; ,lk;ngWifapd; NghJ eilKiwg;gLj;jj;jf;f tifapy; Kd;$l;bNa cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s jpl;lq;fs; MFk;.”
2 “ghjPL” vd;gJ mikg;G mila vjph;ghh;f;Fk; kw;Wk; mJ ,yf;fhf
epWtpAs;s jpl;lkhfTs;s mNjNtis> “Kd;Dzh;T” vd;gJ vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngWtjw;F rhj;jpakhd epfo;thFk;.
3 ,f; $w;W cz;ikahdJ MFk;. jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f fpuaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; njhlh;Ggl;l fpuaq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
4 'cgha fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ gzpg;ghsh; rig kl;lj;jpyhd jPh;khdq;fis nraw;ghl;L
kl;l Kfhikj;Jtk; eilKiwg;gLj;JtJld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;.”
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;irf;fhd tpilfs;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 5: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
Draft Version
mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
mwpKfk; ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpNytzpfk; vt;thW xOq;fikg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;gijf; fw;fyhk;. Mkg;G xd;W gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhf njhpT nra;aj;jf;f vy;NtW fl;likg;Gf;fis Nehf;FtJld;> ehshe;j Ntiy nrad;Kiwapy; mtw;wpd; tpisTfs; kw;Wk; ,ay;Gfs; Mfpat;iwAk; Nehf;fyhk;.
gpd;dh;> tY> mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nghWg;G Mfpa vz;zf;fUf;fisf; fw;Nghk;.
mwpTf;$W 3 Kfhikj;Jtj; njhopw;ghLfs;3.2. xOq;fikj;jy; 3.2.1 mikg;gpy; xOq;fikj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; ,ay;G kw;Wk;
Nehf;nfy;iyia milahsk; fhZjy;
3.2.2 mikg;Gf; fl;likg;gpd; tiffis milahsk; fhzy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Neu; kw;Wk; vjpu;kiw mk;rq;fisf; fye;Jiuahly;
3.2.3. mikg;Gf; fl;likg;Gf;fspd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfis Kfhikj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfSld; ,ize;j tifapy; tpsf;Fjy;
3.2.4 Rw;Wr;R+oypd; ,ay;Gld; njhlh;ghd tifapy; mikg;Gf; fl;likg;gpd; khwpfis (cjhuzkhf> caukhd mikg;G kw;Wk; jl;ilahd mikg;G> Nrjd mikg;G kw;Wk; nghwpKiw mikg;G Nghd;wit) fye;Jiuahly;
3.2.5 nghWg;G> fzf;fspjfik (nghWg;Gf;$wy;) kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; Mfpa vz;zf;fUf;fis nrhw;nghUs; tiuaiw nra;jy; kw;Wk; me;j vz;zf;fUf;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfisf; fye;Jiuahly;
3.2.6 mjpfhug; gfph;Tf;fhd nrad;Kiw> rpwe;j eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; jilfis tpsf;Fjy;
3.2.7 je;jpNuhghak; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd cwTKiwiaf; fye;JiuahLjy;
165
mj;jpaha
k;
Draft Version
166 CA Sri Lanka
1.1 xOq;fikg;gpd; Mf;ff;$Wfs; (kpd;];Ngh;f;];)
tiuglk; 6.1: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;gpd; Mf;ff;$Wfs;
kpd;];Ngh;f;]; fUj;Jf;fika xU epWtdk; mjd; NtiyfSld; vt;thW njhlh;GgLfpwJ vDk; mbg;gilapYk;> mit vt;thwhd ,izg;ig tpUk;Gfpd;wd vDk; mbg;gilapYk;> vy;yh epWtdq;fSk; Ie;J Mf;ff;$Wfshf Muag;glyhk;.
epWtdq;fs; njhopw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapYk; g+Nfhs miktpd; mbg;gilapYk;> cw;gj;jp mbg;gilapYk;> ju milahsg;gLj;jypd; mbg;gilapYk; my;yJ jha mbg;gilapYk; ntt;NtW Jiwfshfg; gphpf;fg;glyhk;.
gFjp mikg;G Kiwfspy; rpy nra;Kiwfs; tpahghu mynfhd;Wf;F my;yJ gug;ngy;iyf;F gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
vspa tbtikg;gpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; xU Kfg;gLj;jiy je;jpNuhgha cr;rk; mOj;jk; nfhLj;J cUthf;Fk;.
fl;Lg;ghl;lsT my;yJ Kfhikj;Jt msthdJ xU Nkyjpfhhpf;F nghWg;ghfTs;s fPo;g;gzpahsh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fq;fs;
1 xOq;fikj;jy; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
2 tY> mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nghWg;G
fw;wy; ntspaPLfs;
3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.3,
3.2.4, 3.2.7
3.2.5, 3.2.6
1 xOq;fikj;jy; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 167
$W Ntiy xUq;fikg;gpd; tpUk;gg;gl;l Kiw
je;jpNuhgha cr;rk;
xOq;fikg;G jkJ njhiy Nehf;if gpd;gw;Wfpwjh vd cWjp nra;jy;. xOq;fikg;gpd; #oYldhd cwit Kfhik nra;jy;
Neuhd fz;fhzpg;G (tpNrlkhf rpW tzpfq;fs;)
njhopw;ghl;L ikak;
egh;fs; Neubahf %yg; nghUl;fisg; ngWk; nraw;ghl;bYk; mtw;iw ntspaPl;lhf khw;Wk; nraw;ghl;bYk; <LgLth;
,Ujug;G ,irT. Mw;wy;fis jukhdjhf;fy;
kj;jpa thpir je;jpNuhgha cr;r tpUg;gj;ij ika njhopw;ghl;bd; %yk; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyahf khw;Wjy;
ntspaPl;il jukhdjhf;fy; (ngWNgW)
njhopy;El;g tbtikg;G
njhopiy kpfr; rpwe;jKiwapy; vt;thW nra;tJvd;gij kjpg;gPl;lhsh;eph;zapj;jy;.
jpl;lkpLgth; ntspaPl;ileph;zapj;jy; (nghUl;fs; Fwpj;j juj;ij milaNtz;Lk;)
kdpjts fzpg;gPl;lhsh;Mw;wy;fis jukhdjhf;fy;(gapw;rp epfo;r;rpfs;)
Ntiy nrad;Kiwfs; my;yJ ntspaPLfis jukhdjhf;fy;.
Jiz gzpahsh; nghJ cwT> rl;l MNyhrid czTr;rhiy Nghd;w Jizr; Nritfs; Jizg; gzpahsh; jpl;lkpLtJk; ,y;iy. mth;fs; njhopw;ghl;L ikaj;jpy; Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLth;
,Ujug;G ,irT
gy xOq;fikg;Gf;fspy;> gzpfSk;> egh;fSk; xNu FOtpy; rpy gFj;jwpTs;s Kiwapy; cs;slf;fg;gLth;. mit rpwg;Gj;Njh;r;rp> my;yJ njhopy;El;gk; my;yJ thbf;ifahsh; vDk; mbg;gilapyhFk;.
,J jpizf;fsg;gLj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ntt;NtW tbtikg;ghd jpizf;fsg;gLj;jy; rhj;jpakhFk;. njhpT nra;ag;gl;l tbtikg;ghdJ xOq;fikg;gpYs;s jdpegh; #o;epiyapy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
1.2 njhopw;ghl;L jpizf;fsg;gLj;jy;
xNu gzpfisr; nra;Ak; gzpahsh;fis xU FOtpy; xd;wpizg;gNj njhopw;ghl;L jpizf;fsg;;gLj;jyhFk;. cw;gj;jp epWtdnkhd;wpYs;s gpujhd nraw;ghLfshf cw;gj;jp> tpw;gid> fzf;fPL nghJ eph;thfk; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. re;ijg;gLj;jypd; cgJiwfshf re;ij Muha;r;;rp> tpsk;gug;gLj;jy;> nghJ cwTfs; vd;gitahFk;.
ed;ikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) ty;Ydh;fs; jkJ Njh;r;rp ngw;w ,lq;fspy; njhopw;gphpg;gpdbg;gilapy;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
168 CA Sri Lanka
FOthf;fg;gLthh;fs;.
(b) epfnuhj;j jd;ikia ,J jtph;f;fpwJ. (cjhuzkhf xU Kfhikj;Jtk; gyJiwiatpl xU Jiwf;F nghWg;ghftpUf;Fk;) kw;Wk; ,J nghUshjhumsTf; fzpa ,aYikia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
(c) ,J Jiw ty;Ydh;fSf;F Ml;Nrh;g;G> Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpvd;gtw;iw vspjhf;Fk;.
(d) ,J xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpahghuj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhf mikAk;.
jPikfs; gpd;tUkhW
(a) ,J Kbthf tpahghuj;ij nfhz;L elj;Jk; thbf;ifahsh; kw;Wk; ntspaPLvd;gtw;iw Nehf;fhky; cs;sf gbKiw> cs;sPL vd;gtw;iwNaftdpf;fpd;wJ.
(b) jkf;nfd jdpahd tpsq;fhj xyp eiliaf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; ntt;NtWJiwfSf;fpilapy; njhlh;ghly; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;glyhk;.
(c) ePz;l tbtikg;igAila xOq;fikg;gpD}lhd ,izg;G fbdkhdjhf mikAk;. ,d;ndhU JiwAld; njhlh;GgLk; xU njhopw;ghl;bd; my;yJ Jiwapd; jPh;khdkhdJ Nkyjpfhhpfspdhy; ghh;itf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mJ cah; kl;lj;jpdhy; jPh;j;J itf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; cah; Kfhikahsh;fspd; Ntiyg;gS mjpfhpf;Fk;.
(d) nraw;ghl;L tbtikg;Gf;fs; jfty; kw;Wk; Ntiyg;gha;r;ry; vd;gw;Wf;FepiyFj;jhd jlq;fiy cz;Lgz;Zfpd;wd. Kfhikj;Jt vOj;jhsuhd gPl;lh; bufh;> thbf;ifahsh; Nritapy; thbf;ifahsiu xU nraw;JiwapypUe;J kw;WnkhU nraw;Jiwf;F mDg;Gtijtpl nrad;KiwfSf;fpilapy; fpilahd xOFKiwNa rpwe;jJ vdj; njhptpf;fpwhh;.
(e)
Figure 6.2: A functional organisation
1.3 Geographic departmentation
Where the organisation is structured according to geographic area, some authority
is retained at Head Office but day-to-day operations are handled on a territorial basis (eg southern region, western region). Many sales departments are organised
territorially.
There are advantages to geographic departmentation.
tiuglk; 6.3 : njhopw;ghl;L jpizf;fsg;;gLj;jy;
1.3. Gtpapay; hPjpahd jpizf;fsg;gLj;jy;
epiyapay; ,lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; xU xOq;fikg;G tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sNghJ rpy mjpfhuq;fs; jiyik mYtyfj;jpd; trkhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ xt;nthU ehs; nraw;ghLfSk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ifahsg;gLk;. (cjhuzkhf njw;Fg;gFjp> Nkw;Fg; gFjp) ngUk;ghyhd tpw;gidj;Jiwfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ,lg; gpuNjrj;jpdbg;gilapy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
Kfhikg; gzpg;ghsh
cw;gj;jpg; gzpg;ghsh
re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikahsh
epjpg; gzpg;ghsh
ve;jpug; gzpg;ghsh
Mszp Kfhikahs
h;
tpw;gid
Kfhikahsh; tpsk;gu Kfhikah
sh;
re;ij Muha;r;rp Kfhikah
sh;
Kfhikf; fzf;fhsh
epjpf; fzf;fhah
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 169
epiyapay; Jiwapy; fhzg;gLk; ed;ikfs;
(a) xOq;fikg;G (cjhuzkhf xU tpw;gidahshd;) thbf;ifahsUlDk;>toq;Fdh; my;yJ NtW gq;Fj; jufh;fSld; njhlh;GgLk;NghJ cs;sfj;jPh;khdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
(b) ,lj;jpy; re;ijia itj;J Nrit nra;tjidtpl ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy;njhopw;rhiy my;yJ fhhpahyaq;fis mikg;gJ nryT FiwthdJ.
vdpDk; ,k;Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; rpy jPikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) epfnuhj;j jd;ik kw;Wk; nghUshjhu msTf; fzpaj;ij ,of;Fk; rhj;jpak;vd;gd Vw;gLk;. cjhuzkhf gj;J epyg;gug;G vy;iyfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sxU Njrpa xOq;fikg;ghdJ thbf;ifahsh; ,izg;Gj;Jiwia xt;nthUepyg;gug;G fhhpahyaj;jpYk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. vdpDk; mt; xOq;fikg;Gmidj;J thbf;ifahsh; ,izg;G NtiyfisAk; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljiyik fhhpahyaj;jpd;%yk; nra;Akhdhy; Fiwe;jstpyhd Kfhikj;Jtgzpahsh;fNs mjw;F Njitg;gLthh;fs;.
(b) ntt;NtWgl;l ,lq;fspy; Kuz;ghlhd Kiwfs; my;yJ juhjuq;fs; tpUj;jpahfyhk;.
cU 6.3 Gtpapay;hPjpahd epWtdq;fs;
1.4. cw;gj;jp / gz;lf;Fwp gphpthf;fy;
rpy xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; nghUl;fs; my;yJ cw;gj;jp nghUs; thpir vd;gtw;wpdbg;gilapy; nra;Kiwfis tifg;gLj;jpapUf;Fk;. rpy njhopw;ghl;L Jiwfs; njhlh;e;J ePbj;jpUf;Fk; (cjhuzkhf cw;gj;jp> tpepNahfk;> re;ijg;gLj;jYk; tpw;gidAk;) vdpDk; xU gphptpd; Kfhikahsh; ntt;NtW njhopw;ghLfisr; nra;Ak; Copah; kPjhd mjpfhuj;Jld; cw;gj;jp nghUs; my;yJ cw;gj;jp thpir vd;gtw;wpd;kPJ nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;bUg;gh;.
ed;ikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) tiff; $wy; : jdpg;gl;l Kfhikahsh;fs; jdpg;gl;l nghUl;fs; kPjhd,yhgj;jpw;F tiff;$w Ntz;bath;fshf ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
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170 CA Sri Lanka
(b) rpwg;Gj; Njh;r;rp : cjhuzj;jpw;F rpy tpw;gid egh;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l nghUistpw;gid nra;tjw;F gapw;rpaspf;fg;gLthh;fs;. mjd;%yk; mth;fs;njhopy;El;g rpwg;Gj; jpwikia tpUj;jp nra;tJld; mjdhy; rpwe;j tpw;gidNritia thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F toq;fTk; KbAk;.
(c) ,izg;G : ntt;NtWgl;l njhopy; nra;KiwfSk; kw;Wk; xt;nthUnghUisAk; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfSk; gFjpmy;yJ cw;gj;jp Kfhikahsdhy; xUq;fpizf;fg;glTk; xd;whf;fg;glTk;Ntz;Lk;.
jPikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) ,it Nke;jiyf; fpuaq;fis mjpfhpg;gJld; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; rpf;fy;tha;e;j jd;ikiaAk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
(b) ntt;NtW nghUl; gphpTfs; tsq;fisAk; thbf;ifahsiuAk; gfpu kWf;fpd;wd.
juf;Fwp vd;gJ xU cw;gj;jpahsdpd; my;yJ toq;Fdhpd; nghUs; my;yJ Nritia milahsg;gLj;Jk;> Nghl;bahsh;fsplkpUe;J jk;ik
tpj;jpahrg;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lk; ngah; (cjhuzkhf ‘Ngh;rpy;’) my;yJ tbtikg;ghFk;. (nghpastpyhd epWtdq;fs; gy;NtWgl;l juf;FwpAld; ryitj;J}s;> gw;gir Nghd;w xNu tifg;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;) juf;FwpahdJ nfhs;tdthsh;fSf;F jkJ nghUs; gw;wpa mtjhdj;ij jUtJld; mq;fPfhuk;> NtWghL kw;Wk; gw;WUjp vd;gtw;iwAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Nghl;b juf;Fwpfs; ,uz;L xNu cw;gj;jpahsdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ vd ngUk;ghYk; thbf;ifahsh;fs; vz;Ztjpy;iy.
(a) Vnddpy; xt;nthU juf;FwpAk; ntt;NtW tpjq;fspy; nghjpaplg;gl;L>Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;L tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk;. rpwg;Gj; Njh;r;rpf;fhd NjitahdJjuf;Fwpaply; Jiwia nraw;wpwDs;sjhf;Fk;. cw;gj;jp Jiwapy; Nghy; rpynjhopw;ghl;L Jiwfs; epiyA+d;wpapUf;Fk;. vdpDk; juf;FwpKfhikahsh;fs; juf;Fwp re;ij njhlh;ghf nghWg;Gs;sth;fshf ,Ug;gJld;,J xt;nthU njhopw;ghl;ilAk; ghjpf;Fk;.
(b) juf;Fwp Jiwaply; cw;gj;jp nghUs; Jiwaplypy; fhzg;gl;l mNj ed;ikjPikfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
tiuglk; 6.4: cw;gj;jp / gz;lf;Fwp mikg;G
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1.5. thbf;ifahsh; jpizf;fsg;gLj;jy;
xU xOq;fikg;G jkJ nraw;ghLfis thbf;ifahsd; my;yJ re;ijf;$W vd;gtw;wpdbg;gilapy; xOq;fikf;Fk;.
(a) thbf;ifahshpd; mbg;gilapyhd jpizf;fsg;gLj;jyhdJ nghJthf tpw;gidj;Jiw> tpw;gid nra;jYf;fhd Kaw;rp vd;gtw;Wld; njhlh;Gw;wpUf;Fk;. vdpDk; ,it ngUk;ghYk; nghpastpyhd thbf;ifahsh;fSld; njhlh;Gnfhs;Sk;. flikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; FO Kfhikahsh;fisf; nfhz;l xg;ge;j epWtdk; my;yJ njhopy; epWtdk; vd;gtw;wpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. (cjhuzkhf tptuf; Fwpg;ig fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; jpfjpia epiwT nra;jy;> Ntiyj; juk;> tsh;r;rpia gpd;njhlh;jy; kw;Wk;gy).
(b) gy tpahghuq;fs; tpahghu thbf;ifahsh;fisAk; Efh;NthiuAk; NtWgLj;Jk;.
nghUs;/juf;Fwp xOq;fikg;G ml;ltiziag; ghh;g;gjd;%yk; vt;tifahd xOq;fikg;G tiffis ck;khy; milahsk; fhz KbAk;? kw;Wk; mit mitfspd; Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vd; nghUj;jkhdit? ,e;epWtdk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l vt;tif xOq;fikg;Gf;fis vr;#oypy; ghtpf;Fk;?
jiyik mYtyf kl;lj;jpy; njhopw;ghl;L xOq;fikg;G fhzg;gLk;. ,J nfhs;iffis jug;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; %y gzpahsh;fspd; nraw;ghl;il my;yJ ntt;NtW gFjpfshy; gfpug;gl;l Jizj; njhopw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iw jug;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw ,aYkhdjhf;Fjy;.
gFjp kl;lj;jpy; nghUs; my;yJ juf;Fwp xOq;fikg;G fhzg;gLk;. ,J jdpj;Jtkhd xU fyhrhuj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;tJld; xt;nthU nghUs; my;yJ juf;Fwpapd; ,ay;GfSk; cw;gj;jp nrad;KiwapYk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; mZFKiwapYk; Fwpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU nghUs; my;yJ juf;Fwpf;Fk; njhopw;ghl;L xOq;fikg;G fhzg;gLk;. ,J tpNrl epGzh;fis> nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> re;ijg;gLj;jYk; tpepNahfk; nra;jYf;Fk; Njitg;gLk; ntt;NtW nraw;ghLfspy; topelj;Jtjw;F cjTk;.
,e;epWtdk; NkYk; jkJ re;ijg;gLj;jy; Jiwia thbf;ifahsh; mbg;gilapYk; xOq;fikf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf mjDila thbf;ifahsh; mbg;gilahdJ khWgl;l Nritf;fhd NjitfSld; Kf;fpa (cah;e;j ngWkjp> ePz;lfhyk;) thbf;ifahsh; fzf;if cs;slf;fpapUf;Fnkdpy;
mJ NkYk; mjDila tpw;gid kw;Wk; tpepNahfj; Jiwia epiyapay; mbg;gilapYk; xOq;fikf;fyhk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; mjDila thbf;ifahsh; rh;tNjr uPjpahf my;yJ gpuNjr uPjpahf rpjwg;gl;bUe;jhy; rhj;jpakhFk;. mg;NghJ cs;sf re;ij fl;Lg;ghLfSk; ngWkjpfisAk; kw;Wk; tpepNahfg;gLj;jYf;fhd fzpg;gpay; rhh;e;j Njitfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; kpff; Fwpg;ghf ftdj;jpy; vLf;ff;$bajhapUf;Fk;.
1.6. gphpthf;fy;
gphpthf;fy; vd;gJ xU tpahghuj;ij jd;dhl;rpkpf;f gFjpfshfNth my;yJ cw;gj;jp tpahghuq;fshfNth gphpf;Fk; nraw;ghlhFk;. mjdhy; xt;nthd;Wk; jkJ tUkhdq;fSlDk; nrytpdq;fSlDk; kw;Wk; KjyPl;L nrhj;J epfo;r;rpfSlDk; gFjpfshf;fg;gLtjhy; xt;nthd;Wk; jkJ nrhe;j ,yhgj;jpw;Fk; el;lj;jpw;Fk; nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
tpdh mikg;Gf;fspd; tiffs;
tpil
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epWtdj;jpd; xt;nthU gpupTk;:
xU gpujhd epWtdj;jpd; Jiz epWtdkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
xU epWtdj;jpy; ,yhg epiyakhfNth my;yJ KjyPl;L epiyakhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.
xU nghpastpyhd fk;gdpapy; fhzg;gLk; jdf;nfd nrhe;jkhd Fwpf;Nfhisf; nfhz;L je;jpNuhgha tpahghu myfhff; fhzg;gLk;.
ntw;wpaspf;ff;$ba gphptpidahf;fyhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l gpujhd fl;Lg;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(a) xt;nthU gphpTk; Kiwahd mjpfhu xg;gilg;igg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;baJld;Kiwahf jiyik mYtyfj;jpw;F tif nrhy;y Ntz;bajhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. (cjhuzkhf> <l;lg;gl;l ,yhgk;)
(b) xt;nthU myFk; mjw;F Njitg;gLk;> mstplf;$baJk;jug;gLj;jf;$baJkhd Kfhik xd;Wf;F MjuT toq;ff;$ba msTf;Fngupajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(c) mynfhd;W Nkyjpf Kfhikj;Jt Mjutpw;fhf jkJ jiyik mYtyfj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;f $lhJ.
(d) xt;nthU myFk; jkJ nrhe;j nraw;ghl;L gFjpapy; tsh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F rhj;jpakhd tifapy; ,aq;f Ntz;Lk;.
(e) xt;nthU myfpYk; fhzg;gLk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F> mjd; Ntiyfspy;Nehf;fq;fSk; rthy;fSk; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;.
(f) ,U myFfs; xd;whf nraw;gl;lhy; mit Fwpj;jsT ,ilntspia jkJnfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspy; Ngz Ntz;Lk;.
gFjpahf;fg;glypd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; jPikfis gpd;tUkhW RUq;ff; $wyhk;:
xU xOq;fikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; xt;nthU gphpTk;.
mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fs; cah; kl;lj;jpw;f;F Fiwthd tzpfj;jpd; nraw;wpwid cw;WNehf;Ftjw;f;F Kfhikapd; ftdj;ij <h;f;fyhk;
rpy tzpfj;jpy; G+uzkhd Rje;jpukhd nghUl;fs; my;yJ re;ijapid milahsq;fhz;gJ kpff; fbdkhjk; ,jw;fhf NtWgl;l tzpf gphpTfs; ];jhgpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,yhgkw;w nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; njhlh;tij jtph;g;gjw;fhf mjid Fiwj;jy;
rpNu];l Kfhik kl;lq;fis
gFjpahf;fy;/gphptpidg;gLj;jy; kpfTk; rhj;jpakhFk;. Vnddpy;> Ntiyfis gphpg;gjw;f;F ve;jstpw;F RNar;irahd jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd;gJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tpidj;jpwdhd> Fiwe;jj nryT kw;Wk; $ba ,yhgk; ciog;gjw;f;F $ba ftdk; nfhLf;fg;gLtij Cf;Ftpf;Ffpd;wdh;.
gy gphpTfs; fhzg;gLtjhy; xt;nthU gphpTk; jkf;F Njitahd tsj;ij jiyikfhhpahyaj;jpypUe;J Nghl;bj; jd;ikNahL ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
fdp\;l KfhikahsUf;F $Ljy; mjpfhuj;ij toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J ,th;fis rpNu\;l gjtpfis tfpg;gjw;FjTk;. Kfhik kl;lj;jpd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fiwj;jy;. xt;nthU gphptpYk; cs;s
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cah; epiwNtw;W mjpfhhp gpbg;G fk;gdpapd; gpujk epiwNtw;W mjpfhhpf;F Neubahf mwpf;ifapLtjw;fhd ,aYikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
1.7. fyg;gpdf; fl;likg;G (Hybrid Structures) epWtdkhdjpd; fl;likg;ghdJ xU tifahd epWtdj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gJ kpf mhpjhFk;.fyg;gpdf; fl;likg;ghdJ njhopw;ghl;L jpizf;fsj;jpd; fyitia nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. ,e;j xt;nthU njhopw;ghl;L jpizf;fsKk; jkf;Fhpa Kf;fpakhd njhopw;ghLfspy; $Ljy; tpNrl mf;fiwia fhl;Lthh;fs;.
(a) nghUl; epWtdk; ju re;ijg;gLj;jy; my;yJ cw;gj;jp njhopy;El;gj;jpd;Njitg;ghl;il G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;f;F nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
(b) thbf;ifahsh; epWtdk;> gpujhdkhd fzf;Ffspw;F Nrit toq;Ftjw;Fre;ijg;gLj;jy; jpizf;fsq;fspy; Fwpg;ghff; fhzg;gLtJ.
(c) Ml;Gy epWtdk;> Fwpg;ghf tpw;gid tpdpNahfj; jpizf;fsq;fspy;re;ijg;gLj;jypy; cs;Sh; Njitg;ghLfSf;F Nrit toq;Ftjw;fhff;fhzg;gLtJ my;yJ gue;J gl;l ehLfSf;fpilNa my;yJgpuhe;jpaq;fSf;fpilNa tpdpNahfj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;Stjw;F fhzg;gLtJ.
1.8. vspa fl;likg;G (my;yJ Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fl;likg;G)
je;jpNuhghaj; jiyikj;JtkhdJ jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; vg;NghJk; fl;Lg;ghl;bidj; jf;f itg;gjidNa tpUk;Gfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> kpd;];Ngf; tpghpj;j ikag;gLj;jYf;F ,Oj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpidg; gpuNahfpf;fpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; kpd;];Ngf; rhjhuz fl;likg;gpw;F ,J ,l;Lr; nry;Yfpd;wJ vd ek;gpdhh;.
tiuglk; 6.5: vspikahd mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
(a) rhjhuz fl;likg;ghdJ> rpwpa kw;Wk; Gjpa epWtdq;fspd; gz;ghFk;.je;jpNuhgha cah; mikg;ghdJ Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bid kf;fs; kPJgpuNahfpf;fpd;w rpwpa FOthfNth my;yJ rhj;jpakhd xU jdpeguhfNthfhzg;glyhk;. ,q;F njhopDl;g my;yJ cjtp Copah;fSf;fhd gq;FFiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(b) rpwpa epWtdq;fspy;> jdpg;gl;l xU Kaw;rpahsh; my;yJ Kfhik mzpMjpf;fk; nrYj;Jthh;fs; (tYf; fyhrhuj;jpYs;sgb). epWtdkhdJtsh;r;rpailAk; NghJ cr;r mikg;G toq;Ftij tpl $LjyhdKfhikj;Jtj; jpwikfs; Njitg;glyhk;.
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(c) njhopw;ghl;L eltbf;if kw;Wk; nray;Kiwapy; Kfhikapd; G+uz mwpTntspg;gLkhapd; ikag;gLj;jy; ed;ikaspf;Fk;. Mdhy;> ikag;gLj;jypd;rpNu];l Kfhikahshpd; jiyaPLfs; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
(d) xU jdpg;gl;l eghpd; epGzj;Jtj;jpd; jq;fpAs;sjhy;> ,J kpfTk;Mgj;jhdjhFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf tzpfj;jpidj; njhlh;e;J ,af;Ftjpy;neUf;fb fhzg;gLk;. ,JngUk;ghYk; FLk;g tzpfj;jpNyNa mjpfkhff;fhzg;gLk;.
(e) xg;gPl;lstpy; rhjhuzkhf Mdhy; Jhpj efh;Ts;sjhff; fhzg;gLk; #oiy,e;j fl;likg;ghdJ ifahSfpd;wJ. ,q;F> eltbf;iffisxUq;fpizg;gjw;F jueph;zak; gad;gLj;jg;glhJ.
(f) ,izg;G eltbf;ifahdJ nefpoj;jf;fitahd rpy Kiwrhh; fUtpfspd;gad;ghl;LlDk; Neub fz;fhzpg;gpd; %yk; eilngWfpd;wJ.
(g) ,e;jf; fl;likg;ghdJ jdJ nrhe;j gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.mitahtd: gue;j fl;Lg;ghl;bd; tPr;nry;iy> kj;jpa thpirapd;ik>Fiwe;j gb thpirf; fl;likg;G> njhopDl;g fl;likg;G fhzg;gl khl;lhJ>Fiwe;j mikg;G Kiw kw;Wk; elj;ij epakg;gLj;jg;glhJ.
1.9. jha kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l epWtdk;
fyg;gpd epWtdkhdJ> epWtd tiffisf; fye;J cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
Mdhy;> jha epWtdkhdJ> njhopw;ghL kw;Wk; nghUs;/ thbf;ifahsh;/ jpl;l epWtdj;jpid ,izf;fpd;wJ.
NkNy cUtpy; Gs;spahy; fhl;lg;gl;l Copah;fs; cjhuzkhf gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;Fg; nghWg;GilNahuhth;:
fzf;fPl;Lj; njhopYf;fhf epjp Kfhikahsh; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpw;fhd epjpf;fhf> kw;Wk;
epfo;rprpj;jpl;l Kfhikahsh; C epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lf;FO> ghjply;> Kfhikj;Jt mwpf;ifaply;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;Jld; njhlh;Gila rk;gsg; gjpNtL Nghd;wtw;wpd; NtiyfSf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jhaf; fl;likg;G epWtdkhdJ gpd;tUk; ed;ikfisf; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
(a) ghhpa nefp;r;rpj; jd;ikapidf; nfhz;like;Js;sJ
(i) Copah;fs;> Copah;fSf;fpilapy; nefpo;Tj; jd;ik fhzg;gLk;.Copah;fs; khw;wj;jpid Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd kdg;ghq;fpidtpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thh;fs;. jpizf;fsj;jpd; jdpAhpikj; jd;ik
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jfh;f;fg;gLk;;.
(ii) Ntiyg;ghr;ry; kw;Wk; jPh;khdk; vLj;jy;>cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSf;fpilNa Neubj; njhlh;G fhzg;gLtjhdJ>gpur;ridfisj; jPh;g;gjidAk;> nghpa cUtfkhfg; ghh;j;Jvz;Ztjw;Fkhd jd;ikapid Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.
(iii) gzp kw;Wk; fl;likg;G> thh;g;GUthdJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; KbTw;wJk;cldbahf khw;wj;jpw;Fs;shfpj; jpUj;jg;gLk;;.
(b) xOf;fj;jpw;fpilNa xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; jpwDk; epGzj;Jtj;jpdJk;fyg;ghdJ mgptpUj;jpaile;j njhlh;ghlYlDk; xUq;fpizTlDk;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(c) Cf;fg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Copah; tpUj;jp: jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;jPh;khdq;fspy; Copah;fspw;F mjp$ba gq;fspg;Gf;fis toq;Fjy;.
(d) re;ij tpopg;Gzu;r;rp : ,jdhy; epWtdk; thbf;ifahsu; juj;ijNehf;fhff; nfhz;L nraw;gLtu;.
(e) fpilahd Ntiyg;gha;r;ry; : mjpfhuj; jilfs; ePf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;>jpizf;fsk; kpfTk; rf;jp Fiwe;jjhf fhzg;gLk;.
vg;gbahapDk; mq;F gy gpujp$yq;fSk;; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
(a) ,ul;il mjpfhuk; njhopw;ghl;L KfhikahsUf;Fk; nghUs; nraw;jpl;lk;gFjp Kfhikahsu;fSf;fpilNa fUj;J Kuz;ghL Vw;gLtjw;FVJthfpd;wJ.
(b) ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jiytUld; Copau;fs; Ntiynra;tjhy;> jiytu;fspd; Kuz;ghlhd Nfs;tp my;yJ njsptw;w gf;fneUf;fbia cUthf;Fk;.
(c) cw;gj;jp nghUs; Kfhikahsu; gjtp Nru;f;fg;gl;lJld; mtu;fSf;fhdgapw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhy; fpuakhdJ kpfTk; $Ljyhffhzg;gLk;.
(d) rpf;fy; jd;ik fhuzkhf jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; kpfTk; nkJthf eilngWk;.
1.10. Gjpa epWtdk;
epWtd Kf;fpa tpOkpaq;fs; ngWkjpapd;ik fhuzkhf nefpo;Tj;jd;ikia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L rpy mz;ik tplaq;fs; cUthfpAs;sd.
(a) fpilahd fl;likg;G : njhlu;ghlypYk;> jPu;khdk; vLj;jypYk; epWtdkl;lkhdJ nry;thf;if nrYj;JfpwJ. fpilahd fl;likg;ghdJ ,e;j Kfhik kl;l Kiwfis Fiwf;fpwJ. fpilahd fl;likg;ghdJ kpfTk; nghWg;Gj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ Vnddpy; epWtd je;jpNuhgha epiyaj;jpw;Fk; thbf;ifahsUf;Fk; NritGupAk; njhopw;ghl;L epiyaj;jpw;Fk; Neub njhlu;G fhzg;gLtjhyhFk;.
(b) nrq;Fj;jhd fl;likg;G
njhopw;ghl;L nrayhf;fkhdJ (gyjug;gl;l njhopw;ghl;L nraw;wpl;l mzpkw;Wk; gyjug;gl;l jpwikfs; %yk; nefpo;Tj;jd;ikf;F Kf;fpakhdtplakhf njupe;J nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(c) ghskhd kw;Wk; njhLifAwhj my;yJ ,Wf;fkw;w fl;likg;G (chunk
and Unglued)
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176 CA Sri Lanka
,Jtiuapy; ,J FO NtiyiaAk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jiyAk; my;yJ tYT+l;liyAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. xl;Lnkhj;j fl;likg;gpDs; rpwpa kw;Wk; nefpo;Tjd;ikAs;s myFfis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
(d) ntspaPLfis ikag;gLj;jpa fl;likg;G
NkNy $wg;gl;l vy;yhtifahd Nghf;FfisAk; tpl NkyhdJ cs;sfr;nraw;ghl;ilAk; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;iliaAk; tpl ntspaPl;ilAk;thbf;ifahsiuAk; Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l ,f;fl;likg;ghFk;.
(e) njhopyw;w mikg;G (Jobless Structure)
,q;F Copah;fs; Ntiy ngw;wth;fshff; fUjg;glkhl;lhh;fs;. ,th;fs;jkJ jpwikfis tpw;gth;fshfNt fUjg;gLthh;fs;. ,J Copaj;Jtk;vd;w fUJNfhSf;F cWjpahd tpsf;fj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwJ. Copah;fs;gy;tifj;jd;ikahd> jpwe;j re;ijapy; kpfg; ngWkjp tha;e;j jpwd;fisf;nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdf; ,J fUJfpd;wJ.
(f) cUtkw;w epWtdk; (Virtual Organization)
epWtdkhdJ jdpgl;l egh;fs;, mzp, fk;gdpfs;kw;Wk; mf;fiwAilaegh;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mq;fj;jth;fs; gy;NtW jug;gpdh;fhzg;gLthh;fs;. ,th;fis ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs; - ,izaj;jsk; -ngsjPf ,lq;fspyy;yhJ njhlh;GgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,Jnjhlg;GgLj;Jtjw;fhd ngsjPf ,lj;jpw;fhd fpuakhd thlifr; nryit,y;yhky; nra;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf mNkrd; rpy;yiw tpw;gidepiyaj;jpw;fhd thlifapidj; jtph;j;JcUtkw;w rpy;yiw tpahghuj;ijNkw;nfhs;fpwJ. ,e;j epWtdk; KOikahf njhopy;El;gj;ijNambg;gilahff; nfhz;baq;Ffpd;wJ> vd;gJld; epWtdj;jpd;nraw;ghl;bid VJk; gpur;rpidfs; ghjpf;Fk;.
(g) Fopthd epWtdj;jpy; (Hollow Organization); kf;fs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffis cs;sfj; jpwikAs;s kw;Wk; jpwikaw;w gFjpfSf;fpilapy; gphpf;fg;gLk;. midj;J ikaepiyapyy;yhj nraw;ghLfSk; ntspthhpahff; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf> tpisahl;L
rg;ghj;Jfs; kw;Wk; Milfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Nike epWtdk; jdJ cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;Jiwia ntspthhpahf cg xg;ge;jf;fhuUf;Ff;
nfhLj;jpUf;fpd;wJ – Mdhy;> tpNrlkhd kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd eltbf;ifahd nghUs; tbtikg;ghdJ epWtdj;jpw;Fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;jifa epWtdq;fs; jkJ cs; eltbf;iffspy; ftdk; nrYj;jyhk;. Mdhy;> ,j;jifa fl;likg;G ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;e;j cg xg;ge;jfhuh;fspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(h) fl;lf epWtdj;jpy; (Modular organization) epWtdkhdJ> cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;nghUs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; ntt;NtWgl;l gFjpfs; my;yJ $Wfs;ntspthhpahd toq;Fdh;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. epWtdj;jpYs;sCopah;fs; ,Wjpg;nghUl;fis my;yJ Ntitfis cUthf;Ftjw;f;Fvy;yhg; gFjpfisAk; xd;WNrh;g;ghh;fs; my;yJ xUq;fpizg;ghh;fs;. ,e;jKiwikahdJ epWtdj;jpid mjpf nefpo;rpj; jd;ikAs;sjhfitj;jpUg;gJld;> re;ij Nfs;tpfis tpiuthf G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F Vw;wtifapy; fhzg;gLtJld;> ek;gfj;jd;ikAs;s toq;Fdh;fspYk;jq;fpAs;sJ.
(i) vy;iyaw;w epWtdq;fs; Kfhik mjpfhukl;lq;fs;> NtWgl;l njhopw;ghLfs;> ntt;NtWgl;l jpizf;fsq;fs; Nghd;w cs;sfj; jlq;fy;fisAk;> epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; toq;Fdh;fs;> thbf;ifahsh;fs;>
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 177
Nghl;bahsh;fspw;fpilapyhd jlq;fy;fisAk; ePf;FfpwJ. kl;Lg;ghLfis ePf;Ftjw;F> Kfhikahsh;fs; cUtkw;w epWtd mikg;G> Fopthd> kw;Wk; fl;lf tbtpyhd fl;likg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,J fpuaj;ijf; Fiwg;gNjhL mjpfhukl;lj;ijAk; Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
1.11. fl;Lg;ghl;bd; vy;iyfs;
fl;Lghl;bd; vy;iyfs; vd;gJ caujpfhhpfSf;F mwpf;ifapLk; fPo;kl;l Copah;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fwpf;Fk;.
NtW tpjj;jpy; $Wtjhapd;, caujpfhhpfs; Ie;J fPo;kl;l Copah;fis nfhz;Ls;sjhapd; fl;Lghl;bd; vy;iyfs; Ie;jhff; fhzg;gLk;.
(a) fl;Lghl;bd; vy;iyfspidg; gy fhuzpfs; jhf;fj;jpidr; nrYj;Jk;:
(b) KfhikahsuJ jpwd;fs; fl;Lghl;bd; vy;iyfs;/ ,ilntspfisf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Kfhikahshpd; ngsjPf kw;Wk; kdnjhlh;ghdtiuaiwfs; Copah;fisAk; eltbf;iffisAk; fl;LgLj;Jk;.
(c) Kfhikahshpd; NtiygStpd; jd;ik: Kfhikahsh; Ntiyg;gStpy;fhzf;$ba gyNkw;ghh;itw;w jd;ikapyhd eltbf;iffs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd
(i) FWfpa fl;Lghl;bd; vy;iyfs;
(ii) fPo;kl;l Copah;fSf;fhd mjpfsthd mh;gzpg;G
(d) ngsjPfhPjpapy; gphpTgl;bUf;Fk; Copah;fSf;fhd Nkw;ghh;itahdJ mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;
1.12. cah;e;j jl;ilahd mikg;G
cah;thd epWtdk; msit nfhz;L jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,it mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd Kfhikkl;lq;fis nfhz;like;Js;sd. kw;Wk; fl;Lghl;L vy;iyahdJ kpfTk; FWfpajhff; fhzg;gLk;.
cah;thd epWtdk; msit nfhz;L jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,it Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd Kfhikkl;lq;fis nfhz;like;Js;sd. kw;Wk; kpfTk; gue;j fl;Lghl;L vy;iyahdJ fhzg;gLk;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
178 CA Sri Lanka
cU 6.9 cah;thd kw;Wk; jl;ilahd epWtdq;fs;
caukhd kw;Wk; jl;ilahd epWtdq;fspd;; gpujp$yq;fisAk; fPNo RUf;fkhfg; ghh;g;Nghk;.
caukhd epWtdq;fs;
mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fs; FWfpafl;Lghl;Lvy;iy mh;g;gzpg;igj; jLf;fpwJ
rpwpa FO jPh;khdnkLjYf;FjTfpwJ. fbdkhd Nkw;ghh;it mKy;gLj;jgLk;. NkYk; Gjpa Kaw;rpfSf;Fj; jilfs; fhzg;gLk;
Gjtp cah;Tf;F gy kl;lq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhy; Copah;fs; jkJ gjtp cah;T kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt gapw;rpiag; gw;wpj; jpl;lkpLthh;fs;.
xNu khjphpahd gy Ntiyfs; gy kl;l eph;thfj;jpd; %ykhff; ifahsg;gLtjhy; eph;thf kw;Wk; Nke;jiy nryTfs; mjpfhpf;Fk;. kw;Wk; jPh;khdk; vLj;jYf;fhd Neuk; mjpfkhfj; Njitg;gLk;
jl;ilahd epWtdq;fs;
mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fs; mh;gzpg;gpw;f;Fg; gy re;jh;g;qfs; fhzg;gLk;
NtiyahdJ mh;g;gzpg;Gr; nra;agl Ntz;Lk;
xg;gPl;lstpy; kpfTk; kypthdjhff; fhzg;gLk;
fl;Lghl;ilj; jpahfk; nra;a Ntz;b Vw;gLk;.
Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; je;jpNuhgha cr;r kl;lj;jpw;f;Fk; njhopw;ghl;Lg; gFjpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
kj;jpa kl;l Kfhikahsh;fs; je;jpNuhgha cr;r kl;lj;jpd; J}uNehf;if njhopw;ghl;Lg; gFjpf;Fkhw;Wfpd;wJ
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 179
1.13. Kfhik kl;lq;fis ePf;Fjy; (Delayering)
epWtdq;fspd; Kfhik kl;lq;fis fPo; ,Ue;JNky; Nehf;fpf; Fiwj;jy;.
,d;W epWtdq;fs; jkJ kj;jpa Kfhik kl;lq;fis ePf;Ffpd;wd. epWtdq;fs; ruhrhp fl;Lghl;bd; vy;iyia mjpfhpg;gJld; jkJ Kfhik kl;lq;fis Fiwj;J jl;ilahd epWtdq;fshf khw;Wfpd;wd.
(a) jfty; njhopy;El;gkhdJ jftiyg; ghpkhw;wk; nra;tjw;f;F kj;jpakl;lKfhik; Njitiaf; Fiwf;fpwJ.
(b) tYt+l;ly; : gy epWtdq;fs; Nrit epWtdq;fs; jkJ mjpfhuj;ijrhj;jpakhd fPo; kl;lj;jpw;f;F ifaspg;gjw;f;F kpfTk; Mh;tkhfTs;sJ.thbf;ifahshpd; Njitfis G+h;j;jpnra;tjw;f;F Kd; kl;l Copah;fs;jPh;khdk; vLg;gjw;f;F mDkjpf;fgLfpwhh;fs;.
(c) nghUshjuk; : Kfhik kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G fpuaj;ij Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
(d) fth;r;rp : Kfhik kl;lq;fis ePf;Fjy; vy;NyhuhYk; Nkw;f;nfhs;sgLk;eltbf;ifahFk;. rpNu];lKfhikahsh;fs; jkJ fl;likg;Gfs;nefpo;Tjd;ikaw;wJ vd fUJk; gl;rj;jpy; jkJ Kfhik kl;lj;jpd;vz;zpf;ifia Fiwf;fpd;wdh;.
1.1 Nrjd kw;Wk; nghwpKiw mikg;Gfs;
xU mikg;G fl;likf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; topKiwahdJ> me;j mikg;G ntspg;Gw R+oypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fspd; Njitia milahsk; fhzTk;> gjpypWf;fTkhd mjd; jpwd; kPjhd tpidj;jpwdpy; Neubahd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
nefpo;thd mikg;Gf;fs; Nghl;b ed;ikfisg; ngwj;jf;f tifapy; kw;Wk; re;ijapy; mjd; epiyiaj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; khw;wj;jpw;F tpiuthfj; Jyq;fyila KbAk;. nefpo;thd mikg;Gf;fs; Nrjd fl;likg;igf; nfhz;litahFk;.
kpf ,Wf;fkhd mikg;Gf;fs; xU nghwpKiw mikg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. caue;j fl;likg;Gs;s mikg;Gf;fs; nghJthf mjpfstpy; nghwpKiw rhh;e;jitahfTk;> mNjNtis jl;ilahd fl;likg;igf; nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fs; Nrjd Kiwikapd; ,ay;igf; nfhz;litahfTk; ,Uf;f mjpf tha;g;Gs;sJ.
Nrjd kw;Wk; nghwpKiw mikg;GfSf;fpilNaahd Kf;fpa NtWghLfis fPNo cs;s ml;ltiz tpsf;FfpwJ.
Nrjd mikg;Gf;fs; nghwpKiw mikg;G gutyhf;fg;gl;l jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sy; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l KbntLf;Fk;
mjpfsthd RahjPdk; cau;e;j mstpyhd Nkw;ghu;it
Gj;jhf;fk; kw;Wk; Kd;Kaw;rp Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk;.
epakg;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfspy; mjpfk; jq;fpapUj;jy;
Kiwrhuh njhlu;ghlYf;F rhjfkhdJ Kiwrhh;e;j njhlu;ghly; topKiwfis Mjupf;Fk;
khw;wj;jpw;fhd nefpo;thd kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzu;Tkpf;f mZFKiw
khw;wj;Jf;fhd Fiwe;jsthd czug;gl;l Njitg;ghL
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
180 CA Sri Lanka
mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ> khw;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ
mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ> khw;wk; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ
1.2 xg;ge;jg; Gw toq;fy; (mayhf;fk;) kw;Wk; fiufle;j Kaw;rp
epWtdj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;ghLfis my;yJ Nritfis ntspthhpahfj; jpwikAs;s epWtdj;jpw;F xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; toq;Fjy;. mayhf;fk; vd;gJ mayhf;fk; %yk; eilngWk; eltbf;ifia epWtdj;jpypUe;J mfw;Wtjhy; mayhf;fkhdJ epWtdj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
fiufle;j Kaw;rpahdJ epWtdkhdJ kypthd tpiyapy; Copag; gilapid fiufle;j ehl;by; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Skhapd; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. jkJ tzpf eltbf;ifia Fwpj;j fiufle;j ehl;by; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ fyhrhu kw;Wk; nkhophPjpapyhd jilfs; Nghd;witAk;> epWtdkhdJ thbf;ifahsh;fSld; ehSf;F ehs; njhlh;gpid itj;jpUf;f KbahJs;sjdhy; tnbf;ifahsh; ikak; ,y;yhj epiyAk; gpujp$yq;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1.3 fl;likg;igj; njupT nra;jy; xU mikg;G gpd;gw;wj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; fl;likg;G mjd; je;jpNuhghaj;ijg; gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk;. ntt;NtW tifahd mikg;Gf;fs; NtWgl;l fl;likg;igj; Njitg;gLj;Jk;. cjhuzkhf> xU epfo;T Kfhik mikg;G mjd; gzpf;fhf xU jpl;l topelj;jy; mZFKiwiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mikg;gpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; ,yl;rpak; Mfpad mjd; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;fhf gpuj;jpNaf tbtikg;ghd epfo;Tfis Vw;ghL nra;tijr; rhh;e;Js;sd. ,e;j mikg;G gpd;gw;Wk; cj;jpfs; xt;nthU epfo;tpw;Fk; mzpfs; kw;Wk; tsq;fis xU nraw;wpl;lkhf xJf;Ftij cs;slf;Fk;. xU nraw;ghl;L cs;sikT> cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> ,e;j je;jpNuhghaj;Jld; xj;Jg;Nghf tha;g;gpy;iy. NkYk; ,e;j mikg;G xU jhaf; fl;likg;Gf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. kWGwkhf> xU ghupa njhz;L mikg;G kpfTk; khWgl;l je;jpNuhghaj;ijAk;> Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd kpfTk; khWgl;l topfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j tif mikg;G mjpf mjpfhuj;Jtj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ. nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; mjd; Nehf;fj;ij miltjw;fhd mjd; je;jpNuhgha jpl;lq;fis rpwg;ghf nray;gLj;j xU caukhd> nraw;ghl;L tiff; fl;likg;G kpfTk; nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
xU mikg;gpd; fl;likg;ghdJ nghUj;jkhd fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd topKiwia toq;FtJld;> R+oypy; cs;s rthy;fSf;Fk; gjpypWf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Johnson et al (2005) 21 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; mikg;Gf; fl;likg;GfSf;fhd %d;W Kf;fpa FOf;fis milahsk; fhz;fpd;wdu;:
1. mikg;Grhh; tbtikg;gpd; nefpo;Tj; jd;ik. Rw;Wr;R+oy; khw;wj;jpd;tpiuthd Ntfk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; epr;rakw;w jd;ikapd; mjpfupj;jkl;lq;fs; Mfpad mikg;Grhh; tbtikg;gpd; nefpo;Tj;jd;ikiamtrpakhf;Ffpd;wd.
2. gaDWjpkpf;f Kiwikfs;. mwptpd; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; gad;ghL MfpadmwpT cs;stu;fisj; Njitahd gad;ghLfSld; ,izg;gjw;fhdgaDWjpkpf;f Kiwikfisj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
3. g+Nfhskakhf;fy;. g+Nfhskakhf;fy; njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; jfty;Kiwikfspy; Gjpa mstpyhd kw;Wk; Gjpa tifahd njhopy;El;g rpf;fw;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 181
jd;ikia cUthf;Ffpd;wd. mNjNtisapy;> fyhr;rhuj;jpd; gd;Kfj;jd;ik> jdpg;gl;l cwTKiwfSf;fhd eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwfs; Kjypad mikg;gpd; tbtj;jpd; Gjpa rpf;fy;fisf; nfhz;LtUfpd;wd.
,e;j %d;W njhFg;ghd rpf;fyhd tplaq;fspy;> ngUk;ghyhd mikg;Gf;fSf;F mwpitg; ngWjy;> xOq;fikj;jy; kw;Wk; gpuNahfg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ kpfTk; mOj;jk; kpf;f tplakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. MfNt> ,e;j Njitf;F gjpyspg;gjw;fhd xU Kf;fpa cWg;ghf> fl;likg;Gfis tbtikf;Fk;NghJ gaDWjpkpf;f nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; cwTfis vspjhf;Ftjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
$y;l; kw;Wk; fhk;g;ngy; (2002) Kd;nkhopag;gl;l fl;likg;Gfis kjpg;gpLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xd;gJ Nrhjidfis Kd;nkhopfpd;wdu;. Kjy; ehd;F mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fSlDk; mJ nraw;gLk; fl;Lg;ghLfSlDk; njhlu;GgLfpwJ:
1. re;ij ed;ik: re;ij ed;ikia miltjw;fhf nrad;Kiwfs;neUf;fkhf xUq;fpizf;fg;gl Ntz;ba NghJ> mit xNu fl;likg;GcWg;Gld; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2. jha;epiy ed;ik: fl;likg;ghdJ $l;Ltzpf epiyaj;jpdhy;tfpf;fg;gLk; jha;epiy tfpghfj;ij Mjupf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> xUnjhFjpepiy KfhikahsUf;F xU rpwpa> Fiwe;j tpiyAs;s$l;Ltzpf ikaNk Njitg;gLk;.
3. kf;fs; Nrhjid: fl;likg;ghdJ mikg;gpDs; nraw;gLk; kf;fspd;jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; mDgtj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.cjhuzkhf> FO-nray;ghl;L mZFKiwf;F gof;fg;gl;l jpwd;kpf;fty;Yeu;fs; xU njhopw;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;Gf;F efu;j;jg;gLk; NghJtpuf;jpailaf;$Lk;.
4. rhj;jpaj;jd;ik Nrhjid: ,e;j NrhjidahdJ rl;lj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l>mf;fiwjhuu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhak; kw;Wk; tsf; fpilg;gdT Nghd;w rfy gpwjilfisAk; ePf;FfpwJ.
,uz;lhtJ FOit cUthf;Fk; Nrhjidfs; tbtikg;Gf; nfhs;if njhlh;ghd tplaq;fs; MFk;.
5. rpwg;gpy;ghd fyhr;rhuq;fs;: rpwg;gpay;Gkpf;f ty;Yeu;fSld; neUf;fkhfxj;Jiof;f KbAk;.
6. fbdkhd ,izg;Gfs;: rpy gphpTfSf;F ,ilNaahd ,izg;Gfs;KWfy;fs; kw;Wk; jpupGfSf;F cl;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ. xU ey;ycjhuzkhf> juk; kw;Wk; tpepNahfj;jpw;F ,ilNa mbf;fb rpf;fy;fs;fhzg;gLk;;NghJ tpw;gid kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpg; gphpTfspilNa fhzg;glj;jf;fgpur;rpidfs;. ,J Nghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk;xj;Jiog;ig tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis xU nghUj;jkhdfl;likg;G cUthf;Fk;.
7. nrayw;w mjpfhuthpir: fl;likg;ghdJ epahakhd Kiwapy; milaf;$ba msTf;F jl;ilahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8. nghWg;Gf;$wy;: gaDWjpkpf;f fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F nghWg;Gf;$wypd; njspthdthpirfs; mtrpakhFk;.
9. nefpo;Tj;jd;ik: vjpu;fhyj;jpy; NjitfSf;F Vw;w khw;wj;jpidf;fl;likg;G mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;> ,jd; %yk; cjhuzkhf> vjpu;ghuhjtha;g;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
182 CA Sri Lanka
2 tY mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nghWg;G
2.1 tY
tY vd;gJ Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbg;gpg;gjw;fhd jpwik.
tY vd;gJ jdpeghplk; ,Ue;J fhzg;gLk; tplaky;y. ,J xU FO kw;Wk; jdpegh; kPJ gpuNahfpf;Fk; tplakhFk;.
2.1.1 tYtpd; tiffs;
epWtdq;fspy; fPNo jugl;l tYthdJ ntt;NtWgl;l %yq;fs; %yk; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ (fd;b kw;Wk; gyh;).
Nrjd mikg;Gf;fs; nghwpKiw mikg;G ngsjPf tY ,J cah;thd gilfspd; rf;jpahFk;
ts tY tsq;fisf; fl;LgLj;Jtjw;F Nkw;f;nfhs;sg;gLk; tYthFk;
fl;lhagLj;Jk; tY ,J gak; kw;Wk; jz;lidia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tY
ntFkjp tY ,J ts tYNthL njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;. rpNu];l Kfhikahsh; jkJ fPOs;s Copah;fSf;F Cjpaj;ijf; nfhLg;gjw;fhd tY
mjpfhu tY ,J NtiyNahL njhlh;Gila tYthFk; ,jid mjpfhuk; vdTk; $wyhk;
epGdj;Jt tY ,J epGzj;Jtj;ij mbgilahff; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
Fwpg;gpLfpd;w rf;jp Fwpg;gpl;l jdpgl;l eghpd; gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfz;L ,e;jtY fhzg;gLfpwJ
kiwKftY ,J jlq;fy;fis nfhLf;ff;$ba gz;Gfis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.
2.1.2 nry;thf;F (influence) nry;thf;Fvd;gJ kw;iwathpd; elj;ij kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;fpidia khw;wpaikg;gjw;fhd gbKiwahFk;.
nry;thf;fhdJ kw;iwthpd; elj;ijia khw;wpaikg;gjw;f;F kw;Wk; newpKiwgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU eltbf;ifahFk;. nry;thf;fhdJ gy;NtW
tYvd;gJ Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbg;gjw;fhd jpwik. epWtdj;jpYs;s tYitg; gytifahf $wyhk;. mitahtd: mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; tY my;yJ rl;lhPjpahd tY> epGzj;Jt tY, jdpegh; tY, tsk; %ykhd tY, kw;Wk; kiwahd tY Nghd;witahFk;. mjpfhukhdJ mjpfhu tYTld; njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ. rpy jPh;khdq;fis rpy mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fhpa chpikia ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
nghWg;ghdJ nfhLf;g;gl;l Ntiyiar; nra;JKbg;gjw;f;fhd flikiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 183
topfspy; milag;gLfpwJ.
(a) ngsjPf kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tYthf mOj;jj;jpidg; gpuNahfpj;jy;.
(b) tpjpfisAk; eilKiwfisAk; ];jhgpj;J epiy kw;Wk; ts mjpfhuk;%yk; mKy;gLj;jgLfpwJ.
(c) Nguk;Ngry; xt;nthU fl;rpapduJ gyj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(d) J}z;Lk; rf;jp
2.2 tY ikaq;fs;
tY ikakhdJ Copah;fs; tYit ifahStjw;fhd tYtpd; msT kw;Wk; ve;j tifahd tYit gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk; vd;gJ tY ikaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;j tYtpd; msTk; tYtpd; tifapd; tfpf;Fk; gjtpapYk;> epWtd gbepiyapy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
2.2.1 rpNu];l Kfhikahsh;fs; (Senior Managers) rpNu];l Kfhikahsh;fs; cah; gjtp tYtpid mDgtpg;ghh;fs;. nfhs;ifabg;gilapy; tpjpabg;gilapy; cah; Kfhikahsh;fs; ghhpa jPh;khdq;fis vLg;gJld;> kw;iwath;fspd; jPh;khdj;jpy; jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lfis tpjpf;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; eilKiwapy; ,e;j tY G+uzkhdjhff; fhzg;glhJ. rpNu];l Kfhikahsh;fs;> fPo; kl;l Copah;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; jPh;khdj;jpYk; kw;Wk; mth;fsJ jfty;fspYk; jq;fpAs;sdh;. ,e;j jftyhdJ fPo; kl;lj;jpy; nkU$l;lg;gLtJ rhj;jpakhd tplakhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kiwrhuhj; jiyth;fs; Nky; Nehf;fpa my;yJ gf;fthl;lhd nry;thf;fpid gpuNahfpf;fyhk;. (cjhuzk; : epGzh;fs;> Kd; thpir Copah;fs;)
rpNu];l Kfhikahsh;fs; cah; ts tYtpid nfhz;bUg;ghh;fs;> ,e;j tYtpid ghjPl;L xJf;fj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk; je;jpNuhgha newpgLj;jYf;Fk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
2.2.2 kj;jpa kl;l Kfhikahsh;fs; (Middle Manageis)
kj;jpa kl;l Kfhikahsh;fs; jkJ fPo;kl;l Copah;fSf;F ntFkjpaspg;gjw;fhd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ntFkjp tYitf; nfhz;bUg;ghh; epGzj;Jt tY NkYk; rpy jPh;khdq;fs; kw;Wk; jPh;khdj;ij ftpo;gjw;f;Nfh typjw;wjhf;Ftjw;f;Nfh> jPh;khdj;ij gpd;js;Stjw;f;F rpNu];l Kfhikahsuhy; gad;gLj;Jk; Neh;kiwahd jPh;khdq;fs; kj;jpa kl;l Kfhikahshpd; tYit Fiwf;fpwJ. kj;jpa kl;l KfhikahsUf;F mjpfhu
tY mtrpakhFk;. ,jw;F ,th;fsJ Ntiyf; Fwpg;G (Job description) kw;Wk; mjpfhu vy;iy njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gLjy; mtrpakhFk;.
,th;fs; tiyaikg;G %yk; ngWkjpkpf;f jfty; %yq;fis ehLtjd;%yk; my;yJ nry;thf;Fs;s mwpTiuahsh; kw;Wk; $l;lzp%yk; nry;thf;fpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
2.2.3 Mh;tf;FO/ mf;fiwAila FO
Kiwahd Mh;tf;FO vd;gJ jkJ mq;fj;jth;fspd; Mh;tj;ij gpujpepjpg;gLj;j cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jdpgl;l egh;fspd; tYittpl Mh;tf;FOtpd; tY $Ljyhf
fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf> th;j;jf/tzpf xd;wpak; njhoprhh; rk;Nksdk;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
184 CA Sri Lanka
2.2.4 jpizf;fs tY
epWtdj;jpYs;s rpy jpizf;fsq;fs; jkJ njhopw;ghl;L mjpfhuj;jpd;%yk; tYit ifahSfpd;wd. Vida jpizf;fsq;fSld; Kf;fpa je;jpNuhgha vjph;ghuhj epfo;Tfis ifahStjhy; Vida jpizf;fsq;fspd; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
epWtdj;jpd; cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspaf epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; epWtd ,yf;if miltjw;f;F Kf;fpakhfpd;wd.
,e;j nry;thf;Ffs; gy;NtW topfspy; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
(a) rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; jd;ik (Dependency)
,d;ndhU jpizf;fsj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; xU jpizf;fskhdJ cah; kl;lMjuT ,y;yhky; jpizf;fsj;jpy; jkJ tYit gpuNahfpf;f KbahJ.xU jpizf;fskhdJ ,d;ndhU jpizf;fsk; jk;kpy; jq;fpapUg;gjw;f;FjkJ ts tYit gad;gLj;jyhk;.
(b) epjptsk;
,J ,d;ndhU tifahd rhh;G jd;ikahFk;. Mdhy; ghhpa ghjPl;il nfhz;l jpiz;fskhdJ jkJ tpUg;gg;gb nryT nra;a KbAk;.
(c) ikaj;jd;ik
epWtdj;jpd; Kjd;ik eltbf;iffspy; jpizf;fsk; vg;gb Kf;fpakhdjhfepfo;fpwJ.
(d) gpujpaPl;L jd;ikaw;wJ
rpy jpizf;fsq;fs; jkJ nra;wghLfis NtW ,lj;jpy;Nkw;f;nfhs;tjw;Fk; jkJ jpizf;fsj;ij ,yFthfg; gphpf;f Kbahjjhff;fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. kypthd jdpegh; fzpdp kw;Wk; nkd; nghUisngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;f;F Kd;dh; ,J jfty; Kiwik jpizf;fsj;jhy;tof;fhf gad;gLj;jyhk;.
(e) epr;rakw;w jd;ik : xU jpizf;fsk; epGzj;Jt tY nfhz;l Vidajpizf;fsj;jpd; epr;rakw;w jd;ikiaf; Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
2.3 mjpfhuk;
mjpfhuk; vd;gJ VjhtJ Ntiy/eltbf;ifia nra;Ak; chpikahFk; my;yJ NtW xU egiu Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyia Kbj;Jj;jUk;gb Ntz;bf;nfhs;Sk;. chpik NkYk; mjid Kbg;gjw;fhd vjph;ghh;g;G.
mjpfhuk; vd;gJ mjpfhu tY my;yJ gjtpA+lhd tYTf;F ,d;ndhU ngah; tY kw;Wk; nry;thf;F epWtdj;jpd; ve;j kl;lj;jpYk; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;. ,jid ve;j jpirapYk; mjhtJ fPo;kl;lj;jpw;f;F kl;Lkpd;wp (Neu mwpf;if kPJ kw;Wk; Mzp kPJ) gf;f thl;L jpir (rfhf;fs; kPJ> NtWgl;l njhopw;ghl;L gFjpapDs;s rfhf;fs; kPJ) NkYk; Nky; Nehf;fpAk; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;.
nghJthf mjpfhuk; fl;lis rq;fpyp%yk; fPo;Nehf;fpa gha;r;rypNy nry;fpwJ.
,J epWtdj;jpd; fl;likg;gpy; xU gFjpahFk;. Max Weber (French & Raven tY njhlh;ghd Ntiyia nra;tjw;f;F ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F Kd;dh;) Kfhikahsh;fs; %d;W topfspy; mjpfhu tYit my;yJ mjpfhuk; gpuNahfpf;fpd;wdh;:
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 185
(a) fth;e;jpOf;Fk; mjpfhuk; vd;gJ xU jiythpd; MSikahy; cUthfpwJ.my;yJ xU eghpd; Gdpjj;Jtk;> tPuk;> mthpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jpwd; fhuzkhffth;e;jpOf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cUthfpwJ.
(b) ghuk;ghpa mjpfhuk; njhz;Lnjhl;L Nkw;f;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpy; Nky; fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;ifapdhy; cUthfpwJ.
(c) mwpTrhh;e;j rl;l mjpfhukhdJ epWtdj;jpd; xOq;F Kiw tpjpfs;%yk;cUthfpwJ.
Kfhik mjpfhuk; gpd;tUk; gFjpfspy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(a) Fwpg;gpl;l gjtpf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l mjpfhu tprhyj;jpw;f;Fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;jPh;khdk;. cjhuzkhf : Kfhikahsh; mjpfhukhdJ mth;fsJ mzpf;FFwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kfhikahsh; jkJNtiyg;gFjpapd; nryTfs; Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia jhz;Lkhapd; ,jw;fhdmDkjpapid cr;r KfhikahshplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(b) fPo;kl;l Copah;fSf;F Ntiyfis nfhLj;J mtw;wpypUe;J jpUg;jpahdnraw;wpwid vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wdh;.
2.3.1 thpir kw;Wk; Copa mjpfhuk;
Kfhikahsh; nfhz;Ls;s mjpfhuj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;Ak;NghJ ,uz;L tifahd nrhw;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;. mitahtd thpir mjpfhuk; Copah; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;L mjpfhuk;.
thpir mjpfhuk; : (Line Authority) thp mjpfhuk; vd;gJ Kfhikahsh;fs; fPo;kl;l Copah;fSld; nfhz;Ls;s mjpfhuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J fPo;kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpa Neub mwpf;if kw;Wk; nrq;Fj;J fl;lis rq;fpypahf fhzg;gLk;.
Copa mjpfhuk; (staff Authority) thp mjpfhuk; fhzg;glhj gl;rj;jpy; xU KfhikahsNuh my;yJ xU jpizf;fsk; ,d;ndhU KfhikahsUf;F my;yJ ,d;ndhU jpizf;fsj;jpw;f;F toq;fg;gLk; tpNrl MNyhridfis toq;Fk; mjpfhuk;. Copa mjpfhukhdJ MNyhrid ngWk; jpizf;fsj;ij nry;thf;F nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtrpakpy;iy.
cjhuzkhf fzf;F KfhikahsUf;F Neh;Kf Kiwfs; gw;wp kdpjts Kfhikahsh; MNyhrid $wy;.
njhopw;ghl;L mjpfhuk; vd;gJ thpirapd; fyg;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; vdyhk;. ,d;ndhU jpizf;fsj;jpYs;s fl;Lg;ghl;L nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfis
tbtikj;J> newpg;gLj;Jtjw;F epGzk;/Copa KfhikahsUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L. cjhuzkhf epjp Kfhikahsh; thpir fhikahshplkpUe;J mwpf;if chpa
fhyj;jpy;/Neuj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s mjpfhuk; cz;L.
Copa mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; jtph;f;f Kbahj mOj;jk; epWtdj;jpw;Fs;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mintzbeg epWtdj;jpd; Ntiy fl;likg;G kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwDf;fhf
ghLgLk; jdpegh;fis njhopy;El;gf; fl;likg;G (Technostructure) vd;w gjj;jpw;Fs; tpghpf;fpwhh;. ,th;fs; nghJthf jpl;lkpl;lhsh;fs;> kdpjts njhopy;rhh; egh;fs; kw;Wk; gFg;gwpthsh;fs;.
gpur;rid rhj;jpakhd jPh;T
njhopy;El;gf; fl;likg;G thpir> Kfhikahshpd; mjpfhuj;ij Fiwkjpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;Jk;.
thpir> Copa kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;L mjpfhuk; vd;gtw;iw njspthd gphpg;G %yk; cUthf;fyhk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
186 CA Sri Lanka
KJepiy Copah;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw
–njhopy;El;gf; fl;likg;GMNyhridahsh;fistpl kj;jpakl;l Kfhikahsh;fs; KJepiyCopah;fshf fhzg;gLth;
njhopw;ghl;L mjpfhuj;ij nfhs;if kw;Wk; eilKiw %yk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. epGzh;fis mr;RWj;jyhf ghh;g;gij jtph;j;J tskhf Nehf;fyhk;.
epGzj;Jt Kfhikahsh;fs; ajhh;j;j jd;ik Fiwe;jth;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; njhopy;El;g uPjpapy; ,th;fs; G+uzj;Jtk; nfhz;lth;fshf fhzg;gl;lhYk; th;j;jf uPjpapy; ,th;fsJ jPh;T ajhh;j;jkw;wjhf fhzg;gLk;.
njhopy;El;gf; fl;likg;G jpl;lkplyhsh;fs; njhopw;ghl;L tplaq;fis gw;wp G+uzkhf njhpe;J itj;Jf;nfhs;sy; mtrpakhFk;. NkYk; ,th;fs; kj;jpa kl;l KfhikahsUld; njhlh;ghly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
njhopy;El;gf; fl;likg;G epGzh;fspd; Nahridfspd; ntw;wpapy; nghWg;G jd;ik Fiwthf fhzg;gly;
njhopy;El;gf; fl;likg;G epGzh;fs; jkJ fUj;Jfis mKy;gLj;Jtjpy; <LghL fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ntspaPLfspy; nghWg;Gf; $Wk; jd;ikapYk; gq;F ngw Ntz;Lk;.
2.4 nghWg;G $Wk; jd;ik kw;Wk; gjpyspf;Fk; jd;ik nghWg;G $Wk; jd;ik (Responsibility)
nghWg;G$Wk; jd;ikvd;gJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l Ntiyia nra;J Kbg;gjw;F/G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F Fwpj;j egUf;F fhzg;gLk; flg;ghL
tif$Wk; jd;ikvd;gJ Fwpj;j Ntiyia nra;J Kbg;gjw;fhfd nghWg;G
NkNy nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tiutpyf;fdkhdJ kpfTk; gaDs;sjhFk;. nghWg;G$Wk; jd;ikahdJ ,uz;L topfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
(a) Ntiy gFjpf;F nghWg;ghfTs;s Copah; me;j Ntiy nra;J Kbg;gjidcWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F Ntz;lg;gl;Ls;shh;.
(b) ,Nj egh; Ntiyia nfhLj;j cah; CopaUf;F nghWg;Gs;s eguhf,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;gbNa gjpyspj;jy; gad;gLfpwJ.
egh; xUth; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Ntiyf;fhf cah; kl;l Copah;/Nkyjpfhhpf;F gjpyspf;Fk; eguhf fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ifaspg;gpd; jj;JtkhdJ Kfhikahsuhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Ntiyf;F Copah;f;F nghWg;gpid cUthf;FjyhFk;.
vg;gbahapDk; Copah; Kfhikahsuhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Ntiyia nra;JKbg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;f;F gjpyspf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;ltuhf fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nghUj;jkhd jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhukhdJ ifaspf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gld; ifaspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 187
2.4.1 nghWg;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;jpd; nghUj;jkw;w jd;ik
eilKiwapy; gy epWtdq;fspd; nghWg;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; Kuz;ghlhdJk; njsptw;wjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf ,J epWtdj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; kw;Wk; Ntiy my;yJ mjd; fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;.
nghWg;G toq;fkhy; mjpfhuj;ij toq;fy; ,J nghWg;gw;w elj;ijahFk;. ,q;F xU egUf;F jPh;khd Nkw;f;nfhs;s chpik fhzg;gLk;. Mdhy; mth; jPh;khdk; njhlh;ghf tif $Wtjpy; ve;j nghWg;Gk; fhzg;glhJ ,Uf;Fk;.
mjpfhuk; toq;fhky; nghWg;G nfhLj;jy; ,e;j eltbf;ifahdJ Copah;fis neUf;fbahd epiyf;Fk; kw;Wk; rhj;jpakw;w ,lj;jpw;Fk; gpd;js;Sjy; MFk;.
mth;fs; nra;Ak; eltbf;iff;F fl;Lghl;bid Nkw;nfhs;s mjpfhuk; fhzg;glhJ. Mdhy; Ntiy njhlh;ghf nghWg;G $Wk; jd;ikia nfhz;bUg;ghh;.
2.5 ifaspg;G mjpfhuj;ij ifaspj;jy; vd;gJ gbKiwahFk;. ,e;j gbKiwahdJ jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;f;nfhs;tjw;F cah; Kfhikahsh; Nkyjpfhhpfs; jkJ fPo;
NtiyGhpAk; Copah;fSf;F jkJ mjpfhuj;ij gFjpahf nfhLj;jy; mjpfhu ifaspg;ghFk;.
ifaspg;ghdJ ntt;NtW Kiw%yk; eilngWk;
(a) tplaq;fis rhjhuzkhf JwT KiwapLjy;.,q;F Kiwrhh; ifaspg;GeilngwhJ. NkYk; ,J nghJthf tpidjpwdhd Kiwahf fhzg;glhJ.
(b) ifaspg;gpid fl;bnaOg;g tof;fhWk;; eilKiwfSk; cs;thq;fg;gLk;.,e;j tof;fq;fs; eilKiw%yk; ifaspg;G Nkw;f;nfhs;sglyhk;.
(c) mjpfhuj;ij ifaspg;gth; jkf;F fPo; Ntiy nra;Ak; egUf;F tplaq;fiskpfTk; tpguTiuahf vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
(d) MNyhrid mjpfhuj;ij ifaspg;gjw;F Kd;dh; MNyhridNkw;nfhs;syhk;. ,J kpfTk; tpidjpwd; tha;e;j KiwahFk;. Nkyk;,e;j Kiw%yk; vt;thW Ntiyia rpwe;j topapy; nra;ayhk; vd;gijmilahsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
188 CA Sri Lanka
2.5.1 Vd; ifaspg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;?
ifaspg;ghdJ gy ed;ikfis nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(a) mjpfhuj;jpdhy; jdpg;gl;l egh;> kw;Wk; FOtpw;f;F mjpf Ntiyg;gSfhuzkhf ngsjPf kw;Wk; kd tiuaiwfs; fhzg;glyhk;.
(b) Kfhikahsh; cah; kl;l Ntiyfspy; jkJ ftdj;ij nrYj;JtjpypUe;Jjtph;f;fyhk;. (c-k;) jpl;lkply;)
(c) mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; epWtdtsT kw;Wk; rpf;fy; jd;ikfhuzkhf rpy epWtdq;fs; jkJ Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gNjitf;fhf rpwg;Gj; jpwDilath;fis miof;fpwhh;fs;.
(d) fPo; kl;lj;jpYs;s Copah;fSf;F ifaspf;fg;gl;l mjpfhukhdJnjhopw;jpUg;jpiaAk; kw;Wk; tpUj;jpiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;f;F gq;fspg;Gnra;fpwJ.Kd;Ndw;wkl;l nghWg;ghdJ gapw;rp> nraw;jpwd; kjpg;gPL kw;Wk;Kfhik njhlh;e;jpaq;Fk; jpl;lj;jpw;f;F MjuT mspf;fpwJ.
(e) ifaspg;ghdJ jPh;khdnkLj;jypd; rq;fpypia Fiwf;fpd;wJ kw;Wk;epiyikf;F Ntz;ba jPh;khdj;ij nfhLf;fpwJ. ,J Fwpg;ghf kpftpiuthf khWk; tzpf #oypy; thbf;ifahshpd; Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;akpfTk; Kf;fpakhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
2.5.2 vt;thW ifaspg;gpid Nkw;f;nfhs;syhk;; nghWg;gpid ifaspj;jy; gbKiwia gpd;tUkhW tpghpf;fyhk;. gbKiw –I nraw;wpwid Fwpg;gply; : ifaspg;G%yk; fPo;kl;l
CopahplkpUe;J ngw Ntz;ba vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;l epakq;fisAk; ,yf;Ffis Fwpf;Fk;. mNjNeuk; mjpfhuj;ij ifaspg;gth; Copahpd; epGzj;Jt msit kdjpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gbKiw –II Ntiyapid fPo;kl;l Copah;fSf;F Kiwahf toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk; mNjNeuk; CopaUk; mjid Kiwahf nra;tjw;fhd xg;Gjiy mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gbKiw –III ifaspf;fg;gl;l Ntiyapy; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;l nraw;wpwid ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Copah;fs; jkJ eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;s tsj;ij xJf;FtJld; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; toq;Fjy; mtrpakhFk;.
gbKiw –IV Copah;fs; ifaspf;fg;gll; Ntiyia nra;J Kbf;f mDkjpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gbKiw –V cwit Ngzy;> ,jd;%yk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Ntiyapid kPs;sha;T nra;ayhk;> fhj;jpukhd tpkh;rdj;ij toq;fyhk;. kw;Wk; cjtp NjitgLk; gl;rj;jpy; mth;fSk; cjtpia Nkw;nfhs;sTjTk;.
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 189
epWtdkhdJ Ie;J fhuzpfisf; nfhz;L Muhag;gLfpwJ. ,e;jf; fhuzpfs;vt;thW NtiyNahL njhlh;GgLfpd;wd kw;Wk; vt;thW xUq;fpizf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjdbg;gilapy; epWtdkhdJ Muhag;gLfpwJ vd kpd;];Ngf; ek;gpdhh;.
njhopw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;>Gtpapaypd; mbg;gilapy;>nghUl;fspd; mbg;gilapy;>gz;lFwpapd; mbg;gilapy; kw;Wk; thh;g;GUtpd; mbg;gilapy; jpizf;fsg;gLj;jgLfpwJ.
gphpthf;fg;gl;l fl;likg;gpNy> nraw;ghLfs; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l KiwapypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wd.
vspikahd fl;likg;ig cUthf;f je;jpNuhgha cr;rpahdJ> ikag;gLj;Jtjw;Fj;jPtpukhf Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; tPr;nry;iy my;yJ ‘Kfhikapd; gug;G’ Nkyjpfhhp vj;jifa vz;zpf;ifapyhd Copah;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtuhfTs;shh; vd;gjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
tYvd;gJ Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbg;gpg;gjw;fhd jpwik. epWtdj;jpy; gy;NtWtifahd tYf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gjtp my;yJ rl;lhPjpapyhd tY> epGzj;Jt tY> jdpegh; tY> tstY> kiwKftY Nghd;wit cjhuzq;fshFk;.
mjpfhuk; vd;gJ gjtpepiy tYTld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;. ,J Fwpg;gpl;ltiuaiwfspDs; Fwpg;gpl;l jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd chpikahFk;.
nghWg;G vd;gJ jdpegUf;F toq;fg;gl;l Ntiyg;gzpapid epiwNtw;Wk;flg;ghlhFk;.
mj;jpa;ahr; RUf;fk;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
190 CA Sri Lanka
1 mikg;G xd;wpd; fl;Lg;ghl;L tprhy msT vd;why; vd;d?
2 xU Nrjdf; fl;likg;gpy; jPh;khdnkLj;jy; ngUk;ghYk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. rupah jtwh?
3 milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gl;baypy; cs;s nrhw;fspy; xd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp fPNo cs;s $w;iw epiwT nra;aTk;.
................................... mjpfhukhdJ gphpTfspd; vy;iyfisj; jhz;b nraw;gLtJld;> Kfhikahsh;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;jg; gphpTfs; jtpu;e;j NtW JiwfspYk; cs;s Copau;fs; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s cjTfpwJ."
(Kfhikapay;> tupir> Copau;fs;> njhopw;ghl;L> epjpapay;> Kiwrhh;)
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;ir
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 191
1 fl;Lg;ghl;L tprhyk; vd;gJ xU cau; mjpfhupf;F Neubahf mwpf;ifapLk; Copah;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
2 jtW. xU Nrjdf; fl;likg;G vd;gJ ntspg;Gw R+oy; khw;wj;jpw;F ed;F gjpypWf;Fk; xd;whFk;. ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;likg;Gfs; nghJthf nkJthd jPh;kdk; Nkw;nfhs;tij cs;slf;FtJld; mit ngUkstpy; epakg;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfspy; mjpfk; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wd. ,e;j mk;rq;fs; khw;wq;fSf;F tpiuthf gjpyspf;Fk; jpwidj; jLg;gJld;> mit xU nghwpKiw mikg;GlNdNa mjpfk; njhlu;GgLfpd;wd.
3 njhopw;ghl;L
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;irf;fhd tpilfs;
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 192
BL4 | mj;jpahak; 6: mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka193
jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; mwpKfk;
‘jiyikj;Jtk;’ vd;gjd; %yk; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjid tiuaiw nra;J> ,jid KfhikapypUe;J NtWgLj;jp (gpupT 1) mikg;G xd;wpYs;s jiyikj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp Muha;tJld; ,t; mj;jpahak; Muk;gpf;fpwJ. gpupT 2 ,y;> gpd;gw;wg;glj;jf;f NtWgl;l jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;Ffisf; fw;Nghk;.
gpupT 3 Cf;fg;Lj;Jjiyf; fw;gjw;fhf> Kjypy; ,J vt;thW nraw;jpwDld; njhlh;GgLfpwJ vd;;gijf; fw;W> gpd;du; jdpegu;fs; vt;thW Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhh;fs; vd;gij tpsf;f Kd; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW Nfhl;ghLfisf; fw;Nghk;.
gpupT 4 ,y;> mikg;gpYs;s njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisf; fw;wfTs;sJld;> ,Wjpahf> gpupT 5 ,y;> gaDWjp tha;e;j njhlu;ghlYf;fhd jilfis ehq;fs; fye;JiuahLNthk;.
mwpTf;$W3 Kfhikj;Jtj; njhopw;ghLfs;3.3 jiyik tfpj;jy; 3.3.1 Kfhik nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghlhf> jiyik tfpj;jiy nrhw; nghUs;
tiuaiw nra;J> jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpa gFjpfis ,dq;fhZjy;.
3.3.2 mikg;gpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ij nrhw;nghUs; tiuaiw nra;J> tpisjpwd; kpf;f jiytupd; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghLfis milahsk; fhZjy;.
3.3.3 jiytu; xUtuJ tfpghfj;jpypUe;J KfhikahsuJ tfpghfj;ij NtWgLj;jp> jiytu;fspd; tY %yq;fis milahsk; fhZjy;.
3.3.4 gaDWjp kpf;f Kfhikahsh;fSf;fhd kpfr;rpwe;j jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fpid milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhf> NtWgl;l jiyikj;Jt mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfisf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
Cf;Ftpj;jy; 3.3.5 Kfhik nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghlhf Cf;Ftpj;jiy nghUs; tiuaWj;jy;
3.3.6 Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; mikg;gpd; nra;w;wpwd; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd njhlh;gpid milahsk; fz;L> Cf;Ftpj;jy; jtph;e;j mikg;gpd; nraw;wpwdpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jf; $ba fhuzpfspidf; fye;JiuahLjy;
3.3.7 Cf;fg;gLj;jypd; cs;slf;f kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwf; Nfhl;ghLfis milahsk; fz;L> mikg;gpd; Cf;fg;gLj;jy; je;jpNuhghaq;fs; kw;Wk; mj; je;jpNuhghaq;fis mikg;gpDs; eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;fhd Ra nghWg;G Mfpatw;iw;g; Ghpe;j nfhs;tjw;fhf xt;nthU Cf;Ftpj;jy; Nfhl;ghLfspdJk; gpuNahfj;jpid Muha;jy;
3.3.8 Copau;fspd; Cf;fg;ghl;bd; kl;lq;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;Jld; Cf;fg;ghL kw;Wk; Cf;fkpd;ikf;fhd mwpFwpfis tpsf;Fjy;.
njhlh;ghly; 3.3.9 njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUtpid nrhw;nghUs; tiuaiw nra;J> mikg;Gf;fspy; njhlu;ghlypd; tfpghfj;ij milahsk; fhzy;
3.3.10 gaDWjp kpf;f kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwdhd njhlu;ghly;fspilapyhd NtWghl;ilf; fz;lwpe;J> gaDWjpkpf;f njhlu;ghlYf;fhd epge;jidfis Muha;jy;
3.3.11 mbg;gilahd njhlu;ghly; khjpupiag; gad;gLj;jp> nghJthf mikg;Gf;fspy; njhlu;ghly; eilngWk; tpjj;jpid Muha;jy;
3.3.12 mikg;gpd; Kiwrhh; njhlu;ghly; topKiwfis tpsf;fp> Kfhik eilKiwfspy; Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghlyig; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfisf; fye;JiuahLjy;
3.3.13 njhlu;ghlYf;fhd jilfis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;iw cilf;Fk; topfis Muha;jy;
3.3.14 mikg;gpd; epiwNtw;Wepiy Copau;fSf;fhd njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
mj;jpaha
k;
Draft Version
194 CA Sri Lanka
1.1 jiyikj;Jtj;ij nghUs; tiuaiw nra;jy;jiyikj;Jtj;ij gpd;tUkhW tiuaWf;fyhk;. “FO Nehf;fj;ij mile;Jnfhs;s Copah;fisj; J}z;Ltjw;fhf nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; eltbf;if” (Terry)'‘jdpg;gl;l jpwikrhh; nry;thf;fhdJ tpNrlkhd ,yf;F my;yJ ,yf;Ffismiltjid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l xU #oypy; njhlh;ghly; nrad;Kiw %yk; gad;gLj;JtNjhL newpg;gLj;Jjy;'
(Tannenbaum et al)
ehq;fs; mtjhdpj;jjw;F mika jiyikj;Jtj;jpidg; gw;wpa ntt;NTWgl;l Nehf;fq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkNy nfhLf;fg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzj;jpw;F mika gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
topelj;jy; (leading) - Nehf;fj;jpid Nehf;fp newpg;gLj;Jjy;.
Cf;fg;gLj;jy; (motivating) - Copah;fs; Nehf;fj;jpid tpUk;gp miltjw;Fr;nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jjy;.
njhlh;GgLj;Jjy; (Communicating) - Nehf;fj;jpid mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fegh;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; jfty;fis toq;Fjy;. jg;ghd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpidj;jLj;jy;.
jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F gy;NtWgl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs; gy mwpQh;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kf;fpa tplaq;fshf (,it jiyikj;Jtj;ij Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtWgLj;jg; gad;gLk;) jdpegh;fSf;fpilapyhd nry;thf;F> ,yf;Ffisg; gfph;tjw;;fhd Mh;tkhd <Lghl;il ghJfhj;jy;> rf;jpia cUthf;fy; kw;Wk; khw;wj;jpw;fhd Kd;ndLg;G.
%d;W Kf;fpa jiyikj;Jtg; gs;spf; Nfhl;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd: gz;Grhh; Nfhl;ghL> elj;ijrhh; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; #o;epiyrhh; Nfhl;ghL MfpadthFk;.
1 jiyikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d?
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fq;fs; fw;wy;
ntspg;ghLfs;
3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, 3.3.8
3.3.9, 3.3.10, 3.3.11, 3.3.12,
3.3.14
1 jiyikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d?
2 jiyikj;Jt tbtq;fs;
3 Cf;Ftpj;jy;
4 gaDWjpkpf;f njhlh;ghly;
5 njhlh;ghlYf;fhd jilfs; 3.3.13
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 195
1.2 Kfhikj;JtKk; jiyikj;JtKk;
Kfhikj;JtKk; jiyikj;JtKk; ,U nrhw;fSk; khwp khwp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. khw;whf rpyh; jiyikj;JtkhdJ Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; gFjpahf fUJfpd;wdh;. ,d;Dk; rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Kfhikj;Jtj;jp;wd; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; kpfTk; ehfhPf nrhw;fshf gpujpgypg;gjw;F kPsilahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ,uz;L nrhw;nwhlh;fisAk; NtWgLj;Jtjw;Fg; gy Kaw;rpfs; eilngWfpd;wd.
Kottler (2001) vd;w fy;tpayhsh; KfhikAk; jiyikj;JtKk; ntt;NtWgl;l eltbf;ifapd; njhFjpapid nfhz;like;Js;sJ. Kfhikj;JtkhdJ> rpf;fyhd tplaq;fis vt;thW rkhspg;gJ vd;gijg; gw;wpajhFk;. Kfhikj;Jtj; njhopw;ghlhdJ> jh;f;ftpayhf fl;likg;gpid nfhz;L Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfisf; nfhz;baq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J fl;lisia cUthf;FtJk;> njhlh;Njh;r;rpahd jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk;> vjph;T $wiyAk; Kf;fpa Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L njhopw;gLfpd;wd. jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F vjph;khwhdjhFk;. khw;wj;ij vt;thW rkhspg;gJ vd;gjhFk;. jiyikj;Jt eltbf;iffs; newpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd czh;it cUthf;Fjy;. je;jpNuhghaj;jpid njhlh;ghly; nra;jy;> rf;jpA+l;ly;><h;g;Gj;jd;ik cUthf;fy; J}uNehf;if nraw;ghlhf khw;Wtjw;F egh;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
Kfhikj;JtkhdJ tsq;fs;> eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lj;jpw;F Nkyhf
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jiyikj;JtkhdJ ‘Copah;fs;/egh;fSf;F Nkyhf gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
1.3 Kf;fpa jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs;xU rpwe;j jiytUf;F tzpfg; gFjp kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpwd; kpf Kf;fpakhFk;. mitahtd:
(a) Kaw;rpahz;ik : tzpf Kaw;rpfis milahsq; fhz;gjw;fhd jpwikkw;Wk; tsq;fis me;j Kaw;rpf;F efh;j;jp %yjdg;gLj;Jk; jpwik.
(b) jdpegh; jpwdhdJ tiyg;gpd;diy cUthf;fy;> cwitf; fl;bnaOg;gy;>nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jjy;> Nguk;Ngry;> Kuz;ghLfisj; jPh;j;jy;>kw;wth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis Nfl;lwpjy;> Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;> gapw;rpaspj;jy;kw;Wk; rhpahd Kiwapy; njhlh;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghd;witahFk;.
(c) jPh;khdk; vLj;jy; kw;Wk; gpur;ridfisj; jPh;f;Fk; jpwdhdJ> gue;jtpjkhd Nehf;fj;jp;idg; ghh;g;gjhf mikfpd;wJ.
(d) Neu Kfhikj;JtKk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l xUq;fikg;Gk;
(e) Ra tpUj;jpj; jpwd;: Ra tpopg;Gzh;it mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf mDgtk; %yk;njhlh;e;Njh;r;rpahff; fw;wy;. fw;wYf;fhd re;jh;g;gj;jpid cUthf;fy;.
1.4 jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; tY
xU tpisjpwd; kpf;f jiytuhf ,Ug;gjw;F> xU jdpegh;; mikg;gpDs; tYitf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j tY jiytuhf ,Ug;gjd; tpisthf khj;jpuk; vOtjpy;iy. jiytu;fs; gy %yq;fspy; ,Ue;J jq;fs; tYitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;:
(m) rl;lg+h;t tY vd;gJ jiytuhf ,Ug;gjd; tpisthf xU jiytu;nfhz;bUf;Fk; Xh; Kiwrhh;e;j tYthFk;. mikg;gpDs; Fwpg;gpl;l
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
196 CA Sri Lanka
tfpghfj;ij my;yJ gjtpepiyia tfpg;gjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; tY ,JthFk;. ,J mikg;gpd; mjpfhutupirAld; ,izf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. jdpegh; nfhz;bUf;Fk; gjtpepiy mjpfhukl;lj;jpd; cah;thd ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; msTf;F> me;j egu; nfhz;bUf;Fk; rl;lG+u;tkhd tYTk; cah;thff; fhzg;gLk;.
(M) ntFkjpaspf;Fk; tY vd;gJ rl;lg+h;t tYTld; neUf;fkhfj; njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;. ,J xU jiytu; vd;w tifapy; gjtp cau;T> Cjpa cau;T> ghuhl;L my;yJ mq;fPfhuk; Nghd;w ntFkjpfis toq;Fk; tYthFk;.
(,) jz;bf;Fk; tY vd;gJ xU jiytu; Fwpj;jnthU xU tpisT my;yJ elj;ijapidf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jk; tYthFk;. Kf;fpakhf ,J Copau;fis xOf;fhw;W eilKiwfs; %yk; my;yJ NtiyapypUe;J epWj;jg;gLtjd; %ykhfj; jz;bg;gjw;fhd tYthFk;. ,J tYthf ,Ue;j NghJk;> jz;bf;Fk; tYthdJ gaDWjp kpf;fjhf ,Ug;gjw;fhf> kpfTk; ftdkhd tifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(<) epGzj;Jt tY vd;gJ mwpT> jpwd;fs; my;yJ mDgtj;jpypUe;J vOfpwJ. mikg;gpDs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l nrad;Kiw my;yJ Kiwikapidg; gw;wp mjpfk; mwpe;j egu;fs; mjpf mstpy; epGzj;Jt tYitf; nfhz;bUg;gh;.
(c) jfty; tY vd;gJ mjpf jfty;fisf; nfhz;l> mjd; %yk; mwpT kpf;fjdpegu;fs;> mjpf tYitf; nfhz;bUg;gh; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,JepGzj;Jt tYTf;F rkkhdjy;y> ,t; tYitf; nfhz;bUf;fepGzj;Jtk; mtrpakpy;iy. ,J kw;wtu;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk;jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;fhd xU egupd; jpwd; gw;wpajhFk;.
(C) Fwpg;gPl;L tY vd;gJ xU jiytu; tpUk;gg; gLtjw;Fk; fl;lisfSf;Fkupahijaspf;fg; gLtjw;Fkhd tYthFk;. ftu;e;jpOf;Fk; MSikAs;sjiytu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; mjpf Fwpg;gPl;L tYitf; nfhz;bUg;gh;.,Ug;gpDk;> me;j ftu;r;rp MSikahdJ gyk;kpf;f ehzaj;jd;ik kw;Wk;ePz;l fhy Mokhd rpwe;j elj;ij Mfpatw;Wld; ,ize;jpUe;jhy;khj;jpuNk tYkpf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
1.5 jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd Nfhl;ghL
jiyikj;Jtj;jpid tpsf;Ftjw;Fg; gy Kf;fpakhd Nfhl;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gs;sp fUj;Jiu
gz;Grhh; Nfhl;ghL
,J ntw;wpfukhd jiythpd; MSikg; gz;GfisAk; my;yJ tpUg;Gf;fisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gFg;gha;T nra;fpd;wJ.
ghq;F my;yJ elj;ijf; Nfhl;ghL
ntt;NtWgl;l jiyth;fspd; elj;ijahdJ egh;fspy; ntt;NtW tpjkhfr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjhy; jiyikj;Jtj;ij jdpg;gl;l egh; nrad;Kiw vdf; fUjyhk;. $Ljyhd tpidj;jpwDilaNjh> Fiwthd tpidj;jpwDila elj;ij KiwahdJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
#o;epiyrhh; Nfhl;ghL
jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; ve;j topAk; rpwe;jJ vdf; fUjg;glhJ vd;w ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; tpidj;jpwdhd jiyth; jiyikj;Jtj;jpidr; #o;epiyapd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g ,jd; #o;epiyf;fhf Ntiyapd; jd;ik> FO mq;fj;jthpd; MSik> epWtdf; fyhrhuk; fhzg;gLk;. tpNrl kw;Wk; khw;wKila khwpfSf;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; jkJ elj;ijfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sfpd;wdh;.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
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CA Sri Lanka 197
2 jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;F
2.1 gz;Grhh; Nfhl;ghL
jiyikj;JtkhdJ gy;NtW tpjkhd jFjpfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd gy;NtWgl;l Ma;Tfs; jPh;khdpj;Js;sd. mnkhpf;fhtpy;> Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;thdJ> gpd;tUk; jFjpfis Kd;itj;Js;sJ.
RajPh;g;G toq;Fk;gz;G
Kd;ndLg;Gj;jd;ik
Neh;ik jPh;f;fjhprdj;jd;ik
,af;Fk; Kaw;rp kdpj cwTj; jpwd;
mDkhdpf;Fk;jd;ik
jq;fpapUf;Fk;jd;ik
epahaj;jd;ik ,yl;rpak; mh;g;gzpg;G Nehf;Fepiy rf;jp czh;r;rpapy;
];jpuj;jd;ik $l;LwT
gz;Gf; Nfhl;ghlhdJ rpy gy fhuzq;fSf;fhf kjpg;gpof;fpd;wJ.
(a) tpidj;jpwdhd jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F G+uzkhfj; Ntz;lg;gLk; gz;Gfs;vdf; fUjg;gLk; rpy gz;Gfs; (jifikfs;) Njitjhd; vdcWjpg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
(b) jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jitAk;> Kd;Df;Fg; gpd; KuzhdJk; gy;NtWtifahdJk; gue;Jgl;ljhf Kd;;nkhopag;gLfpd;wJ.
(c) jdpj;jd;iktha;e;jit Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtJld; jiyikj;JtepiyikfSf;F rpf;fyhdjhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; vy;NyhuhYk;;jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F ey;ynjhU epiyapy;topfhl;Lgtuhf ,Uf;fKbahJ.
2.2 jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; elj;ijrhh; Nfhl;ghLfs; jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fpNy gy;NtW tifg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fpd; ngah;r; Rl;bfSk; tiutpyf;fzq;fSk; NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;> elj;ijrhh; khjpupfs; ngUk;ghYk; xNu tplaj;ijNa (gue;Jgl;l tpjkhf) NgRfpd;wd: ,it gpd;tUk; elj;ijfspd; njhlu;r;rpahftpUf;Fk;: (m) KOikahf gzpfis ikag;gLj;jpa> fl;lisapLk; jiyikj;Jt
elj;ijfs; (cau; jiyikf; fl;Lg;ghl;ilg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;nra;Ak;)
(M) kw;iwaJ> KOikahf kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpa> Mjutspf;Fk;/cwTKiwrhh; jiyikj;Jt elj;ijfs; (cau; JizepiyCopah; MjuT epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;)
w;fdNt fhzg;gLk; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; rpwe;j kdpjd; my;yJ ntw;wpfukhd jiytUf;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jdpkdpjg; gz;Gfs; nghJthff; fhzg;gLk;. jiyth;fs; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy mth;fs; gpwf;fpd;wdh;.
jiyikj;Jtg; ghzpahdJ> jiyikj;Jt elj;ijapd; njhFjpahFk;. ,e;j elj;ijapy; ntt;NtWgl;l #o;epiyapy; ntt;NtW tpjkhd topfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. gy gy;NtW gphpTs;s jiyikj;Jt ghzpfs; fhzg;gLk; NghJ jiyth; Ntiyapidr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F vjid ve;jstpw;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;whh; vd;gjid nghWj;Jk; (Neub elj;ij) my;yJ kf;fSldhd my;yJ egh;fSldhd cwTf;F me;jg;ghzpapid (Jiz elj;ij) gad;gLj;Jfpd;whh; vd;gjidg; nghWj;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.
jiyth; jdJ mzp kw;Wk; #o;epiyf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy; my;yJ Njitg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; jkJ ghzpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,J #o;epiyrhh; Nfhl;ghl;L mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilapyhFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
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198 CA Sri Lanka
2.2.1 elj;ijrhh; mZFKiwfspd; tiuaiwfs; elj;ijrhh; mZFKiwapd; kpf Kf;fpakhd tpku;rdk; vd;dntdpy;> tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f jiyikj;Jt eilKiwf;F gq;fspf;Fk; midj;J khwpfisAk; mJ fUj;jpy; nfhs;shikahFk;.
(m) KfhikahsuJ MSikahdJ (my;yJ 'nraw;gLk; ,aYik”) NtWgl;lghq;Ffisg; gpd;gw;wj;jf;f tifapy; nefpo;thdjhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy
(M) gzp> njhopy;El;gk;> epWtd fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; gpw Kfhikahsh;fs;Mfpatw;wpd; mOj;jk;; jiytUf;Ff; fpilf;fj; jf;fjhftpUf;Fk;ghq;Ffspd; kPJ tiuaiwia cUthf;Ffpd;wd. (jiytupd; nrhe;jKjyhsp xU ru;thjpfhu ghq;fpidf; filg;gpbj;jhy;> mj;Jld; FOjpwikaw;wjhfTk; kw;Wk; neUf;fkhd Nkw;ghu;it mtrpakhdjhfTk;fhzg;gl;lhy;;> gq;Fgw;wy; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; tpUk;gj;jf;f jd;ik Fwpj;jve;jnthU Nfhl;ghLk; mq;F rhj;jpakhfhJ)
(,) fPo;epiy Copah;fSf;F epiykhwhj;jd;ik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. xU Kfhikahsh; jkJ ghq;fpid khWk; R+o;epiyfSf;F Vw;wthW khw;wpdhy;> mtu;fs; Kfhikahsiu rpf;fyhdtu;fshf czuyhk; my;yJ ghJfhg;gpd;ik kw;Wk; kd mOj;jj;jpw;F Mshf Neuplyhk;.
`rpd;];fp kw;Wk; gpAr;rdd; MfpNahh;> 've;jnthU ghq;Fk; kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij jPu;khdpf;f jdpg;gl;l Kfhikahsu;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba vspa nra;Kiw vJTk; ,y;iy” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd #o;epiyrhh; mZFKiwapd; tsu;r;rpf;F toptFj;j gue;j khwpfspidf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sjy; mtrpakhFk;.
2.2.2 jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fpd; njhlu;r;rpj; jd;ik
lhdd;ghk; kw;Wk; \;kpl; (1973) MfpNahh; Kfhikahsuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mjpfhuj;jpd; msT kw;Wk; FO Copah;fsJ Rje;jpuj;jpd; msit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l njhlu;r;rpahd elj;ijfs; (kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila ghzpfs;) fl;likg;ig Kd;nkhope;jdu;.
elj;ijfs; kw;Wk; njhlh;Ggl;l jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fpd; njhlu;r;rpj; jd;ik
rh;thjpfhu gz pfs ; k Pjhd ftdk ;
[dehaf cwTKiw k Pjhd ftdk ;
KfhikahsuJ mjpfhuj ;j pd ; gad ;ghL fPo ;e piy CopauJ Rje ;j pug ; gFj pfs ;
Kfhikahsh; jPh;khdj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L mjid mwptpg;ghh;
Kfhikahsh; jPh;khdj;ij tpw;ghh;
Kfhikahsh; vz;zq;fis toq;fp tpdhf;fis tuNtw;ghh;.
Kfhikahsh; tpUk;gj;jf;f khw;wj;Jf;F cl;gl;l tifapy; tpdhf;fis toq;Fthh;.
Kfhikahsh; gpur;ridiaf; $wp> ghpe;Jiufisg; ngw;Wj; jPh;khdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thh;.
Kfhikahsh; tiuaiwfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffis tFj;J jPh;khdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;SkhW FOitf; NfhUthh;.
Kfhikahsh; Fwpj;J xJf;fg;gl;l tiuaiwapDs; fPo;epiyb Copah;fis Rje;jpukhf nraw;gl mDkjpg;ghh;.
(gpujpnaLf;fg;gl;l %yk;: Tannenbaum and Schmidt, 1973)
tiuglk; 7.1: elj;ijfs; kw;Wk; njhlh;Ggl;l jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fpd; njhlu;r;rpj; jd;ik
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
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CA Sri Lanka 199
2.2.3 gpNsf; kw;Wk; kTl;ldpd; Kfhikj;Jtf; fl;likg;G
gpNsf; kw;Wk; kTld; (1985) Kfhikj;Jt elj;ij Fwpj;J Muha;r;rpia (X`pNah mur jiyikj;Jtf; fw;iffs;) Nkw;nfhz;L> jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; ,U mbg;gilg; gupkhzq;fis mtjhdpj;jdu;: cw;gj;jp kPjhd mf;fiw (my;yJ gzp nraw;jpwd;) kw;Wk; kf;fs; kPjhd mf;fiw.
,e;j ,uz;L gupkhzq;fSlDk;> Kfhikahsu;fs; Xh; njhlu;r;rp tPr;rj;jpy; kpff; Fiwe;j kl;lk; Kjy; kpf cau;e;j kl;lk; tiuahd ve;jg; Gs;spapYk; ,Uf;f KbAk;. gpNsf; kw;Wk; kTld; (1985) ,e;j ,U mf;fiwfSk; Neuhf my;yJ vjpu;kiwahf xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Ggl;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gij mtuhdpj;jdu;: cjhuzkhf> xU gupkhzj;jpd; kPjhd mjpf mf;fiw> kw;iwa gupkhzj;jpy; mjpf my;yJ Fiwe;j mf;fiwiaf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. vdNt jdpg;gl;l Kfhikahsu;fs; gzp kw;Wk; kf;fs; mf;fiwapd; gy;NtW tupirkhw;wq;fis gpujpgypf;f KbAk;.
fl;lj;jpy; jdpg;gl;l gjpyspg;gtu;fspd; epiyfis gFg;gha;T nra;a kw;Wk; jpl;lkpl gadu;fSf;F cjTk; tifapy; xU tpdhf;nfhj;J tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. Kfhik tpUj;jp Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf jdpegu;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtg; ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk; gytPdkhd gFjpfs; my;yJ 'rkepiyapd;ik' Mfpatw;iw gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;fhd topKiwahf ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Kfhikj;Jtf; fl;lk;
cah;thd
Fiwthd
Fiwth
d
cw;gj;jp kPjhd mf;fiw cah;thd
(gpujpnaLf;fg;gl;l %yk; : Blake and Mouton, 1985)
Figure 7.2: The managerial grid
fl;lj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Kf;fpa epiyikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(m) 1.1 Fiwjpwdhsh;fs;: Kfhikahsu; Nrhk;gy; kpf;ftuhfTk;> Copau;fs; my;yJNtiy ,uz;bYNk Fiwe;j mf;fiw nfhz;ltuhfTk; ,Uf;fpwhh;.
(M) 1.9 ehl;Lg;Gwf; fofk;: Kfhikahsu; Copau;fspd; Njitfis ed;F ftdpj;JjpUg;jpfukhd cwTKiwfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh;. ,Ug;gpDk;> jPh;khdq;fismiltjpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy.
(,) 9.1 gzp Nehf;fhdth;: jPh;khdq;fis miltjpNyNa ngUk;ghYk; KOikahd ftdk; cs;sJ. kf;fspd; Njitfs; nka;epfuhd mstpy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
5.5
kf;fs; kPjhd mf;fiw
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
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200 CA Sri Lanka
(<) 5.5 eLj;njU Kfhik my;yJ nraypoe;j Cry;: FO epahaj; jd;ikAldhd> Ntiyia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd rkepiyg;gLj;jy; Clhd (my;yJ ,ilapy; epiykhWtjd; %ykhd) NghJkhd nraw;jpwd;.
(,) 9.9 FO: mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fSld; jq;fis milahsk; fhZk; mu;g;gzpg;Gs;s egu;fisj; “jiyik tfpg;gjd;” %yk;; cau;e;j Ntiy milTfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
Kfhikj;Jt gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lj; Njitfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;F ,e;jf; fl;lk; gy gaDs;s Ez;zwpTfis toq;FfpwJ. xU Kfhikahsupd; elj;ij kw;Wk;
mDkhdq;fs; gupkhzq;fSf;fpilapy; rkepiyapd;ik kw;Wk; / my;yJ xU my;yJ ,U gupkhzq;fspYNk Fiwe;j mstpyhd mf;fiwia ntspg;gLj;jf;$Lk; vd;gij ,J vspjhf xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l tbtj;jpy; fhl;LfpwJ. ,J FO cWg;gpdu; Nju;tpYk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf 1.9 mzpj; jiytu; xUth; 9.1 ,izj; jiytuhy; rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gLthu;.
,Ug;gpDk;> Nkw;gb fl;lk; xU vspikg;gLj;jg;gl;l khjpupahFk;> NkYk; ,J eilKiwapy; gy FiwghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(m) gaDWjpkpf;f jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;F 9.9 khjphp tpUk;gj;jf;fJ vd;W ,JfUJfpwJ. rpy Kfhikr; R+o;epiyfspy;> ,J mt;thW ,Ug;gjpy;iy.cjhuzkhf> tpupthd jd;dpaf;f R+oypy; kf;fSf;fhd mf;fiw mtrpakpy;iy>mtrpakhd tplak; ,zf;fg;ghL khj;jpuNkahFk;.
(M) ,J kpifahd vspikahf;fYf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ. jdpg;gl;l Kfhikahsu;fspd;nghUe;jf;$ba jd;ik my;yJ nraw;jpwd; Fwpj;j RajPu;g;GfSld; kjpg;ngz;fs;gphpf;fg;;gl;ljhfj; Njhd;Wk;. ,f; fl;lk; xU Kfhikahsupd; tpUg;gkhd ghzpapd;
vspikg;gLj;jg;gl;l 'cUtg;glkhf” fUjg;gLfpwNj jtpu> mtUila nraw;jpwd;Fwpj;j tpupthd tpsf;fk; my;y.
(,) fl;lj;jhy; tptupf;fg;gl;l ,uz;L gupkhzq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> mikg;G R+o;epiy
kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk;> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; gpw 'fhuzpfs;” Kfhikahsupd; jiyikj;Jt ghzpapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
(<) ve;jnthU Kfhikf; Nfhl;ghLk; Kfhikahsu;fshy; eilKiwapy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba mstpw;F kl;LNk gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;: Kfhikahsu;fs;
'kf;fs; kPJ mjpf mf;fiw ngw Ntz;Lk;” vd;W Kfhikahsu;fSf;F njuptpf;f kl;LNk fl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> mJ kd mOj;jk;> epr;rakw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; epiyaw;w elj;ij Kjypatw;iw Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;.
2.2.4 Nfhl;ghL X kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghL Y
kf;fpuNfhu; (1987)> Kfhikahsu;fs; (mnkupf;fhtpy;) mtu;fs; gzpapy; ,Ug;gtu;fisg; gw;wpa ,uz;L njhFg;G mDkhdq;fspy; xd;wpidg; gpd;gw;Wgth;fshf ele;J nfhs;tjhf gupe;Jiuj;Js;shh;. Nfhl;ghL X kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghL Y.
(m) Nfhl;ghL X MdJ ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; Ntiy kw;Wk; nghWg;igtpUk;Gtjpy;iy vdTk;> rhj;jpnkdpy; ,uz;ilAk; jtpu;g;ghu;fs; vdTk;Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf> Ntiyfisr; nra;tpg;gjw;fhf mtrpakhdKaw;rpfisr; nrYj;Jtpf;Fk; Kfkhf ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl> fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl> topelj;jg;gl kw;Wk; / my;yJ jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mDkhdq;fspd;gb nraw;gLk; Kfhikahsu;fs; neUf;fkhf Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;Fk;> tpupthd tpjpfs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> 'ntFkjpfs; kw;Wk; jz;lid”' Cf;Ftpj;jiyg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Kidfpwhu;fs;.
(M) Nfhl;ghL Y MdJ Ntiy kPjhd cly; cs hPjpahd gq;fspg;ghdJtpisahl;l my;yJ Xa;T Nghy ,aw;ifahdJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.rhjhuz egu; ,ay;ghfNt Ntiyia tpUk;ghJ ,Ug;gjpy;iy:epge;jidfspd; gb> ,J jpUg;jp my;yJ mjpUg;jpapd; %ykhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 201
ruhrup egupd; jpwd;fs; Ntiyapy; KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mikg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; mtu;fspd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis xUq;fpizf;f Kbe;jhy;> kf;fs; jq;fs; Ntiyapy; rthiyAk; nghWg;igAk; NjLtjw;Fj; J}z;lg;glyhk;. jdJ Copau;fsplk; ,e;j khjpupahd mZFKiwiaf; nfhz;l xU Kfhikahsu; xU MNyhrfuhfTk;> trjpaspf;Fk; jiytuhfTk;> Neu;f;fzpa gpd;D}l;liyg; gad;gLj;JgtuhfTk;> rthy; kw;Wk; nghWg;ig Cf;Ftpg;Gf; fhuzpfshfg; gad;gLj;JgtuhfTk; fhzg;gLthu;.
,uz;LNk jPtpukhd mDkhdq;fspd; njhFg;ghf ,Ug;gjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdNt jtpu> cz;ikahd egu;fspd; tif my;y. ,Ug;gpDk;> mit Raepiwthd
jPu;f;fjuprdq;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. 'Nfhl;ghL vf;];” cz;ik vdf; fUjg;gLk;
Copau;fs; mjw;Nfw;g ele;J nfhs;sj; njhlq;Fthu;fs;. 'Nfhl;ghL it” cz;ik vdf; fUjg;gLk; Copau;fs; - mjpf nghWg;ig Vw;gjw;fhd rthy; tpLf;fg;gLtJld;> mjw;Nfw;g rthy;fis Vw;gLj;jp elj;ij nfhs;th;.
Nfhl;ghL vf;]; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghL it Mfpait Kfhikahsh;fsJ Cf;Ftpj;jy; ghq;fpd; mbg;gilapyhd mDkhdq;fisg; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it mjpfupf;f gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
2.3 jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; #o;epiyrhh; mZFKiw
rhuk;rkhf> nefpoj;jf;f jpl;l vz;zf;fUtpypUe;J tpidj;jpwdhd jiyikj;Jtj;ijf; fhzyhk;. mJ khwpfspd; vz;zpf;ifapYk; nefpoj;jf;f jpl;l fhuzpfspYk; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,jw;F rupahdnjhU top fhzg;glhj NghjpYk; vy;yh epiyfspYk; nghUj;jkhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xU KfhikahsH xUtopfhl;Lk;jpwd; cs;stuhfTk;> mj;Jld; mtUf;F my;yJ mtSf;Ff; fPNo njhopy; GupgtHfspilNa nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjw;Fk;> nghUj;jkhdnjhU
#o;epiyapy; tplaj;jpw;F tplak; NtWgLj;JtjpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ. Gillen
(topfhl;Lk; jpwd;fs;) gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH;;: xU jiyikj;Jt gz;gpidg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ mJ epWj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; fbfhuj;jpidg; Nghd;W Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J xUehisf;F ,uz;L Ntisapy; rupahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;> kw;iwa Neuq;fspy; ,J gpioahdjhfTk; NtWgl;ljhfTNk fhzg;gLk;. topfhl;bfs; mtHfSila FOf;fspilNa NtWgl;ltopfspy; NtWgl;l epiyfspy; njhlHgpid Nkw;nfhs;sTk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,jpypUe;J ehk; topfhl;ly; gz;Gfisj; njupe;J nfhs;syhk;.
2.3.1 mNlau;
mNlaupd; (1979) nray;-ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l> my;yJ R+o;epiyrhh; khjpupahdJ xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Ggl;l kw;Wk; KOR+o;epiyapd; kPJk; ftdk; nfhz;L Muhag;gl Ntz;ba %d;W Kf;fpa khwpfs; nfhz;l xU R+oypy; jiyikj;Jt nray;Kiwiag; ghu;f;fpwJ. ,it gzpj; Njitfs;> FO cWg;gpdu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l Njitfs; kw;Wk; xl;Lnkhj;j FOtpd; Njitfs; MFk;. nkhj;j #o;epiyANk %d;W Njitfspy; xt;nthd;Wf;FNk toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba xg;gPl;L Kd;Dupikiaf; fl;hag;gLj;JfpwJ. NjitfSf;F ,ilapy; xU rkepiyia cUthf;fp me;j Kd;Dupikia milahsk; fz;L nray;gLtNj gaDWjpkpf;f jiyikj;Jtk; MFk;. mNlaupd; khjpupahdJ ,J jdpegupd; Njitfs; kw;Wk; FOtpd; khwpfs; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; xUq;fpizg;gjdhy; mrhjhuzkhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
2.3.2 gPl;yu;
gPl;yu; (1967) kf;fs; gFjpastpy; jq;fs; nrhe;j gz;Gfspd; fhuzkhfTk;> gFjpastpy; mtu;fs; jk;ikf; fz;lwpAk; R+o;epiyapd; jd;ik fhuzkhfTk; jiytu;fshf khWtijf; fz;lwpe;jhu;. jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fhdJ epiyj;j jd;ikatha;e;j fhuzpahd jiytupd; MSikiag; nghWj;jjhFk;. epiyik jiytUf;F rhjfkhf mikAk; jd;ikahdJ %d;W tplaq;fisg; nghWj;jjhFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
202 CA Sri Lanka
(m) gjtpepiy tY. ,J mikg;gpd; mjpfhuj;jf;F xj;j tplakhFk;.
(M) gzpf; fl;likg;G. gzpahdJ xOq;fikf;f vspjhdjhfTk; nghWg;Gf; $Wk;jd;ikahdJ gzp njspthdjhfTk;> ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;>Fog;gfukhdjd;ik mw;wjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ jPu;khdpf;f vspjhftpUf;Fk;.gzp njsptw;wjhfTk;> fl;likf;fg;glhkYk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ nraw;jpwdpd;juj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ fbdkhdjhFk;.
(,) jiytu;-Jiz Copa cwTfs;. fPo;epiy copah;fs; jiyth; kPJ ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; tpRthrk; nfhz;Ls;s NghJ jiytupd; gzp vspjhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
epiyik jiytUf;F kpfTk; rhjfkhf my;yJ kpfTk; ghjfkhf cs;sNghJ gzp rhu;e;j mZFKiw kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W gPl;yu; fz;lwpe;jhu;. Fiwthd jPtpujj;d;ikAs;s epfo;Tfspy;> kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l mZFKiw kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2.3.3 n`u;rp kw;Wk; gpshd;rhu;l;
n`u;rp kw;Wk; gpshd;rhu;l; (1993)> ,J gpNsf; kw;Wk; kTld; gupe;Jiuj;j Kfhikf; fl;lj;jpyike;j jiyikj;Jtg;ghq;Ff; Nfhl;ghLfis tiuglkhff; nfhz;lNjhh; jiyikj;Jt khjpupia cUthf;fpdu;. gpd;gw;Wgtu;fspd; Kjpu;r;rpj; jd;ikapidj; jiytu; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kjpu;r;rpj;jd;ikahdJ %d;W $Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(m) rhjid milTf;fhd Cf;fg;ghL (gpd;njhlu;gtu;fs; cau;e;j Mdhy; ajhu;j;jkhd ,yf;Ffis epu;zapf;f KbAkh?)
(M) nghWg;G (mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tpUg;gk; kw;Wk; ,aYik)
(,) fy;tp / mDgtk;. eilKiwapy; Kjpu;r;rpj;jd;ikahdJ cstpay;rhh; Kjpu;r;rpj;jd;ik (cjhuzk;: Ntiy kPjhd kdg;ghq;F) kw;Wk; Ntiy Kjpu;r;rpj;jd;ik (cjhuzk;: gpur;rpid jPu;f;Fk; Mw;wy;) vd gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kjpu;r;rpj;jd;ik mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy;> gzp my;yJ cwTfSf;F Mjuthf Kfhikahsh; rpwpa ftdk; nrYj;jp> mjpfstpy; gutyhf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
kWtskhf> Kjpu;r;rpj;jd;ik Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy;> gzp kPJ mjpf ftdk; Mdhy; cwTKiwfspy; Fiwe;j ftdk; nrYj;Jk; vNjr;rjpfhu (rh;thjpfhu) mZFKiw Njitg;glyhk;.
gpd;gw;Wgtu;fs; eLj;justpyhd Kjph;r;rpj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;s NghJ> gzpf;fhd eLj;jusT ftdj;Jld; cwTKiwfSf;fhd mjpf mf;fiwfs; ,ize;j mZFKiwf;F ed;F gjpypWg;gu;. ,j;jifa re;jh;g;gq;fspy; gq;Fgw;wy; mZFKiwfs; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2.3.4 #o;epiyrhh; Nfhl;ghl;bd; kjpg;gha;T
#o;epiyrhh; Nfhl;ghlhdJ jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;fpd; njuptpd; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; gw;wp kf;fSf;F KOikahd tpopg;Gzh;it Nkw;nfhs;sg; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ];nfa;d; gpd;tUtdtw;iwr; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;:
(m) gzpf; fl;likg;G> tY kw;Wk; cwTKiwfs; Nghd;w Kf;fpa khwpfs;eilKiwapy; mstpLtjw;Ff; fbdkhdit.
(M) #o;epiyrhh; Nfhl;ghLfs; vg;NghJNk jiyth; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba gzpf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd njhopw;jpwd; fhuzpfisf; fUj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.
vdpDk;> #o;epiyrhh; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjpy; ve;jnthU jiytUk; vjph;nfhs;sf;$ba gpujhdkhd gpur;rpidahdJ #o;epiyf;F Vw;w tifapy; jkJ elj;ijfis khw;wpaikj;jf; nfhs;tjhFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 203
2.4 epiykhw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfs; Kypd;]; (2002)> ,Jtiu fw;fg;;gl;l midj;J khjpupfSNk xl;Lnkhj;jkhf jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy; (CLnray;) Nfhl;ghLfshff; Fwpg;gplg;glyhk; vd mtjhdpj;jhh;. ,J jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; epiykhw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd mwpag;gl;l rkPgj;jpa mZFKiwfspypUe;J mtw;iw NtWgLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nrhy; MFk;. cyfk; Kd;ig tpl kpff; Fiwthd epiyj;j;jd;ik tha;e;jJ vdTk;> mjd; fhuzkhf> midj;Jtifahd khw;wq;fSk; mbf;fb Njitg;gLtJld; njhiyNehf;Filait vd;gij epiykhw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfs; nghJthf Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wd vd Ky;ypd;]; (2002) Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. vy;yh tifahd jiytu;fSk; ,ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJk;> mtu;fspd; mikg;Gf;fSf;F Mf;fG+u;tkhd kw;Wk; gaDWjpkpf;f topfspy; gjpypWf;f cjTk; jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;FtJk; mtrpakhFk;.
etPd jiytu;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; gy cs;sd:
cs;spUe;Nj mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Kiwikfis khw;wpaikj;jy;.
rhfrk; kpf;f> njhiyNehf;fhd je;jpNuhghaq;fisf; nfhz;L Kd;Ndhf;fpnrYj;Jjy;. jiytu;fs; vjpu;fhyk; gw;wpa njspthd J}uNehf;iff;nfhz;bUg;gJld;> mjiz miltjw;F vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; mtu;fs; kw;wtu;fisAk; me;j vjpu;fhyj;ijNehf;fpj; J}z;Ljyspf;f KbAk;.
kw;wtu;fis Cf;Ftpj;j;y;. njhiyNehf;Fs;s jiytu;fs; Ntiyia ,ay;ghdjhff; fhz;gpg;gjd; %yk; kw;wtu;fis fbdkhf ciof;fj; J}z;LtJld;> mtu;fs; nra;Ak; nray;fspy; ngWkjpiaAk; Nehf;fj;ijAk;jq;fs; mzpfs; fhzr; nra;tjd; %yKk; Cf;Ftpg;gh;.
Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj; jpirf;fhd njsptpid toq;Fjy;.
rpwe;j jfty; njhlu;ghsu;fshf ,Uj;jy;> jkJ J}uNehf;F kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;,uz;ilAk; njhlh;ghly; nra;tJld;> kw;wtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis mtjhdpg;gjd;%yk; mtu;fsJ ek;gpf;ifiag; ngWjy;.
vdNt epiykhw;wj; jiyikj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghl;bDs; %d;W Kf;fpa fUg;nghUs;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd:
mzpfs;
J}uNehf;F
khw;wk;
2.5 jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; je;jpNuhghak; ,Wjpahf> je;jpNuhghaj;jpy; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahnjdpy;> mJ Gj;jhf;fk; kw;Wk; mikg;Grhh; khw;wj;ij tsu;f;fpwJ. ,JNt jiyikj;Jtj;ij Kfhikj;Jtj;jpypUe;J NtWgLj;JfpwJ.
tzpfj;jpd; mikg;Grhh; Njitg;ghLfisf; ifahs;tjw;fhd xOq;F kw;Wk; eilKiwfis Kfhikj;Jtk; toq;FfpwJ. khwhfj; jiyikj;JtkhdJ> ntw;wpahsh;fs; khWtJld; khw;wj;Jf;F <lhf ,zq;fpr; nry;tJ vt;thW vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;j tifapy;> jiytu;fs; jq;fsJ gpd;njhlu;gtu;fis Kfhikahsu;fs; nra;ahj tifapy; Cf;Ftpg;gJld;> J}z;Ljyspf;fpd;wdh;.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
204 CA Sri Lanka
3 Cf;fg;gLj;jy;
3.1 Cf;Ftpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
Cf;Ftpj;jy; vd;gJ xU jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwapDhlhf ve;jnthU jdpg;gl;ltHfspdJk; tpUg;gj; njupTfis ntspf;nfhzHtJld; ,aq;F njhFjpfs;
%yk; nghUj;jkhd elj;ijapdhy; mtHfsplkpUe;J ngWjyhFk;. (Huczynski and
Buchanan)
tof;fkhf> nrhw;fshd Cf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpj;jy; vd;gd nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w NtWgl;l #o;epiyapy; mikAk; fUj;Jf;fs; gpd;tUkhW.
(a) Nehf;fq;fs; my;yJ KbTfs; mit tpUk;gj;jf;f Fwpg;gpl;l jdpj;JtkhdKbTfis ngw;Wj;jUk;. ehk; mjid gzjjpw;fhf> tYTf;fhf my;yJel;Gf;fhf my;yJ Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fhf Vjhtnjhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjid $wyhk;.
(b) csr;rhHe;j eilKiw tpUg;gg; gad;fis njupT nra;tjw;F> vt;thWmtHfSld; nrd;W Kbtpid ngWtJ vd;gjid jPHkhdpg;gjw;F ( mj;Jld;,uz;by; xd;W xNu khjpupahd ntw;wp mjpfhuj;jpy; Kaw;rp vd;gJ mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;) mj;Jld; elj;ijapyhd mirTfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; mtrpakhFk;.
(c) r%f eilKiwahdJ Vida kf;fshy; vkf;F Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtJld;vt;topfspy; mtHfs; tpUk;gpathW ele;J nfhs;tJ vd;gJ gw;wpajhFk;.Cf;ftpg;gf;fs; vd;gJ toikahf gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtJ epWtdj;jpd;Kaw;rpfSf;F CopaHfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJk; mth;fisf; $LjyhdKaw;rpfSf;F ,af;FtJkhFk;.
3.2 Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l Ntiyj;jyk;
jiyikj;Jtk;> mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G> kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk; Mfpatw;Wld; ,ize;j tifapy; Cf;Ftpj;jyhdJ xU Copag; gilapd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kw;Wk; mikg;G mjd; je;jpNuhgha ,yf;Ffs;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; ,yl;rpaq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd xl;Lnkhj;j ,aYikf;FkhdNjhh; Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;.
Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNaahd njhlu;ghdJ Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l Copag;gilapd;; gz;Gfis mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; rpwg;ghf tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ:
Neh;ik kw;Wk; ftdk; kpf;f fbd ciog;ghspfshd Copau;fs;
Copau;fs; mwpTWj;jy; toq;fg;glhky; jhkhfNt> nray;fis Muk;gpf;Fk;
Cf;fg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ xU jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwapDhlhf ve;jnthU jdpg;gl;ltHfspdJk; tpUg;gj; njupTfis ntspf;nfhzHtJld; ,aq;F njhFjpfs; %yk; nghUj;jkhd elj;ijapdhy; mtHfsplkpUe;J ngWjyhFk;. (Huczynski and
Buchanan)
cs;slf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis gpNuuiz nra;a rpwg;ghd top CopaHfis Cf;ftpg;gjw;F mtHfSf;F vd;d Njit vd;gij mwpe;J mtHfSf;F ntFkjpfisf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; ,j;NjitfNs mtHfis jpUg;jp nra;Ak;.
eilKiw Nfhl;ghLfs; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; KfhikahsHfSf;F cjTtJld; Mw;wy;tha;e;j njhopyhsHfis Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> vd;d Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtHfis tsHr;rpg; ghijapy; elj;jyhk; vd jPHkhdpf;Fk;.
McGregor ,d; MNyhridapd; gpufhuk; KfhikahsHfSila mDFKiwahdJ elj;ijapdhy; VjhtJ Xuplj;jpy; xU mstPl;Lf; fUtpapdhy; ,uz;L cr;r epiyahd mstPl;Lf; fUtpfSf;fpilapy; mstplg;gLk;: nfhs;if X (njhopyhsHfis fl;lhag;gLj;jy;) kw;Wk; nfhs;if Y (njhopyhsHfSf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;fy;)
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 205
Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;fth;fshf ,Uf;f mjpf tha;g;Gs;sJ
rpwe;jNjhh; mikg;ghf Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Copau;fs; Kfhikia rthYf;Fcl;gLj;j mjpf tha;g;Gs;sJ.
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l Copag;gil jkJ rfhf;fSf;F MjuthfTk; cjtpahfTk;,Uf;Fk;
Fiwe;j mstpyhd Copau;fs; tutpd;ik
jdpegu;fs;> mzpfs; my;yJ JiwfSf;F ,ilapyhd Fiwe;j mstpyhdNkhjy;fs;
gzpahsu;fs; nghWg;Gf;$wy; kw;Wk; nghWg;G gw;wpa tYthd czu;itf;nfhz;bUj;jy;.
njhlu;e;Jk; tpUj;jpailtjw;fhf Copau;fs; gpd;D}l;ly;fis ehLfpwhu;fs;
Copag;gil Mw;wy; kpf;ftu;fshfTk;> cw;rhfkhdtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLth;.
,e;j Fzhjpraq;fisf; nfhz;l xU Copag;gilahdJ kpfTk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;> ed;F nraw;gLk;> cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;kpf;f> mikg;Gld; xUq;fpize;j tifapy; mjd; ,yf;Ffis G+u;j;jp nra;aj;jf;fjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
kWGwkhf> Copau;fspilNaahd Nkhrkhd Cf;Ftpg;ghdJ xU mikg;gpd; nraw;jpwdpy; ghjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
Cf;Ftpg;gw;w Copah;fis milahsk; fhl;Lk; vr;rupf;if mwpFwpfshtd:
Fiwe;j nry;Yk; my;yJ Fiwe;Js;s cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;
jhkjk; kw;Wk; tutpd;ik
nghWg;igj; jtpu;j;jy;
mikg;gpDs; Nkhjypd; msT mjpfupj;jy;
kdepiy khw;wq;fs;> Nfyp nra;jy; my;yJ thjg; gpujpthjq;fspy; <Lgly; KjyhdMSik my;yJ elj;ij khw;wq;fs;
Copau;fspd; mjpfupj;j Gus;T tpfpjk;
Cf;fkpd;ikahdJ mjpf fpuaj;ij Vw;gLj;jtjhFk;. cjhuzkhf> mjpfupj;j tutpd;ik> mjpfupj;j Copag; Gus;T> mjpfupj;j jpUk;gy;fspd; vz;zpf;if> mjpfhpj;j tpuaq;fSf;F toptFf;Fk; mjpfupj;j epuhfupg;G tpfpjq;fs;> vjpu;fhy tUtha; kPJ Neubahd ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; NrjKw;w ew;ngau; Kjypa gytw;why; fpuaq;fs; cauf;$Lk;.
,e;j vr;rupf;if mwpFwpfs; Njhd;wj; njhlq;fpaJk;> mikg;gpd; xl;Lnkhj;j nraw;jpwdpy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fk; kpf mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjw;F Kd;du;> Fiwe;JtUk; Cf;fg;ghl;bw;Fj; jPu;itf; fhz eltbf;if vLg;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
3.3 NjitfSk; ,yf;FfSk; jdpg;gl;l elj;ij vd;gJ gFjpastpy; kdpj capupaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ> mbg;gil Njitfs; tho;f;iff;F kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. vg;NghJ kdpj cly; mj;jpahtrpakhdtw;iw ,of;fpd;wNjh> capupay; Mw;wy; vdg;gLfpd;w my;yJ
mtrpaq;fs; vd;gd Jhz;lg;gLfpd;wd. (c+k; grp)> mj;Jld; elj;ijapd; Njitf;F Njit epiwtilAk;tiu MizapLfpd;wJ. cz;Zjy;> Fbj;jy;> cwq;Fjy;> kw;Wk; Vidait. vt;topapyhtJ> ehk; njhlHe;J jd;dpr;irahf njupTfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ vt;thW ehk; Jhz;Ljypy; jpUg;jpailfpd;Nwhk;: mitfs; Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU my;yJ tUtij ciuf;ff;$ba elj;ijapdhy; Jhz;Ltjpy;iy. (ePq;fs; grpahapUe;jhy;> vj;jid topfspy; cq;fsJ grpapid jpUg;jpgLj;JtPHfs; vd;gJ gw;wp rpe;jpj;jJz;lh?)
xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfSk; epr;rakhf xU ,yf;fpid nfhz;bUg;gh;. Kf;fpa njhlHghdJ me;j ,yf;Ffs; jdpg;gl;ltHfSf;F Neuj;jpw;Nfw;wthW> #o;epiyf;Nfw;wthW my;yJ Vida fhuzq;fSf;Nfw;wthW NtWgLk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
206 CA Sri Lanka
nry;thf;Ffs; fUj;Jiufs;
Foe;ijg;gUt #oYk; fy;tpAk;
KO capHg;G kl;lk;> FLk;gKk; tho;f;ifg; Nghf;F khjpupfSk; xd;wpize;j Muk;g kl;l Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;
mDgtk; ,J vkf;F gbg;gpidhFk; tho;f;ifapy; vjid vjpHghHf;fpNwhk;: ehk; kWgbAk; epfo;fpd;w rhj;jpakhd mDgtq;fis vjpHj;J NghuhLNthkh my;yJ jtpHg;Nghkh my;yJ vjpHkiwahd xd;iw cUthf;FNthkh vd;gjhFk;
taJk; epiyAk; ,q;Nf toikahf gbg;gbahd eilKiwfShlhf ,yf;ffis taJf;Nfw;wthW miltjhFk;. Kd;$l;bNa ,sk; njhspyhspahf cUthf;fyhk;. tho;f;ifg; Nghf;Fk; FLk;gKk; ,yf;fpid NgZtJld; 20-40 tajhdtHfSld; Nghl;bapLjy;: tho;f;ifg; Nghf;F Gjpa Jiwfis njhlq;FtJld; tUkhdq;fis ciof;f Gwg;gLtJld; njupTfs; xd;W NrHjy; epiyahd cwTfis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; MFk;.
fyhrhuk; $l;lhz;ik fyhrhuk; fhz;gpg;gJ Ntiyj;js cwTfSf;fpilNA xU rpwg;ghd mf;fiw> rw;WNeuk; jdpg;gl;l tYg;gz;GfisAk; Ra Ml;rpiag; gw;wpAk; $WtJ
Ra vz;zf;fUf;fs; Nkw;$wg;gl;l vy;yh fhuzpfSk; tiuaiwfshFk; xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfspdJk; jdpg;gl;l Ra tpk;gq;fshFk;. jdpg;gl;ltHfspd; mstPLfs; vd;gJ mtDila my;yJ mtSila jdpg;gl;l jpwik vd;gJld; r%f ,lj;jpy; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk; njhlHGfs; gykhfTk; ,ay;ghdjhfTk; mtDila my;yJ mtSila NjitfSk; ,yf;FfSk; MFk;.
Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fspd; mbg;gil fUJNfhs;fs; tUkhW:
(a) kf;fs; elj;ij nghJthd topfspy; mtHfSila NjitapidjpUg;jpailtJld; mtHfsJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy; ];jpukhf ,Uj;jy;
(b) xU epWtdk; mjd; epiyapid miltjw;F kf;fs; vjpHghHf;fpd;w rpytifahd vjpHghHg;Gf;fis toq;FtJ: cwT Kiw xd;Nwhnlhd;W>Nghl;bj;jd;ikAk; ntw;wpngWjYk;> tsHr;rpAldhd Ra jpUg;jpailjYk;>ghJfhg;G fl;likg;Gk; kw;Wk; VidaitAk;.
(c) xU epWtdk; kf;fsJ elj;ijapdhYk; gy;NtW Ntz;LjypdhYk;nry;thf;F nrYj;j KbAk; (ghJfhg;ghd Ntiy epiwNtw;wy;) mtHfsJtpUg;gq;fis G+Hj;jp nra;tjdhy; mtHfsJ Njitfs; G+Hj;jpnra;ag;gLtJld; kWjiyahf mtHfsJ ,yf;FfSk; mtHfsJelj;ijapdhy; milag;gLfpd;wJ. (,e;j eilKiwahdJ Cf;ftpg;Gfhuzp vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ).
(d) kf;fSf;F Njitnad;why; mj;Njit G+H;j;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ> mj;Jld;,yf;Ffs; milag;gLfpd;wJ> Ntiyapd; NghJ> mtHfs; mtHfsJciog;gpdhYk; jq;fsJ epWtdj;jpdhYk; $Ljyhf cWjpahdkdepiyfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;> mj;Jld; mtHfsJ Ntiyapy;jpUg;jpiaAk; mDgtj;ijAk; milfpwhHfs;.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 207
3.4 Cf;Ftpg;G vz;zf;fU vt;thW gad;kpf;fjhf cs;sJ?
Cf;Ftpg;G tpisitAk;; Ntiy jpUg;jpiaAk; nrayhw;Wifapdhy; kpfr;rupahf mstpLtJ fbdkhdjhFk;.
(a) Cf;Ftpg;ghdJ Nkyjpf kl;lj;jpid ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ gw;wpAk; CopaHfspd; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; nray; epiwNtw;wk; gw;wpAk;> mjw;F Nkyhf epajpfSf;Fk; eilKiwfSf;Fk; cld;gLjy; MFk;. xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfSk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl KbtJld;> xd;W gztsj;jpw;fhf my;yJ Vidatw;wpw;fhf> mtHfs; typikAld; kpfTk; tpidj;jpwdhf Ntiyfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdH (mj;Jld; cw;gj;jpjpwd; mjpfupg;gJld;) my;yJ xU rpwg;ghd juj;jpyhd flikapid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whHfs;.
(b) Fwpj;j epfo;r;rpapd; Ntiy jpUg;jpahdJ xU fhuzpahFk; vd;gJld;nray; epiwNtw;wj;jpid mjpfupf;Fk; vd cWjpg;gLj;j KbahJ.
(c) Kf;fpa Ntiy RWRWg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; - fbdkhdJf;Fmtrpakpy;iy.
kdePjp vd;gJ xU tiuaiwahFk; Kjd;ikahdJk; NghH tPuHfSf;Fupa #o;epiyahFk;> vz;zj;jpid my;yJ ty;yikia (kjpEl;g gilg;gpupT)> Fwpg;ghf xOf;fj;jidg;gw;wpAk; ek;gpf;ifapidg; gw;wpAk; xU FOtpdhy; Rl;bf;fhl;LtjhFk;. ,J jpUgj;jpia vLj;Jiug;gJld;> Fwpg;ghf Fiwe;j kdj;ijupak; jpUg;jpapd;ikiaNa fhl;Lk;.
,jw;F milahskhf Fiwe;j kdj;ijupak; my;yJ jpUg;jpapd;ik vd;gd msTNfhshtJld; epr;rakw;w jd;ik nfhz;litahfTk; Mfpd;wJ.
(a) Fiwe;j cw;gj;jpj;jpwdhdJ epiyaw;wjhtJld; Fiwe;j kdj;ijupaj;jpw;Fupa mwpFwpiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mt;tplj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy gpur;rpidfs; voyhk;. (c+k; epWtdj;jpw;fpilNa my;yJ njhopEl;gj;jpw;fpilNa)
(b) caH Copag; Gus;T vd;gJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj kdj;ijupaj;ij Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; fUtp my;y. njhopyhsHfspd; taJ mikg;G kw;Wk; Vida fhuzpfs; ,aw;ifapNyNa tPzhtJld; mtw;wpid Njitf;Nfw;g fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; KbahJ. Fiwe;j tUtha;> ,J NghyNt> caHe;j kdj;ijupaj;jpw;F rhd;whfhJ. Vndd;why; Vida tha;g;Gf;fs; cjhuzkhf Fwpg;gpl;l ,lk;rhHe;j re;ijapy; Fiwtha; ,Ug;gjdhYk; kf;fs; epiyj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.
vt;tifapNyDk;> ,q;Nf rpy rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. mjhtJ jpUg;jpiaAk; cseyj;ijAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlHGgLj;Jk; NghJ> rpy mwpFwpfshd mOj;jq;fs; my;yJ cstpay; uPjpahd njhopw;ghlw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; vy;yh nra;iffs; ed;wha; ,y;yhjpUg;gJ. (kPz;Lk;> xU njhopw;ghlw;w fhuzpfspdhy; gq;fspg;G nra;ag;glyhk;).
kdg;ghq;F mstpay; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l njhopyhsHfspdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ mtHfSila Ntiy jpUg;jpia czh;e;J nfhs;sTk;> NeHKfj;NjHtpdhy; my;yJ tpdhf;nfhj;jpdhy; mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
208 CA Sri Lanka
3.5 Cf;Ftpj;jy; Nfhl;ghLfs;
kdepiwitAk; jdpg;gl;l eilKiw nfhs;isfisAk; xU tifg;gLj;JtjhFk;.
(a) cs;slf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs; Nfs;tpapid vOg;Gfpd;wJ: vd;d tplaq;fs;kf;fSf;F Cf;Ftpg;ig toq;Ffpd;wd?
mtHfs; mstpLtJ kdpj ,ay;G xU njhFjp Njitfisf;nfhz;bUg;gJ my;yJ tpUg;gq;fis ntspf;nfhzHtJ gw;wpajhFk;.
Maslowtpd; mikg;;G Njitfisg; gw;wpAk;Herzberg,U fhuzp nfhs;ifgw;wpAk;> ,UtUk; RUf;fkhf tpthjpg;Nghnkdpy;> ,k;Kiwapy; ,UtupdJfUj;Jf;fSk; Kf;fakhditahFk;.
(b) eilKiwf; nfhs;iffs; Nfs;tp vOg;Gfpd;wd: kf;fs; vt;thWCf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;?
mtHfs; eilKiwapDhlhf tpisTfs; ntspg;gLj;JtJld; tpUk;gg;gLtjw;F VJthf xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfSk; vt;thW gpd;gw;WfpwhHfs; vd;gjhFk;. ,t; mDFKiwahdJ kf;fis mstpLtjw;Fk; mtHfsJ ,yf;Ffisj; njupT nra;tjw;Fk; mtHfsJ ghijfis njupT nra;J mjd;gb elg;gjw;Fk;> vd;d elf;fpwJ my;yJ vd;d eilngwhJ vd;fpw eilKiwapid mstpLtjw;FkhFk;.
3.6 kh];Nyhtpd; Njitapd; gbepiyfs;
Abraham Maslow kdpjDf;F Ie;J cs;she;j Njitfs; cs;snjd tpgupf;fpd;whH. mj;Jld; xt;thU Njitf;Fk; Cf;Ftpg;G rf;jp gw;wpa cWjpahd $w;wpid Kd;itf;fpwhH.
tiuglk; 7.3: Maslow tpd; Njitg; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghL (a) xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltupdJk; NjitahdJ xU gbepiyaha; njhlHGila
Mw;wy;fspd; mbg;gilapy; xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthUgbepiyfSk; NjitahdJ re;jpf;fg;gLk; tiu Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ:mJ khj;jpuky;y mLj;j kl;l NjitahdJ Cf;Ftpg;G fhuzpahfTk;mikfpd;wJ. xU NjitahdJ mJ G+Hj;jp nra;ag;gLk; tiu xt;nthUjdpg;gl;ltHfspdJk; elj;ijapy; ePz;lfhy Cf;Ftpg;G fhuzpahfNt,Uf;Fk;.
(b) Ra jpUg;jpf;fhd NjitahdJ kpfTk; FiwthfNt kd epiwitaspf;fpwJ.
(c) mjw;F Nkyjpfkhf>Maslow gpd;tUkhW tpgupf;fpd;whH:
(i) tprhuizapd; Rje;jpuKk; ntspg;gilahd NjitfSk; (rKjhaepiyapy; Ngr;R Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd mDkjp> NeHikapidCf;Ftpj;jy;> epahaKk; NeHikAk;)
Ra milT
- jdpg;gl;l Mw;wypy; epiwNtw;wy;
nfsutj; Njit
- Rje;jpuk;> mq;fPfhuk;> me;j];J>kw;wtHfsplkpUe;J kupahij
md;G / r%fj; Njit - cwTfs;> md;G> clikfs;
ghJfhg;Gj; Njit - ghJfhg;G> fl;lis> Cfk;>
mr;RWj;jypd;i
ngsjPfj; Njit - czT> ciwtplk;
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 209
(ii) mwpTk; Gupe;JzHTk; NjitahFk; (Rw;Wg;Gw #o;epiyfs; gw;wpamwpitg; ngUf;Ftjw;Fk;> Ma;T nra;aTk;> mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;)
Maslow’s gbepiyahdJ ,yFthdJk; cs;SdHitf; ftHtJkhFk;: ePq;fs; ftiyg;gl tpUg;gkpd;wpAk; tUe;Jk; NghJ kupahijaha; ele;J nfhs;tJ gw;wpAk; vt;thwhapDk;> ,J xU Nfhl;ghL khj;jpuk; vd;gJld;; mNef ghupa fl;Lg;ghLfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
(a) xU jdpg;gl;l elj;ijahdJ mNef NjitfSf;F cldbahf nrayhw;WfpwJk;> mj;Jld; mNj tpjkhd Njitfs; tpj;jpahrkhd xt;nthUtuplkpUe;J tpj;jpahrkhd elj;ijfs; %yk; vOfpd;w NghJk;> ,J khjpupapid tpgupg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F fbdkhdjhfTk; my;yJ xt;tnthU jdpg;gl;ltHfsJ Cfpf;Fk; elj;ijapYk; guprspg;gjw;F nghWg;ghspahf;Ffpd;wJ.
(b) gbepiyahdJ fUj;Jf;fpzq;f kw;wtH kdk; kfpohjpUg;gij Gwf;fzpf;fpd;wJ (kf;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;l jw;Nghija Jd;gq;fis Gwe;js;StJld; vjpHfhy ntFkjpfSf;F thf;FWjpaspj;jy;) mj;Jld; jd;dykw;w elj;ij (kf;fs; jq;fsJ jdpg;gl;l Njitfis gpwuJ Njitf;fhf jpahfk; nra;jy;)
(c) gbepiyfspd;mDgtq;fis Ma;Tf;F nfhz;L tUjy; fbdkhFk;
(d) Ma;thdJ mjd; gbepiyfisg; gfpuq;fg;gLj;JtJld; If;fpa,uhr;rpaj;jpdJk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpdJk; fyhrhu ngWkjpfisg;gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ> ,J Vida #o;epiyfSf;F khw;wg;gLtJkpy;iy.
3.7 Herzberg ,d; ,U fhuzpf; Nfhl;ghL
Herzberg ,d; ,U fhuzp Nfhl;ghlhdJ ,U Njitfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;: me;jj; NjitahdJ kfpo;r;rpaw;wij jtph;g;gJld;> jdpg;gl;l tsHr;rpapid mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
(a) NjitahdJ kfpo;r;rpaw;wij jtph;g;gJld; cly;ey fhuzpfis jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ> cly;ey fhuzpfs; #o;epiyf;Nfw;gTk; Ntiy epge;jidf;Nfw;gTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;> mtw;wpy; cs;slq;Fgit:
fk;gdpf; nfhs;ifAk;epHthfKk;
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ,ilNaahdcwTfs;
Ntiy epge;jidfs; Ntiyg; ghJfhg;G
rk;gsk; Nkw;ghHitapd; juk;
Njitf;F Fiwthd>cly;eyf; fhuzpfs; NtiyAld; Nrh;j;J jpUg;jpapd;ikiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; (mjd; fhuzj;jpdhNyNa mtHfs; jpUg;jpaw;wtHfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhHfs;). mtHfs; cly;ey Nkk;ghl;bw;Fupatw;wpid tpUk;GfpwhHfs;> Vnddpy; cly;eyj;jpy; ghjpg;Gf;fis Fiwg;gjid tpl ey;y cly; eyj;jpid NgZtjw;Fk; mt;thW itj;jpUg;gjw;FNk tpUk;GfpwhHfs;.
(b) jdpg;gl;l tsHr;rpapd; NjitahdJ Cf;Ftpg;G fhuzpfshy; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it jpUg;jpahd Ntiyf;F jpwikahf cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk; (mtHfs; jpUg;jpAilatHfs; vd miof;fg; gLfpwhHfs;) mj;Jld; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; nray;jpwd; kpf;fJk; xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfSf;F NkyjpfhupapdJ nraw;wpwDk; Kaw;rpAk;. ,f; fhuzpfs; gpd;tUtdtw;wld; njhlHGgl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; cs;slq;Fgit: gjtp epiy (mj;Jld; ,J cly;eyf;
fhuzpAk; $l) rthyhd njhopy;
Nkk;ghL epiwNtw;wf;$ba El;gk;
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
210 CA Sri Lanka
rf CopaHfs; kw;Wk; Kfhikapd;mq;fPfhuk;
Ntiyapy; tsHr;rp
nghWg;G
Cf;Ftpg;G fhuzp FiwtilAk; NghJ CopaHfSf;F Cf;Ftpg;G toq;fp mtHfSila cly; eyf; fhuzpfis fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,itfs;> Cf;ftpg;ghsHfshy; FWfpa fhyj;jp;y; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLtJld;> ,Wjpay; jpUg;jpapd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk;;.
Herzberg fUJtJ mJ vq;Nf Fiwe;jstpy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wNjh(mjhtJ Fiwe;j cw;gj;jpjpwd;> Fiwe;j juKk; tpisTk;) KfhikahdJ $LjyhdsT ftdpg;G cly;eyf; fhuzpfSf;F toq;ff;$lhJ mJ epge;jidAld; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. MapDk; cz;ikapy; ,itfs; kuGuPjpahd jpwikahd CopaHfspd; capHg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; MFk;> mtHfsJ Mw;wy;kpf;f tsHr;rpfs; ngwg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fupa kdg;ghd;ik
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. gjpyhf>Herzberg fUJtJ Ntiy tbtq;fs; %d;W tifahFk;> mit njuptpg;gJ jpUg;jpahd NtiyapDhlhf caHe;j Cf;ftpg;gG fhuzpfisahFk;.
Ntiyg; ngUf;fk;
Ntiy Row;rp
Ntiy nropg;G
Herzberg ,d; %yhjhu fw;ifahdJ 203 nghwpapayhsHfisAk;>
fzf;fhsHfisAk; nfhz;L Pittsburgh, USA If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. mtuJ vz;zf;fU gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fspdhy; tpkHrpf;fg;gl;lJ
(a) Njitf;F Fiwthd khjpup msT(b) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fyhrhu #o;epiyfs; (Nkiyj;Nja epGzh;fs;)
Ntiy jpUg;jpapd; tpisthdJ (Cf;fg;gLj;jy; fhuzpfspypUe;J) Ntiyapd; ntspaPLfspypUe;J epUgpf;fg;gLtjdhy; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk; mstpLtjw;Fk; fbdkhdjhFk;.
3.8 Vroom ,d; vjph;ghh;f;iff; Nfhl;ghL
kdpjdpd; Cf;fgLj;jiyg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk; mstpLtjw;f;Fk;
rkd;ghl;bd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd;gijVictor Vroom typAWj;Jfpwhh;. mth; jdpgl;l egh;fspd; Cf;fg;gLj;jypd; gykhdJ ,uz;L fhuzpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd Kd;itj;jhh;.
(a) Fwpg;gpl;l ntspaPLfspd; tpUg;gkhdJ jdpgl;l egh;fspd;; gyk;.
,jidVroom nghjpg;G vd;W miof;fpwhh;. NkYk; ntspaPlhdJ eghpdhy; tpUk;gLtjhNyh my;yJ jtph;f;fg;gLtjyhNyh ngWkjpahdJ Neh;kiwahfNth my;yJ G+r;rpakhfNth fhzg;glyhk;.
(b) Fwpg;gpl;l elj;ijapd; ntspaPl;bd; fhuzkhfNt ntspaPL fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;w
vjph;ghh;f;if. Vroom ,jid jw;rhh;Gila epfo;jfT my;yJ vjph;ghh;f;if vdmiof;fpwhh;. epfo;jfthf ,J 0 (khw;wkpy;iy) kw;Wk; 1 (epr;rakhf) ,Uf;Fk;,ilgl;l vz;izg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JfpwJ.
kpfTk; rhjhuz Kiwapy; vjph;ghf;if rkd;ghlhdJ gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplgl;Ls;sJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 211
F = V E
,jpy;: F = Fwpg;gpl;ltif elj;ijf;fhd Cf;fgLj;jypd; gyk; kw;Wk; ce;Jjy;
V= ngWkjp: Fwpg;gpl;l ntspaPL kw;Wk; ntFkjpapd; jdpgl;l tpUg;G
E= vjph;ghh;if: elj;ijahdJ ntspaPL my;yJ ntFkjpapd; jdpgl;leghpd; GyZzh;T.
,e;j rkd;ghl;by; vjph;ghh;ifapd; ngWkjpahdJ Fiwthff; fhzg;gl;lhy; Cf;fg;gLj;jy; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;. Copah; xUth; jkJ gjtpAah;T fpilf;Fnkd;W (Kfhikahshpd; thf;FWjpfhuzkhf) vjph;ghh;ifnfhz;bUe;jhy; ,J epWtd cw;gj;jpjpwid mjpfhpf;ff;$Lk;. Mdhy; Copah;fSf;Fg; gjtpAah;T njhlh;ghfkiwahd vz;zq;fs; fhzg;gLkhapd; ,J Copahpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwidg; ghjpf;Fk;. Mjyhy; gjtpAah;T kpf Kf;fpakhdhFk;.
3.9 mlk;]pd; rkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL
mlk;]; (1963)> rkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghlhdJ Copah; xUtu; jq;fs; gzpapy; mDgtg;gLk; cs;sPLfs; kw;Wk; ntspaPLfspilNaahd rkepiyiag; ghu;f;fpwJ.
cs;sPLfs; vd;gJ Neuk;> Ntiy> jpwd;fs;> gapw;rp> cw;rhfk; Kjypa Copah;fs; jq;fs; tfpghfj;jpy; toq;Fk; vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpAld; njhlu;GilaitahFk;.
ntspaPL vd;gJ Cjpak;> mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; nghWg;G Nghd;w Copah;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; ntFkjpfshFk;.
cs;sPLfs; kw;Wk; ntspaPLfSf;F ,ilapy; rupahd rkj;Jtk; Ngzg;gLk;NghJ> Copau; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtJld;> mjd; tpisthf cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kpf;ftuhff; fhzg;gLthh; vd rkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL $WfpwJ.
xU egu; jq;fSf;fhd ntspaPLfis tpl jkJ cs;sPLfs; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhf czu;e;jhy; Cf;Ftpg;G ,of;fg;gLk;.
rkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghlhdJ epahaj;jd;ik vz;zf;fUtpYk;> Copau;fs; epahakhd Kiwapy; elj;jg;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; kPJk; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cs;sPLfs; kw;Wk; ntspaPLfSf;F ,ilapyhd rkj;JtkhdJ gjtp cau;T my;yJ rk;gs mjpfupg;Gf;fs; Vd; Cf;Ftpj;jypy; ePz;l fhy jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gjid ep&gpf;fpwJ. Copau;fs; kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J tpj;jpahrkhf elj;jg;gLk;NghJ> cs;sPLfSf;Fk; ntspaPLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd rkj;Jtk; ,of;fg;gLfpwJ. Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kpf;f Copag;gilf;fhf midtUf;Fk; epahakhd ifahs;if gpd;gw;wg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.
3.10 nrad;Kiwf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; Kfhikj;Jt tpisTfs;nrad;Kiwf; Nfhl;ghL gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; ghpe;Jiuf;fpwJ.
(m) jdpegu; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l ngWNgW> ntFkjp kw;Wk; vt;tsT Kaw;rp vLf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;J Cf;Ftpj;jy; fzpg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy;tpUk;gg;gl;l ngWNgWfs; njspTgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(M) jdpegu;fs; mtu;fsJ NjitfisAk; vjpu;ghu;g;GfisAk; fUj;jpy; vLj;J>jq;fis epu;zapf;f cjtpa Fwpg;gpl;l Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;F mjpf mf;fiwnfhz;Ls;sdu;.
FORMULA TO LEARN
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
212 CA Sri Lanka
(,) cldbahd kw;Wk; njhlu;e;Jnry;Yk; gpd;D}l;ly; njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikahd ngWNgWfs; gw;wpa mwpT ,y;yhky;> 'E' nrytpdk; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F ve;j NrhjidfSk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy (my;yJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy; epahag;gLj;jg;gLk;).
(<) epakq;fSld; (Fwpf;Nfhs;fshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;) nraw;jpwd; xg;gplg;gl;L xU jdpegUf;F ntFkjp toq;fg;gl;lhy;> mtu; Fiwe;j epakq;fis epu;zapf;ff;$Lk;: fzpg;gPl;bd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gg; gFjpahdJ (ntw;wp kw;Wk; ntFkjpf;fhd tha;g;G) epakk; Fiwthdjhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mjpfkhf ,Ug;gJld;> mjd; tpisthf 'E” nrythdJ Fiwthdjhff; Fwpj;jf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
213CA Sri Lanka
3.11 McGregor: X Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; Y Nfhl;ghL
Douglas McGregor (epWtdj;jpdJ kdpjrhh; gf;fk;) Kfhikahsh;fs; (USA ,y;)
NtiyapYs;s kf;fisg; gw;wp ,t;thW Kd;itf;fpd;whh;. Nfhl;ghL X kw;Wk;
Nfhl;ghL Ymbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Copah;fs; NtiyGhpthh;fs; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(a) Nfhl;ghL X MdJ Copah;fs; NtiyiaAk; mjw;fhdnghWg;igAk;tpUk;ghky; mtw;wpid cjwpj;js;s tpUk;Gfpwhh;fs;. Vnddpy;Copah;fspd; NghJkhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;stjw;f;F Copah;fismr;RWj;jp fl;Lg;gLj;jp kw;Wk; jz;lidf;F mr;RWj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;.Kfhikahsh;fs; ,e;j mZkhdq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;LNkw;ghh;itia kpfTk; EZf;fkhf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
(b) Nfhl;ghLY MdJ Ntiyapd; ngsjPf kw;Wk; csQ;rhh;e;j Kaw;rpahdJtpisahl;bidAk;> Xa;T vLj;jiyAk; Nghd;W ,aw;ifahd xU tplak;vd;gjid Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. rhjhuz kdpjd; Ntiyapid tpUk;ghky;,y;iy. epiyikfspd; gb mJ jpUg;jp my;yJ mjpUg;jpf;fhd xU%ykhFk;. xU rhjhuz kdpjdpd; Mw;wy;fs; midj;Jk; Ntiyapy;G+uzkhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ> Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fsJ ,yf;Ffs; epWtdj;jpdJ ,yf;FfSld; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gLkplj;J kf;fs; Ntiyapy; trhy;fisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; NjLtjw;F Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLthh;fs;. Kfhikahsh;fs; jdJ cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; kj;jpapy; ,j;jifa kdg;ghq;Fld; fhzg;gLkplj;J> mth; gpd;D}l;ly;> rthy;> nghWg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpid Cf;fpfshfg; gad;gLj;jp MNyhrfuhf> vspjhf;Fk; jiytuhff; fhzg;gLthh;.
,it ,uz;LNk kpfj;jPtpukhd njhFjp vLNfhs;fshFk; - kf;fspd; cz;ikahd tiffsy;y. vt;thnwdpDk;> jd; epiwNtw;wj;jpw;fhd
Kd;dwptpg;Gf;fshFk;. Nfhl;ghL x cz;ik vdpd; mijg;Nghd;W Copah;fs; elj;jg;gLkplj;J mth;fs; mt;thW ele;J nfhs;s Muk;gpg;ghh;fs;. Nfhl;ghL
Y cz;ik vdpd; mijg;Nghd;W Copah;fs; elj;jg;gLkplj;J> - nghWg;Gf;fis mjpfkhf vLf;f rthYf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bath;fshff; fhzg;gLth; - rthYf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J mjw;Nfw;g ele;J nfhs;th;.
Nfhl;ghL X kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghL Y> Kfhikahsh;fsJ Cf;fg;gLj;jYf;fhd vLNfhs;fspd; kl;by; jkJ tpopg;Gzh;it mjpfhpf;fr; nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
4 gaDWjpkpf;f njhlh;ghly;
4.1 mikg;gpd; njhlh;gly; njhlh;ghlyhdJ epWtdj;jpd; jpl;lkplYf;Fk;> xUq;fpizg;gpw;Fk;> fl;Lghl;bw;f;Fk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
(a) Kfhikahshpd;; jPh;khdnkLj;jYf;Fj; juTfs; Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wd. Kfhikahsh;fs; njhlh;ghly; Kiwapy; ikakhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;.
njhlh;ghly; vd;gJ jftypid toq;Fjy; my;yJ ghpkhw;Wjy; kw;Wk;
gpd;D}l;liy toq;Fjy; Mfpad njhlh;Ggl;l ,Utop nrad;KiwahFk;. ,J
njhopw;ghLfis ,af;fTk; xUq;fpizf;fTk; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 214
(b) jpizf;fsj;jpw;fpilapyhd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ jfty; gha;r;rypy;jq;fpAs;sJ. epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;if miltjw;F nfhs;tdT> cw;gj;jpkw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; eph;thfk; vd;gtw;iw xUq;fpizj;J rhpahdeltbf;ifiar; rhpahd Neuj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj;jpizf;fsj;jpw;fpilapyhd njhlh;ghly; KiwAjTk;.
(c) jdpgl;l Cf;fg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; tpidjpwdhdJ njhlh;ghlypy;jq;fpAs;sJ. ,jdhy; Copah; vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; Vd;nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;gijAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;thh;.
gaDWjpkpf;f Kfhikahsu;fs; jq;fs; mzpfis gaDWjpkpf;f tifapy; Cf;Ftpf;fTk; topelj;jTk; tYthd njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fs; mtrpakhf ,Ug;gJld;> mtu;fs; gytpjkhd Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW fl;likg;Gf;fspy; njhlu;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;sj; jf;fth;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> mtu;fs; gpd;tUk; jpwd;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:
ftdpf;Fk; jpwd;fs;: rfy njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fspYNk Fwpg;ghf Kfhikahsu;fSf;Fkpf Kf;fpuakhdJ ,JthFk;. mtu;fs; jq;fs; Copau;fsplk; njspthfTk;>kupahijAlDk;> fUizAlDk; Nfl;fTk;> mtu;fspd; ftiyfs;> Gfhu;fs;>gpur;rpidfs;> gupe;Jiufs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sTk;> nghUj;jkhdjPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s ,e;j jftiyg; gad;gLj;jTk; KbAk;
Neu;fhzy; jpwd;: Gjpa copah;fis Ml;Nrh;g;gjw;fhf ,J cjTk;. ,Jtpdhf;fisf; Nfl;ly;> ftdpj;jy; kw;Wk; cly; nkhopiag; gw;wp mwpe;jpUg;gJNghd;w gy jpwd;fis ,J cs;slf;Fk;
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jy; jpwd;: fPo;epiy> fyg;G-epiy mzpfs; kw;Wk; NkyjpfhupfSf;Fnra;jpfisj; njhlu;ghly; nra;tjw;F ,J mtrpakhFk;.
vOj;jhw;wy; njhlu;ghly;: mwpf;iffis vOJjy; kw;Wk; gpw cj;jpNahfG+u;tMtzq;fs; Nghd;wit
jfty; njhopy;El;g jpwd;fs;: kpd;dQ;ry;> ];ifg; my;yJ khehl;L miog;Gfs;topahf njhlu;G nfhs;s mDkjpf;Fk;.
tha;nkhopj; jpwd;fs;: FOTf;F nra;jpfisj; njhlu;Gnfhs;tJ> $l;lq;fSf;Fgq;fspg;G nra;jy; my;yJ FO cWg;gpdu;fSld; nraw;jpwd; kjpg;gPLfiselj;Jjy;
mikg;G xd;wpy; njhlu;ghly; gpd;tUk; tbtq;fspy; fhzg;glyhk;.
mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Fjy;
jfty;fis toq;Fjy; my;yJ ngWjy;
fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;sy;
jpl;lq;fs; my;yJ je;jpNuhghaq;fis mwptpj;jy;
xU jpl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf cz;ikahd ngWNgWfis xg;gpLjy;
tpjpfs; my;yJ eilKiwfs;
mikg;gpd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; Ntiy tpguzq;fs; gw;wpa njhlu;ghly;
xU mikg;gpDs; fhzg;glj;jf;f njhlu;ghly; Kiwrhh;e;jitahf my;yJ Kiwrhuhjitahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
Kiwrhh;e;j njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ xU mikg;Gf;Fk; mjd; Copau;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,lk;ngwj;jf;f Kiwahd $l;lq;fs;> kjpg;gPLfs;> cj;jpNahfG+u;t kpd;dQ;ry; kw;Wk; njhiyNgrp miog;Gfs;> mwpf;iffs;> RUf;fkhd fye;Jiuahly;> NeUf;F Neuhd gzp ciuahly;fs; kw;Wk; gytifahd epakj; njhlu;ghliyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ mikg;gpdhy; Kiwahf rupghu;f;fg;glhj jftYld; njhlu;GilaJ. ngUk;ghYk; ,J tje;jp kw;Wk; jpuhl;irf; nfhbj; jfty;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Kiwrhuh njhlu;G 'cj;jpNahfG+u;tkw;wjhf” ,Ug;gJld;> mJ vg;NghJk; ek;gfkhdjhf ,Uf;fhJ> ,Ug;gpDk; mJ cj;jpNahfg+h;t njhlh;ghlyhf
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
215CA Sri Lanka
mDkhdpf;fg;gl;L cz;ikahdJ vd ek;gg;gLtjhf ,Uf;fyhk;;. ,jw;fhdNjhh; rpwe;j cjhuzk; cly;nkhop MFk;.
Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghlyhdJ tpjpfshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J jd;dpr;irahdJ> Neub> nefpo;thdJ kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;lJ. Copau;fs; jq;fs; Kiwahd gjtpepiy my;yJ gzp cwTfisg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; njhlu;G nfhs;sf;$ba R+o;epiyia ,J cUthf;FfpwJ. ,J el;G tiyaikg;igf; fl;likj;jy;> jfty; gfpu;T> cj;jpNahfG+u;t njhlu;ghlYf;Fj; JizGupjy;> Ntiyapy; ,Ue;J Xa;T vLg;gJ> jdpg;gl;l njhlu;Gfis cUthf;Fjy; Nghd;w gy Nehf;fq;fSf;F cjTfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> Kiwrhuhj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j jfty; njhlu;ghly; KiwikapdJ mbg;gilg; gFjpahFk;. ,J gy Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJld; Fwpg;ghf Kiwahd jfty;njhlu;G topKiwfs; Njhy;tpailAk; NghJ ,J Kfhikahsu;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
,J Kiwrhh;e;j njhlu;ghliy tpl kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;
,J mjpf Ntfj;jpy; ,aq;Ftjdhy; nra;jpfis Ntfkhf gug;g KbAk;
,J Copau;fSf;fpilNaahd r%f njhlu;Gfis Cf;Ftpg;gjhy; FO cUthf;fk;kw;Wk; gphpTfSf;F ,ilapyhd cwTKiwfspd; tsu;r;rpapYk; cjTfpwJ
,J ngUk;ghYk; tha;nkhop %ykhdjhf ,Ug;gjhy; nra;jpfis mikg;G kpff;Fiwe;j fpuaj;jpy; toq;f KbAk;
tpjpfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; ,y;yhikahy; ,j; njhlu;ghly; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;Fcl;gl;ljy;y. ,J Copau;fis epk;kjpahf njhlh;ghly; nra;a mDkjpg;gJld;>Kfhikahsu;fs; gpd;D}l;ly;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; kw;Wk; gupe;JiufisKiwrhuh topKiwfs; %yk; tpiuthfg; ngw mDkjpg;gJld;> mq;F czu;Tfs;kw;Wk; vz;zq;fs; njhlh;ghf mr;rkpd;wp Fuy; nfhLf;f KbAk;.
4.2 njhlh;ghlypd; jpir
njhlh;ghlyhdJ epWtdj;jpd; ntt;NtWgl;l gFjpfisj; njhlh;GgLj;JfpwJ.
(a) nrq;Fj;jhd njhlh;ghly; Nky; kw;Wk; fPo; gw;wpa njhlh;ghliyf; Fwpf;Fk;.,J cah;kl;l mjpfhhpf;Fk; fPo; kl;l Copah;fSf;fpilapyhd kw;Wk; vjpuhdnjhlh;ghliyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
(b) fpilahd njhlh;ghly; xNu jpizf;fsj;jpy; my;yJ xNu gFjpapy; my;yJntt;NtWgl;l jpizf;fsj;jpy; my;yJ ntt;NtWgl;l gFjpapYs;s xNujuj;jpYs;s Copah;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;ghliyf; Fwpf;Fk;. fpilahdnjhlh;ghly; rfCopah;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;ghliy Fwpf;Fk;. NkYk;nrq;Fj;jhd njhlh;ghliy tpl kpfTk; ,yFthdjhFk;. ,J KiwahdNtiy njhlh;ghlYf;FjTk;. NkYk; Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiiar; nra;tjw;f;Fg; gyCopah;fisAk; gy jpizf;fsj;ijAk; njhlh;GgLj;jTjTk;. khwhf jdpgl;legh;fspd; czh;rpG+h;tkhd kw;Wk; r%f cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sKiwrhuw;w njhlh;ghlYjTfpwJ.
(c) jpizf;fsq;Sf;fpilapyhd NtWgl;l juj;jpYs;s Copah;fSf;fpilapy;
eilngWk; njhlh;ghly; FWf;F njhlh;ghly; vdg;gLk;(diagonal
communication). njhopDl;gf; fl;likg;gpYs;s jpidf;fsq;fshd kdpjtsKfhikj;Jtk; my;yJ jfty; Kiwik epWtdj;jpw;f;Fg; nghJthfNritGhpfpwJ. ,e;j jpizf;fsj;jpYs;s KfhikahsUf;F kw;iwajpizf;fs Kfhikahsiuj; njhlh;GgLj;Jtjw;f;Fj; njspthd mjpfhuthpir fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 216
4.3 njhlh;ghly; nrad;Kiw
rj;jk;
cU 7.4 : njhlh;ghly; nrad;Kiw
nrad;Kiw tpsf;ff; Fwpg;G
nra;jp FwpaPlhf;fy;
Xh; jftypd; FwpaPL my;yJ nkhopeil MdJ nrhy;tbthd my;yJ nrhy; tbtw;w (ifif Kiw)> glk;> tiuglk;> ,yf;fk;. cly; irif Kiwahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
nra;jpf;fhd Clfk;
njhlh;ghly; MdJ gy;NtWgl;l Clf Kiwia ifahSfpd;wJ. fzpdp> mwptpj;jy; gyif> fbjk;> njhlh;gpy; (tha;nkhop%yk;) vd;gditfs; rpythFk;. Clf njhpT MdJ> cldbj;Njit> epiyNgW fbdk;> fpuak; vd;gdtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
gpd;D}l;ly; nra;jpapid mDg;Ggth; nra;jp nrd;wilgthpd; kPSl;liy mwpa Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; xU ghfk; milgthpd; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikia Muha;tjhfTk; mthpd; vjph;nraypd; kjpg;gPl;L Muha;tjhfTk; xU ghf mikg;Gk;.
cUj;jphpG FwPaPl;lhf;fk; my;yJ kw;Wk; FwpaPl;bid khw;Wfpd;w NghJ Xh; jftypd; fUj;J MdJ ,of;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkhopapy; my;yJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Clfj;jpidg; nghWj;J jtWfs; voyhk;. Xh; FWfpa kpd;dQ;ry; nra;jpapd; %yk; gpioahd fUj;J ,yFthf toq;fg;glyhk;.
rj;jk; njhlh;ghly; eilngWk; #oypd; ,ilj;jlq;fy;> jiyaPL Mtd ngsjPf rj;jk;> (Nghf;Ftuj;J neUf;fb)> njhopEl;grj;jk; (,ilQ;ryhd njhiyNgrp thpir)> r%f rj;jk; (gy;NtWgl;l jug;gpduJ MSik NtWghLfs;)> cshPjpapyhd rj;jk; (Nfhgk;> tpuf;jp> Nrhh;T).
jfty;> vz;zq;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs;> tpUk;gg;gl;l elj;ijfs;
mDg;Gdh;
nra;jp kw;Wk; fUj;ijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; Njitg;gLk; elj;ij
ngWdh;
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
217CA Sri Lanka
4.4 tpUk;gj;jf;f njhlh;ghly; Kiwikapd; Fztpay;Gfs;
njspT (Jyf;fk;). jfty; tbtikg;ghsh; jfty; ngWehpd; Mw;wy;fis kdjpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ngWdh; mNjnahj;j epGzj;Jtj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wNghJ FO nkhop gad;gLj;jg;glyhk; (mJ kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhfTk;fhzg;glyhk;). mj;jifath;fs; my;yhNjhUf;F mJ jtph;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ngWeh;. ngWeh; njspthf milahsk; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;> rhpahd Clfj;njhpT nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;> rj;jKk;;> rpijTk; Fiwj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Clfk;.Clfk;> miythpir Mdit ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l ngWdh;fisr;nrd;wiljiy cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nghJ gpuNahfj;jpy; nra;jpfs;Mdit (cjhuzkhf Rfhjhu kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gf; FwpaPLfs;)Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jtjhff; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Neuk;. jfty; fhyj;jpw;F cfe;jjhfg; gad;gLj;jf; $bajhf mika Ntz;Lk;
4.5 gaDWjpkpf;f njhlh;ghly;
rpwe;j njhlh;ghly; vt;thW fhzg;gLk;? tpidj;jpwdw;w kw;Wk; gpioahd njhlh;ghly; Kiwia ,yFthf fz;lwpa KbAk;. mjhtJ jfty; toq;fg;glhjtplj;J> Neuk; jho;j;jp nfhLf;fg;gLk; jfty;> rpf;fy; tha;e;j kw;Wk; gpioahd kw;Wk; G+uzj;Jtkw;w jfty;fis tpsq;fp nfhs;tJ kpff; flbdkhFk;. tpidjpwdhd njhlh;ghly; vd;gJ:
(a) nghUj;jkhd egh;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J epWtdj;jpd; mwpf;ifapLk;fl;likg;gpdhy; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> RNar;irjd;ikf;Fk;> ek;gpf;iff;FKhpa tplakhFk;.
(b) mth;fsJ Njitf;F Vw;wjhf fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Njitf;F Nkyjpfkhdtplaq;fisj; jtph;j;J nghUj;jkhd tplaj;ij Nehf;fpajhf fhzg;glNtz;Lk;. jfty; ngWdh; jftiy tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapy; mjd;khjphp> ghzp kw;Wk; nkhopeil fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(c) Jy;ypakhdJk; G+uzj;JtkhdJk; : (ngWeh;fspd; Njitf;Fl;gl;ljhf)jftyhdJ Jy;ypakhdjhff; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ jftyhdJmjd; tpla gug;gpy; rhpahdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. MdhYk; mjid kpfTk;Mokhf tpghpf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy: tzpfr; #oypy;> RUf;fq;fs;>mz;zsTfs; mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
(d) chpa Neuj;jpy; fpilj;jy; - jftyhdJ chpa fhyj;jpy; fpilj;jy;nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; fpilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (cjhuzkhf jPh;khdj;jpw;fhdcs;sPlhf).
(e) nefpo;Tj;jd;ik : #o;epiyapdJk;> jug;gpduJk; Njitf;F Vw;gnghUe;jf;$ba tifapy; fl;likg;gpidAk;> ghzpapidAk; khw;Wjy;.cWjpahd> jd;tag;gLj;jf;$ba> Mjuthd> jfty; toq;Ffpd;w njhlh;ghly;ghzpfs; NtWgl;l gpuNahfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
(f) fUj;jpidj; njhptpg;gjpy; tpidj;jpwdhd jd;ik. ghzp> tbtk;> nkhop>Clfk; Nghd;wit kdpjh;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;F my;yJ Ghpe;Jnfhs;shikf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yfpd;wd. gpw egh; nra;jpapidg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;shikf;F my;yJ jtwhd tpsf;fj;Jld; Ghpe;J nfhz;Ls;sikfhzg;gLnkdpy;> mJ tpidj;jpwdw;w njhlh;ghly;KiwahFk;.
(g) nryT– tpidj;jpwd;.tzpf epWtdq;fspy;> NkYs;sit midj;Jk; epahakhd fpuaj;jpy; milag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 218
gaDWjp kpf;f njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ tidj;jpwdhd njhlu;ghlypypUe;J NtWgl;ljhFk;.
gaDWjpkpf;f njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ tpUk;gg;gl;l mNj tifapy; nra;jp Ghpe;Jnfhs;sg;gLk; tpjkhf nra;jpia mDg;Gtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. njhlu;GghlYf;fhd jilfs; gaDWjpiaf; fiwg;gjd; fhuzkhf ,J kpfTk; mupjhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
tpidj;jpwdhd njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ nra;jpia tpiuthf toq;FtNjhL> ngWeuhy; tpUk;gg;gl;l Nehf;fpy; nra;jp Nfl;fg;gl;L Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gLk; tifapy; toq;FtjhFk;.
gaDWjpkpf;f njhlu;ghlypd; Nehf;fkhdJ> mJ mjpf Neuj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk;> nra;jpahdJ tpUk;gg;gl;l ngWdh;fshy; njspthfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy; njuptpg;gjhFk;.
tpidj;jpwdhd njhlu;ghlypd; Nehf;fkhdJ> mtru nra;jpia tpUk;gg;gl;l ngWeh;fSf;F Ntfj;jpd; tpisthf nra;jpahdJ Fiwthd gaDWjpiaf; nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jhYk; $l tpiuthfj; njhlu;G nfhs;tjhFk;.
gaDWjpkpf;f njhlu;ghly; kPJ jilia Vw;gLj;jf;$ba gy jilfs; cs;sd.
(m) gpd;dzp ,iur;ry;> Nkhrkhf fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l miw ntg;gepiy> Nkhrkhdxspa+l;ly; Kjypa gy;NtW ngsjPfj; jilfs;
(M) FOcf;Fwp thrfq;fs;> cr;rhpg;G> gpuhe;jpa Ngr;Rtof;F kw;Wk; ntt;NtWjiyKiwfisr; Nru;e;j jdpegu;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; NtWgl;l nrhw;fs; Kjypankhopj; jilfs;
(,) nrtpg;Gyd; FiwghL> fz;ghu;itf; FiwghL my;yJ typapy; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;w clypay; jilfs;
(<) czu;r;rpj; jilfs;. cjhuzkhf Nfhgk;> Nrhfk; my;yJ mOj;jkhf ,Ug;gJ Nghd;w Gwepiyfs; nra;jpfisg; ngWk; kw;Wk; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; FWf;fpLk;
(c) nghUj;jkw;w my;yJ gaDWjpaw;w mikg;Gf; fl;likg;G> Nkhrkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;l jfty; Kiwikfs;> jtwhd cgfuzq;fs;> Nghjpa gapw;rpapd;ik Kjypa mikg;Grhh; rpf;fy;epiyikfs; njhlu;ghlYf;F ,ilA+whf ,Uf;Fk;.
5.1 njhlh;ghly; Kiwikia Nkk;gLj;jy;
rhpahd njhlh;ghly; ,izg;Gf;fis epWTjy;
epiyj;J epw;Fk; fl;lisfs; - ,it ,yFtpy; milag;glf;$bajhfTk;kw;Wk; ,d;iwag;gLj;jgl;l G+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Kfhikj;Jtj; jPh;khdq;fs; mtw;wpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; vOj;J tbtpy; mDg;gp itf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
rPuhd xOq;fhd gzpahs; re;jpg;G my;yJ Kiwrhh; fye;Jiuahly;fs;th;j;jf rq;fq;fSld; Ngr;Rf;fis itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
xU jdpg;gl;l rQ;rpifahf njhlh;e;Njh;r;rpahfmDg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kjpg;gPl;L Neh;fhzy;fs; KfhikahsUf;Fk; mtUf;Ff; fPo;gzpGhpgth;fSf;fpilapy; elhj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,it Ntiy nrad;Kiwkw;Wk; Ntiy tsq;fis gw;wpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Gjpa njhopDl;gk; - kpd;dQ;ry;gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; Kf;fpakw;iwa jfty;fis mDg;gf;$lhJ.
5 njhlh;ghlYf;fhd jilfs;
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
219CA Sri Lanka
,e;j mjpfhpj;j Rje;jpu njhlh;ghlYf;F Kiwrhuh epWtdq;fis Nkyjpfkhf gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
5.2 jtwhd Ghpjy;fisj; njspthf;Fjy;
cWjpg;gLj;jy;: xU nra;jpia gytiffspy; ntspapLjy; (c.k;. $l;lq;fspy; tha;nkhop %yk;> $l;lwpf;iffspd; %yk; gpd;dh; mJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;).
jdpj;Jtkhd Kiwapy; KiwaPL Kfhikahsh;fs; jfty;fspy; gytw;why; %o;Ftjidj; jtph;f;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
njspthfTk; rhpahfTk; jk;ik ntspg;gLj;jhj Kfhikahsh;fSf;Fg; gapw;rp toq;Fjy;. Njitahd Ngr;R tof;F nrhw;fs; Gjpath;fSf;F my;yJ epGzj;Jtk; tha;e;jth;fSf;F gof;fkw;w nrhw;gpuNahfq;fs; fw;gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
KfhikahsUf;Fk; Neubahd mwpf;iffSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;ghly; jdpj;Jt ek;gpf;if epyTk;NghJ Nkk;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,J vg;gb milag;gLk; vd;gJ Kfhikj;Jt ghzp> kdg;ghq;F><LgLfpd;w jdpg;gl;l egh;fSila MSik> gpw #oy; khwpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. gPl;lh; kw;Wk;
Nthl;lh;kd; Rw;wp elg;gjD}lhf Kfhik nra;jy; (Management by walkingaround (MBWA)) vd;gjidg;ghpe;Jiu nra;jhh;. kw;Wk; Nkyjpfhhp gzpahsh;fSf;fpilapyhd Kiwrhuhcwtpid neUf;fkhf;f ,J cjTk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 220
jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; gy tiutpyf;fzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpujhdkhdfUg;nghUl;fshdit (,it jiyikj;Jtj;jpid Kfhikj;Jtj;jkpypUe;JNtWgLj;Jgit) jdpegh;fSf;fpilapyhd nry;thf;F> gfph;T ,yf;Ff;fhd Mh;tkhd <LghL> rf;jpiaAk; ghijapidAk; cUthf;fy;> khw;wj;jpw;fhd Kd;ndLg;G Nghd;wtw;wpid cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
%d;W Kf;fpa jiyikj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd:gz;Grhh; Nfhl;ghL> jiyikj;Jtg; ghq;Ff; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; #o;epiyrhh;Nfhl;ghLfs; MfpadthFk;.
‘jiyrpwe;j kdpjh;fSf;F’ my;yJ ‘ntw;wpfukhd jiytUf;F’ rpwg;ghd jdpegh;Fztpay;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd Muk;g fhy Nfhl;ghLfs; Kd;itf;fpd;wd.mjhtJ> jiyth;fs; gpwf;fpd;whh;fs;> cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
jiyikj;Jtg; ghzpfs; Mdit NtWgl;l topfspYk;> NtWgl;l #o;epiyfspYk;gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wjhd jiyikj;Jt elj;ijfspd; $l;lkhFk;. ghzpfisg;nghWj;j tiuapy; gy;NtWgl;l tifg;gLj;jy;fs; fhzg;gl;lhYk;> mitjiyth;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Ntiy/nraw;ghL (fl;lisapLk; ghq;Fs;s) my;yJcwTKiw/kf;fs; (Mjuthd elj;;ij) nghJthfj; njhlh;GgLfpd;wd.
jiyth;fs; mth;fsJ ghzpapid FOf;fspd; kw;Wk; #o;epiyf;F Vw;whw;Nghygpd;gw;w Ntz;bath;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,JNt nefpoj;jf;f Nfhl;ghl;bw;fhdmbg;gilahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; vd;gJ xU jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwagFk;. ,jDhlhfj;jdpg;gl;lth;fs; jhk; tpUk;Gfpd;w ntspaPLfis njhpT nra;tJld;> mitfis
miltjw;fhd nghUj;jkhd elj;ijfisAk; jahh; nra;fpd;whh;fs; (Huczynski and
Buchanan).
Cf;fg;gLj;jypd; cs;slf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs; CopaHfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;FmtHfSf;F vd;d Njit vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;tJk;> mj;jifa Njitfisj;jpUg;jpg;gLj;JtJkhd ntFkjpfisf; nfhLg;gJk; rpwe;j topKiwfs; vdf;Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
Cf;fg;gLj;jypd; eilKiwNfhl;ghLfs; vj;jifa Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Ftjd;%yk; mtHfis tsHr;rpg; ghijapy; elj;jyhk; vdj; jPHkhdpg;gjw;Fk;KfhikahsHfSf;F cjTtJld; Mw;wy; tha;e;j njhopyhsHfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd.
McGregorKfhikahsHfSila mZFKiwahdJ ,uz;L cr;repiyahdmstPl;Lf; fUtpfSf;fpilapy; mstplg;gLk; kdg;ghq;fpy; jq;fpAs;sJ vDk;
fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jhh;. nfhs;if X (njhopyhsHfs; jpUj;jg;gl Ntz;bath;fs;)
kw;Wk; nfhs;isY (njhopyhsHfs; tYT+l;lg;gl Ntz;bath;fs;)
njhlh;ghly; ,uz;L top nraw;ghl;L KiwikahFk;. ,J jftiy ghpkhw;Wtjw;fhd my;yJ nrYj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;ifahFk;. mj;Jld; gpd;D}l;biag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; cjTfpwJ. ,J eltbf;iffis newpgLj;jTk; ,izg;ig Nkw;f;nfhs;sTk; cjTfpwJ.
mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
221CA Sri Lanka
1 gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ kh];Nyhtpd; Njitg; gbKiwfspy; my;yhjJ?
A nfsutj; Njit
B ghJfhg;Gj; Njit
C r%fj; Njit
D fyhrhuj; Njit
2 TW}kpd; vjph;ghh;f;iff; Nfhl;ghl;by;> vjph;ghh;f;ifAk;> ngWkjpfspd; nghjpg;Gk; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk; NghJ Cf;fg;gLj;jy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. cz;ik my;yJ jtW?
3 Herzberg ,d; gb jiyikj;Jtg; ghzpahdJ xU J}z;Ljy; fhuzpahFk;.cz;ik my;yJ jtW?
4 NtWgl;l njhopw;ghLfspd; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lf; FOtpd; ,U mq;fj;jth;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;ghly; MapDk; xNu tpjkhd mjpfhu kl;lj;jpyhdJ vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;.
A Nky; Nehf;fpaJ
B fPo; Nehf;fpaJ
C gf;fthl;by; mike;jJ
D %iytpl;lk;
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;rpg;G
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 222
1 rhpahd tpil D MFk;. fyhr;rhuj; Njitfs;. kh];Nyhtpd; Njit
tifg;gLj;jyhdJ clypay;rhh; Njitfs;> ghJfhg;Gj; Njitfs;> md;G/r%fj; Njitfs;> nfsutj; Njitfs;> kw;Wk; Ra milTj; Njitfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
2 jtwhdJ. Cf;fg;gLj;jy; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;. F= V × E MfNt> V kw;Wk; EFiwthdjhff; fhzg;gLk; NghJ> F (Cf;Ftpj;jy;) FiwthfNt fhzg;gLk;.
3 jtwhdJ. mJ xU MNuhf;fpaepiyf; fhuzpahFk;.
4 rhpahd tpil C MFk;. fpilahdJ
BL4 mj;jpahak7: jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; ;
Draft Version
njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp
mwpKfk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; tzpf eltbf;iffis vt;thW Kfhik nra;a KbAk; vd;gijg; ghu;g;Nghk;. cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lkply; - ,aysitf; Nfs;tpAld; ,izj;jy; (gpupT 2) vd;w vz;zf;fUit Muha;tjw;F Kd;> gpupT 1 ,y; cs;s gy;NtW tifahd nraw;ghLfis RUf;fkhf fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk; ,t; tj;jpahaj;ij Muk;gpg;Nghk;.
gpupT 3 cw;gj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gy;NtW topKiwfis cs;slf;fpaJld; gpupT 4 tpepNahfr; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wpa fUj;ij fye;JiuahLfpwJ. gpupT 5 ,y;> nkhj;j ju Kfhikj;Jt nrad;Kiwiag; ghu;f;fpNwhk;. mj;Jld;> tzpf eltbf;iffspy; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpapd; jhf;fj;ijf; fw;gJld; mj;jpahaj;ij epiwT nra;Nthk;.
223
mwpTf;$W
4 tzpfj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;Lg; gug;Gf;fs;
4.1 njhopw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk; 4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
njhopw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtj;ij nrhw;nghUs; tiuaiw nra;jy; kw;Wk; mikg;G xd;wpy; njhopw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; tfpghfj;ij fye;Jiuahly;
epjprhh;e;j Kd;Ndhf;fpy; cw;gj;jp ,atsitj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd topKiwfis tpsf;Fjy;
gpujhd cw;gj;jp Kiwfis (Ntiy cw;gj;jp> njhFjp cw;gj;jp> gha;r;ry; cw;gj;jp) kw;Wk; nkype;j cw;gj;jp njhlh;ghd fzf;fhsu;fspd; tfpghfj;Jld; njhlh;ghd tifapy; nkype;j cw;gj;jp Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fjy;
mikg;Gf;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpepNahf rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUit milahsk; fhZjy;
nkhj;j ju Kfhik vz;zf;fUit milahsk; fz;L> mikg;gpd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; nkhj;jj; ju Kfhikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij fye;Jiuahly;
mikg;gpy; njhopw;ghLfis Kfhik nra;tjpy; Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghl;il Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
mj;jpaha
hk;
Draft Version
1 njhopw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk;
1.1 njhopw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Nehf;fk;
nghJthf nraw;ghl;L Kfhikj;JtkhdJ epWtdq;fs; tpidj;jpwdhfj;jhd; ,aq;Ffpd;wd vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Nf Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ
1.2 njhopw;ghl;L ikak; (Operating core)nraw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilahdJ kpz;l;];gu;f;fpd; epWtd tifg;gLj;jypd; xU gFjpahf fhzg;gLtij ehk; mj;jpahak; 6 ,y; Nehf;fpapUe;Njhk;. nraw;ghl;L mbg;gilahdJ cw;gj;jp Nghd;w nrad;Kiwfis gad;gLj;jp %yg;nghUs; ,Ug;G Nghd;w cs;sPLfis cUkhw;Wtjd; %yk; ntspaPlhd nghUl;fs; Nritfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; <LgLfpd;w egu;fis cs;slf;FfpwJ.
1.3 epiykhw;wy; nrad;Kiw khjpup
nraw;ghlhdJ cs;sPl;L tsq;fisg; ngw;W xd;W my;yJ mjw;FNkw;gl;l nrad;KiwfSf;F Clhf ntspaPLfshf khw;Wfpd;wJ. cs;sPl;L tsq;fshdJ thbf;ifahsu; Njitfis jpUg;jpgLj;Jfpd;w nghUl;fs; my;yJ NritfSf;fhd nrad;Kiwf;Fs; khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. cUkhw;wy; nrad;Kiwapd; ,g;nghJthd vz;zf;fUthdJ midj;J nrad;KiwfSf;Fk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtJld;> ,J gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fg;glk; %yk; tpgupf;fg;glyhk;.
epiykhw;wy; nrad;Kiw khjpupahdJ vt;htW cs;sPLfs; nrad;Kiwf;$lhf
ntspaPLfshf khw;wg;gLfpwJ vd;gij tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fk;;
1
2
3
4
5
6
p
njhopw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk;
cw;gj;jp ,aysT
cw;gj;jp Kiw kw;Wk; nkype;j cw;gj;j
toq;fy; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jtk;
nkhj;jj; ju Kfhikj;Jtk;
Gjpa njhopEl;gq;fs;
fw;wy; ntspg;ghL
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
224 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak 8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
tiuglk; 8.1 epiykhw;wy; nrad;Kiw cUkhw;wy; nrad;KiwahdJ ,ay;gpy; my;yJ tbtpyhd khw;wk; (cjhuzkhf> juTfis jfty;fshf khw;Wjy;)>,l miktpyhd khw;wk;> clikapyhd khw;wk;> my;yJ> thbf;ifahsu;fis nghUj;jtiu> cstpay; uPjpahd khw;wk; (c.k;. kfpo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jjy;) Nghd;w ngsjPf khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jf; $Lk;.
cUkhw;wy; nrad;Kiwf;fhd cs;sPLfshdJ khw;wkile;j tsq;fshf my;yJ khw;wkilAk; tsq;fshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;.
(a) khw;wkile;j tsq;fshdJ nrad;Kiw %yk; NtWgl;l epiyfshfkhw;wg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t; tsq;fshdJ %yg;nghUl;fs;>jfty; my;yJ thbf;ifahsuhf fhzg;glyhk;.
(b) khw;wkilAk; tsq;fshdJ khw;wkile;j tsq;fspd; epiyfiskhw;Wtjw;F gad;gLj;jgLfpd;w tsq;fshFk;. ,it epWtdj;jpd; Copag;giliaAk;> fl;llq;fs;> cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; thfdq;fs; Nghd;w trjpfisAk; cs;slf;FfpwJ.
,q;F epiykhw;wy; nrad;Kiwapd; rpy eilKiw cjhuzq;fs; jug;gLfpd;wd.
(a) cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwapy;> %yg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; ghfq;fs; Nghd;wcs;sPLfshdJ KbTg;nghUl;fshf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ntspaPlhdJnghUshf fhzg;gLfpwJ. gpd;du; ,J thbf;ifahsUf;FtpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(b) rl;lj; njhopypy;> rl;lj;juzpapd; thbf;ifahsu; xUtUf;F rl;lgpur;rid njhlu;ghd tpsf;fkhdJ Njitg;gLfpwJ. rl;lj;juzp Fwpj;jthbf;ifahsUld; re;jpg;ig Nkw;nfhz;L mtrpakhd MNyhridfistoq;Ffpwhu;. ntspaPlhdJ jfty; toq;fg;gl;l thbf;ifahsuhffhzg;gLfpwJ.
(c) Gifapuj Jiwapy;> Gifapuj Nrit toq;Fdu;fs; mtu;fspd; thbf;ifahsu;fis Xuplj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU ,lj;jpw;F ,lkhw;Wtjw;fhf mtu;fspd; Copag;giliaAk; trjpfisAk; (c.k;. Gifapujk;) gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ntspaPlhdJ ,lkhw;wg;gl;l thbf;ifahsuhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(d) tq;fpj; Jiwapy;> thbf;ifahsuplkpUe;jhd mwpTWj;jy;fshdJ tq;fpapd; trjpfis gad;gLj;jp nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg; gLtJld;> mwpTWj;jy;fshdJ nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpwJ> cjhuzkhf>
cUkhw;wy; nrad;Kiw
khw;wkilAk; cs;sPLfs; Copau; trjpfs;
nts pa PLfs ; nghUl;fs; N r it f s ;
khw;wkile;j cs;sPLfs; %yg;nghUs;;
jfty;
thbf;ifahsu;
225CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
gzg;gupkhw;wj;jpd; %yk;. ntspaPlhdJ epiwtile;j gupkhw;wkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(e) nghOJNghf;F njhopw;Jiwapy;> eifr;Rit ebfupd; eifr;Ritg; Ngr;Rvd;gJ Xh; nghOJNghf;F cs;sPlhf thbf;ifahsUf;Ftoq;fg;glf;$Lk;. ntspaPlhdJ kfpo;tpf;fg;gl;l thbf;ifahsuhFk;.
1.3.1 nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nrit ntspaPLfs;
gy nraw;ghLfshdJ nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; ntspaPl;L fyitia cUthf;FfpwJ. gy ehLfspy; Nrit nghUshjhukhdJ cw;gj;jp nghUshjhuj;ij tpl mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fhzg;glyhk; vd;gjidAk; epidtpy; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F Nrit kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp nrw;ghLfSf;F ,ilNaahd neUq;fpa ,ilj; njhlu;GfSf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fs; jug;gLfpd;wd.
(a) ,ae;jpu fUtpfspd; cw;gj;jpahdJ nghUspw;fhd ntspaPl;bidNagpujhdkhf ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpwJ. vdpDk;> epWtdkhdJthbf;ifahsUf;F gapw;rpaspj;jy;> MNyhrid toq;fy; kw;Wk;njhopEl;g cjtp Nritfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; toq;fyhk;.
(b) fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rpaspj;jy; epWtdkhdJ tpupTiufs;> jdpg;gapw;rpfs;>gapw;rp gl;liwfs; vd;gtw;iw toq;ff;$Lk;. NritahdJ fw;wy;Fwpg;Gf;fs; my;yJ Gj;jfq;fs; tbtpyhd nghUl;fspd; toq;fiyAk;cs;slf;fyhk;. ,J ,izaj;jpD}lhd cjtpfisAk; toq;fyhk;.
(c) czT tpLjpnahd;W czT kw;Wk; Fbghd tbtpyhf nghUl;fistoq;Ffpd;wJ. vdpDk; thbf;ifahsu; czT tpLjpf;F nry;tjw;fhdKf;fpa fhuzkhdJ cztUe;Jk; mDgtj;ij ngWtjw;fhFk;: ,JNritg; ghq;F> nghOJNghf;F kw;Wk; Rw;WGwr;#oy; vd;gtw;wpypUe;Jngw;w kfpo;r;rpapid cs;slf;FfpwJ.
1.3.2 njhopw;ghLfspd; ehd;F V's (The Four Vs of operations)
cUkhw;wy; nrad;KiwfSf;fpilNaahd NtWghl;il gFg;gha;T nra;fpd;w
kw;WnkhU KiwahdJ ehd;F V's gad;gLj;JtJ %ykhdjhFk;:
V fUj;J tpsf;fk;
msT
(Volume) cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l myFfspd; msT. mjpf msTfshdJ nghJthf %yjd nrwpTilajhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Fiwe;j msTfshdJ Copa nrwpTilajhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
gy;tif
(Variety) nraw;ghlhdJ gy;NtWgl;l cs;sPLfis ifahs;fpd;wjh my;yJ NtWgl;l tifahd ntspaPLfis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wjh.
Nfs;tpapyhd NtWghL
(Variation in
demand)
rpy nraw;ghLfSf;fhd Nfs;tpahdJ gUtf;fhyj;jpw;F cupajhf my;yJ toikahd cr;r msTfshf fhzg;glyhk;@ Nfs;tpapy; tPo;r;rpAk; Vw;glyhk;.
Njhw;wk;
(Visibility) nraw;ghLfshdJ ve;jstpw;F thbf;ifahsu;fshy; ghu;itaplf; $bajhf cs;sJ.
226 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
2 cw;gj;jp ,aysT
2.1 ,aysT ,ststhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyg;gFjpdf;fhd cr;rkl;l ngWkjpNrhh; eltbf;ifahf nrad;Kiw my;yJ rhjhuz Ntiy epge;jidfspd; fPohd cw;gj;jp cyfpd; %yk; milaf; $baJ vd tiuaWf;fKbAk;.
kpif ,aysT my;yJ Fiwf; ,aysT vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpDila tpahghu eltbf;iffSf;F jilahf mika KbAk;.
2.2 kpif ,aysT kpjkpQ;rpa ,aysT vd;gjd; fUj;J cw;gj;jpf;F fpilf;fj;jf;f tsq;fs; G+uzkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.
(a) Fiw tsg;gad;ghL fhzg;gLtJld; nrhj;Jf;fspd; tpisT fpilf;ff;$bajpYk; ghh;f;f FiwthdjhfNt fhzg;gLk;. tpisit mjpfhpf;fNtz;b tpw;gid tpiyia mjpfhpf;f Kaw;rp nra;;apd; nghUl;fs; Nritfs;tpiyfs; Nghl;bahsh;fSld; njhlh;G gl;ltifapy; tpiy cah;tilayhk;.
(b) Nritf; ifj;njhopy;fspy; thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F jtwhd nra;jpfismDg;gKbAk;> cjhuzkhd KOikahf ,y;yh xU czT tpLjpapy;czT ey;yjy;y vd;w czh;itf; nfhLf;ff;$Lk;.
2.3 Fiw ,aysT Fiw ,aysT vd;gJ cw;gj;jp nra;a ,aYkhdij tpl cwgj;jpf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfkhf ,Uj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
(a) xU epWtdk; thbf;ifahsh;fsJ Nfs;tpia jpUg;jpg;gLj;j ,ayhJfhzg;gl;lhy; re;ij thq;fj; jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fs; NritfspypUe;jhd ,yhgj;jpypUe;J jtwptpLk;. mj;Jld; thbf;ifahsh;fs; Nghl;b epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J nghUl;fs; Nritfisg; ngWtjw;F tha;g;Gf; fhzg;gLtjhy; thbf;ifahsh;fis ,of;f Nehplyhk;.
(b) Nritf; ifj;njhopy;> Fiw ,aysT nrsfhpakhd Nrit thbf;ifahsh;jpUg;jpf; FiwT kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsh; jf;fitg;G vd;gtw;iw Fiwf;Fk;my;yJ jhkjpf;Fk;.
jpwd; jpl;lkply; nghUl;ffs; my;yJ NritfSf;fhd Nfs;tpAld; rkepiyj; pjwidf; nfhz;bUj;jiy Nehf;ff; nfhz;lJ.
kpif ,aysT vd;gjd; fUj;J cw;gj;jpf;F fpilf;fj;jf;fjhd tsq;fs; KOikahf gad;gLj;jg;glhj xU epiyikahFk;.
fPo;,aysT vd;gJ cw;gj;jp nra;a ,aYkhdij tpl cwgj;jpf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfkhf ,Uj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
ehd;F jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L nraw;ghLfs; rkepiyf; nfhs;ssT kw;Wk; Nfs;tp> Vw;Wjy;> thpirg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlh;Ggl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
ehd;F Kf;fpa jpl;lkply; ,aysT topfshf epiy jpwd; jpl;lq;fs;> Juj;jy;>Njitj; jpl;lq;fs;>Nfs;tp Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida %d;W tif jpl;lq;fspdJk; fyit vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd
227CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
2.4 ,sysT Kfhikj;Jtk;
ehd;F jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L nraw;ghLfs; rkepiyf; nfhs;ssT kw;Wk; Nfs;tpAld njhlh;Ggl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(a) Vw;Wjy;
(b) thpirg;gLj;jy;
(c) jpl;lkply;
(d) fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
2.4.1 Vw;Wjy; Vw;Wjy; vd;gJ xU nraw;ghl;L myfpw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l Ntiyapd; myfhFk;. Kjypy; ,g;gjk; xU ,aq;jpuj;jpw;fhd Ntiy xJf;fPl;Lf;F my;yJ xU FO ,ae;jpuj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;ljhfff; fhzg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; VjhtJ nraw;ghl;L myfpw;Nf nghUj;jkhdJ (rpifayq;fhuk;).
2.4.2 thpirg;gLj;jy; KbTfs; ntt;NtW Ntiyfs; my;yJ NTWgl;l fl;lisfis epiwNtw;Wk; NghJ xOq;FgLj;Jk; NghJ vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;thpirg;gLj;jy; nraw;gLj;jyhdJ gpd;tUk; ahjhapDk; xd;wpd; mbg;gilapy; fhzg;glyhk;.
(a) thbf;ifahsh; Kd;Dhpik
(b) nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba jpfjp
(c) ,Wjpapy; te;jJ Kjypy; ntspNa
(d) Kjypy;; te;jJ Kjypy; ntspNa
(e) Kjy; jlit ePz;l nraw;ghL
(f) Kjy; jlit FWfpa nraw;ghL
tpUg;gj; njhpT thpirg;gLj;jyhdJ epajpfs; vd;gJ ngWNgw;W nraw;ghLfis mbg;gilahdJ nray;ghl;L xUq;fpizg;ig cr;rg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mJ gpd;tUk; fhuzpfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(a) tpepNahfj;jpy; jq;fpapUj;jy; (mjhtJ thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F toq;fpanfhlg;gdTj; jpfjpia re;jpj;jy;)
(b) tpepNahf Jhpjg;gLj;jy; (mjhtJ Ntiyfs; nraw;ghl;by; nrytpLk;Neuj;jpd; msitf; Fiwj;jy;)
(c) rpf;fyhd nray;Kiwfisf; ifahsy;
(d) nryT
(e) ,yhgk;
(f) fl;lisg; ngWkjp
(g) Ntiy ikaq;fspy; Rk;kh ,Uj;jiy Fiwj;jy; (,J nrytpd; xUgFjp)
(h) ,Ug;G kl;lq;fisf;Fiwj;jy; ( ,J nrytpd; mLj;j gFjp)
228 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
2.4.3 ml;ltizg;gLj;jy; Ntiyfs; xOq;FgLj;jg;gLtJld; Ntiyfs; ve;Neuj;jpy; njhlq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vdTk; mit ve;Neuj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlh;ghd xU thpthd fhy ml;ltiz jahhpj;jpUj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
tphpthd jpl;lkplypd; NghJ thbf;ifahsuJ Njitfs; G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl KbAk; vd;gij cWjpnra;tjw;F Kiwahd ml;ltizg;gLj;jy; mtrpakhdjhFk;. eilKiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; vjph;ghuhj Nfs;tpapidml;ltizg;gLj;JtJ rhj;jpakpy;iy kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs; ntWkNd mth;fs; cj;juTfis nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf vhpnghUs; epug;G epiyaq;fs;.
xU eltbf;iff;fhf gy;NtW vz;zpf;ifapyhd Ntiyfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ ,q;F xOq;fw;w ml;ltizg;gLj;jy;fshy; Mgj;J Neuyhk;. ,J ntt;NtW fhyq;fspy; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; rpf;fy;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
2.4.4 fz;fhzpj;jYk; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; Vw;w> thpirKiw kw;Wk; Ntiyfis ml;ltizg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ eltbf;iffs; jpl;lkpl;lgb ,lk;ngWfpd;wjh vd;gij fz;fhzpg;gjw;F mtrpakhFk;. fhl;lg;gl;l jpl;lj;jpypUe;J tpyfy; fhzg;gl;lhy; mjid kPz;Lk; jpl;lkpLtjw;F rhpahd mtstPLfs; Njitg;glyhk;.
“J}z;ly; fl;Lg;ghL” kw;Wk; “,Oitf;fl;Lg;ghL” vd;Dk; gjq;fshdJ Ntiyg;gha;r;ry; Kfhikapd; NghJ vLf;fg;gLk; fl;Lg;ghLfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. J}z;ly; fl;Lg;ghLfs; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; ,Ug;Gkl;lk; vd;gtw;iwf; fz;fhzpg;gNjhL xt;nthU nraw;ghl;Lg; gbKiwfspD}lhf mLj;j fl;lj;ijg; ngWtjw;F jahuhf cs;sJ.
,Oitf;fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ ftdk; Njitg;gLk; NghJ Kd;ida nray;KiwapypUe;J toq;fg;gLk; gzp nray;Kiwapd; xt;nthU epiyapYk; cs;sJ. Ntiy mJ Njitg;gLk; tiu Ke;ija nraw;ghLfspypUe;J toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,Oitf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; Fiwthd ,Ug;G KiwapDs; fhzg;gLk;.
2.5 ,aysT jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jypy; cs;slf;fg;gLgit:
(a) nraw;ghl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd rhjhuz ,aysit jpl;lkply;.
(b) NjitNaw;gLk;NghJ khw;W eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;.
ePz;lfhy je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lkply;fs; vj;jifa ,aysit nraw;ghL nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL KjyPl;L jPh;khdq;fs; jpl;lkpl;l ,aysit milaj;jf;fthW vLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
,aysT jpl;lkply; MdJ FWq;fhyj;jpYk; eLj;ju fhyq;fspYk; nraw;ghl;L nraw;wpwd;fspd; kPJ jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
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jhf;fq;fs; fUj;Jf;fs;
nryT nryTfs; jpl;lkpl;l ,aysthy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. xU nraw;ghl;bDila ,aysT Nfs;tpia tpl mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ
tsq;fspd; Fiw gad;ghL fhzg;gLk;; nryTfs; vd;gJ,aysT Nfs;tpAld; mjpf neUf;fkhdjhf ,Uj;jhy; cah;thf ,Uf;Fk;.
tUkhdk; kWGwkhf> thUtha; xU nraw;ghl;L,aystpdhy; ghjpf;fg;glKbAk;. xU nraw;ghL vjph;Nehf;Fk; ,aysit tpl Nfs;tp mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; ciof;Fk; tUthia tpl tpl;Lf;nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
juk; xU eltbf;ifapd; jukhdJ ,aysT jpl;lkply; Kyk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf> gFjpNeu my;yJ jw;fhypf Copah;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; mjd; jpwd; NtWgLfpd;wJ vdpd; cw;gj;jpapdJ juk; my;yJ Nrit ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
Nfs;tpf;fhd tpiuT gjpy;fs;
Njitf;fhd tpisT gjpyhdJ KbTg;nghUl;fspd; ,Ug;Gf;fis tpUj;jpnra;tjpy; (nryit nfhz;bUf;Fk;) my;yJ Njitahd ,aysit toq;Ftjd; %yk; thbf;ifahsh;fs; thpirapy; fhj;jpUj;jiy (nryit nfhz;bUf;Fk;) Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;sKbAk;.
epuk;gypy; jq;fpapUj;jy;
,aysit tiuaiwf;F neUf;fkhdjhf nraw;ghLfs; Ntiy nra;Ak;. ,J Fiwthd vspjhd Ntiy Xl;lk; kw;Wk; vjph;ghuhj jilfisr; rkhspf;f cjTk;. vdNt tpdpNahfkhdJ Fiwthd rhh;e;jpUg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
nefpo;Tj; jd;ik
xU eltbf;ifapd; nefpo;Tj;jd;ik Fwpg;ghf mij cUthf;f$ba ntspaPl;lsT vd;gJ kpif ,aystpD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;glyhk;. xU Ntiy eltbf;if my;yJ mjd; jpwd; vy;iyfs; neUf;fkhf kpfTk; Fiwe;j nefpo;Tj; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Uf;Fk;.
2.6 Nfs;tp kw;Wk; ,aystpid mstply;
2.6.1 Nfs;tp vjph;T $wy; ngUk;ghyhd epWtdq;fspy; tpw;gid kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpizf;fsq;fs; Nfs;tp vjph;T $wy;fSf;F nghWg;Gtha;e;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thnwdpDk;> Nfs;tp vjph;T $wyhdJ Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;if kw;Wk; nfhs;ssT jpl;lkplYf;F nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(a) Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;if Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Nfs;tp vjph;T $wyhdJtpw;gid tUtha; vd;gjid tpl Nfs;tp myFfspdhy; tpsf;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf xU cw;gj;jp eltbf;ifapy; Nfs;tpia Copa kzpmy;yJ ,ae;jpu kzpj;jpahyq;fspy; tpsf;FtJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
(b) vjph;T$wy;fs; rhj;jpakhdtiuapy; Jy;ypakhdjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;>Vnddpy; ,aysT vd;gJ vjph;T $wy;fs; mbg;gilapy; jpl;lkplg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.
(c) Nfs;tp vjph;T $wy; epr;rakw;w rpy mstPLfSf;Fhpa milahsq;fisf;nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. rhj;jpakhd ,lj;jpy; Nfs;tp NtWghL nghJthffle;jfhy Nfs;tp tbtq;fspy; mbgilapypUe;J Gs;sptpguhPjpahfkjpg;gPL nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
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2.6.2 ,aysT mstPL ,aysT mstPL vd;gJ jug;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; kPs;eltbf;iffs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jtph;e;j eltbf;iffspy; xU Neubahd gzpahff; fhzg;gl khl;lhJ. xUeltbf;if nghUl;fs; Nritfis xU tiuaiwf;Fs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ cw;gj;jp ntspaPl;Lg;gjq;fspy; ,aysit mstpLjy; fbdkhdJ. Vnddpy; mq;F xU jug;gLj;jg;gl;l ntspaPl;L msT fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
vdNt> ,aysT vd;gJ fpilf;Fk; cs;sPl;L tsq;fs; my;yJ c;gj;jp ntspaPl;L mbg;gilapy; mstplg;glyhk;.
ntspaPL jukw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; VNjDk; ,aysT mstPL ntspaPl;L mbg;gilapy; ruhrhp mstPlhf gad;gLj;jg;glKbAk;. cjhuzkhf xU itj;jpauJ mWitr; rpfpr;ir xU Nehahspf;F 10 epkplk; vd;w vLNfhspd; mbg;gilapy; xt;nthU thuKk; 400 Nehahspfis rpfpr;ir nra;Ak; mbg;gilapy; mjdJ ,aysT jpwid kjpg;gplKbAk;. eilKiwapy; rpyNehahspfSf;F 10 epkplq;fSf;F NkyhfTk; rpy NehahspfSf;F FiwthfTk; vLf;fyhk;.
ngUk;ghYk; xU eltbf;ifapd; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gFjpfs; mth;fsJ ,aysTvy;iyapy; nraw;gLk;. eltbf;ifapd; gFjpfs; mth;fsJ ,aysT tiuaifs; KOnraw;wpwd; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,aysT tiuaiw milaf;$ba nkhj;j ntspaPl;lsit kl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.mit Ntiy Xl;lj;jpy; ,lh;ghLfis Vw;gLj;JtNjhL jpUg;jpaw;w Nfs;tpf;Fk; toptFf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf efUf;F ntspNaahd xU nrhg;gpq; nrd;uh; ghh;itahhsh; vy;NyhUk; gad;gLj;Jk; fhh; ghh;f; kw;Wk; ,J 1000 ,lq;fSf;F kl;lg;gLj;jg; gl;bUj;jy; fhh;ghh;f; ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if epiyaj;jpw;fhd ,aysT tiuaiwahFk;.
2.7 ,aysTj;; jpl;lkply; ,aysTjpl;lkplYf;fhd gy;NtW topfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
xU epiy jpwd; jpl;lk;
xU Juj;jy; Nfs;tpj; jpl;lk;
xU Nfs;tp Kfhikj;Jtj; jpl;lk;
NkYs;s %d;W jpl;lq;fspdJk; fyit
2.7.1 epiy jpwd; jpl;lk; xU epiy jpwd; jpl;lk; vd;gJ xU jpl;lkply; fhyj;jpy; xU epiyahd mstpy; nraw;ghl;L kl;lj;ij guhkhpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nfs;tp vjph;T$wy; Vw;w ,wf;fq;fis jtph;f;Fk; xU jpl;lkhf cs;sJ. mj;Jld; gzpahsh; kw;Wk; Vida tskl;lq;fs; epiyahf itj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
xU cw;gj;jp eltbf;ifapy; Nfs;tpahdJ nfhs;ssit tpl Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ,Ug;Gf;fhf nghUl;fis cw;gj;jpnra;Ak;eltbf;if ,lk;ngWk;.
Nrit eltbf;if xd;wpy; Nfs;tp Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ tsq;fs; nrayw;Wf; fhzg;gLk;;> jhkjk; Vw;gLk;. mq;F Nfs;tp mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ngUk;ghYk; Nritj;juk; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;.
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2.7.2 Juj;jy; Nfs;tpj; jpl;lk; ,j;jpl;lk; epiyjpwd; jpl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhdjhFk;. mjdJ Nehf;fk; Nfs;tp jsk;gy;fis vjph;T$wp nfhs;ssitg; nghUj;jyhFk;. cjhuzkhf gzpahsh; vz;zpf;if khwp ,Ug;gNjhL gzpahsh;fs; Nkyjpf my;yJ efh;T Ntiy nra;a Ntz;ba Njit fhzg;gLk;. cgfuzq;fs; kl;lj;jpy; NtWghLfSk; mtrpakhdNjhL ngUk;ghYk; FWq;fhy thlif Vw;ghLfs; %yk; Njitahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
Ntiyj;jpl;l mbg;gilapyhd mzpfs; kw;Wk; nka;epfh; epWtdq;fs; (virtual
organizations) Juj;jy; Njit jpl;lj;ij nraw;gLj;j Njitahd nefpo;Tj; jd;ikia nfhLf;fyhk;.
2.7.3 Nfs;tp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpl;lkply; rpy epWtdq;fs; Njit cWjpg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; jpwd; jpl;lkply;fis nra;tjw;F Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd.
Nfs;tp Kfhikj;Jtj; jpl;lkplypd; Nehf;fk; cr;rfhyq;fspy; mijj; J}z;Ltjd;%yk; cr;r Nfs;tpiaaf; Fiwg;gjhFk;.
Nfs;tpia Kfhiknra;Ak; kpfTk; ntspg;gilahd topahf tpiyNtWgLj;jyhFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshf cs;slf;fg;gLgit:
(a) Gifapujf; fl;lzq;fisf; Fiwg;gjd;%yk; Fwpj;jfhyg;gFjpapy; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s gazpisj;J}z;Ljy;.
(b) ,opTf;fhy njhiyNgrpf;fl;lzq;fs;.
(c) gUtfhy tpLKiw ehl;fspy; tpiyf;Fiwg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;tjD}lhfNfs;tpapid mjpfhpj;jy;.
cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Vida re;ijg;gLj;jy; nraw;ghLfspD}lhfr; re;ijf;Nfs;tpapid epiyahf itj;Jf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;Fk;.
2.7.4 fyg;Gj;jpl;lk; eilKiwapy; ,aysTj; jpl;lkply; ngUk;ghYk; epiyjpwd; jpl;lkply;> Juj;Jk; Nfs;sp jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; Nfs;tp Kfhikj;Jtj; jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l fyg;Gj;jpl;lkplyhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
2.8 %yg;nghUs; Njitg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; (MRP I)
MRP I vd;gJ rhh;Gf;Nfs;tp fhzg;gLk; jahhpg;Gj;Jiw epge;jidfspy; %yg;nghUl;fspd; mstpidAk; fhyg;gFjpapidAk; jPh;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; xU
El;gkhFk;. tpw;gidia vjph;T$wf;$bajhf ,y;yhtpl;lhy; MRP I nghUj;jkw;wJ.
MRP I Kiwapd; Nehf;fq;fshtd:
(a) Xt;nthU tif %yg;nghUSf;Fkhd Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fspd;msit fzpg;gpl;Lf;nfhs;sy;.
(b) NjitahdNghJ jPh;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.
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Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;wpypUe;J fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
(a) vjph;fhy fl;lisfis mwpe;jpUj;jy; mjhtJ Kd;dh; thbf;ifahsh;fsplkpUe;J ngw;w fl;lisfspypUe;J.
(b) Vida vjph;fhy Fl;lisfSf;fhd vjph;T$wyhdJ rhj;jpakhd ek;gpf;if kl;lj;jpy; ngwg;gLk;.
nghUl;fs; Nritfs; cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njhitahd xt;nthU tifahd %yg;nghUs; msTfSk; %yg;nghUs; cz;baypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kjpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; Nfs;tp tha;g;Gf;fs; Njitg;gLk; %yg;nghUs; ml;ltizf;F khw;wg;glyhk;.
MRP I MdJ jahhpg;Gj;Jiw epWtdq;fSf;F cw;gj;jpf;Fj; NjitahdNghJ Ntiyf;F jpUk;Gjy; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd Kf;fpa Neuq;fis mDkjpg;gjd;%yk; my;yJ ntsp epuk;gyhsh;fsplkpUe;J nghUl;fis thq;fy; vd;gtw;iw jPh;khdpf;fpd;wJ.
,q;F MRP I njhFjpia gad;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fs; gy;NtW mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf Nfs;tpf; fl;lisfis jpUg;jp nra;Ak;
rkaq;fspy; ,Ug;G kl;lFiwg;gpid vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; JIT njhFjpahdJ cw;gj;jpg; gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fhz;gJld; epuk;gYldhd neUf;fkhd cwtpid tYg;gLj;JtjD}lhf Kfhikf;F mDruizAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
2.9 cw;gj;jp tsj; jpl;lkply; (MRP II) jahhpg;G ts jpl;lkply; my;yJ (MRP II), %yg;nghUs; ts jpl;lkply; (MRP
I) f;F ntspNaahdJ. ,J jahhpg;Gf; fk;gdpfspd; jahhpg;G> re;ijg;gLj;jy;>epjp kw;Wk; nghwpapay; Nghd;w midj;J tsq;fisAk; fz;fhzpf;Fk; xUjpl;lkhFk;.
(MRP II) epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtWgFjpfspy; gad;gLj;Jk; juTj;jsj;ij xd;wpizf;Fj; fzzpj; njhFjpahFk;. nghwpapay; jpizf;fsk;> jahhpg;Gj; njhopw;ghL kw;Wk; epjpj;njhopw;ghL vd;gdtw;wpy; nghUl;fSf;fhd fl;lzj;jpy; mNj gjpg;gpidNa gad;gLj;Jk;. midj;J njhopw;ghLfSk; nghJthd juTj; njhFg;Gf;fspypUe;Nj nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
MRP II Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; nghUj;jq;fspdbg;gilapy; cr;r ,Ug;Gf;fl;Lg;ghL nray;gLj;Jtjpy; rpf;fyhd Kiwiaf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ.
,jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; mk;rq;fs; tUkhW:
cw;gj;jp jpl;lkply;
nfhs;sT jpl;lkply;
vjph;T$wy;
nfhs;tdT
fl;lisg;gjpNtL
nraw;ghl;Lfl;Lg;ghL
epjpg;gFg;gha;T
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3 cw;gj;jp Kiwfs; kw;Wk; nkype;j cw;gj;jp
3.1 Ntiy cw;gj;jp
jdpnahU njhopypd; ,Wjp cw;gj;jpahdJ nghJthf ghpkhw;wg;glf;$baJ. cjhuzkhf ghhpa fl;Lkhdg; gzpfSf;fhf tpNrlkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;l ,ae;jpuk; my;yJ rhjhuzkhd ijay;fhudhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l ciliaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. njhopy; nrad;Kiw %yk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; cw;gj;jpfs; toikahf jahhpg;gsh;fSf;fpilNa jahhpf;fg;gLtNjhL gpd;dh; thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F efh;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mq;F nghUl;fis tpepNahfpf;Fk; NghJ rpy ,izg;Gf;fs; me;j ,lj;jpNyNa ,lk;ngwyhk;..
njhopy;jU epWtdk; (Jobbing organization) Ntiy nfhs;NthUf;F gy;NtW NtiyfisAk; nra;Ak; nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAila gad;jU nghwpj; njhFjpAk; jpwd;kpf;f CopaKk; mtrpak;.
Vnddpy; njhopy;fs; jdpj;Jtkhd jd;ikia Nehf;fp efh;fpd;wJ ,q;F vjph;fhy jPh;khdq;fSf;F topfhl;bahf rpwe;j jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F jfty;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.rpy cw;gj;jpf;fhuzpfs; mjpfsT fl;Lg;gLj;jf; $bajhff; fhzg;gbDk; $l mit cw;gj;jpahsh;fspd; epiyaq;fspNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. jahhpg;Gj; Jiwf;Fs;NsNa nraw;gLj;Jfpd;whh;fs;. fhuzkhf fhyepiyj; jhf;fq;fshy; nghUk;ghYk; NtiyahdJ ghjpf;fg;glkhl;lhJ.
njhopypd; ,Wjp cw;gj;jpahdJ gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
mitfs; toq;fg;gl;ljhfNt fUjg;gLk;
Efh;Nthh; fl;lisf;fhf nra;ag;gLgit. thbf;ifahsUf;F vd;d Njitvd;gJ cw;gj;jp tbtj;jpy; nghpastpy; ntspg;gLj;jg; gl;bUf;Fk;. epWtdk;ntspapypUe;J tpjpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; tbtq;fis cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;Sk;.,q;F thbf;ifahsUld; Fiwe;jsthd Kiwrhh; gpizg;Gf;fs;fhzg;gLtNjhL Fl;lisfshdJ nghJthf Vida Nghl;bepWtdq;fSf;F vjpuhd Nfs;tp NfhUtjd; %yk; ntw;wp nfhs;sg;gLk;.
cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; jukw;wit. ,q;F epuk;gyhsh;fSf;fpilNa> xt;nthUcw;gj;jpf;Fk; NtWgl;l %yg;nghUl;fs; Njitg;gLtjhy; Fiwe;jsthdKiwahd cwTfNs fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; mjpfsT gy;ypdj; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;–fhy;tha;> mNdfkhf xU tUlk;> mLj;;jJ ghyk;> kw;Wk; mLj;jtUlj;jpd; gpd;dh; thfd neLQ;rhiy.
Fwpg;gpl;l xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; Xliu ntw;wp ngWKfkhf my;yJ njhopYf;F mjd; Nghl;bahsh;fSld; gpd;tUk; gFjpfspy; Njitahf ,Uf;Fk;.
Jhpj tpepNahfk;
,Wjpg; nghUl;fspd; juk;
cw;gj;jp topKiwfs; Ntiy> FO> thpir kw;Wk; njhlh;r;rpahd cw;gj;jpg;gha;r;ry; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
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nghJthf fl;lisfis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F ,j;jifa epWtdk; Nfs;tpf;F Vw;w tifapy; gy;NtW Njitfis re;jpf;ff; $ba ,aYikfisf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Hill vd;gtuJ $w;Wg;gb> mth;fs; nghUl;fis tpw;gjpYk; ghh;f;f re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpwikfis tpUj;jpnra;aNtz;Lk;.
3.2 Ntiy nra;Kiw njhopw;#oypd; nra;KiwahdJ gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
,J xt;nthU njhopy; my;yJ nraw;wpl;lk; gy vz;zpf;ifapyhdgy;NtW eltbf;iffisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;Dk; tifapy; rpf;fyhdJ.
,aw;ifapy; khWghLilaJ> xUnjhopy; my;yJ nraw;wpl;lk; Kd;dajpYk;NtWgl;l njhFjp gzpfs; Njitg;glyhk;.
egh; my;yJ cgfuzq;fs; gy;NtW gzpfis Kd;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gjpy;nefpo;Tj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
njhopy; ePz;lfhyg;gFjpiaf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk; - mNdfkhf khjq;fs; -kw;Wk; Muk;gf;fl;lq;fspYk; mNdfkhf fhyk; epr;rakw;wJ.
njhopw;#oypy; Copajpwd;fs; cah;thf ,Uf;Fk; Nghf;F fhzg;gLtjw;F fhuzk; njhopyhsh;fs; kpfTk; rpwg;Gj; Njh;r;rpahd gzpfis my;yJ gue;J gl;lstpy; ntt;NtW gzpfis nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.
Kfhik cs;sPlhdJ nghJeph;thf Kfhikj;Jtk; vt;thW ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij tpl njhopDl;g mwpit Kf;fpaj;Jtg; gLj;jpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.; Copa Kfhikj;Jtk; Fiwthd gpur;rpidiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Vnddpy; Copah; jq;fis jhNk Kfhik nra;tjpy; rpwe;jth;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
nghwpAk; nghwpj; njhFjpAk; tpNrl Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nra;ag;gl;lijtpl nghJthd Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nra;a Kidfpd;wd. tpNrl cgfuzq;fs; thliff;fF mkh;j;jg;gLk; Vnddpy; ,J xU jlit mbg;gilapy; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
Vnddpy; xt;nthU jahhpg;Gf;fSk; jdpj;Jtkhdjhf tpsq;Ftjhy; KbTg;nghUl;fs; ,Ug;G fhzg;gl khl;lhJ. Njitg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; kl;Lk; thq;fg;gLtjdhy; ,Ug;Gf;$WfSk; mhpjhfNt fhzg;gLk;.
nefpo;Tj; jd;ikf;fhf nfhLf;fg;gl;l Njit jpl;l mbg;gil my;yJ njhopy; epWtdq;fSf;fhd rptg;G ehlh> rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk Kiwahd eilKiwfSf;fhd ,lk; mq;F ,y;iy. xU fl;likg;G gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; xU Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kaw;rpahz;ik tbtk; ,e;epge;jidfspy; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf mikayhk;.
3.3 njhFjp cw;gj;jp njhFjp cw;gj;jp xj;j gy nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpfspd; njhFg;gpidf; fUJfpd;wJ. ghjzpfs; xU rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. xU fhyzp cw;gj;jpahsh; 7 msTs;s xU njhFjp midj;ijAk; xNu tbtj;jpYk;> gpd;dh; 8 msTs;s ghjzpfs; tbtj;jpy; kw;Wk; mNjNghd;W cw;gj;jp tbtikg;G nra;th;.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
236 CA Sri Lanka
nghJthf> njhFjp cw;gj;jpAld; Xl;Lnkhj;jg;gzp gbKiwfshf gphpf;fg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf xU Nrhb ghjzpfSf;fhd gbKiwfshf:
jdpj;jdpahf ntl;ly; (khjphpia ntl;ly;)
Nkw;;gFjpia ntl;bj;ijj;jy;
Nkw;gFjpNahL jdpj;jdpahf ntl;baij itj;Jj; ijj;jy;
gy;NtW njhFjpg; ghjzpfis jahhpg;gjw;F> Kjypy; mjid njhFjpfs; Mf;Ftjw;F ,ae;jpuq;fs; NjitahFk; mjhtJ Kjy; 7 ghjq;fSk;. Njitahd mstpyhd ghjq;fs; Mf;fg;gl;lJk; nray;Kiw epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;dh; 8 msTs;s ghjq;fSf;F tpj;jpahrkhf mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J epWj;jy; kw;Wk; kPs; jahhpj;jy; njhFjp cw;gj;jpf;fhd mtrpakhd gz;ghFk;.
3.4 njhFjp nra;Kiw
njhFjp nra;Kiw rpy NtWgl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;> Mdhy; nghJthf ,J xU nraw;ghl;bd; njhopYf;Fk; cw;gj;jpf;Fkpilapyhd miug;gFjpiaAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; (fPNo tpghpf;fg;gLk;). MfNt KOikahd eilKiw Kd;ida my;yJ gpe;jpatw;wpy; vt;thW jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gjidg; nghWj;J mikAk;.
njhFjpfshf jahhpf;fg;gLk; cw;gj;jpfs; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
(a) mth;fs; xU njhFjpia tpl xUKiw cw;gj;jp nra;thh;fs;. thpircw;gj;jpfSld;njhlh;r;rpahd nrad;Kiwfis xg;gpLk;NghJxg;gPl;lstpy; cw;gj;jp msT Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;.
(b) mth;fs; Fl;lisfisr; nra;ayhk; Mdhy; Fl;lisfis kPsTk;Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Vw;gLtJld; xUNtis Nfs;tpapd; msT mjpfhpj;jhy;,Ug;G cUthf;fg;gLk;.
(c) njhFjpfSs; nghUl;fs; jukhf fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; fUj;J epuk;gyhsh;fspilNa cwTfis tpUj;jpnra;jy; gaDs;sjhf mikAk;.
(d) nraw;wpl;lk; my;yJ njhopy; epWtdq;fshy; jahhpf;fg;gLk; jahhpg;Gf;fis tpl nghUl;fspd; NtWgl;l tiffs; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gilg; nghUl;fspd; msTfspy; my;yJ tbtj;jpy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;glyhk;.
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l xt;nthU mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk; fPNo (re;ij cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiw> cgfuz Njitg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhf) njhFjp cw;gj;jp njhopw;gz;Gfs; my;yJ thpir cw;gj;jpfis Nehf;fp KidtiltJld;>,J cw;gj;jp msT mjpfhpj;jy; my;yJ Fiwtpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 237
3.5 thpir cw;gj;jp Xh; jdpnahU cw;gj;jp my;yJ xU tPr;R cw;gj;jpfSf;F cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwg;gFjpfis mh;g;gzpg;Gr; nra;jy; njhFjpfis mjpfhpg;gjd; gadhy; Vw;gLk;;. vdNt xOq;fhf ,ilntspapy; ,ae;jpuq;fis epWj;jNth my;yJ kPsikf;NthNtz;ba Njitapy;iy. MfNt rg;ghj;Jf;fs; NghJkhdstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lhy; 7 tPr;R mstpyhd ghjq;fs; xU thpir cw;gj;jp mh;gzpg;Gf;F kw;Wk; kw;Wk; kw;iwa mh;g;gzpg;g 8 msTf;fhd ghjq;fs; kw;Wk; Vidatw;Wf;Fk; gaDs;sjhf mikyhk;.
,t;tifapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; cw;gj;jpfSf;fhd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshf fhh;fs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L cgfuzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (ghjzpfs; ehfhPfkhf kw;Wk; FWq;fhy tho;f;ifiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;> vdNt Fwpg;gpl;l ghjzp njhFjpfs; ePz;lfhyj;jy; rpwpa mstpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
3.6 njhlh; gha;r;ry; cw;gj;jp
njhlh;r;rpahd nra;Kiw my;yJ Rw;Nwhl;l cw;gj;jp vd;gJ vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G my;yJ rth;f;fhuk; jahhpg;G> th;zk;> Milfs;> fljhrp> czTfs; kw;Wk; Fbghdq;fs; kw;Wk; gy ,urhadq;fs; jahhpg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cw;gj;jp Kiwahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mbg;gil %yg;nghUl;fs; ntw;wpg; gbKiwfspD}lhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag; gLfpd;wd. ,Wjp ntspaPL xU jdp nghUs; my;yJ gy;NtW NtWgl;l cw;gj;jpfshf ,Uf;fyhk; (vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G xU rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;).
Hill vd;gth; tpsf;FtJ Nghd;W nra;Kiwia Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd nryT cah;thf ,Ug;gjhy;> nra;Kiw vy;yh ehl;fSk; nraw;gLj;jf; $bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL xt;nthU ehSk; Fiwe;j gl;r %Lk; eltbf;iffisAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. %yg;nghUl;fs; jd;dpr;rirahf xU gFjp nra;Kiwapy; ,Ue;J mLj;j gFjpf;F njhopyhsh; cjtpAldhd xU Kiwahd fz;fhzpg;Gld; khw;wg;gLk;.
3.7 thpir kw;Wk; njhlh; nrad;Kiwg; gha;r;ry;
thpir my;yJ njhlh;r;rpahd cw;gj;jpr; nra;Kiwfis gad;gLj;jp eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gLk; nghUk;ghyhd gFjpfspy; nra;Kiw xj;jjhff; fhzg;gLtNjhL vdNt kPz;Lk; ,itfs; ,izj;Jg; gl;bayplg;gLk;.
,tw;iwg; gad;Lj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lit gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(a) mitfs; cah;e;j mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
(b) tpNrl thbf;ifahsh; fl;lisfis tpl mth;fs; mjpfsT ,Ug;Gf;fisitj;jpUf;f Kidfpd;wdh;. kWGWkhf rpy thbf;ifahsh;fs; nkhj;jkhfthq;Fgth;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;. cjhuzk; gy;nghUs; mq;fhbfs;. vdNt,J ePz;lfhyj;jy; thbf;ifahsh;fSld; cwTfis tpUj;jpnra;tjw;Fr; rhj;jpakhf mikAk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
238 CA Sri Lanka
(c) mitfs; kpfTk; cah;e;jsTpy; jug;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gNjhL epuk;gyhsh;fSld; jukhd gFjpfSld; ePz;lfhy xg;ge;jq;fspy; Eiotjw;Fk; rhj;jpakhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(d) NkNyhl;lkhd mk;rq;fs; jtpu cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; tuk;gpy; nghUl;fs; NtWgl;litay;y. mbg;gilg; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;dh; thbf;ifahsh; tpUk;gpdhy; epwk; kw;Wk; Nkyjpfkhf Nrh;f;ff;$ba mk;rq;fis Nrh;j;J nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
juk; kw;Wk; tpepNahf Ntfk; vd;gd Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfshff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; Nghl;bf; fk;gdpfSldhd Nghl;bfs; gpujhdkhf tpiyfspNyNa Kf;fpa ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
xNu tif cw;gj;jp my;yJ njhlh;r;rpahd cw;gj;jpr; #oiy eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;F gpd;tUk; gz;Gfs; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;.
(a) Njitahd gzpahdJ gytifapYk; rpf;fy; tha;e;jjhfTk; fhzg;gl;bUe;Jk; mit ed;whf tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Vnddpy; mitfs; NkYk; NkYk; kPsikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; xt;nthU jahhpg;Gk; rhpahf mNj nraYf;Fl;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;.
(b) mq;F rpwpa nefpo;Tj;jd;ik fhzg;gLk;: jahhpg;Gf;fshdit G+uzkhftpNrlkhd jahhpg;Gf;fshf jahhpf;fg;gLk;.
(c) cw;gj;jp Kiwf;fhd fhy msT kpff; FWfpajhFk;.
(d) cs;sf cw;gj;jpr; nra;Kiw FWfpaJ. tpNrl xg;ge;jj;jpy; Kf;fpakw;jpwd;fs; kpfTk; tpepNahfj;jh;fsplk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
Copak; rhh;gstpy; jpwdw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk;. Vnddpy; xU Fwpg;gl;lsT jd;dpaf;fr; #oy; thpir my;yJ njhlh;r;rpahd cw;gj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk;. Tpahghguj;jpd; Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; Nehf;fpa> jpwd;fs; vd;gtw;iw tpl njhopDl;g mwpTj;jpwd; NjitahdjhFk;.
nghwpAk; nghwpj;njhFjpAk; Fwpg;gpl;l jahhpg;Gf;fSf;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
cjhuzkhf jahhpg;G AahdJ Miy ,ae;jpuj;jpypUe;J ntl;Lk; ,ae;jpuj;jpw;F th;zk; tpRWk; ,ae;jpuj;jpw;F efUk; NghJ ijay; ,ae;jpuj;jpypUe;J (NtnwhU) miuf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;jpw;Fk; gpd;dh; mLg;gpw;Fk; khw;wg;gly;. xt;nthU jahhpg;Gk; xU nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf thpirapy; fhj;jpUg;gij tpl nrhe;j ,ae;jpuq;fis itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,jd; Kf;fpakhd xU eilKiwahf> FWq;fhyj;jpy;> ,aysthdJ cw;gj;jpapd; Vida tbtq;fis tpl mjpfsT tiuaWf;fg; gl;bUf;Fk;. ,aysit mjpfhpg;gjw;F Gjpa ,ae;jpuq;fis thq;Fjy; my;yJ Kw;wpYk; Gjpa njhpw;rhiyfis mikj;jy; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
Vnddpy; nghUl;fs; Fl;lisfSf;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy> KbTg;nghUs; ifapUg;G rhj;jpakhd kpfTk; cah;e;j kl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
cw;gj;jpr; nray;Kiwapd; kpfTk; cah;e;jstpyhd jug;gLj;jy; jd;ik mjpfsthd ikag;g:lj;jg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt mjpfhug;ghzpf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 239
3.8 nkype;j cw;gj;jp
nkype;j cw;gj;jp vd;gJ ,J tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;JtJld;> thbf;ifahsu;fspd; Nfs;tpf;fhf cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU cw;gj;jp khjpupahFk;. ,J cw;gj;jpj;jpwidf; Fiwf;fhky; cw;gj;jp Kiwf;Fs;shd tpuaq;fisf; Fiwg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ngWkjp Nru;f;fhj njhopw;ghl;L cWg;Gfis ePf;Ftjd; %yk; tpuak; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nkype;j mZFKiwahdJ cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhz;l gpd;dh; Nfs;tp cUthFk; vd;W ek;gpf;ifiaf; nfhz;lNjhh; cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;fhJ> cz;ikahd Nfs;tpapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
3.8.1 nkype;j fzf;fpay;
nkype;j fzf;fpay; vd;gJ nkype;j cw;gj;jpia Mjupf;Fk; xU fzf;fpay; mZFKiwahf ,Ug;gJld;> mikg;G KOtjpYk; nkype;j rpe;jidiag; gpujpgypf;Fk;.
nkype;j cw;gj;jpKiw mikg;gpdhy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; NghJ> fzf;fpay; nrad;KiwapYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLjy; gaDWjp kpf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
1. ngWkjpg; gha;Tfs;: epjp kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L mwpf;iffs; jdpg;gl;lgphpTfspd; tpidj;;jpwidf; fhl;bYk; xl;Lnkhj;j ngWkjpg; gha;Tcw;gj;jpj;jpwid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. xU KOikahdngWkjpg; gha;thdJ tpw;gid> nfhs;tdT> cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;fg;gw;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;.
2. Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba kw;Wk; rupahd Neuj;jpyhd epjpj; jfty;:mwpf;ifaply; ngUk;ghYk; thuhe;jkhf ,Ug;gJld;> ngWkjpg; gha;Tj;jiyth;fis xNu ghu;itapy; ngWNgWfisg; ghu;f;fTk;Gupe;Jnfhs;sTk; mDkjpf;Fk; tifapy; ,yFthf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.nkype;j Nkk;ghLfshy; milaf;$ba ,yhgj;jd;ik kw;Wk;Nrkpg;Gfisg; gw;wp ed;F Gupe;Jnfhs;s ,J cjTtJld;> jftywpe;jjPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sYf;Fk; ,J toptFf;Fk;.
3. thbf;ifahsu; ngWkjp: thbf;ifahsu;fSf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lngWkjp kPNj ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;. ngWkjpg; gha;Tj; jiyth;fs;ngWkjpia cUthf;Fk; nrad;Kiwfspd; kPJ KOikahdfl;Lg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJld;> mjd; %yk; toq;fg;gl;l ngWkjpiamjpfupf;fTk;> mjd; cUthf;fj;jpw;fhd fpuaj;ijf; Fiwf;fTk;eltbf;if vLf;fyhk;.
4. ngl;b kjpg;Gg; Gs;sp: 'ngl;b kjpg;Gg; Gs;sp" vd;gJ nkype;j fzf;fpaypy;gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU jdpg;gf;f mwpf;if MFk;> ,J ngWkjpg; gha;Tnraw;jpwidg; gpd;tUk; mstPl;L Kiwfspy; fhl;LfpwJ:
• njhopw;;ghl;Lg; ngWNgWfs;
• epjprhh; ngWNgWfs;;
• ,aysTg; ngWNgWfs;
nkype;j cw;gj;jpf;Fs; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Stij mwptpf;f ngl;b kjpg;Gg; Gs;sp gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> ,J ngWkjpg; gha;tpy; xl;Lnkhj;j mbg;gilapy; xU jPh;khdj;jpd; jhf;fj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ. epjprhh; ngWNgWfs;> cz;ikahd tifapy;> jPh;khdj;jpd; tpisthf vt;tsT gzk; milag;gLk; vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
240 CA Sri Lanka
4.1 toq;Fdh;fs; toq;Fdh; vd;gth; kw;nwhU mikg;Gj; njhopw;gLtjw;F mtrpakhd tsq;fis cs;slf;fpa nghUl;fs; Nritfisg; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; Xh; mikg;G MFk;.
nfhs;tdT nra;jypd; ,ay;ghdJ rkPg Mz;Lfspy; kpfg; nghpa mstpy; khwpAs;sJ. tuyhw;W uPjpahf gz;lq;fspd; ehshe;j nfhs;tdthdJ ,f;fl;lhd njhopw;ghl;Lld; njhlh;GilajhfNt Nehf;fg;gl;lJ. tpiy> juk; kw;Wk; rhpahd Neuj;jpy; tpepNahfk; nra;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. vt;thnwdpDk; ,J rkPg fhyj;jpy; khw;wkile;Js;sJ.
,d;W nfhs;tdT> ngUk;ghyhd epWtdq;fspy; je;jpNuhghakhd Kf;fpakhdnjhU njhopw;ghlhf fhzg;gLtJld; mJ epWtd uPjpahd nraw;ghLfspy; Kf;fpa xU jhf;fj;jpidAk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. xU msT fl;Lg;ghL epuk;gy; nray;Kiwapy; tpUk;gg;gLtJld; tpahghuk; mth;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; gy vz;zpf;ifahd epuk;gyhsh;fis Kfhik nra;tJld;> mtrpakhd nrayhf;f xOq;FKiwfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; je;jpNuhgha gq;Fjhuh;fis tpUj;jp nra;tij fUj;jpy; nfhs;sy;.
epWtdq;fs; gy vz;zpf;ifahd epuk;gyhsh;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;. mj;NjhL mth;fsJ epuk;gy;fis thq;Fgth;fsplkpUe;J epWtdq;fs; jPh;khdpf;Fk;NghJ mq;F xU vy;iy tiuahd je;jpNuhghaq;fs; jpwf;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf>
Fwpg;gpl;l epuk;gyhsh;fs; rpwe;j juKila gz;lq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.
rpy epuk;gyhsh;fs; tpiy kypthf ,Uf;fyhk;.
epuk;gyhsh;fs; Nkhrkhd fhyepiy Nghd;w #o;epiyfspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l xUehl;bypUe;J nghUl;fis Mgj;Jf;nfjpuhf ghJfhf;f gyehLfspypUe;JnjhpTfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
epuk;gyhsh;fs; NtWgl;l msTfspy; fhzg;gLtNjhL ghhpa fl;lisfSf;FnghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;L ntt;NtW msTfspy; nghUj;jpf;nfhs;s KbAk;. (c-k;) rpwpa rpuk;gyhsh;fs; nghpasT Fl;lisfSf;F nghUj;jkhdth;fs; my;y.
epGzj;Jtk; tpepNahf];jh;fSf;fpilNa NtWglyhk;. vdNt ,th;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfis jl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F thq;Fth; mjpf jftywpe;j njhpTfisj;ju cjtp Ghpa KbAk;.
epWtdk; mJ toq;Fk; gad;fis cr;rg;;gLj;jTk;> toq;fypy; cs;s ,lh;fis (vJTkpUg;gpd;) Kbe;jtiuapy; Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk; toq;Fdh; fyitia cj;jk kl;lj;jpw;F nfhz;LtUjy; Ntz;Lk; - mjd; tpisT toq;Fdh; njhFjp MFk;.
4 toq;fy; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jtk;
Vida fhuzpfs; Kf;fpakhditahf ,Ug;gpDk; epuk;gyhsh; njhpT tpiy
kw;Wk; juk; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilNa tpl;Lf;nfhLg;gpD}lhf jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpepNahfr; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jtk; xU jhgdj;jpD}lhf nghUl;fs; Nritfspd;
cj;jk ghr;rypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 241
toq;Fdh; %yg;gLj;jy; (sourcing) je;jpNuhghak; Njh;TKiw tpahf;fpahdk; jdpnahUth; tpguk;
thq;Fgth; xU toq;fy; %yj;jpid njupTnra;thh;.mD$yq;fs; toq;FdUld; neUq;fpa gyk;nghUe;jpa njhlh;G toq;Fdupd; ju cWjpg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;F mjpfupj;j
re;jh;g;gk; fhuzkhf Nkd;ikahd juk; nfhz;l %yk;fpilj;jy; rhj;jpakhjy;.
rpwe;j njhlh;ghlYf;F trjpaspj;jy;. mstpilr; rpf;fdk; me;juq;fj; jd;ik Ngzg;gLjy; xg;gPl;L mD$yj;jpd; rhj;jpakhd %yk;
gpujp$yq;fs; toq;Fjy; Fog;gkiltjw;F MshFk; rhj;jpak; thq;Fdh; toq;Fdupy; jq;fpapUj;jy;. khw;W toq;Fdh; ,y;yhjtpby; toq;Fdh; mjpfhuk;
mjpfupf;fyhk;. fl;lis kl;lq;fspy; ngah;TfSf;f toq;Fdh; MshFk;
rhj;jpak;.
gyh; tpguk; thq;Fdh; gy Toq;fy; %yq;fis njupTnra;jy;.mD$yq;fs; gue;j mwpT kw;Wk; epGzj;Jtj;jpid ngwKbjy; toq;Fdh;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Nghl;bahdJ tpiy tPo;r;rpf;F
toptFf;Fk;. xU toq;Fdh; Vw;gLj;Jk; jtW Fiwe;jsT Fog;gj;ijNa
Vw;gLj;Jk;.- tpq;Fdiu khw;wpf;nfhs;Sjy; ,yFthdJ.
gpujp$yq;fs; tpisTj;jpwdhd ju cWjpg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpid
tpUj;jp nra;tJ ,yFthdjy;y. toq;Fdh; Fiwe;j flikg;ghl;bid fhl;Lth;. mstpilr; rpf;fdk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
gd;Kfg;gLj;jpa tpguk; toq;Fdh; xUth; KO cgnghUj;Jf;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd
nghWg;gpid nfhz;bUg;gh;. cjhuzkhf> gy toq;Fdupy;jq;fpapUg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf KO cgnghUj;Jf;fisAk; toq;fKjw;gb toq;Fdiu epakpj;jy;. (cjh: jw;gad; fzdpfiscw;gj;jp nra;Nthh; tpirg; gyiffspd; cw;gj;jpapidgd;Kfg; gLj;Jjy;)
mD$yq;fs; tpNrlj;Jt ntspthup epGzj;Jtj;ij gad;gLj;j
mDkjpj;jy;. epWtf Copah;fis NtW gzpfSf;F tpLj;jy;. nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; epWtdk; mstpilr; rpf;fdj;jpw;F
Nguk;Ngr KbAk; gpujp$yq;fs; juf;fl;Lg;ghl;bidg; NgZtJ fbdk;. cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; tpahghu ,ufrpaq;fis nfhz;bUg;gpd;>
me;juq;fk; ,of;fg;gLjy;. Nghl;bahsh;fSk; mNj ntspthup epWtdj;ij
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
242 CA Sri Lanka
gad;gLj;jf;$Lk;. mg;NghJ mJ xg;gPl;L mD$y %ykhf mikahJ.
rkhe;juk; tpguk; Rkhe;juKiwahdJ kw;iwa %d;W Kiwfs;
xt;nthd;wpypUe;Jk; Cr;r gaid ngWtjw;F VJthf mtw;wpd; fye;j/ Nrh;f;if
rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhFk;.
mD$yq;fs; rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jpd;> tpidj;jpwdhd/
tpisjpwdhdje;jpNuhghaj;jpid toq;Fk;.
toq;Fdh; jtWiffs; cw;gj;jpapid epWj;jkhl;lhJ. toq;FdUf;f ,ilapy; tpiyg; Nghl;b Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
gpujp$yq;fs;
Kfhikg;gLj;Jtjw;F rpf;fyhdjhFk;. juf;fl;Lg;ghl;bid NgZjy; fbdk;.
4.2 toq;fy; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jtk;toq;fy; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jtk; mjpfupj;j epWtdg; Nghl;bia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; epWtdj;jpD}lhf nghUl;fs; Nritfspd;; gha;tpid Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
toq;fy; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jtk; epWtdj;jpD}lhf nghUl;fs; Nritfspd;; gha;T rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ,Wjp ,yf;F thbf;ifahsh; jpUg;jpf;F gq;fspg;gjhFk;.
neUq;fpa toq;Fdh; rq;fpyp ,izg;Gf;fSf;F gy fhuzpfs; topfhl;Ltjhf
fpwp];Njhg;gh; (Christopher) (2005) ,dq;fz;Ls;shh;.
kpfTk; tpidj;jpwdhd toq;F topfis Njitg;gLj;Jk; FWfpa cw;gj;jpMAl; rf;fuk;.
mjpfupj;j xj;Jiog;gpid Njitg;gLj;Jk; mjpfupj;j cyfuPjpahd toq;fw;rq;fpypfs;.
kw;wth;fSld; gq;Fnfhs;Sk;> mjpfupj;j nefpo;Tila epWtdq;fis Nehf;fpa efh;T.
kpfTk; Njitahd thbf;ifahsh; Nrit epakq;fs;
Nghl;lH (Porter) toq;fy; rq;fpyp kw;Wk; toq;fy; tiyaikg;gpd; Kfhikj;Jtk; xg;gPl;L mD$y tsq;fshf ,Uf;fKbAk; vd milahsk; fz;Ls;shH. mtH toq;fy; rq;fpyp kw;Wk; tiyaikg;G epiyapid thbf;ifahsHfSf;F fpl;l cs;sik njhlh;ghf Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. xU epWtdk; Vidatw;iwtpl thbf;ifahsUf;F fpl;lbajhf ,Ug;gpd;> mJ Vida
epWtdq;fspd; fPo;g;gha;T (downstream) MFk;. xU epWtdk; Vidatw;iwtplthbf;ifahsUf;F J}uj;jpy; ,Ug;gpd;> mJ Vida epWtdq;fspd; Nky;;g;gha;T
(upstream) MFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 243
,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; toq;fy; rq;fpypfs; gjpypWj;jf; $bajhfTk; ek;gfukhdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mq;fj;jpdUf;F ,ilNaahd njhlh;G mjpfsT gu];gu tpsf;fj;jpid nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fPo;g;gha;T kw;Wk; Nkw;gha;T Mfpa ,Y rq;fpyp mq;fj;jpdUf;Fk; epWtdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd xUikg;ghL xUq;fpize;j jfry; Kiwikfspdhy; trjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
toq;fy; rq;fpypapYs;s fk;gdpfSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjd; Njit kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; gad;fis mNdfkhd epWtdq;fs; ,d;W Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd. tuyhw;W uPjpahf tzpfr; rq;fpypfspd; eltbf;iffs; ,Wjp thbf;ifahsUf;F ngWkjpapid Nrh;f;Fk; tifapy; xg;gpl;L mstpy; Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLfpd;wd. Rje;jpukhdJ ghJfhg;Gj; njhf;Fkl;lj;jpid guhkupj;jy; kw;Wk; miliff; fhyj;jpid Kfhiknra;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. Vida Clf mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa kpfTk; Fiwthd fl;Lg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLtJld; KO KiwikkPJk; gue;Jgl;l fz;Nzhl;lk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
vdpDk;> re;ij kw;Wk; Nghl;bf; Nfs;tpfs; ,g;nghOJ miliff; fhyq;fis Fiwg;gJld;> tpahghuq;fs; Fiwthd njhf;F kl;lq;fisAk; mjpfupj;j ,ay;tYitAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. vdNt toq;fw;rq;fpyp tpahghuq;fSfF ,ilapyhd ,izg;Gf;fs; kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jdpahd epWtdq;fs; my;yhJ> KO toq;fw; rq;fpypfNs Nghl;bfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fnkd mjpfkhf ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
toq;Fdh;fSld; neUq;fpa njhlh;gpid nfhz;bUf;Fk; Nghf;Fk; toq;fw; rq;fpyp tiyaikg;gpd; mgptpUj;jpAk; toq;fw; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jtj;Jld; njhlh;Gilad.
Nrit toq;Fk; thbf;ifahsu; vz;zpf;ifapy; FiwT. mf;fiw nfhs;Sk;Njitf;fhf fk;gdpfs; cah;e;j ngWjpr; rhj;jpaKila thbf;ifahsh;kPJmjpf tsq;fis gpuNahfpf;Fk;.
tpiy kw;Wk; njhf;F ,izg;G. tpahghuq;fs; gpur;rpidfisAk; Cf;Ftpg;GNghd;w FWq;fhy Nfs;tp khw;wj;jhy; Vw;gLk; jilfisAk; jtph;g;gjw;fhfmtw;wpd; tpiyfis njhf;Ff; nfhs;iffSld; njhlh;GgLj;Jk;.
,izf;fg;gl;l fzdp Kiwikfs;. ,yj;jpudpa juT ,ilkhw;wy; (Electronic
data interchange – EDI) ,id gad;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; neUq;fpa gpizg;G
Vw;gLj;jg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf> fzdp ntsptiyaikg;gpid (Extranet)gad;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; jhs;fsw;w njhlh;ghly;> tpiyr; rpl;ilj; jahupg;Gkw;Wk; nfhLg;gdT Mfpad mDkjpf;fg;gLjy;.
Neufhyj;Jld; toq;Fdh; rk;ge;jg;gLjy;- cw;gj;jpg;nghUs; tpUj;jp kw;Wk;Mf;ff;$W tbtikg;gpy;.
cl;fl;likg;G (logistics)tbtikg;G. n`t;yl; gf;fhh;l; (Hewlett-packard)epWtdk; rpy Mf;ff;$Wfis kj;jpa njhopw;rhiyapy; NgZtjw;F gjpyhftpdpNahf gz;lfrhiyfspy; Nrh;g;gjd;$yk; mjd; tpdpNahf KiwikiakPsf;fl;likj;Js;sd. cjhuzkhf> gpuhd;]; re;ijfSld; njhlh;Ggl;lghtidahsh; ifE}y;fs; gpuhd;]; tpdpNahf epiyaj;jpw;F Nrh;f;fg;gLk;.
,ize;J gpur;rpidf;F jPh;TfhZjy;
jyj;jpy; toq;Fdh; gpujpepjpfs;.
toq;fw; rq;fpyp Kfhik tpahghu re;jh;g;gk;> gq;Fgw;Wk; rfyUf;Fk; Ntfj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;Lf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> jq;fpapUj;jy; kw;Wk; fpuaq;fs; uPjpahf gad;fis jUfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
244 CA Sri Lanka
5 nkhj;jj; ju Kfhikj;Jtk; (TQM)
5.1 juj;jpid Kfhik nra;jy;
juj;jpid Kfhik nra;Ak; nrad;KiwahdJ gpd;tUk; gbKiwfis nfhz;bUf;Fk;
(a) cw;gj;jp my;yJ Nrit xd;wpdJ ju epakq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
(b) ,j;jifa ju epakq;fs; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; kpf cau;thdtPjhrhuq;fspy; milag; gLtij cWjp nra;tjw;fhd nrad;Kiwfs;my;yJ cw;gj;jp Kiwfis cUthf;Fjy;
(c) cz;ikahd juj;ijf; fz;fhzpj;jy;
(d) cz;ikahd juk; epakj;jpYk; ghu;f;f tPo;r;rp milAk; NghJ fl;Lg;ghl;L eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
jghy; Nritia cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. Kjy; tFg;G fbjq;fspy;
90% Mdit mQ;ryplg;gl;l kWehNs tpepNahfpf;fg;gLtJld;;> 99% Mdit mQ;ryplg;gl;l ,uz;L ehl;fSf;Fs; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk; vd;W xU ju epakj;ij jghy; Nrit epWtf;$Lk;.
(m) ,e;jj; ju epakq;fisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a KbAk; vd;gij cWjpnra;tjw;fhd eilKiwfs; epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk; (Nrfhpg;G jlitfs;>jd;dpaf;f fbj tupirg;gLj;jy;> tpepNahfj; jlitfs; kw;Wk;gzpahsu;fs; vz;zpf;if Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jy;).
(M) mQ;ryplg;gl;L tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l fbjq;fspd; khjpupfis mt;tg;NghJvLj;Jf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; cz;ikahd nraw;jpwidf; fz;fhzpf;fKbAk;.
(,) ju epakk; milag;gltpy;iy vdpy;> Kfhik fl;Lg;ghl;L eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; ($Ljyhd jghy; gzpahsu;fis epakpj;jy; my;yJ mQ;ry; FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghl;il kPz;Lk; tpsk;gug;gLj;jy;).
xU tzpfk; nra;Ak; midj;J tplaq;fSf;Fk; ju Kfhikj;Jtj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ mJ nkhj;jkhfpd;wJ (nkhj;jj; ju Kfhik).
,J mikg;gpdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis G+u;j;jpnra;fpd;wd my;yJ mjpfhpj;J epw;fpd;wd vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; midj;J tzpf nray;ghLfisAk; jpl;lkpl;L fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xUq;fpize;j kw;Wk; tpupthd KiwikahFk;.
juk; vd;gJ 'xU cw;gj;jpapd; "Nkd;ikg;ghl;bd; msT" - mJ vt;tsT rpwg;ghf jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> my;yJ mJ xU Nritahf ,Uf;Fkplj;J> mJ vt;tsT rpwg;ghfr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> mjd; Nghl;bahsu;fsJ cw;gj;jpfSf;F vjpuhf mJ vt;thW nraw;gLfpwJ vd;gJk; mlq;Fk;. ,e;j msTNfhy;fs; ,U tplaq;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd:
me;j juk; vd;gJ toq;Feupd; jug;gpy; ftdk; Njitg;gLk; xd;whFk;> kw;Wk;
me;j juk; ngUk;ghYk; gz;GhPjpahdJ - ,J ghu;g;gtupd;> mjhtJ thbf;ifahsupd; ghu;itapNyNa cs;sJ.
nkhj;j ju Kfhik R+oypy;> 'juk;' vd;gJ Kjy; jlitapNyNa rhpahfg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L> njhlu;r;rpahf Nkk;gLj;Jjy; MFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 245
5.2 Kjy; jlitapNyNa rupahfr; nra;jy;;
nkhj;jj; ju Kfhikapd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffspy; xd;W> jtWfisj; jLg;gjw;fhd fpuak; mit Vw;gl;lTld; mtw;iwj; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd fpuaj;ij tplf; FiwT vd;gjhFk;. vdNt Kjd;KiwapNyNa tplaq;fis rupahfg; nra;J ngWtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. xt;nthU jtW> jhkjk; kw;Wk; jtwhd Gupjy; Mfpad thbf;ifahsu;fis rkhjhdg;gLj;Jtjpy; vLf;fg;gl;l Neuk; cl;gl tPzhd Neuk; kw;Wk; Kaw;rpapd; %yk; xU epWtdj;jpd; gzj;ij Neubahf tpuakhf;FfpwJ. Nkhrkhd thbf;ifahsu; Nritapd; fhuzkhf ,of;fg;glj;jf;f vjpu;fhy tpw;gidf;fhd ,aYikAk; fUj;jpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5.3 njhlu;r;rpahd Kd;Ndw;wk;
nkhj;jj; ju Kfhikapd; ,uz;lhtJ mbg;gilf; nfhs;ifahdJ jw;NghJ Ngzg;gLk; epiyik kPjhd mjpUg;jp: vg;NghJNk Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F ,lKz;L vd;w ek;gpf;if fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt 'mLj;j jlit mij ,d;Dk; rpwg;ghfr;
nra;J ngWtNj” Nehf;fkhFk;.
5.4 ju cWjpg;gLj;jy; eilKiwfs;
nkhj;jj; ju KfhikahdJ tzpfj;jpd; xt;nthU nraw;ghl;ilAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhy;> ju cWjpg;gLj;jy; eilKiwfs; cw;gj;jp nrad;KiwAld; khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl KbahJ> Mdhy; mJ tpw;gid> tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; epu;thfg; gphpTfs;> ntspthhp toq;Fdu;fspd; Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; ntspthhp thbf;ifahsu;fspd; Jyq;fy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tplag;gFjp nrad;Kiw
cs;tUk; nghUl;fspd; ju cWjpg;gLj;jy;
toq;Fdh;fsJ ju cWjpg;gLj;jy; jpl;lq;fs; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;Fjhd; toq;Fdh; toq;fg;gl;l nghUl;fspd; juj;jpw;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fpwhu;.
ntspaPl;bd; ghpNrhjid khjpupfs; kPJ ghpNrhjidfis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; Nehf;fkhdJ cw;gj;jpapy; juf; fl;Lg;ghL Ngzg;gLtJ njhlh;ghf Kfhikf;Fj; jpUg;jpaspj;jyhFk;.
thbf;ifahsu; Jyq;fiyf; fz;fhzpj;jy;
thbf;ifahsu; Kiwg;ghLfs; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpy mikg;Gf;fs; thbf;ifahsu;fis tof;fkhd mbg;gilapy; jpUg;jp mstPl;il Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
Copau;fs; kw;Wk; juk; juk; Fwpj;J Copau;fSf;F Neuhd kdg;ghq;F fhzg;gLtij cWjp nra;tjw;fhf:
ju Nrhjidf;fhd nghWg;G Copah;fSf;Nf toq;fg;glyhk;
ju epakq;fis miltjw;Fk; mtw;wpd;; rhjidfisKwpabf;Fk; tifapYkhd FOf;fs; ,ilapyhdNghl;bfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glyhk;
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
246 CA Sri Lanka
vdNt Gjpa cj;jpfisf; fw;gpg;gij tpl kf;fspd; kdg;ghq;fpid khw;Wtjd; %yk; gpur;rpidfisr; rkhspf;f KbAk;. Kf;fpa gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy;> juj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk; Ntiy eilKiwfs; njhlh;ghd Gupjy;> kw;Wk; mu;g;gzpg;gpid Vw;gLj;JjyhFk;.
5.5 mjpfhukspj;jy; kw;Wk; ju tl;lq;fs;
juj;ij vt;thW Nkk;gLj;JtJ (my;yJ vt;thW Nkk;gLj;jyhfhJ) vd;gJ gw;wpa rpwe;j jfty; %yq;fshf ngUk;ghYk; fhzg;gLgth;fs; Copah;fNs Mth;. vdNt mjpfhukspj;jy; ,uz;L Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ:
(m) mtu;fsplKs;s jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJld;> gaDWjpkpf;f FOcWg;gpduhf ,Ug;gjw;Fj; Njitahd Gjpa jpwd;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L> mtrpakhd Ntiyia vt;thW nra;tJ vd;gijj;jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuj;ij Copah;fsplNk mDkjpj;jy;>
(M) cw;gj;jp ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; juf; fl;Lg;ghLfis miltjw;F Copah;fisNa nghWg;ghf;Fjy;
xU jutl;lk; vd;gJ gzp njhlu;ghd juk; rhh;e;j gpur;rpidfisf; fye;JiuahlTk; rhj;jpakhd jPu;Tfisg; gupe;Jiug;gjw;Fk; tof;fkhd $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s Kd;te;j jd;dhh;t Copau;fspd; FOthFk;.
5.6 juj;jpw;fhd tbtikg;G
xU nkhj;jj; ju Kfhikr; R+oyhdJ Kjy; jlitapNyNa rhhpahfr; nra;J ngWtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJld; ,jd; fUj;jhdJ> Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj mikg;gpd; cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspy; juk; tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;LNk jtpu> FiwghLfs; my;y.
xU cw;gj;jp my;yJ Nritia tbtikf;Fk; nraw;ghl;by; juf; fl;Lg;ghL gy;NtW fl;lq;fspy; epfo;fpwJ.
(m) cw;gj;jp tbtikg;Gf; fl;lj;jpy;> juf; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ cw;gj;jpmy;yJ Nritia Nghl;bj;jd;ik kpf;fjhf;Fk; tpjkhf mjd; tpguf;Fwpg;Gf;fs; tpiy kw;Wk; juk; (tpw;gid kw;Wk; tpepNahfk;> mj;Jld;cw;gj;jp Mfpatw;wpdJ) Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapy; nghUj;jkhdrkepiyia toq;fj;jf;f xU cw;gj;jp my;yJ Nritia tbtikf;fKaw;rpg;gjhFk;.
(M) cw;gj;jp nghwpapay; vd;gJ tbtikg;G tptuf;Fwpg;Gf;F Vw;w tifapy;xU cw;gj;jpia (my;yJ Nritia) cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Kiwfistbtikf;Fk; nrad;KiwahFk;. cw;gj;jp Kiwfis KbAkhdtiutpidj;jpwdhf;Ftjw;Fk;> juf; Fiwthd nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpiaj;jtpu;g;gjw;Fk; ,J VJthf mikf;fpwJ.
(,) rupahd Neuj;jpy; rupahd egUf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisg; ngww;Wj;jUk; tifapy; jfty; Kiwikfs; tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> rupahd Neuj;jpy; rupahd egUf;F rupahd nghUisg; ngw;Wj;jUk; tifapy; tpepNahf Kiwikfs; tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;;> ,j;jifa gy tplaq;fs; cs;sd.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 247
5.6.1 tzpf nrad;Kiw kPs;nghwpKiwahf;fk;
tzpfq;fs;> mtw;wpd; re;ij kw;Wk; gue;Jgl;l #oy; Mfpad khw;wkiltjhy; fhyj;jf;Ff; fhyk; nraw;ghLfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Kiwapd; kPJ khw;wq;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sjy; mtrpakhFk;.
tzpf nrad;Kiw kPs;nghwpKiwahf;fk; vd;gJ tzpf Kiwikfs; njhlh;ghd mbg;gil mDkhdq;fis kw;Wk; mit miltjw;F cUthf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fisf; $l rthYf;F cl;gLj;Jk; tifapyhd Xh; mZFKiwahFk;.
tzpf nrad;Kiw kPs;nghwpKiwahf;fkhdJ mikg;G njhopw;gLk; tpjj;jpy; mbg;gilahd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> fhfpj Ntiyr; nrad;Kiwf; fhyg;gFjpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nrad;Kiwfs; jw;Nghija jfty; njhopEl;gf; fhuzpfSld; gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;s Afj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wjhftpUf;Fk;.
5.7 juf; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; ghpNrhjid
juf; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; ghpNrhjid Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapy; njspthd NtWghL fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(m) juf; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ cw;gj;jp my;yJ Nrit toq;fy; nrad;Kiwfs;kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfis cUthf;FtJld; njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ. ,JFiwghLs;s nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpiaj; jLg;gij my;yJ FiwghLs;sNritfis toq;Ftijj; jLg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(M) ghpNrhjid vd;gJ FiwghLs;s nghUl;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahjmstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; NghJ milahsk; fhZk; xUEl;gkhFk;. ghpNrhjid ngUk;ghYk; %d;W Kf;fpa Gs;spfspy;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ:
(i) ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; ghpNrhjid - %yg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;tdt nra;ag;gLk; $WfSf;F
(ii) eilngw;WtUk; NtiyfSf;fhf> js my;yJ nrad;Kiwg;ghpNrhjid
(iii) KbTg; nghUl;fSf;fhd ,Wjpg; ghpNrhjid my;yJ Nrhjid
5.8 nkhj;jj; ju Kfhik mKyhf;fypYs;s rpf;fy;fs;
(m) 'ghpg+uzj;jd;ik” milag;gLtJ fbdkhifahy; ,J Cf;fkpof;fr;nra;tjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
(M) ,J toq;Fdh;fs; kPJ $Ljyhd mstpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(,) tzpfj;jpd; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; nghWj;J khw;w KfhikahdJ fbdkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
248 CA Sri Lanka
6.1 fzpdp xUq;fpize;j cw;gj;jp (CIM) fzpdp xUq;fpize;j cw;gj;jpahdJ KOikahd cw;gj;jp nrad;KiwiaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; fzpdpfisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J
AMT kw;Wk; juf; fl;Lg;ghl;il xNu fzpdpka Kiwikapy; nfhz;LtUk; xU nefpo;thd cw;gj;jp Kiwapd; xU mk;rkhFk;>
6.2 toq;fy; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikfs;
toq;fy; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikfs; gy;NtW mikg;Gf;fspilNaahd jfty; gha;r;riy xNu toq;fy; rq;fpypapy; xUq;fpizg;gij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sd. xU thbf;ifahsu; A ,lk; fl;lis xd;iw Nkw;nfhz;lhy;>
Toq;fy; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jt KiwikahdJ> jhdhfNt B (A ,d; toq;Fdh;) ,d; $Wfspd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpepNahfj;ij jpl;lkpLk;. ntspg;gilahf> ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLtjw;F> gq;Nfw;Fk; mikg;Gf;fs; xd;wpnyhd;W kw;iwath;fsJ nraw;ghl;by; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUg;gJld;> jfty;fisg; ghpkhw;wj; jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6.3 cj;jk cw;gj;jp njhopy;El;gk; (OPT) cj;jk cw;gj;jp njhopy;El;gkhdJ xt;nthU cw;gj;jpapdJk;; xt;nthU nrad;Kiwf;Fkhd; ,Ug;G kl;lq;fs;> cw;gj;jpf; fl;likg;Gfs;> topKiwfs;> jahh;g;gLj;jy; Neuq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L Neuq;fs; gw;wpa tpupthd jfty;fisj; Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wd> Mdhy; ,J rpf;fyhd tsq;fspd; gad;ghl;il Nkk;gLj;jTk; Kay;fpwJ.
“cj;jk cw;gj;jp njhopy;El;gj; jj;JtkhdJ> cw;gj;jpapd; gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs; gzk; rk;ghjpg;gjhFk; cd;gijf; fz;bf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,yf;if miltjw;fhd tsh;r;rpf; fl;lj;ij kjpg;gpLtjw;F %d;W Kf;fpakhd msTNfhy;fs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it nraw;jpwdsT> ,Ug;G kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;Lr; nrytpdq;fs; vd;gdthFk;. ,Ug;G kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;Lr; nrytpdq;fisf; Fiwf;Fk; mNj Neuj;jpy;> nraw;jpwdsit mjpfupg;gNj ,jd; Fwpf;Nfhs; MFk;.
“cj;jk cw;gj;jp njhopy;El;g mZFKiwahdJ nraw;jpwdsitj; (cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw Clhf cw;gj;jpfspd;) jLf;Fk; fhuzpfisj; jPu;khdpf;fpwJ. tiuaiwahdJ mjd; ,aysT KO cw;gj;jp nrad;KiwapdJk; nraw;jpwdsitf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU ,ae;jpukhf ,Uf;fyhk;. tiuaiwfisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw mfw;WtJ my;yJ> mJ rhj;jpakw;wtplj;J> mit vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtij cWjpnra;tNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. tiuaiway;yhj tsq;fs; jpl;lkplg;gl;L> KiwikapYs;s tiuaiwfSf;F Vw;g njhopw;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> tiuaiwfshy; cwpQ;rpf; nfhs;sj; jf;fjhfTs;s msit tpl mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ.
6 Gjpa njhopEl;gq;fs;
fzpdp xUq;fpize;j cw;gj;jp> toq;fy; rq;fpyp Kfhik kw;Wk; cj;jk cw;gj;jpj; njhopy;El;gk; Nghd;w njhopy;El;gq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F cjTtjw;fhf xU mikg;gpDs; nraw;gLk; nrad;KiwfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 249
cj;jk cw;gj;jp njhopy;El;g mZFKiwapNy> cw;gj;jp KiwikapDs;Ns fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwaw;w tsq;fis> cw;gj;jp KiwikapDs;Ns fhzg;gLk; tiuaiw tsq;fSf;F mbg;gilahd tifapy; jpl;lkpLtJ kpf
Kf;fpakhFk;. cjhuzkhf> xU tiuaiwaw;w tsj;jpd; ntspaPl;by; 70% kl;LNk gpd;tUk; tiuaiwf; fhuzp tsj;jpdhy; cwpQ;rg;gl KbAnkdpy;>
30% tiuaiwaw;w gad;ghL khj;jpuNk ,Ug;Gf;fis mjpfupg;gjpy;
njhlh;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt 70% ,aystpy; nraw;gLtjd; %yk;>
tiuaiwaw;w tskhdJ 100% tpidj;;jpwid milfpwJ vd;W thjplyhk;.
(Drury, Management and Cost Accounting (with BPP's emphasis))
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
250 CA Sri Lanka
epiykhw;wy; nrad;Kiw khjpupahdJ vt;thW cs;sPLfs;nrad;KiwfSf;$lhfntspaPLfshf khw;wg;gLfpwJ vd;gij tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
kpif ,aysT vd;gJ cw;gj;jpf;fhff; fpilf;fj;jf;fjhfTs;s tsq;fs; KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jg;glhj epiyik MFk;.
Fiw ,aysT vd;gJ cw;gj;jp nra;aj;jf;f mstpYk; ghu;f;ff; $Ljyhdcw;gj;jpf;Ff; Nfs;tp Vw;gLjy; MFk;.
,aysT kw;Wk; Nfs;tp Mfpatw;iw ,zf;fg;gLj;Jk; NghJ ehd;F jpl;lkply;kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L eltbf;iffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,aysTf;fhfj; jpl;lkpLk; NghJ ehd;F gpujhd topKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd:,aysTj; jpl;lq;fs;> Nfs;tpg; gpd;njhluy; jpl;lq;fs;> Nfs;tp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nkw;$wpa %d;W jpl;lq;fspd; fyg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;
cw;gj;jp Kiwfshtd Ntiy cw;gj;jp> njhFjp cw;gj;jp> thpir kw;Wk; njhlh;gha;T cw;gj;jp Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
toq;Fdh;fis Njh;Tnra;jy; nghUspd; tpiyf;Fk; juj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahdrkepiyapdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk;> Vida fhuzpfSk; (xNutoq;Fdupy; jq;fpapuhik) Kf;fpakhdit.
toq;fw; rq;fpyp Kfhik (supply chain management) vd;gJ epWtdnkhd;wpd; ClhfnghUl;fs;> Nritfspd; gha;tpid cj;jkg;gLj;Jjy; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ.
juk; vd;gJ 'xU cw;gj;jpapd; Nkd;ikg;ghl;bd; msT" - mJ vt;tsT rpwg;ghfjahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> my;yJ mJ xU Nritahf ,Uf;Fkplj;J> mJ vt;tsTrpwg;ghfr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> mjd; Nghl;bahsu;fsJcw;gj;jpfSf;F vjpuhf mJ vt;thW nraw;gLfpwJ vd;gJk; mlq;Fk;. ,e;jmsTNfhy;fs; ,U tplaq;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd:
• me;j juk; vd;gJ toq;Feupd; jug;gpy; ftdk; Njitg;gLk; xd;whFk;> kw;Wk;
• me;j juk; ngUk;ghYk; gz;GhPjpahdJ - ,J ghu;g;gtupd;> mjhtJthbf;ifahsupd; ghu;itapNyNa cs;sJ.
nkhj;j ju Kfhik R+oypy;> 'juk;' vd;gJ Kjy; jlitapNyNa rhpahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L> njhlu;r;rpahf Nkk;gLj;Jjy; MFk;.
fzpdp zUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jp> toq;fy; rq;fpyp Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk;cj;jk cw;gj;jpj; njhopEl;gk; Mfpa tbtq;fspy; njhopEl;gkhdJ njhopw;ghl;Lnrad;Kiwfspy; mikg;gpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F cjTk; tifapy; gpuNahfpf;fg;glyhk;;.
mj;jpa;har; RUf;fk;
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 251
1 mikg;G xd;W Nfs;tpiag; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fg; NghJkhd ntspaPl;il cUthf;f Kbatpy;iy. ,J vjw;fhdNjhh; cjhuzkhFk;?
A kpif ,aysT
B Fiw ,aysT
C Nfs;tp ,Og;G cw;gj;jp
D ,Ug;gpd;ik
2 njhopw;ghl;bd; ehd;F V fSk; vit?
3 'jpl;lkply; fhyj;jpy; xU epiyahd kl;lj;jpy; nraw;ghl;ilg; guhkupf;Fk; jpl;lk;". ,e;jf; $w;W nrhw;gjk; tiuaWg;gJ vjid?
A xU gpd;njhluy; Nfs;tpj; jpl;lk;
B xU epiyahd ,aysTj; jpl;lk;
C xU kl;l ,aysTj; jpl;lk;
D xU Nfs;tp Kfhikj; jpl;lk;
4 ju cWjpg;gLj;jy; eilKiwfs; cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. rupah jtwh?
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;ir
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
252 CA Sri Lanka
1 rhpahd tpil B MFk;. Fiw ,aysT Vw;gLtJ mikg;gpdhy; Nfs;tpiag; G+u;j;jp nra;ag; NghJkhd ntspaPl;il cUthf;f Kbahj NghjhFk;.
2 msT (Volume)> tif (Variety)> Nfs;tp khWghL (Variations in demand)>fl;GydhFk; jd;ik (Visibility)
3 rhpahd gjpy; C MFk;. xU kl;l ,aysTj; jpl;lkhdJ xU jpl;lkply; fhyj;jpy; epiyahd nraw;ghl;il guhkupf;f Kay;fpwJ.
B xU cs;sf msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdkhFk;.
D xU cs;sf msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdkhFk;.
4 jtW. Vnddpy;> nkhj;jj; ju Kfhikj;JtkhdJ xU tzpfj;jpd; xt;nthU nraw;ghl;ilAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhy;> ju cWjpg;gLj;jy; eilKiwfs; cw;gj;jp nrad;KiwAld; khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl KbahJ. Mdhy; mJ tpw;gid> tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; epu;thfg; gphpTfs;> ntspthhp toq;Fdu;fspd; Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; ntspthhp thbf;ifahsu;fspd; Jyq;fy; Mfpatw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;irf;fhd tpilfs;
BL4 mj;jpahak8: njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp ;
Draft Version
253
re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk; mwpKfk;
re;ijg;gLj;jy;; gw;wpAk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUf;fis gw;wpAk;
tpsq;fg;gLj;JtjpypUe;J ,e;j mj;jpahak; Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. re;ijia Nehf;fpa
epWtdq;fisAk; kw;iwa fhuzpfis Nehf;fpa epWtdq;fisAk; gFjp 3 ,y;
NtWgLj;jp MuhaTs;Nshk;. ,Wjpahf MuhaTs;s Kf;fpa fhuzpfshf re;ij
Jz;lkhf;fy;> ,yf;Fr; re;ij epiyepWj;jy;> re;ijg;gLj;jy; je;jpNuhghak;. xU
epWtdj;jpw;F Njitahd xl;Lnkhj;j re;ijg;gLj;jy; je;jpNuhghakhdJ
mj;je;jNuhghaq;fis milaf;$ba re;ijg;gLj;jy; eltbf;iffis cs;slf;fpa
nray;jpl;lj;ij tiue;jjpypUe;J Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tifapy; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
eltbf;iffshy; 4Ps vDk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit (nghUl;fs;) kw;Wk; 7Ps vDk;
tpupTgLj;jg;gl;l re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapid (Nritfs;) ikag;gLj;jpajhf
fhzg;gLk ;. ,t;thwhd NtWgLj;jg;gl;l re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitfs; nghUl;fs;>
Nritfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;gTk; NtWgLk;.
9mj;jpahak;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gij nghUs; tiuaiw nra;J
epWtdq;fspy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; njhopw;ghl;il tiuaWj;jy;.4.2.2 epWtdq;fspy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; njhopw;ghl;L tfpghfj;ij
fye;JiuahLjy; (xU jj;Jtk; vd;w tifapy; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
kw;Wk; xU tzpf njhopw;ghL vd;w tifapy; re;ijg;gLj;jy;)4.2.3
4.2.5 re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitfs; Kjypatw;iw milahsk; fhZjy;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gpuNahfj;ij Vw;gpirT
nra;jy;.
D tzpfj;jpd;nraw;ghl; Lg;gug;Gf;fs 4.2 re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk; 4.2.1
NtWgl;l re;ijg;gLj;jy; jj;Jtq;fis fye;Jiuahb re;ij
Nehf;fpyhd mZFKiwia gpd;gw;Wtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tpsf;Fjy;.
Jz;lk; Mf;Fjy;> ,yf;F itj;jy; kw;Wk; epiyg;gLj;jy; / epWtdj;jpd; re;ijj; je;jpNuhghaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd
4.2.4
mwpTf; $W
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 254
1 re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; jd;ikAk; Nehf;fKk;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ jdpegh; kw;Wk; epWtd ,yf;Ffis
g+uzg;gLj;Jtjhd ghpkhw;wq;fis tpiyaply;> Nkk;gLj;jy;> vz;zq;fs;>
nghUl;fs;> Nritfspd; tpdpNahfk; njhlh;gpy; jpl;lkply;> epiwNtw;wk;
nra;jy; Nghd;w nrad;KiwahFk;.
1.1 re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
thbf;ifahsupd; Njitfspid jpwikahfTk; ,yhgfukhfTk;
milahsg;gLj;Jjy;> vjpu;T $wy; kw;Wk; toq;Fjy; Nghd;w Kfhikj;Jt
nraw;ghLfNs re;ijg;gLj;jy;vd gl;la re;ijg;gLj;jy; epWtfk;
tiuaWj;Js;sJ.
Nkw;Fwpj;j tiutpyf;fzkhdJ re;ijg;gLj;jy; gw;wpa ghupa Nehf;fj;jpid
ikag;gLj;jpajhf re;ie Ma;tpw;$lhf thbf;ifahsupd; Njitapid
milahsg;gLj;Jtjpy; Muk;gpj;J mj;Njitapid ,yhgfukhf
jpUg;j;jpgLj;Jjy; tiuf;Fkhd midj;J nraw;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fq;fs;
1 re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; jd;ikAk;> gug;Gk;
2 re;ijg;gLj;jypd; gq;F
3 re;ijg;gLj;jypd; jj;Jtq;fs;
4 re;ijg;gLj;jy; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; $Wfs;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
4.2.14.2.2, 4.2.54.2.34.2.4
fw;if ntspg;ghL
Draft Version
255CA Sri Lanka
,t;tiutpyf;fzk; thbf;ifahsupYk;> mjpfkhf thbf;ifahsu; jpUg;jpapYk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. mNjNtisapy;> re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ
thbf;ifahsUf;F Njitahd rupahd nghUl;fisAk;> NritfisAk;
rupahd tpiyf;F rupahd Neuj;jpw;F toq;Ftnjd;W nfhl;yh; (Kotler)
tiuaWj;Js;shu;.
tpw;gidf;Fk; re;ijg;gLj;jYf;Fk; ,ilNaahd NtWghl;il KjyhtJ
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. tpw;gid vd;gJ tpw;gidahsu; jdJ nghUl;fis
gzkhf khw;Wtjw;F vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpahfTk;> re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ
thbf;ifahsu;fspd; Njitfspid nghUl;fs;> Nritfspid cw;gj;jp
nra;J> tpepNahfk; nra;J> Efu;T nra;tjD}lhf jpUg;jpgLj;JtjhFk;.
1.2 cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;> gz;lq;fs;> Nritfs; njhlh;ghd tpsf;fk;
cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; vd;gJ re;ijf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;w VNjh xd;whf
fUjg;gLk;.
(a) rtu;f;fhuj;J}s; trjpg;gz;lj;jpd; xU cjhuzkhf fUjyhk;.
,g;nghUl;fs; mbf;fb nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLtjhfTk;> njhl;L
czuf;$bajhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
(b) trjpg;gz;lj;jpid tpl tpiy $bajhfTk; mbf;fb nfhs;tdT
nra;ag;glhjJkhd njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;b> Nkhl;lhu; thfdk;> fzpdp
vd;gd neLq;fhyg; nghUs; ⁄ filg;gz;;lj;jpd; (Durable goods)
cjhuzkhf fUjyhk;.
(c) rpifayq;fhuk; xU Nritapd; tbtkhf fhzg;gbDk; mJTk; xU
cw;gj;jpg; nghUshfNt fUjg;gLk;.
nghJthf Nehf;Fkplj;J> cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; vd;gd gz;lq;fisAk;>
NritfisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf fhzg;gLk;. ,yF nrsfupag; nghUl;fSk;
(Fast-Moving Consumer Goods) neLq;fhyg;gz;lKk; (filg; gz;lk;) Efu;Nthu;
nghUl;fshf fUjg;gLk;.
1.3 je;jpNuhgha kw;Wk; cgha re;ijg;gLj;jy;
(Strategic and Tactical Marketing)
Re;ijg;gLj;jy; gy eltbf;iffspYk; gy tpjkhd jPu;khdq;fspYk;
jq;fpAs;sJ. ve;jnthU epWtdj;jiAk; nghUj;jtiuf;Fk; mjd; cw;gj;jpg;
nghUl;fNs mit epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F Mjhukhf fhzg;gLk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 256
(a) je;jpNuhgha re;ijg;gLj;jy; (Strategic Marketing) vd;gJ xU epWtdk;
vg;nghUl;fis ve;j re;ijf;F re;ijg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w
xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l je;jpNuhghaj;ij (Corporate Strategy) tiutjhFk;.
(b) cgha re;ijg;gLj;jy; (Tactical Marketing) vd;gJ nghJthf FWfpa
fhyj;jpw;Fk; mj;Jld; Fwpg;ghf xU rpy re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapy;
ftdk; nrYj;Jtjhf fhzg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpypUe;J
je;jpNuhgha
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
(Strategic
Marketing)
Mil mzpfyd; tpahghuk; xd;W xU ehl;bd;
jiyefuj;jpy; Gjpa kw;Wk; nry;tr;rpwg;Gila
thbf;ifahsu;fs; ,Ug;ghu;f;s vd epidj;J
tpahghuj;ij Muk;gpf;f KbntLj;jy;.
cghare;ijg;gLj;jy;
(Tactical Marketing)
Gjpa njhf;Ffis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; gioa
njhf;Ffis tpw;gid nra;aTk; gUtfhy tpw;gid
je;jpNuhghaj;ij ghtpj;jy;
2 re;ijg;gLj;jypd; gq;F
re;ijg;gLj;jy; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; NjitfisAk; tpUg;gq;fisAk;
epWtdj;jpd; nghUl;fs; NritfSld; njhlu;G gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
re;ij ,ilntsp (Market Space) vd;gJ ,iza re;ijg;gLj;jy;
eltbf;iffis cs;slf;Fk;. re;ijg;gLj;jypd; gq;F re;ijg;gLj;jy;
rk;ge;jkhd jPu;khdk; vLj;jypYk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tifapy;>
epWtd re;ijg;gLj;jy; jj;Jtq;fis (Marketing Philosophy)
tiutjpYk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.
2.1 re;ijg;gLj;jypd; %y vz;zf;fUf;fs;
re;ijg;gLj;jypd; gq;fpid fPo;fhZk; tiuglj;jpd; Clhf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s
KbAk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
257CA Sri Lanka
tiuglk; 9.1 - re;ijg;gLj;jypd; %y vz;zf;fUf;fs;
rpy $Wfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW:
$W tpsf;fTiu
Njit mbg;gil jpUg;jpapy; gw;whf;Fiw
tpUg;gk; Njitfs; jpUg;jpgLj;jg;gLtjpy; tpUg;gk;
Nfs;tp cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;fhd tpUg;gKk; mtw;iw
nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhd Mw;wYk;
cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; kdpj tpUg;gq;fis G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; midj;Jk; ⁄
VNjh xd;W
ngWkjp kdpj Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd cw;gj;jpg;
nghUl;fspd; Mw;wy;
gupkhw;wk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf VNjh
xd;iw ifkhwhf nfhLj;jy;. ,g;gupkhw;wj;jpd;
Kbtpy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; ,lk;ngWk;
cwTfs; re;ijapy; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;fhf ePz;l fhy
njhlu;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;
re;ij gupkhw;wj;jpy; <Lglf;$ba Fwpj;j NjitfisAk;
tpUg;gq;fisAk; cila vjpu;ghu;f;if
thbf;ifahsu;fs;
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
Njit⁄tpUg;gk; cw;gj;jp nghUs;
(gz;lk;⁄Nrit)
ngWkjp⁄fpuak;⁄jpUg;jp
gupkhw;wk;⁄nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;
cwTfs;⁄tiyaikg;G
tpahghu epWtfk;
thbf;ifahsu; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
thbf;ifahsu;
thbf;ifahsu;
re;ijg;gLj;Jdu;fs; ⁄ vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdu;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 258
,U rhuhUf;Fk; ed;ik gaf;ff;$ba gupkhw;wj;ij epfo;j;Jtjw;fhf>
thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F Njitahd jpUg;jpapid milahsg;gLj;jp> vjpu;T$wp>
mtw;iw toq;Fjy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; gq;F vdg;gLk;.
tiuglk; 9.2 – re;ijg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; gupkhw;wk;
2.2 Nfs;tpapd; gy tiffs;
Nfs;tpapd; jd;ik> Neuk;> kl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd; kPJ re;ijg;gLj;jypd; %y gq;F
nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,it epWtdk; jdJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fis
miltjw;F cjtpahfTs;sJ. Nfs;tpapd; gy tiffisg; nghWj;J
re;ijg;gLj;jy; nfhs;iffs; NtWgLfpd;wJ.
Nfs;tpapd; gy
tif
tpsf;fk; re;ijg;gLj;jypd; vjpu;r; nray;
vjpu;kiw re;ijapy; tpUk;gg;glhj
nghUspd; Kf;fpa gq;F
re;ijapy; tpUk;gg;glhj
nghUl;fis gFg;gha;T
nra;tJld; mjw;fhd
fhuzj;ij fzf;fpLtjw;F
Kaw;rpj;jy;
epiyj;jpuhj
jd;ik
Efu;Nthh; mwpe;jpuhjJk;
mg;nghUspy; Mu;tk;
fhl;lhikAk;
Efu;Nthh;fspilNa
tpopg;Gzu;it fl;bnaOg;GjYk;
mg;nghUspd; ed;ikfs;
vt;thW Njit> tpUg;gq;fis
G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; vd;W mOj;jk;
nfhLj;jYk;
kiwe;jpUj;jy; Efu;NthUf;F Njit
Vw;gLk; Mdhy; re;ijapy;
fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fspdhy;
mj; Njitapid G+u;j;jp
nra;a Kbahj epiy
re;ijapd; msit mstpLjYk;>
nghUl;fs; Nritfis mgptpUj;jp
nra;jy; Clhf Nfs;tpia jpUg;jpg;
gLj;jy;
epWtd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
milahsg;gLj;jy;
vjpu;T $wy;
toq;Fjy; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
thbf;ifahsu; Njit
,UthuhUf;Fk; ed;ikaspf;ff;$ba gupkhw;wk;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
259CA Sri Lanka
Fiwe;J
nry;yy;
nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp
tPo;r;rpailjy;
fhuzq;fis gFg;gha;T
nra;tJld; Nfs;tpfis kPs
J}z;Ljy;
xOq;fw;wJ Xt;nthU kzp
Neuj;jpw;Fk;> jpdrup>
gUtfhyj;jpw;Fk; Nfs;tp
khWgLjy;
Nfs;tpia xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F
J}z;Ljy;fis khw;Wjy;
epuk;gpaJ jFe;j kl;lj;jpyhd
Nfs;tp
jpUg;jpia fz;fhzpj;jy;>
juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;
vd;gtw;wpD}lhf jw;Nghija
kl;lj;ij Ngzy;
kpif tzpf tpUg;gk;>
ifahSif vd;gw;iwf;
fhl;bYk; mjpf Nfs;tp
tpiyia cau;j;Jjy;>
Nkk;gLj;jy;fis Fiwj;jy;
KOikngwhjJ nghUlfspd;
Nfs;tpahdJ
gpur;rhuq;fspd;
ftu;r;rpf;$lhf Efu;it
J}z;lhJ tply;>
mijupag;gLj;jy;
gpur;rhuq;fspd; jhf;fj;ij
kjpg;gPL nra;jYk;> mjd;
tpisTfis fzf;fplYk;>
,Wjpahf re;ijia tpl;L
tpyFjYk;
2.3 re;ij
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; ,lk;ngWk; ve;jnthU muq;fKk; re;ij vdg;gLk;.
,t;tifapy; re;ij ,lj;jpw;Fk; (Market Place) re;ij ,ilntspf;Fk; (Market
Space) ghupa tpj;jpahrk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ>
re;ij ,lk; vd;gJ xU ngsjPf ,lj;jpid Fwpj;J epw;f> re;ij ,ilntsp
vd;gJ ,yj;jpudpaypy; Neub nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; ,lk; ngWk; ve;jnthU
eltbf;ifiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
kw;WnkhU Kf;fpakhd fUg;nghUs; ,t;tifapy; gue;j re;ij (meta markets)
vd;gJ nfhs;tdthsu;fSld; kpfTk; neUf;fkhd njhlu;GilaJk; gue;J
fhzg;gLk; gy tifahd njhopy;JiwfshYk; re;ijg;gLj;jg;gLk;
nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ> cjhuzkhf> xU
Nkhl;lhu; fhupd; nghUl;re;ijia nghWj;j tiuf;Fk; fhu; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;>
gioa Gjpa fhu; tpw;gid Kftu;fs;> epjp epWtdq;fs;> fhg;GWjp
epWtdq;fs;> cjpupg;ghf tpw;gid Kftu;fs; thfd Nrit kw;Wk; ,ae;jpu
Clfq;fis cs;slf;Fk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 260
xU Nkhl;lhu; fhupid nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; NghJ thbf;ifahsu; Nkw;Fwpj;j
nghUl;re;ijapd; gy tifahd nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; nfhs;tdT
nra;tjD}lhf thbf;ifahsUf;F cjtp nra;af;$ba gy tifahd ,il
eLtu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
2.4 ,d;iwa epWtdq;fspy; re;ijg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ ve;jnthU epWtdj;jpdJk; Nehf;fj;ij
ikag;gLj;jpajhf mtw;iw epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yhgfukhf
thbf;ifahsupd; NjitfisAk; tpUg;gq;fisAk; milahsg;gLj;jp mtw;iw
jpUg;jpgLj;j KaYk; xU Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwahFk;. re;ijg;gLj;jy;
vd;gJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUNshLk; re;ijNahLk; njhlu;GgLk;
NghJ>thbf;ifahsupd; vjpu;ghh;f;iffs;epWtdj;jpd; nray;jpwikNahL
epfuhf;f Ntz;baJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
thbf;ifahsupd; Njit jpUg;gjpgLj;jg;gl;l gpd;D}l;ly; rk;ge;jkhd
jfty;fs; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; gbKiwfspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngWfpd;wJ. Ve;jnthU epWtdj;ij nghWj;jtiuf;Fk; mq;F fhzg;gLk;
re;ijg;gLj;Jdupd; gq;Ffs; NtWgLfpd;w NghjpYk; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
njhopw;ghlhdJ thbf;ifahsUld; neUq;fpa njhlu;GilajhfTk;>
mtu;fis gad;gLj;jpNa tUkhdj;ij ciog;gJk; epajpahFk;.
thbf;ifahsu;fs; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis nfhs;tdT nra;a ce;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
thbf;ifahsu;fspd; kdjpy; xU rhjfkhd vz;zq;fis cUthf;FtJ
re;ijg;gLj;Jdu;fspd; xU Ntiyahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf
re;ijg;gLj;Jdu;fs; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; ntw;wpahsu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
2.5 reijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;JtKk; jPu;khdk; vLj;jYk;
xU re;ijg;gLj;jy; gFjpapy; vLf;fg;gLk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jPu;khdq;fs; fPo;tUk;
ml;ltiz Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; Nehf;fpa epWtdj;ij
nghUj;jiuf;Fk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ xU eltbf;ifahf kl;Lk;
fhzg;glhky; ,J xU “GwhtpdJ khlj;ij” Nghd;W re;ijg;gLj;jy;
gFjpapd; xU flikahfTk; fhzg;gLk;. xU epWtdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j
eltbf;iffSk; thbf;fiahsu;fspd; Njitfis ikag;gLj;jpajhf
fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
261CA Sri Lanka
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
jPu;khdk;
njhlu;Gilajhd nfhs;iffSk; eilKiwfSk;
cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;
jpl;lkply;
nghUs; epiu toq;fg;gl Ntz;;Lk;. - gz;Gfs;>
tbtikg;G> tpsf;fkhd jpUg;jpgLj;jf;$ba cs;slf;fk;
re;ij – ahUf;F> vq;Nf> vg;NghJ> vt;tsT
Gjpa nghUs; nfhs;if – Ma;T mgptpUj;jp nraw;jpl;lk;
⁄ eilKiw
gz;lf;Fwpapl;L
milahsg;gLj;jy;
tpahghu FwpapidAk; ehkj;jpidAk; njupT nra;jy;
tpahghu milahsf; nfhs;if – jdpg;gl;l my;yJ
FLk;g tpahghu ehkk;
tpiyaply; njupT nra;a Ntz;ba gy;NtW tpiyapd; kl;lq;fs;
njupT nra;a Ntz;ba ,yhg vy;iy –
tpahghuj;jpw;Fk;> Neub tpw;gidf;FkhdJ.
tpdpNahfk;
nra;Ak;
topKiwfs;
epWtdj;jpw;Fk; thbf;ifahsUf;Fk; ,ilapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; topKiwfs;
tpw;gid ,q;F ,U Kiwfs; (1) epWtdj;jpw;Fs;NsAk; (2)
,ileLtu;fSf;Fk; ,wf;Fkjp nfhs;tdthsUf;Fk;
,ilNa tpw;gidapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwfs;
,JthFk;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
njhlu;ghly;
(Nkk;gLj;jy;)
nryT nra;aNtz;ba Kjy;: tpsk;guj;jpd; kPjhd Rik
njupT nra;a Ntz;ba m];jpthuk; - cw;gj;jpg;
nghUspdJ tpk;gk;> $l;L tpk;gk;.
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; El;gq;fspd; fyit: tzpfj;jpw;F>
Efh;NthUf;F.
NritAk;
thbf;ifahsu;
cwTKiwAk;
,ileLtu;fSf;Fk; ,Wjp Efu;thsu;fSf;Fk;;
tpw;gidf;F gpe;jpa Nritfs; (Neub ,yj;jpudpay;
fbjj;jpw;$lhf) toq;Fjy;.
thbf;ifahsu;fSld; ,izf;fg;gl;l tifapy;
cwTKiwapid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F njhlh;G ikaq;fis
cUthf;Fjy;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 262
re;ijapd; Nfs;tpf;Fk; cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fSf;Fk; epWtdj;jpd;
epjp epyikf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xU jpUg;jpfukhd $l;bizg;gpid re;ij
ikag;gLj;jpa epWtdk; Ntz;b epw;fpd;wJ. ,t;tifapy; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
njhopw;ghLfSf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp> tbtikg;G> cw;gj;jp> epjp rhu;ghd
egu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xU rpwe;j njhlu;ghly; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
,NjNtis re;ijg;gLj;jy; gFjp jdJ vy;yh tpUg;gq;fspidAk;
epWtdj;jpd; kw;iwa gFjpfspd; kPJ jpzpf;fKbahJ. khwhf kw;iwa
epWtdq;fNshL $l rpwe;j cwtpid Vw;gLj;jp Kfhik nra;tjpd; %yk;
epWtdj;jpd; nghJthd Nehf;fj;jpid mile;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
2.6 jj;Jtj;ij Nghd;W re;ijg;gLj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
(Adoption of Marketing as a Philosophy)
tzpf epWtdq;fs;> tpw;gid rhu;e;j epWtdq;fs; re;ijia rhu;e;j
epWtdq;fshtjw;F gpujhdkhditfs;> rpy Ntis khw;wf;$baitfs;>
khw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;iw Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. ,jw;F khw;wj;jpd;
nray;Kiwj;jpl;lk; (Programme of Change) Njitg;glyhk;. ,j;jpl;lk; gpd;tUk;
mstPLfis cs;slf;fp fhzg;gLk;.
epWtd mikg;gpd; kjpg;gha;TiuAk; khw;wKk;
(a) thbf;ifahsu; Njitfis re;jpf;f$ba tifapy; kf;fspd;
xj;Jiog;igg; ngWtjpy; fhzg;gLk; nrq;Fj;jhd jilfis (
NtWgl;l nraw;ghLfSf;fpilapyhd) ePf;Fjy;.
(b) thbf;ifahsu; Nehf;fpa je;jpNuhgha topfhl;Ljiy
njhFg;gjw;fhf re;ijg;gLj;jypd; nry;thf;if mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;.
tzpf eilKiwfspd; kjpg;gha;TiuAk;> fUj;J xUikg;ghLk; -
eilKiw xUikg;ghL (Process Alignment) vd;gJ thbf;ifahsu;
Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;tjpy; gq;fspf;Fk; tzpf Kiwfs;>
eilKiwfs; (Ntiy> jfty;> gupkhw;wk;) vd;gtw;wp;d;
epr;rag;gLj;jg;gl;l ifahSifia Fwpf;Fk;.
cs;sf re;ijg;gLj;jypy; <Lgly; - re;ijg;gLj;jy; rhu;e;j tzpfj;
Njitg;ghLfisAk; mjDld; ,izg;Gw;w ngWkjpfisAk;
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cau;ju Kfhikahy; Cf;fkspf;fg;gLk;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; eltbf;iffis ,J Fwpf;Fk;. thbf;ifahsu;
ftdj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F Copau; fy;tp> njhlu;ghlypy;
tpupthd nray;Kiwj;jpl;lk; Njitg;glyhk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
263CA Sri Lanka
thbf;ifahsu; Muha;r;rp> thbf;ifahsu; ftdk;> juKk; Nritf;
nfhs;iffSk;> kw;Wk; nray;Kiwj;jpl;lk; njhlu;ghd nghUj;jkhd
mKyhf;fk;.
thbf;ifahsu; ftdj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fyhrhu ngWkjpfis
cUthf;FjYk;> tYg;gLj;jYk;. ,it gpd;tUtdtw;wpd; *yk;
eilngwyhk;.
(a) Kfhikj;Jtj;jhy; tpUk;gpa ngWkjpapd; czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL>
khjpup (Nky;kl;lj;jpypUe;J fPo;kl;lk; tiu)
(b) xd;Wgl;l jhuf ke;jpuq;fs; (Corporate Mottos), RNyhfq;fs; (Slogans)
FO fl;bnaOg;Gjy; (Team Building) vd;gtw;wpd; ngWkjp ntspg;ghL.
(c) Ml;Nru;g;G> Nju;T mbg;gilf;F xg;ghf thbf;ifahsu; Nrit
ngWkjpapd; gad;ghL.
(d) kw;iwa kdpjts KiwikfSf;$lhd tYg;gLj;Jk; ngWkjpfs; :
fy;tp> Ntiyg;gapw;rp> gapw;rpaspg;Gk; Copau; mgptpUj;jp
nraw;wpl;lq;fs;;;;: rYiffs;>Cjpak;> Cf;f Cjpak; (epjp rhuhj gupR>
cjhuzkhf khjj;jpd; Copau; vd;w nraw;wpl;lk;): nray;jpwd;
kjpg;gpLjYk;> Kfhikj;JtKk; Kfhikj;JtKk;
(e) Kfhikj;Jt ghzp (Management Style) - thbf;ifahsu; Fwpf;fhd
elj;ijapy; nfhz;lhl;lKk; ghuhl;Lk;: thbf;ifahsu; Nrit kPjhd
Mu;tj;jpd; njhlf;f epiyiaAk; fw;wiyAk; Cf;fg;gLj;jy;.
gzp kjpg;gPl;L msit (Benchmarking) – rpwe;j gapw;rp> rpwe;j
Nghl;bahsu; gapw;rpf;F vjpuhf epWtdj;jpd; eilKiw> nray;jpwid
jug;gLj;Jjy;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 264
2.7 Gjpa re;ijg;gLj;jy; rthy;fs;
mz;ikf;fhykhf re;ijg;gLj;Jdu;fs; njhopy;El;g mgptpUj;jpapd;
fhuzkhj;jpdhy; njhlu;ghlypy; khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpa #oiy
vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wdh;.
Jupj Ntfk;
jfty;fSf;fhd gue;jtop
24 kzpNeuk;> 7 ehs; cyf njhlu;ghlYk; tzpfKk;
caupa gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd gy;Y}lf toq;fy; (Multi Media Presentation)
caupa jdpg;gl;lJk; njhlu;ghlypy; jdpg;gl;lJk;
,tt;tifahd nghJthd njhopy;El;g Nghf;Ffs; re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit
kPJ jhf;fj;ij nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
Nkk;gLj;jy;
eltbf;if jhf;fk;⁄tha;g;G Mjuthd
njhopy;El;gj;jpw;fhd
cjhuzq;fs;
tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; cyf KOtJk; mjpf
thbf;ifahsu;fis
nrd;wiljy;
mjpfkhf Fwpg;gpl;l
ghu;itahsu;fis
,yf;F itj;jy;
gupkhw;wj;jpD}lhf
jPu;it mjpfg;gLj;jy;
,izaj;jsKk;
tpsk;guq;fSk;
njhiyf;fhl;rp xspaiy
tupir ty;Ydu;fs;
njhiyf;fhl;rp Neub jPu;T>
ciur; nra;jp (Text
Messaging) xspgug;G
(Podcasting)
tiyg;gjpTfs;(Weblogs)(Bl
ogs)> gad;gLj;Jgtu; r%f
fye;Jiuahly;> nka;epfu;
mDgtk; (Virtual
Experience)
tpw;gid
Nkk;gLj;jy; ,yf;Fr; re;ij
Jz;lkhf;fy; ⁄ jdpegu;
Mu;tKk;
Kd;DupikAk;
trjpg;gLj;jy; ⁄ jPu;it
Cf;fg;gLj;jy;
,yj;jpudpay; (Neub)
js;Sgb
thbf;ifahsu; juTj;jsk;>
tpw;gid
ml;ltizapypUe;J juT
(EPOS)
,yj;jpudpay; (Neub) gjpT
,yj;jpudpay; (Neub)
guptu;j;jid> eilKiw
KiwAk;> nfhLg;gdTk;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
265CA Sri Lanka
Neub
re;ijg;gLj;jy; jdpg;gl;lJk;>
xUtUf;nfhUtu; nra;jp
cj;juT
mbg;gilapyhd
juTj;jsk; ⁄
jPu;TtPjj;ij
mjpfg;gLj;Jk; njhlu;G
gjpy; my;yJ jPu;tpd;
gupkhw;wKk; JupjKk;
Neubj; jPu;T ⁄
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;
juTj;jsk;
kpd;dQ;ry;> tiyj;jsk;>
jftYf;fhd rpwpa nra;jp
Kiw (SMS) tpz;zg;gk;
kpd;dQ;ry;> tiyj;njhlu;G
,yj;jpudpay;
tzpfj;jsq;fs;
gpugy;ag;gLj;jy;
(Publicity) jfty; gug;Gjypy;
fhzg;gLk;
gpur;ridf;fhd jPu;tpy;
Jupjk;
kpd;dQ;ry; Clhf
ntspaPLfSk;
,yj;jpudpay; (Neub)
jftYk;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; ⁄
tpw;gid Cf;fk;
epjpAjtpfs; ⁄ MjuT
(Sponsorship)
gpurpj;jg;gLj;jy;
nghUl;fhl;rp ftd
gpurpj;jg;gLj;jy;
miog;G ika
Copau;fspdJk;
tpw;gid rf;jpfspdJk;
cldbj; jfty;fs;
,izaj;jsk;
,izaj;jsk; ⁄
thbf;ifahsUf;fhd
kpd;dQry;
nghUs; kjpg;gPL nra;jy;>
,Ug;Gk; thbf;ifahsu;
juTj;jsKk;
cs;sf
re;ijg;gLj;jy; Ntiy rhu;ghd
jfty;fspd; Copau;
kjpg;gPL
gpupf;fg;gl;l
mYtyu;fspdJk;
njhiytpYs;s
Copau;fspdJk;
milahsKk;
xUq;fpizg;Gk;
,iza nra;jpkly;>
mwpf;ifj; jhs;>
nfhs;ifj; jfty;
kpd;dQ;ry;> njhiy>
njhiyf;fhl;rp khehL
tiyaikg;G
re;ijg;gLj;jy; tzpf cwT
KiwAld; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fis toq;Fdu;
⁄ thbf;ifahsu;
kjpg;gPL nra;jy;
Gw,izak;: njupT
nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fspd;
kjpg;gPL
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 266
Fwpg;ghf re;ijg;gLj;jypy; ,izaj;jpd; gad;ghL
$Wfs; tpsf;fTiu
tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; ,izaj;js xd;Wgl;l mu;g;gzpg;G> gjhij
(Banner).⁄nghj;jhd; tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; (Button
Advertising) ,izaj; Njly; fUtpfs; (Search
engines) kPjhd jutupir
Neub
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
kpd;dQ;ry; nra;jpfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l mQ;ry;
gl;baYf;F mDg;Gjy;
cj;juT re;ijg;gLj;jy; (Permission Marketing):
tzpf mQ;riy ngWtjpy; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l
thbf;ifahsu;fis Fwpj;jy;
Neubj; jPu;T
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
mr;R tpsk;guk;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp
njhlu;ghd thbf;ifahsu; jPu;T eltbf;iffis
gpd;gw;Wjypy; cldbj; njhlu;G
tpw;gid
Nkk;gLj;jy;
,yj;jpudpay; (Neub) gupR ,Oj;jYk; (Prize draws)
Nghl;bAk;
,yj;jpudpay; (Neub) js;Sgb
js;Sgb gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fis kpd;dQ;ryplYk;
jutpwf;fk; nra;jYk;
thbf;ifahsu;
tpRthr
nray;Kiwj;jpl;lk;
(Customer Loyalty
Programmes)
ngWkjp Nru; ed;ik> ,jD}lhf ,izaf;
nfhs;tdT mDgtj;ij mjpfupj;jy;
jdpg;gl;l gadhsu; Kfg;G gf;fk;
nka;epfu; r*fk; ( mul;il miw)
,ytr ,yj;jpudpay; ml;il ⁄ FWfpa nra;jp Kiw
nra;jpfs;
Clfk; ⁄
mr;RhPjpapyhd
njhlu;G
,yj;jpudpay; (Neub) Clfk; ⁄ mOj;Jk; fUtpfs;
kpd;dQ;rypyd; Clhf ntspaPLfs;
“vq;fisg; gw;wp”“njhlu;G nfhs;” gf;fq;fs;
njhopy;El;g tpsf;fq;fs;> fl;Liu
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
267CA Sri Lanka
nghJ cwTfs; “vq;fisg; gw;wp” mbf;fb Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfs;
“FAQ” njhlu;ghd mk;rq;fs;
nra;jp mwpf;ifj; jhs; (cjhuzkhf neUf;fb
Kfhikj;Jtk;)
gpurpj;jk; ⁄ epjpAjtpfs;> MjuT> nghUl;fhl;rp>
epfo;Tf;fhd jfty;fs;
Gfo; ngw;w epjpAjtp (MjuT> gad;kpf;f jfty;
gf;fq;fs;)
cwTKiw
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
tiyj;jsq;fspd; jdpj;Jtk;> toq;fy;fspy; ,yf;F ⁄
kpd;dQ;ry; njhlu;Gfspd; Nkk;gLj;jy;
,yj;jpudpay; kz;lyk; ( E-Zones): tiyaikg;gpy;
rpwe;j Mu;tkpf;f nra;jpkly;fspd; ntspaPL my;yJ
re;jhjhuUf;Fk;> mQ;ry; gl;baYf;Fk; Neub
kpd;dQ;ry; nra;tjpD}lhf tpepNahfg;gLj;jy;
mbkl;l (Grass
roots)
my;yJituy;
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
(Viral Marketing)
tha;r; nrhy; Nkk;gLj;jy; cUthf;fYk;
thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F ,ilapyhd gupe;JiufSk;
gad;gLj;jeu;: ,af;fp cs;slf;f gf;fq;fspy;
gq;nfLj;jy;
,yj;jpudpay; (Neub) ciu my;yJ nra;jp
fUj;Jf;fs kd;wk;
itu]; re;ijg;gLj;jy; tpUe;jpdu; njhlu;ghly;
fUtpfis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J VidNahUf;F
mDg;gg;gLtJld; mg;gf;fq;fSf;F tUif jUk;
Njitg;ghLk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
Neub tpepNahfk; nghUl;fs; ( ,yj;jpudpay; Neub Efu;Tf;$lhf)
Nritfs; (jfty; juTj;js mZFKiwiaAk;
cs;slf;Fk;)
,izaj;jpD}lhf nghUl;fs; fl;lisaplg;gly;
rpy nghUl;fs; ,izaj;jpD}lhf toq;fg;gly;>
Neub gjptpwf;fj;jpd; Clhf nfhs;tdthsupd;
fzpdpf;F gjptpwf;fk; nra;jy;. cjhuzkhf ,ir>
fzpdp nkd;nghUs;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 268
$l;Lg;gq;fhz;ik
mgptpUj;jp
(Partnership
Development)
je;jpNuhgha Nkk;gLj;jy; xj;Jiog;G
thbf;ifahsu;
NritAk;
njhopy;El;g
cjtpAk;
kpd;dQ;ry; njhlu;G
mbf;fb Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfs; (FAQs)
juTj;js jfty;fis mZFjy;
gpd;dpa nray; MjuTfSf;fhd ,yj;jpudpay;
(Neub) nra;jp
re;ij ⁄
thbf;ifahsu;
Muha;r;rp
re;ij Jz;lkhf;fy;> vjpu; fhy njhlu;Gfspd;
jdpj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd
tUifahsu;fs; thbf;ifahsu;fs; vd;gth;fsJ
jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;
js fz;fhzpg;G
,yj;jpudpay; (Neub) my;yJ Ma;T> Nfs;tpf;
nfhj;Jf;fspd; kpd;dQ;rypy; gpd;D}l;ly;
$l;lhz;ik
jdpj;Jtk; ⁄
milahsk;
tiyj;jsq;fs;> kpd;dQ;ry; nra;jpfs; fl;lhakhf
jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf tbtikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
mj;Jld; xj;j re;ijg;gLj;jy; nra;jpfs; kw;iwa
re;ijg;gLj;jy; nra;jpfSld; ,ize;jjhf
fhzg;gly;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
269CA Sri Lanka
3 re;ij je;jpNuhghaq;fs;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUthdJ tpahghu jj;Jtkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mit thbf;ifahsupd; NjitfisAk; epWtdj;jpd; cw;gj;jpg;
nghUl;fisAk; ,izg;gjw;fhf Kaw;rp nra;fpd;wJ.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; Nehf;Fepiy my;yJ jpirKfg;gLj;jy; (Marketing
Orientation) vd;gJ xU epWtdk; thbf;ifahsupd; NjitfisAk;
tpUg;gq;fisAk; jpUg;jp gLj;Jtij ikag;gLj;jpajhd mZFKiwahFk;.
cw;gj;jp Nehf;Fepiy (Production Orientation) vd;gJ xU
Kfhikj;Jt ghu;itahf ⁄ Njhw;wkhf kpfr; rpwe;j juj;jpYk; tpiyapYk;
nghUl;;fisAk; NritfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;tjD}lhf ntw;wp milashk;
vd ek;Gfpd;wJ. cw;gj;jp Nehf;Fepiy (Production Orientation)
vd;gJ xU epWtdk; cw;gj;jp nghUs; mgptpUj;jpapy; ftdk; nrYj;JtjhFk;.
tpw;gid Nehf;Fepiy (Sales Orientation) vd;gJ cw;gj;jp
nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;tJk; gpd;du; mtw;iw
jPtpukhfTk; jpwikahfTk; tpw;gid nra;tjhFk;.
3.1 re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUTk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; Nehf;FepiyAk;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUTk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; Nehf;FepiyAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W
gpz;zpg;gpize;j nrhw;fshFk;.
gpuh]pq;ld; kw;Wk; ngl;Bl; (2000) d; gb tiutpyf;fzq;fs; tUkhW:
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU re;ijg;gLj;jy; Nehf;Fepiy
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU vd;gJ
thbf;ifahsu;fspd; Njitfspid
kpfTk; tpidj;jpwdhfTk;
Nghl;bahsu;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ
kpfTk; neUf;fkhfTk; jPu;T
nra;tjpNy epWtdj;jpd; ntw;wp
jq;fpAs;sjpdhy; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
vz;zf;fU vy;yh epWtdq;fisAk;
CLUTk; xU epWtd jj;Jtkhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
thbf;ifahsu;fspd; NjitfspidAk;
tpUg;gq;fspidAk;
jpUg;jpgLj;jf;$bajhf xU epWtdk;
jdJ midj;J
eltbfliffspidAk; ikag;gLj;Jk;
xU mZFKiwahFk;.
-xU ek;gpf;iffs; rhu;e;j
Kiwik
-cz;ikahd
eilKiwfs;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 270
3.2 re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU ek;gpf;iffs; rhu;e;j Kiwikahf fhzg;gLk;.
,t; vLNfhs; KiwikahdJ epWtdj;jpd; fyhr;rhuj;Jld; ,ize;jjhf
fhzg;gLk;. ,f;fyhrhukhdJ gy;NtW ek;gpf;iffNshLk; gy;NtW tifahd
elj;ij ghq;FfNshLk; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhf fhzg;gLk;.
nghJthf Nehf;Fkplj;J xU epWtdk; thbf;ifahsiu ikag;gLj;jpajhf
fhzg;gLk;. gy epWtdq;fs; jq;fsJ Nehf;fj;jpy; thbf;ifahdu;
jpUg;jpapid typAWj;jpAs;sdu;. ,t;thwhd epWtdq;fs; thbf;ifahsiu
ikag;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
xU epWtdk; cz;ikapy; xU thbf;ifahsupid ikag;gLj;jpa epWtdkhf
,Ug;gjw;Nfh my;yJ Nghl;b epWtdq;fNsh vq;F thbf;ifahsupd;
Nfs;tpapid jpUg;jpgLj;jtpy;iy vd re;ijapy; fhzg;gLk;
,ilntspfspid milahsg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpd; mj;Njitapid
jpUg;jpgLj;j Ntz;ba nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
3.2.1 eilKiwapy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUthdJ epWtdj;jpd; nghUl;fisAk;
NritfisAk; thbf;ifahsupd; NjitfNshL njhlu;GgLj;j Kaw;rpg;gjw;F
epWtdj;jpd; tpw;gidahsu;fs; Njitnad nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
epWtdj;jpd; nghUl;fSk; NritfSk; re;ijapd; Nfs;tpapid
jpUg;jpgLj;Jtjha; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ epWtdj;jpd; tpw;gidahsu;fs; vLf;Fk;
Kaw;rpfs; kpfTk; ntw;wpfukhf ,Uf;Fk;.
re;ij rhu;e;j mZFKiwahdJ tpw;gidapd; rhu;gpy; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F
vd;d mjpfkhf Njit vd;gij Nehf;Ffpd;wJ> tpw;gidahsu;fs; jq;fsJ
mjpfsthd Neuj;ij topKiwfis cUthf;Fjy;> rpwe;j thbf;ifahsu;
Nritapid toq;Fjy;> kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsupd; Njitfspy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wq;fspid milahsg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w tpidj;jpwdhd eltbf;iffspy;
nrytplf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,t;tifapy;> epWtdj;jpd; vy;yh tpw;gid eltbf;iffSk;
thbf;ifahsu;fs; epWtdj;jpd; nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk;
gad;gLj;Jtjpdhy; vt;tifahd ed;ikfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sthu;fs;
vd;gjpy; mjpfk; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtu;.
,Wjpahd re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU %d;W gupkhzq;fisf; nfhz;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
271CA Sri Lanka
a) ,J xU fyhrhuk;> thbf;ifahsupd; Njitfis Nehf;fpajhf
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU fhzg;gLk;.
b) ,J je;jpNuhghaj;jpid <LgLj;Jfpd;wJ. ve;j re;ijf;Fg;
nghUl;fisAk;> NritfisAk; njhpT nra;J tpw;gid nra;a Ntz;Lk;>
vd;d nghUl;fisAk; NrutfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd
jPh;khdk; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifahd jPh;khdq;fs; je;jpNuhghaj;
jPh;khdq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
c) ,J cghaq;fis <LgLj;Jfpd;wJ. re;ijg;gLj;jy; cghakhdJ
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapd; 7P Mff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
3.3 re;ijg;gLj;jYk; Vida vz;zf;fUf;fSk;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU vd;gJ xU epWtdk; jdJ ,yf;if my;yJ
Nehf;fj;jpid miltjw;F jkJ ,yf;Fr; re;ijapd; NjitfisAk;
tpUg;gq;fisAk; ,dk; fz;L Nghl;bahsh;fis tpl tpidj;jpwdhfTk;>
tpisjpwdhfTk; tpUg;gkhd thbf;ifahsh; jpUg;jpia toq;f Ntz;Lk;
(P Kotler 2002).
vz;zf;fU ikak; fUj;J Nehf;fk;
cw;gj;jp
vz;zf;fU
nghUl;fs; fpilg;gdTj;
jd;ikf;Fk;> ngwf;$ba
jd;ikf;Fkhf
thbf;ifahsh;fspd;
Nfs;tp
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpw;gid kw;Wk;
tpdpNahfk;
Nghd;wtw;wpy;
tpidj;jpwd;
tpidj;jpwdpD}lhf
,yhgk;
cw;gj;jpg;
nghUs;
vz;zf;fU
juk;> nraw;ghL>
gz;Gfs; njhlh;gpy;
thbf;ifahsh;fspd;
Nfs;tp
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
njhlh;r;rpahd
nghUs; mgptpUj;jp
nghUl;fspd;
juj;jpD}lhf ,yhgk;
tpw;gid
vz;zf;fU
tpw;gid
ghpkhw;wj;jpid
cUthf;FtjD}lhf
Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk;
nghUl;fis tpw;gid
nra;jy;.
Mw;wy; kpf;f
tpw;gid kw;Wk;
Nkk;gLj;jy;
tpw;gid
msTfspD}lhf
,yhgk;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 272
re;ijg;gLj;j
y;
vz;zf;fU
thbf;ifahsh;fspd;
NjitAk;>
tpUg;gq;fspdJk;
Clhf tYtpid
Nkk;gLj;jy;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
eltbf;iffs;
thbf;ifahsh;
jpUg;jpapD}lhf
,yhgk;
r%f
re;ijg;gLj;j
y;
vz;zf;fU
thbf;ifahsh;fspd;
NjitAk;>
tpUg;gq;fSk;;;:
thbf;ifahsh;fs;
kw;Wk; r%f
ed;ikfSk;
Efh;Nthiug;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
jfty;fs;: r%f
rhh;ghd
tplaq;fSf;fhd
gpujpgypg;Gf;fs;
Efh;NthiuAk; r%f
eyd;tpUk;gpfisAk;
Ngzpf;fhj;jYk;>
Nkk;gLj;jYk;.
KOikahd
re;ijg;gLj;j
y;
vz;zf;fU
thbf;ifahsh;fspd;
NjitfSf;F
Vw;whw;Nghy
NritapidAk;>
KiwikapidAk;
xUq;fpizj;jy;
nghUs; tho;f;if
tl;lj;jid
KOtJkhff;
ftdj;jpw;
nfhz;ljhd
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l
je;JNuhghaq;fs;
thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F
,irTs;sJk;>
RKfkhdJkhd
mDgtq;fis
toq;Fjy;
3.4 re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpirKfg;gLj;jy;
epWtdq;fs; thbf;ifahsh; Njitfis ikag;gLj;jpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd re;ijg;gLj;jy; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. xU epWtdkhdJ
thbf;ifahsh;fspd; Njitfis tpsq;fpf; nfs;tjw;F> mtw;iwg; G+h;j;jp
nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;J
thbf;ifahsh;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba tpiyapy; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
,tw;wpid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Fwpg;gpl;l tpw;gid Kaw;rpfs;
Njitg;gLtjhfTs;sd.
re;ijapid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l epWtdq;fs; vjph;g;ghw;wy; kpf;f my;yJ
NtWgLj;j Kbahj my;yJ khw;w Kbahj thbf;ifahsh;fSld;
FWq;fhyj;jpy; tpw;gidapid ikag;gLj;jpa cwTfis nfhz;ljdhy;
vOfpd;w gpur;ridfis jtph;f;fpd;wd.
jpUj;jkhf milahsq;fhzg;gl;l KOikahf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJkhd thbf;ifahsh;fspd; Njitapidg; g+h;j;jp nra;tjpy;
,J ftdk; nrYj;Jk;.
thbf;ifahsh;fspd; Njitapidg; g+h;j;jp nra;tnjw;nfd
tbtikf;fg;gl;l xU KiwikahfTk; nrad;KiwfshfTk; ,J
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
273CA Sri Lanka
thbf;ifahsh;fspd; Njitfis Rw;wp $l;bizf;fg;gl;ljhf midj;J
eltbf;iffSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
re;ij jpirKfg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ epWtdj;jpdJ njhlh;Gj; jd;ikf;Fk;>
Nghl;bj; jd;ikf;Fkhd mbg;gilahFk; vd;gJ ,q;F kiwKfkhff;
fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;ifahFk;. thbf;ifahsh;fspd; Njitfs; khWfpd;w NghJ
mit cWjpahf ,lk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd my;yJ vg;nghOnjy;yhk;
rpwg;ghd jPh;khdq;fs; vOfpd;w NghJ> mit thbf;ifahsh;fspd;
Njitfis kpf mz;ikapy; nrd;W G+h;j;jp nra;fpd;wd. epWtdq;fs;
mtw;wpid Vw;Wf; nfhz;L mjw;F gjpyspg;gjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
re;ij jpirKfg;gLj;jiy kjpg;gpl tpUk;Gk; epWtdkhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw
mtjhdpf;Fk;:
Ra kjpg;gha;T my;yJ NtWgl;l njhopw;ghl;bypUe;J cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;
kw;Wk; Kfhikahsh;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gLk; gpd;D}l;ly;
cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; kw;Wk; Kfhikahsh;fsplkpUe;J Kiwrhh; Ma;T
tzpfj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzk;> gzpf;$W> ngWkjp thf;fpak; kw;Wk;
jj;jpNuhghaj;jpypUe;jhd epWtdj;jpd; rhd;Wfs;
Kiwrhh; re;ijg;gLj;jy; fzf;fha;T KbTfs; (Fwpg;ghf NtWgl;l
fl;likg;Gf;fs; nrad;Kiwfs; njhlh;gpy; thbf;ifahsh;fis
ikag;gLj;jp tpdhf;fis vOg;Gjy;
thbf;ifahsh; Njitfs;> thbf;ifahsh; gpd;D}l;liy Nrfhpj;Jg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpUg;G> thbf;ifahsh; Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp
nra;Ak; tz;zk; njhopw;ghLfSf;fpilapy; xUq;fpirT ,it Nghd;w
epWtd hPjpahd njhlh;ghliy tphpTgLj;Jtjhd rhd;W
thbf;ifahsh; gpd;D}l;ly; kw;Wk; Ma;T: thbf;ifahsh; Njitfs;
G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd („jpirKfg;gLj;jiy GyZzuhj tifapy;)?
tplaf; fw;if
tq;fpr; Nritapd; thbf;ifahsh;fs; jkJ fzf;Ffs; tpidj;jpwdhd
KiwapYk;> tpidahz;ikahd KiwapYk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mjdhy;> mth;fSf;F epjpapidf;
ifahStjw;fhd tha;g;G fpilf;Fk; vDk; nghJthf vjph;ghh;f;iffisf;
nfhz;Ls;sdh;. mth;fSf;F ,d;Dk; gy Njitg;ghLfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 274
(a) ghuk;ghpa ‘Nkiyj;Nja’ tq;fpapay;
tq;fpfs; jkJ thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F Vida nghUl;fis toq;f
Kd;tUfpd;wd. MfNt eilKiwf; fzf;Fld; fhzg;gLk;
thbf;ifahsh;fs; Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;FfisAk; jpwg;gjw;fhd re;jh;g;gk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tq;fpfs; Vida gpw thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F
,yhgj;jpid <l;Ltjw;fhf cah;tl;b tPjj;jpy; fld; nfhLg;gjw;Fg;
gzj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jf; $baitfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tq;fpfSf;F ,ilapyhd Nghl;bahdJ tl;b tPjj;jpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(b) ‘,];yhkpa’ tq;fpapay;.
rpy K];ypk;fs; ,];yhj;jpd; rpy nfhs;iffSld; Kuz;gLtjhd
gioiktha;e;j tq;fp khjphpfisf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs; (mjhtJ> tl;bf;
nfhLg;gdTld; njhlh;Ggl;lit). gy tq;fpfs; ,];yhj;jpw;F Vw;w
tiffspy; fld; nfhLg;gdTg; ghpkhw;wy;fis fl;likf;fpd;wd.
,t;tpU re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; kpf ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F thbf;ifahsh;fSld;
njhlh;Gwtpidf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; tq;fp jdJ Nritapid jdJ
thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wJ.
3.5 gpw jpirKfg;gLj;jy;fs;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fU kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpirKfg;gLj;jy;
Nghd;wit Vida gpw „jpirKfg;gLj;jYld;‟ xg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
mit fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
3.5.1 cw;gj;jp jpirKfg;gLj;jy ;
cw;gj;jp jpirKfg;gLj;jypd; fPo;> KfhikahdJ fpua tpidj;jpwdhd
Kiwapdpy;> nghUl;fisAk; NritisAk; cr;r juj;jpy; cw;gj;jp
nra;tjD}lhf ntw;wpahdJ milag;ngWfpd;wJ vd ek;Gfpd;wJ.
KfhikapdJ gpujhdkhd gzpahdJ cw;gj;jpapid Nkk;gLj;JtJk;>
tpdpNahfj;jpid tpidj;jpwdhf Nkw;nfhs;StJkhFk;.
thbf;ifahsh;fs; tpidj;jpwDs;sthW cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis
thq;Ftjw;F tpUk;Gfpd;whh;fs; vd ,J ek;Gfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
275CA Sri Lanka
thbf;ifahsh;fis Rw;wp vOg;gg;gLk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpirKfg;gLj;jYf;Fk;>
cw;gj;jpapidr; Rw;wp vOfpd;wjhd jpirKfg;gLj;jYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xg;gPL
gpd;tUk; tiuglj;jpy; tphpthf ciuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpirKfg;gLj;jy; cw;gj;jp jpirKfg;gLj;jy;
cU 9.3: cw;gj;jp jpirKfg;gLj;jYf;Fk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpirKfg;gLj;jYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xg;gPL
cw;gj;jp jpirKfg;gLj;jypw;fhd kpfj; njspthd cjhuzk; kpfg;ghhpa
re;ijf;fhf Kd;ida fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l Nkhl;lhh; fhh;fspy;
xd;whd Ford ,dJ khjphp T ; MFk;. Ford ,Dila thbf;ifahsh;fs; Ford
,dJ khjphp T ; apid ve;j epwj;jpYk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;> mth;fs;
Ntz;Lfpd;w epwk; fWg;ghf cs;stiuapy; vd;W nfd;wp Nghl; gpugy;akhff;
$wpdhh;.
3.5.2 tpw;gid jpirKfg;gLj;jy;
tpw;gid jpirKfg;gLj;jypd; fPo; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L kpf kpfj;
jPtpukhdTk;> kpf kpf RWRWg;ghfTk; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;ntz;zf;fUtpd; fPo; rpwg;ghd Ntiyg;gilazpahdJ vjidAk;
vtUf;Fk; tpw;gid nra;a KbAk; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 276
3.5.3 cw;gj;jpg;nghUs; jpirKfg;gLj;jy;
cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;rhh; epWtdq;fs; cw;gj;jpg;nghUs; mgptpUj;jpapid
ikag;gLj;Jfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf Gjpa nghUspd; gz;Gfis
mwpKfg;gLj;jy;. kpfTk; Nkk;gl;l nghUs; my;yJ mjpf gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;l nghUs; cah;thdjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ ,e;j
mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilahFk;.
3.6 Kd;js;Sk; kw;Wk; gpd;dpOf;Fk; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
ghuk;ghpakhf>re;ijg;gLj;jy; eltbf;iffshdit kPs;tpw;gidahsh;fSf;F
kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsh;fSf;Fg; nghUl;fis Kd;js;StjpidNehf;fkhff;
nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; Nkk;gLj;jyhdJ ngWkjpr;
rq;fpypapd; ,Wjp tpw;gidahshpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w tplakhFk;.
„gpd;dpOj;jy; mZFKiwahdJ’ kWGwj;jpy;> thbf;ifahsh;fspd;
Nfs;tpfis rpy;yiw tpahghuf; fpisfspDs; ,Og;gjw;fhf nghUl;fis
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; Nkk;gLj;jyhdJ
cw;gj;jpahsh; kw;Wk; ,Wjp tpw;gidahsh; ,ilNa gfpug;gLfpd;wJ.
4 re;ijg;gLj;jy; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; $Wfs;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; Jz;lhLjyhdJ re;ijapd; jdpj;Jtkhd kw;Wk; xNu
jd;ikahd thbf;ifahsh;fis cg FOf;fshf;fp cg gphpTfshfg; gphpg;gjpy;
<LgLfpd;wJ. jdpj;Jtkhd re;ijf; fyitapD}lhf ,yf;Fr; re;ijapy;
thbf;ifahsh;fs; FOf;fs; ,yf;Fg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; epiyepWj;jy; (,lk; gjpj;jy;) vd;gJ thbf;ifahsh; vt;thW
gz;lf;Fwpapid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sfpd;whh;fs; my;yJ gpw gz;lf;FwpfSld;
my;yJ gz;lq;fSld; nghUl;fs; vt;thW GyZzug;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
ghuk;ghpakhf re;ijf; fyitahdJ 4P f;fshff; fhzg;gl;lJ (nghUs;>
tpiy> ,lk;> Nkk;gLj;jy;). Nritj;Jiwf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Nkyjpfkhf
%d;W P f;fs; (kf;fs;> nrad;Kiw> ngsjPf rhd;W) ,izf;fg;gl;L
tphpthf;fg;gl;l 7P f;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
4.1 re;ijj; Jz;lkhf;fy;
re;ij vd;gJ vspa xNu khjphpahd xj;j nghUl;fs; Njit vd;W fUJk;
thbf;ifahsh; FOf;fisf; nfhz;l xd;wy;y. re;ij MdJ> NtWgl;l
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
277CA Sri Lanka
NjitfisAk; NtWgl;l nfhs;tdT elj;ijfisAk; nfhz;l
cs;shw;wYila nfhs;tdthsh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
re;ijj; Jz;lhf;fyhdJ >re;ijapidj; njspthf kw;Wk; mjpfhpf;Fk; xNu
jd;iktha;e;j thbf;ifahsh;fs; cg FOf;fshf gphpg;gJ vd
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jyhk;. ,q;F cg FOf;fs; jdpj;Jtkhd re;ijf;
fyitapidg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,yf;Fr; re;ijapidj; njhpT
nra;ag;glyhk;.
nkhj;jr; re;ijahdJ> NtWgl;l thbf;ifahsh;fs; FOf;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj
cs;slf;fpajhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk;> xt;nthU FOf;fSk; xj;j tpjkhf
„re;ijj;J}z;bw;f;Fk;‟ vjph;tpistpidf; fhl;lf;$ba xj;j NjitapidAk;
tpUg;gj;Njh;TfisAk; nfhz;l kf;fisf; (my;yJ epWtdq;fis)
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. xt;nthU re;ijj; Jz;lKk; epWtdj;jpw;fhd ,yf;Fr;
re;ijahf khwyhk;. mj;Jld; jdpj;Jtkhd re;ijf; fyitapid
epWtdq;fs; ntw;wpfukhf ntspg;gLj;jdhy; Ntz;b epw;Fk;. epWtdk; mjdJ
Kd;itf;fg;gLk; nghUspid xt;nthU Jz;lj;jpdJk; gq;fpw;F Vw;g ,lk;
gjpf;fyhk;.
4.1.1 Efh;Nthh; re;ijapidj; Jz;lhLtjw;fhd mbg;gilfs;
re;ijapidj; Jz;lhf;Ftjw;F gy;NtW mbg;gilapyhd tplaq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU mbg;gilahdJ xt;nthU re;ijf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhdjhff; fhzg;glkhl;lhJ. NkYk; rpy rkaq;fspy; ,uz;L my;yJ
,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l mbg;gilfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; nghUj;jkhdjhff;
fhzg;glyhk;. xU Jz;lhf;fy; khwpahdJ khwpfspd; thpirg;gb epiyapy;
kw;iwajid tpl cah;thdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
Efh;Nthh;re;ijapidj; Jz;lhLtjw;fhd mbg;gilfs; gpd;tUtdtw;wpid
cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
(a) Gtpapay; gug;G. cjhuzkhf Nghye;J ehl;bYs;s cs;shw;wYs;s
thbf;ifahsh;fspd; elj;ijfSk; NjitfSk; yw;tpah my;yJ
v];Nuhdpah Nghd;w ehLfspYs;s thbf;ifahsh;fspd;
elj;ijfspypUe;J NtWgLk;.
(b) ,Wjpg; ghtid. cjhuzkhf mYtyfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fhfpjhjpfs;
Kiwrhh; fbjq;fspw;Fg; (fbjj;jpd; juk;) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdth my;yJ
cs;sf Fwpg;ghizf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wjh (tiuT njhlh;gpyhd
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 278
juk;) vd;gjidg; nghWj;J juj;jpy; NtWgLk;. Efh;Nthh; re;ijapy;
„gad;gLjy;;‟ vdg;gLtJ Xa;T Ntisapid my;yJ Ntiyapd;
gad;ghl;bidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,J nghUs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
re;jh;g;gj;jpidg; nghWj;J „epfo;r;rp Jz;lhliyAk;‟ cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
(c) nfhs;tdthsh; elj;ij. re;ijapd; rpy Jz;lq;fs; (tajhd
Efh;Nthh;fs; Nghd;Nwhh;) Kfj;jpw;F Kfk; ghpkhw;wq;fisr; nra;tjid
tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. cjhuzkhf: VidNahh; (,sk; Efh;Nthh;)
,izaj;jsk; thh; ghpkhw;wq;fis ifalf;fj;njhiyNgrp vOj;JUr;
nra;jpfs; %ykhf tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; Nghd;witfis tpUk;Gth;.
Jz;lhLtjw;fhd Vida elj;ijfspd; mbg;gilfs;>
ghtidahsh;fspd; epiyg;ghL (ghtiday;yhjth;> ghtpj;jjd; gpd;dh;
ntspNawpath;> cs;shw;wYs;s gad;gLj;Jdh;> xOq;fhd ghtidahsh;)
my;yJ ghtid tpfpjk; (Fiwthd> eLj;jukhd my;yJ ghuJ}ukhd
ghtidahsh;) Nghd;wtw;iwAk; cs;slf;Fk;.
(d) Fbapay;hPjpapyhd Jz;lhLjy;. ,q;F re;ijahdJ taJ> ghy;epiy>
r%f nghUshjhu FO> tPlikg;G> FLk;gj;jpdJ ,ay;Gfs; my;yJ
FLk;g tho;f;if tl;l gbepiy Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; J}z;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fbapay;hPjpapyhd Jz;lhLjyhdJ> gue;Jgl;ljhd tha;g;Gf;fis -
mit fPNo fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wd – cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
(e) cstpay; hPjpapyhd Jz;lhLjy;. ,it tho;f;ifg;ghzp> fUj;Jf;fs;
kw;Wk; tpUg;Gf;fs; %yk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
(f) eyd;fs;hPjpahfj; Jz;lhLjy;. mth;fs; Fwpg;ghf vjph;ghh;f;Fk;
eyd;fspd; mbg;gilapy; my;yJ cw;gj;jpg; nghul;fspd; ngWkjpapd;
mbg;gilapy; re;ijapid cgFOf;fshfg; gphpj;jy;. goik tha;e;j
cjhuzkhf> gw;girapidg; gad;gLj;Jgth; re;ijapidf; nfhs;syhk;.
,q;F Jz;lkhf;fyhdJ> mg;nghUspd; ed;ikfs; vd;W
ciuf;fg;gLfpd;w Rit> kUj;Jtg; ngWkjpfs;> xg;gidg; nghUl;fs;
njhlh;gpy; ed;ikfs; my;yJ tpiy xg;gPLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngWk;.
tho;f;ifg; ghzpj; njhlh;gpy; Jz;lhLjyhdJ> cw;gj;jpg; nghUspid
vjph;f;fpd;w eguJ> NkYk; thbf;ifahsuJ Fwpg;gpl;l tho;f;if ghzpapd;
tbtq;fisf; fz;Lnfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpfSld; <LgLfpd;wJ. tho;f;ifg; ghzp
BL4 mj;jpahak 9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
279CA Sri Lanka
vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l ,dq;fspdhy; my;yJ r%fj;jpdJ cg gphpTfspdhy;
Rtpfhpj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLtjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
tho;f;ifg;ghzpahdJ> ehd;F tifg;gLj;jy;fspy; xU vspa cjhuzj;Jld;
gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.
tho;f;ifg;ghzpapd; tiffs
Nky;Nehf;fp efUfpd;w
,yf;Ffs;
,j;jifa jdpegh;fs; nfhs;ifhPjpahf rpwg;ghff;
nfhLg;gdT toq;fg;gLfpd;w Rturpakhd
Ntiyfs; kw;Wk; cah;thd nghUz;ikahd
tho;f;if KiwNghd;wtw;wpD}lhf rpwg;ghd>
nry;tk; kpf;f tho;f;ifg;ghzpapidj;
NjLfpd;whh;fs;.
ghuk;ghpakhdkw;Wk;
r%fhPjpapyhdit
,q;F jdpegh;fs; KO newpKiwfSf;F
,zg;ghlhftpUj;jy;> nghUe;jpg;Nghjy;
Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhf r%fj;jpdJ mDgtj;jpidAk;
jdpegh;fspd; kPSWjpg;ghl;bidAk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;. MfNt nfhs;tdT tbtq;fs;
„gof;f tof;fq;fisf; filg;gpbg;gtuhff;‟
fhzg;gLth;.
ghJfhg;Gk;
rKjhaj;jFepiy
NjlYk;
,f;FOthdJ ;ghJfhg;G‟ kw;Wk; „ehd; vd;gjidg;
ghJfhj;jy;‟ Nghd;w Njitfis
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa
tho;f;ifg;ghzpahdJ rKjhaj;jpy; gbepiy>
tUkhdk;> ghJfhg;G Nghd;wtw;Wld;
njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ> ,J kpfTk; cWjptha;e;j
gpugy;akhd nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;a
Cf;fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; me;jg; nghUl;fSk;>
NritfSk; rKjhaj;jpy; gbepiyapid
cah;j;JtjhfTk;> tho;f;ifapd; ghJfhg;gpidAk;>
vjph;T$WtjypidAk; Kjd;ikg;gLj;JtjidAk;
vLj;Jf;$Wfpd;wJ. rpwg;ghf ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l> kpfTk;
gof;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs; vjph;f;fg;gLtjhd Gjpa
nghUl;fistpl mjpfkhf
ek;gpf;ifapidA+l;Lfpd;wd.
,d;gj;jpw;fhd njhpT ,j;jifa tho;f;ifg; ghzpfs; „,g;NghNj
tho;f;ifapid mDgtpj;jy;‟ vDk;
vz;zf;fUtpid typAWj;Jfpd;wd. mj;Jld;
cldbahd Njitfs; tpUg;gq;fspd;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 280
jpUg;jpapidAk; typAWj;Jfpd;wd. vjph;fhyj;jpidg;
gw;wp kpfTk; Fiwthd vz;zNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
4.1.2 jdpegh; re;ijapd; Jz;lq;fs;
Jz;lhLjyhdJ> jdpegh; re;ijf;Fk; gpuNahfpf;fg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf
thbf;ifahsh; tzpfj;jpd; jd;ikapidg; nghWj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
$Wfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ifj;njhopy;Jiwfs; me;jf;$Wfis
toq;Ftjhy; epGzj;Jtk; tha;e;jth;fshFfpd;wdh;. Nkhl;lhh; fhh;
ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; fhhpdJ ghfq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy;
epGzj;Jtk; tha;e;j fk;gdpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fzf;fhsh; my;yJ rl;lj;juzpfs; Fwpg;gpl;l tifahd tzpfj;jpy;
epGzj;Jtk; miltjidj; njhpT nra;ayhk;. fzf;fhsUf;F ,J
rpy;yiw tzpfj;jpd; my;yJ thpj;jpUk;gy;fs; fzf;Ffshff;
fhzg;gLk;. tof;fPl;L MNyhrfh;fs; fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtjpy;
ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;wth;fshff; fhzg;gLth;
4.1.3 Jz;lj;jpd; cWjpg;ghLila jd;ik
re;ijj;Jz;lkhdJ> jdpj;Jtkhd re;ijf; fyitapid tbtikj;J
Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;SNkahdhy;> mJ ngWkjpAilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.
ngWkjp tha;e;j Jz;lkhdJ fzprkhdjhf> mstplf;$bajhf>
milaf;$bajhff; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ nfhl;yhpdhy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l tpjpKiwahFk;. re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;jpid mgptpUj;jp
nra;ag; Jz;lkhdJ gad;gLj;jg;gLkh vd;gjidj; jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhf gpd;tUk;
tpdhf;fs; nghJthf tpdtg;gLfpd;wd.
mbg;gilfs; fUj;Jf;fs;
Jz;lkhdJ mstplf;
$bajhff;;
fhzg;gLfpd;wjh?
re;ijj;Jz;lj;jpid cz;Lgz;ZtJ
,aYkhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> mjid
mstpLtJ kpfTk; ,yFthdnjhd;wy;y.
cjhuzkhf tho;f;ifapidg; gioik thj
Nghf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; ghh;f;Fk; kf;fspidf;
nfhz;l Jz;lj;jpy; „gioik thj Nghf;fpid‟
re;ij Ma;tpdhy; mstplKbAkh?
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
281CA Sri Lanka
Jz;lkhdJ ghhpa
mstpdjhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wjh?
,yhgj;jpidj; juf;$ba ,ayhw;wYs;s re;ij
ghupa mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh?
Jz;lkhdJ
milag;glKbAkh?
,ayhw;wYs;s thbf;ifahsh;fis ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F xU topahf epWtdq;fspd;
Nkk;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; tpdpNahf topfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Jz;lq;fs; NtWgl;l
gpujpgypg;Gf;fis
jUfpd;wdth?
Jz;lq;fspd; epiyj;J epw;wy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
epWtdk; mjpfstpyhd cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; tsq;fisg; ghpkhw;Wtjpy; <Lgl;lhy;
epWtdk; mLj;j Mz;by; Jz;lj;jpid xopg;gjw;F
mtrpak; ,y;iy. ,J epr;rakhf xNu khjphpahd
epWtdq;fspy; xU Kf;fpa tplak; my;y.
Jz;lk; nghUj;jkhd
];jpuj;jd;ikAilajh?
epWtdk; ghupa mstpy; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; re;ijg;
gLj;jy; tsq;fis gad;gLj;j ,Ug;gpd;> Jz;lj;jpd;
];jpuj;jd;ik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. epWtfk; Jz;lk;
mLj;j Mz;by; ,y;yhkw;Nghtij tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
rpy Jiwfspy; ,J ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;bajpy;iy
4.1.4 Jz;lj;jpd; fth;r;rp jd;ik
xU Jz;lkhdJ ngWkjp kw;Wk; rhj;jpaj;Jlhd ,yhgfukhdjhfTk; ,Uf;f
KbAk; Mdhy; ,J rhj;jpaj;Jldhd rhj;jpaj;Jldhd
fth;r;rpj;jd;ikAldhdjh? kpfTk; fth;rpahd Jz;lq;fs; ahUila
Njitfis fk;gdpapdJ gyq;fis fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtjd; %yk; re;jpf;f
KbAkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtis kw;Wk; vq;Nf Nfs;tp tpw;gid
,yhgq;fs; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpf;fhd vjph;T $wdhJ rhjfkhdjhfTk; nfhz;L
,Uf;Fk;.
4.1.5 ifj;njhopy;Jiwj; Jz;lkhf;fs;
ifj;njhopy;Jiw kw;Wk; tzpf thbf;ifahsh;fs; $l Jz;lkhf;fg;glyhk;.
ifj;njhopy;Jiwf;fhd Jz;lkhf;ffYf;fhd mbg;gilfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw
cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 282
miktplk; - Gtpapay; gpuNjrk;
fl;lisapLk; Fzhk;rq;fs; mitahtd fl;lisfspd; njhlh;rpahd
jd;ik kw;Wk; rhurhp fl;lis msT
fk;gdp Fzhk;rq;fs; - tzpfq;fspd; tiffs;> mth;fs; njhopw;gLk;
re;ij kw;Wk; mjdJ msT
vjph;ghh;f;iffs; - nghUl;fis ntspNa mDg;Gtjd; %yk; vj;jifa
jd;ikapid fk;gdp vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wJ? ek;gfj;jd;ik> juk;> Nritahw;Wk;
jd;ik> MjuTk;> ghJfhg;Gk;.
4.1.6 re;ijj; Jz;lq;fspd; ed;ik
epWtdk; Gjpa re;ijg;gLj;jy; tha;g;Gfis milahsk; fhz KbAkhdjhf
cs;sJ fhuzk; ,J xt;nthU Jz;lj;jpYk; cs;s thbf;ifahsh;fs;
Njitfis gw;wpa rpwe;j Ghpe;Jzh;it sporting Nkyjpf cg
FOf;fspd; rhj;jpaj;jd;ikAld; nfhz;bUg;gjhyhFk;.
epGzh;fs; epWtdq;fspdJ Xt;nthU ghhpa Jz;lq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jth;.
cjhuzkhf rpwpa tzpf MNyhrfh;fs; rpwpa epWtdq;fSld;
tpidjpwDld; ifahStjw;fhf tq;fpfshy; njhopYf;F mkh;j;jg;gLfpd;wdh;.
fzpdp MNyhrid epWtdkhdJ> epGzj;Jtk; tha;e;j tpw;gid
Copah;fis filfSf;F> cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;F> Nritf;
ifj;njhopy;JiwfSf;F> cs;Sh; mur mjpfhu rigfSf;F vd itj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. ,J Mw;wypkpf;fjd;ikfis fl;bnaOg;GtJld;> tpidj;jpwd;
tha;e;j re;ij KiwikfisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wJ>
nkhj;j re;ijg;gLj;jy; ghjPl;ilAk; xt;nthU Jz;lk; kw;Wk; xt;nthU
Jz;lj;jpYk; ,Ue;jhd tUtha;f;F Vw;g tpfpjhrhu hPjpahd xJf;fpl KbAk;.
,J KjyPl;bw;fhd tUthapid mjpfg;gLj;Jk;.
epWtdk; rpwpa khw;wq;fis nghUs; kw;Wk; toq;fg;gLk; Nrit njhlh;gpYk;>
xt;nthU Jz;lj;jpw;Fkhd Nkk;gLj;jy; gFjpfs; njhlh;gpYk; Nkw;nfhs;s
KbAk;. ,J tsq;fspd; tpidj;jpwdhd gad;ghl;bid Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
epWtdk; Fwpg;gpl;l Jz;lj;jpy; mjpfhuj;ij nrYj;j Kaw;rpf;f KbAk;.
,jdhy; Nghl;b jd;ikapid rk;ghjpf;f KbfpwJ. cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w
mD$yq;fs; ,izthfr; nraw;gl> Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j Mw;wiy
Kd;Ndw;wp Nkk;gLj;Jk; tz;zk; - mjhtJ mjdJ gFjpfspd; Nrh;tpid
tpl mjdJ ntspaPlhdJ mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ - njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
283CA Sri Lanka
nghUs; thpir thbf;ifahsh;fs; Njitfspd; NtWghLfis kpfTk;
Jy;ypakhf gpujpgypf;Fk;. re;ijg;gLj;jyhdJ> Efh;NthUf;F gjpyspf;Fk;
tz;zkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it Kd;Ndw;wg;gLk; NghJ ed;ikfs; epuk;gp
topAk;.
4.2 re;ij ,yFg;gLj;jy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsq;fs;> Nghl;bj;jd;ik kw;Wk; ghhpa re;ijfs; Nghd;wit
fk;gdpfs; KOr;re;ijf;Fk; – mjhtJ xt;nthU re;ijj; Jz;lj;jpw;Fk; -
tpw;gid nra;tjid tpidj;jpwdw;wjhf khw;WtJld;> nghUj;jkw;wjhfTk;
khw;Wfpd;wJ tpidj;jpwd; vd;gjw;fhf mitfs; ,yf;Fr; re;ijapidj;
njhpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;F re;ij vd;gJ tpNrl ftdj;ij
nrYj;Jtjw;fhf xU epWtdj;jhy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l xU re;ij my;yJ
Jz;lk; MFk; (jdpj;Jtkhd re;ijf;fyitapid cgNahfpf;fpd;wJ).
fk;gdpapd; KfhikahdJ> gpd;tUk; nfhs;ifj; njhpTfspy; xd;iwj; njhpT
nra;ayhk;.
re;ij je;jpNuhghak; fUj;Jf;fs;
ghhpa
(NtWgLj;jg;glhj)
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
xU nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;J mjid ,aYkhd
tiuapy; mjpf thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F tpw;gid
nra;tjid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ –
Jz;lhf;fyhdJ KOikahfj; jtph;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nrwpthf;fg;gl;l
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
fk;gdpahdJ re;ijapd; xU Jz;lj;jpw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd nghUspid cw;gj;jp nra;a
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
fk;gdpahdJ re;ijapd; xU Jz;lj;jpy;
jq;fpapUg;gJ nrwpthf;fg;gl;l re;ijg;gLj;jypd;
gpujp$ykhFk;.
NtWgLj;jg;gl;l
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
fk;gdpahdJ nghUl;fspd; gyjug;gl;l tbTUf;fis
re;ijg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,it xt;nthd;Wk; NtWgl;l
re;ij Jz;lq;fis ,yf;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
NtWgLj;jg;gl;l re;ijg;gLj;jypd; gpujp$yq;fshit
re;ijg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp njhlh;gpyhd
Nkyjpfkhd fpuaq;fshFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 284
tpla Ma;T
Kjpa kf;fs; $l;lj;jpw;fhd NrUif
gj;jhz;Lfshf re;ijg;gLj;jyhdJ ,sikahdth;fis ikag;gLj;jpajhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> 90 kpy;ypad; mnkhpf;fh;fs; 50 taJ kw;Wk;
mjid tplf; $bath;fs; vd;gJ cz;ikahFk; - mJ U.S. ,d; tsh;e;Njhh;
rdj;njhifapy; 42% MFk;. mj;Jld; mLj;j gj;jhz;Lfspy; ,J 22
kpy;ypad;fshf tsh;r;rpailAk;.
Dick Stroud vd;gtuJ fUj;Jg;gb „rpwpa tzpfj;jpd; chpikahsh;fs;
eLj;ju taJila kw;Wk; Kjpa Efh;Nthhpd; Njitfs; kw;Wk; tpUg;Gf;fis
milahsq;fhz;gth;fs; ghhpa epWtdq;fis tpl mD$yq;fisg; ngw
tha;g;Gz;L‟.
Stroud vd;gth; yz;lid ikag;gLj;jpa re;ijg;gLj;jy; MNyhrid
toq;Fk; epWtdkhd 20 gps]; 30 vd;gjd; ];jhgfh;. mth; Karen E. Klein
vd;gtuhd gj;jphpifahsUld; kpf mz;ikapy; fye;Jiuahbajd; RUf;fk;
gpd;tUkhW.
„Kjpath;fisg; gw;wpf; fijf;Fk; NghJ U.S. Clfq;fSk;> re;ijf;
ifj;njhopy;JiwfSk; „nropg;ghdth;fs; boomers’ vDk; gjj;jpidg;
ghtpf;fpd;wdh;. INuhg;ghtpy; „50 gps];‟ vDk; gjk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j FOf;fs; kpfg; ghhpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,ayhw;WikAs;s
thbf;ifahsh;fis gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. mLj;j gj;jhz;Lfspy; mth;fsJ
gps;isfs; kw;Wk; Ngug;gps;isfspd; taJfs; mjhtJ 15 Kjy; 34
tiuAs;sjhff; fhzg;gL:k; NghJ ,jd; vz;zpf;iffs; 6 jlitfs;
tpiuthf mjpfhpf;Fk;.
„50 taJf;F Nkw;gl;lth;fs; Vd; gpujhdkhdth;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;
vd;gjw;F mth;fspd; nfhs;tdT rf;jpahdJ kw;iwa gpujhdkhd
fhuzkhFk;. tajpy; Kjph;e;j Efh;Nthh;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J> Rfhjhuk;>
tPlikg;G> czT> Xa;T+jpak; kw;Wk; jdpegh; fhg;GWjp Nghd;wtw;wpd;
mbg;gilahd nfhs;tdthsh;fshth;. nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLk; fhh;fspy;
miuthrpf;F Nkyhd fhh;fis ruhrhp mnkhpf;f tPl;Lj;Jiwapdh;
tPl;Lj;Jiwapd; jiyth; 50 tajpw;F NkyhFk; NghJjhd; nfhs;tdT
nra;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; tpLKiwfspYk; gazq;fspYk; kpfg;ghhpa
njhifapidr; nrytpLgth;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
,e;jf; FOf;fSf;Fr; re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;F 50 taJf;F Nkw;gl;lth;fspy;
ve;jj; Jz;lj;jpw;F jkJ nghUl;fs; Nritfs; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ vd
tzpf chpikahsh;fs; jPh;khdk; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J Gtpapay;> tUkhdk;>
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
285CA Sri Lanka
tho;f;ifg;ghzp> ghy;epiy Nghd;w gpw fhuzpfshy;jhd; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;
KbAk;. gpd;dh; ,yf;F thbf;ifahsh;fs; vjid Ntz;Lfpd;whh;fs;
vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F Ma;T Njitahdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
kpfTk; mghakhd tplak; vd;dntdpy; 50 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l FOtpdh;
midtiuANk xU FOthff; fUJtJ MFk;. mjw;F mLj;j jtW
vd;dntdpy;> Gjpa gz;lf;FwpfSld; $ba nghUl;fis mth;fs;
ntWf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gJk;> njhopy;El;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;j tpUk;ghjth;fs;
vd;gJk;> mj;Jld; Gjpa tho;f;if mDgtq;fisj; Njl tpUk;ghjth;fs;
vDk; ,it Nghd;w nghUj;jkw;w fUj;Jf;fis ek;GtJkhFk;. ,j;jifa
vLNfhs;fs; vitANk Ma;Tfshy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
,izaj;jskhdJ> ,j;jifa FOTf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd re;ijg;gLj;jy;
El;gkhFk;. tajpy; Kjph;r;rpailAk; Nghjhd clypd; ,af;fk;rhh; jhf;fkhdJ
,q;F ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba xd;whFk; - tpk;gk;> msT> epwk;>
khWghLfs; ,izaj;js fl;likg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wit kpfTk;
gpujhdkhditahFk;.
rpwpa fk;gdpfs; ,j;jifa Fbtpgutpay; fhuzpfSf;fhd re;ijg;gLj;jiy
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yfpd;whh;fs; vd;gjid ,Wjpahf ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd;.
cjhuzkhf> 50 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l thbf;ifahsh;fis ikag;gLj;jp rpwpa
gazk; njhlh;gpyhd fk;gdpfs; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J xU
tsh;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; re;ij vd;gjid mth;fs; vNjr;irahff;
fz;Lgpbj;jpUg;ghh;fs;> mjpy; ntw;wpAk; fz;Lnfhz;lhh;fs;.
,jid fhg;GWjpj;JiwapYk; ehd; fz;lJz;L. Mjdj;JiwAk; ,jpy;
xd;whFk;. ,q;F> jhk; ,e;j tajpid milAk; NghJ jkJ nrhj;Jf;fist
tpw;gid nra;Jtpl;L efh;e;J nry;Yk; kf;fs; ,e;j tajpNyNa mjpfk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. Mdhy;> ,jidr; rpe;jpg;gjw;F gpw topfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tzpf chpikahsh;fs; Gj;JUthf;fj;jid cUthf;fp mjd;ghy;
ftdj;jpidr; nrYj;Jfpd;whh;fs; vdpy; mq;F gytopfs; fhzg;gLk;.
,J Keran E. Klein Business Week Online vDk; Vg;uy; 03> 2006 Mk; Mz;bd;
fl;LiuapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
4.3 re;ijapy; ,lk;gpbj;jy;
vt;thW thbf;ifahsd; xU nghUis my;yJ gz;lf;Fwpapid gpw
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gz;lf;Fwpapdbg;gilapy; vt;thW Ghpe;J nfhs;Sfpd;whd;
vd;gjid re;ijapy; ,lk;gpbj;jy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mth;fspd;nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; NritfSf;F re;ijapy; ,lk;gpbf;Fk; NghJ mNdf epWtdq;fs;
njspthd> jdpj;Jtkhd kw;Wk; rhjfkhd epiyfis mjhtJ kpfTk;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 286
kypthd gy;Njrpar;re;ijfs;> my;yJ cah; juj;jpyhd thfd
cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mNdf epWtdq;fs; mila Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd.
(a) mNdfkhd nghUl;fs; cz;ikapy; cj;jk tifahditfshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. thbf;ifahsh; kdjpy; mjid jdpj;Jtkhdjhf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gpujhdkhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(b) kpfTk; rpwpa mstpyhd nghUl;fs; re;ijapy; ,lj;jpid jhkhfNt
ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,it jtph;f;f KbahjthW Nghl;bg;nghUl;fs;>
fk;gdpfs; Nghd;witfs; rhh;gpy;; ,lk;gpbf;fpd;wd.
(c) kf;fs; ,yf;fk; 1 ,id kdjpw; nfhs;th;. vdNt ,lk;gjpj;jy; khwpfs;
njhlh;gpy; mg;nghUl;fSk; ,yf;fk; 1 Mf ,lk;gjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
i. gz;Gfs; (c+k; msT)
ii. ed;ikfs; (c+k; trjpfs;
iii. ghtid/tpz;zg;gk;(gad;ghl;bid ,yFgLj;jy;> fpilg;gdTj; jd;ik)
iv. gad;gLj;Jgth; (nghUs; ahiu <h;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
fUjg;gLfpd;wNjh mth;fis <h;f;f Ntz;Lk;)
v. nghUs; tiffs; (Nghl;bapypUe;J NtWgLj;jg;gl;lJ)
vi. tpk;gk;
vii. juk;/tpiy (kpif tpiy)
re;ijapidj; Jz;lhf;Ftjw;Fk;> nghUl;fis re;ijapy; ,lk;gjpf;fr;
nra;tjw;Fkhd mZFKiwfs; khwpf; nfhz;L tUgitfshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy mz;ikf;fhy mgptpUj;jpfs; ,q;F jug;gLfpd;wd.
mgptpUj;jpfs; fUj;Jf;fs;
Jz;lhf;fg;gLk;
Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g
Efh;Nthh; Jz;lhf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk; vDk; tsh;e;J
nfhz;LtUk; tpopg;Gzh;T
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf> rpy;yiw tq;fpfspd;
thbf;ifahsh;fs; mth;fsJ fzf;fpd;
tbtq;fSf;F Vw;g Jz;lhf;fg;glyhk;> mjhtJ>
nghUl;fs; FWf;fhf tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;lhy; -
mth;fsJ ,lhpid vjph;nfhs;Sk; kdg;ghq;fpd;
mbg;gilapy;> tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; nra;jpfis
toq;FtJ> r%fg; nghUshjhu tiffs;
vd;gitfspd; kl;by; re;ijg;gLj;jy; Clfj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;wit.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
287CA Sri Lanka
Efh;Nthh; juTj;jsj;jpid
gFg;gha;tjpy; tsh;e;J
nfhz;LtUfpd;w Mh;tk;
kw;Wk; ‘juT jkf;fhff;
fijf;fl;Lk;’ vDk;
vz;zKk;
juTj; jsj;jp;Ys;s thbf;ifahsh; jfty;fs;
Jz;lq;fis my;yJ elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fis
milahsq; fhz;gjw;fhf gFg;gha;T
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j El;gkhdJ „jutpid
Ruq;fj;jpypUe;J Njhz;Ljy;‟ vd
miof;fg;gLtJld;> ,yj;jpudpay; th;j;jfj;jpd;
gpurpj;jp tsh;tjw;F Vw;g ,jd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
tsh;r;rpailfpd;wJ.
‘nkd;’ jfty;fspD}lhf
Jz;lkhf;Ftjpy;
mjpfhpj;J tUk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Efh;Nth; kdg;ghq;F> Njitfs;> tho;f;ifg; ghzp
(„nfl;bahd jfty;‟ ,ypUe;J jdpj;jd;ikahdJ.
cjhuzkhf taJ> tho;f;ifg;ghzp> r%f
nghUshjhu FOthf;fy; Nghd;wit)
cgJz;lhf;fypd;
gad;ghL mjpfhpf;fpd;wik
my;yJ ‘tPhpakhd
,dj;jpd; Jz;lhf;fy;’
Kiwfs;
Fwpg;gpl;l Jz;lj;jpd; Efh;Nthh;fs; NtWgl;l cg
Jz;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;glyhk;. mj;Jld; me;j
cg Jz;lq;fs; NtWgl;l topfspy;
,yf;Fg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
fzdp khjphpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
,it nghUs; thpirf;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd
Nkyjpfkhd ,izg;Gf;fis fz;Lgpbg;gJld;>
,it NtWghlhd – rpwg;ghd
re;ijj;Jz;lj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhditahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
4.4 re;ijf; fyit
gy;NtWgl;l topfspy; „re;ijg;gLj;jg;gl;l‟ mDgtq;fs; ek;kpy; gyUf;F
cz;L. mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfspYk; mjpfsthf mgptpUj;jp mile;J
tUfpd;w ehLfspYk;> kf;fs; NtWgl;l re;ij eltbf;iffSf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;shh;fs;.
Clfq;fSk;> nghJ ,lq;fSk; tpsk;gur; Rtnuhl;b> njhiyf;fhl;rp
tpsk;guq;fs;> ,izaj;jsq;fspy; nghg; mg; tpsk;guq;fs;> ifalf;fj;
njhiyNgrpapy; vOj;JUtr; nra;jpfSk; $l tpsk;guj;jpdhy;
%o;fbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. re;ijg;gLj;jy; fiyr; nrhy;ypaypy; ,it
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 288
Nkk;gLj;jy;fs; (Promotions) (re;ijg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghly;) vd
tpghpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l nghUl;fs; (Products) Nritfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F
,j;jifa nra;jpfs; kf;fisg; gpd;njhlh;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. kf;fs;
(People)ehk; vq;nfy;yhk; nghUl;fs; Nritfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;NthNkh
mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;aTk; me;j ,lq;fspnyy;yhk; (Place)tpdpNahfk;
nra;aTk; gof;fg;gl;Ls;shh;fs;. mjpetPdr; nrad;Kiwfs; (Processes)
cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpw;gidapid Kfhik nra;jy; njhlh;gpy; <LgLj;jg;gLk;.
tpdpNahfKk; tbtikf;fg;gl;L Kfhik nra;ag;gLk;.
NritfSf;F (,aw;ifapNyNa mJ njhl;Lzu Kbahj jd;ikAs;sjhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ) rpy rkaq;fspy; Nrit toq;fg;gLtjw;fhf ehk; ngsjPfr;
rhd;Wfis (Physical evidence) Ntz;b epw;fpd;Nwhk;. cjhuzkhf fbjk;
my;yJ cj;juthjk;> ew;rhd;Wg; gj;jpuq;fs; my;yJ crhj;Jizf;
Fwpg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpid ,aYikAs;s thbf;ifahsUf;F
ek;gpf;ifA+l;Ltjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;ifahFk;. ehk; nrYj;Jk;
tpiy jd;dpr;irahdJ my;y - mJ ePz;l ehl;fshf epidtpy;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. „mJ gzj;jpw;fhd rpwg;ghd ngWkjp ,JthFk;‟ vDk;
trdkhdJ tpiyAk;> mjd; ngWkjpAk; nfhs;tdTj; jPh;khdq;fspy;
Kf;fpakhdit vdgjid Kd;itf;fpd;wd.
NkYs;s ge;jpfspy;> Mq;fpy vOj;jhd „P‟ ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk; nrhw;gjq;fs;
jbg;ghd vOj;jpdhy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jifa tbtq;fs; tphpthf;fg;gl;l
re;ijf; fyit vd mwpag;gLfpd;wd. ghuk;ghpakhf> re;ijf;fyitahdJ
4Ps (nghUl;fs;> tpiy> ,lk;> Nkk;gLj;jy; Nghd;wit) MFk;. ,e;j
Nkyjpfkhd „P‟f;fs; Nritj;JiwfspYs;s tplaq;fis tpghpf;fjw;fhf
Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd (c.k;. cztfj;jpy; „kf;fs;‟ vd;gJ czT tpLjp Nkirg;
gzpahsiuAk;>„nrad;Kiwfs;‟ vd;gJ cztfj;jpd; ngsjPfr; #oiyAk;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ)
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
289CA Sri Lanka
4 P fSk; gl tiugpy; gpd;tUkhW fhz;gpf;fg;glyhk;.
cU 9.4: 4 Ps
4.5 khw;wPlhd re;ijf; fyit
C Ace (2001) tphpthf;fg;gl;l re;ijf; fyitapd; P;f;fs; cw;gj;jpahsh;
my;yJ Nrit toq;Fdh;fis ikakhf;fpAs;sJ vd tpthjpf;fpd;whh;.
mth; ehd;F tpjkhd thbf;fifahsh; Kd;itf;Fk; C f;fis
Kd;itf;fpd;whh;.
tphpthf;fg;gl;l re;ijf; fyit – 7P f;fs;
ghuk;ghpar; re;ijf; fyit (4 Ps) ePq;fs; Nkyjpfkhfr; Nrh;f;fyhk;…(3 Ps)
cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;
tpiy
,lk; (tpdpNahfk;)
Nkk;gLj;jy;
kf;fs; (Ie;jhtJ P)
nrad;Kiwfs;
ngsjPfr; rhd;Wfs;
BL4 mj;jpahak 9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 290
cw;gj;jpg;nghUs; / toq;Fdh;
rk;ke;jg;gl;l eltbf;if thbf;ifahsh; /Efh;Nthh; - Mjuahd
eltbf;if
cw;gj;jpg;nghUs; njhpT
nghUs; Nritfs; fyitapd;
jpl;lk;
thbf;ifahsh;fs; vt;thW njhptpid
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdh; vd;gjidf; ftdpj;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy;. nfhs;tdTj; jPh;khdj;jpw;F
Mjuthf NtWgLj;jYk;> jfty;
njhptpj;jYk;
tpiy fpuak;
tpiyf; fyitapy;
midj;Jf;$WfisAk;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sy;
thbf;ifahsh; gzj;jpw;fhd ngWkjpapid
vt;thW Ghpe;J nfhz;Ls;sdh; vd;gjidf;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sjy;
,lk; trjpahd jd;ik
tpdpNahfg; ghijapid
Kfhik nra;jy;
thbf;ifahsh; trjpahd jd;ik vd
vjidf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Sfpd;whh;fs;?
mth;fs; mjpf tpidj;jpwdhd
Clfj;jpid tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;
(cjhuzkhf ,izaj;jsk;)
Nkk;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghly;
me;j cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs;
thbf;ifahdh;fspd;
Njitfisg; g+h;j;jp nra;Ak;
vd thbf;ifahsh;fisg;
gpd;njhlh;jy;
thbf;ifahsh;fSld; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijapy;
<Lgly;. mth;fsJ jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy;
Mjutopg;gJk; njUtpg;gJkhd eltbf;if.
mth;fSf;F Nkk;gLj;JjyhdJ
thbf;ifahsh;fisg; gpd;njhlh;tjw;Fk;>
ifahSifapid Nkw;nfhs;Stjw;Wjk;
gad;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ njhlh;gpy; mjpfhpj;j
tpopg;Gzh;T fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
4.6 cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;
xU cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; (my;yJ Nritfs;) vd;gJ Njitapid my;yJ
tpUg;gj;jpidg; G+h;j;jp nra;Ak; Vjhtnjhd;whFk;. ,J xU rpwg;gpay;Gfisf;
nfhz;l tplak; my;y. Mdhy; ed;ikfisf; Ftpayhff; nfhz;l
njhFg;ghFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
291CA Sri Lanka
epWtdj;jpd; ghh;itapy;> re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd;
$Wfs; tpw;fg;gLfpd;w tplaq;fshFk;. mitfs; epuw;gyif> tY
epiyaq;fs;> rpif myq;fhuq;fs;> tpLKiw ehl;fs; my;yJ
epjpahNyhridahFk;. thbf;ifahsh; ghh;itapy; cw;gj;jpg; nghUshdJ>
gpur;rpidf;fhd KbthFk; my;yJ ed;ikfspd; njhFg;ghFk;. mjpf
cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; xj;j tifahd thbf;ifahsh; Njitapidg; G+h;j;jp
nra;Ak;.
ve;j mbg;gilapy; thbf;ifahsh; nghUl;fisj; njhpT nra;fpd;whh;?
(a) thbf;ifahsh; ngWkjpahdJ xU nghUs; my;yJ Nrit vt;tsT
J}uk; mth;fsJ Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;fpd;wJ vd;gJ njhlh;ghd
thbf;ifahsh; kjpg;gPlhFk;.
(b) xt;nthU nghUl;fSf;Fk; xU tpiyAz;L> MfNt thbf;ifahsh;fs;
nrytpw;Fk; toq;Fk; ngWkjpf;Fk;,ilapyhd tpl;Lf;nfhLg;gpid
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whh;fs;.
(c) Kotler ,d; gb thbf;ifahsh;fs; mth;fs; gpw khw;wPlLg; nghUl;fisj;
njhpT nra;tjid tpl Fwpg;gpl;l nghUidf; nfhs;tdT
nra;jikapdhy; rpwg;ghdjidf; nfhs;tdT nra;Njhk; vd czh;e;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
4.6.1 cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; tifg;gLj;jy;
cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs;>Efh;Nthh; nghUl;fs;> ifj;njhopy; nghUl;fs; vd
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Efh;Nthh; nghUl;fshdit ,Wjpg;ghtidf;fhf
tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd. ifj;njhopy; nghUl;fshdit gpw nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLgitahFk;.
Efh;Nthh; nghUl;fs; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
trjpg;gz;lk; thuhe;jk; njhpT nra;Ak; gyruf;Ffis rpwe;j
cjhuzkhff; nfhs;syhk;. ,q;F Kf;fpa czTg;
nghUl;fSf;Fk; (ghZk;> cUisf;fpoq;Fk;) ce;J
nfhs;tdTf;Fk; mjhtJ gy;nghUs; re;ijapy;
ntspNaWk; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; nrhf;fyl; ghUf;Fk;
,ilapy; Kf;fpa NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jj;
Jiwapy; tpahghug; ngah; njhlh;gpyhd tpopg;Gzh;T
kpfTk; Ntz;banjhd;whFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 292
filg;gz;lk; mq;F mjpfkhd fhyj;jpw;Fg; ghtpf;ff;$ba
nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd:
jsghlq;fs;> ryitapae;jpuq;fs; Nghd;witahFk;.
,j;jifa nfhs;tdTfs; kpfTk; jpl;lkpl;l tbtpYk;
midj;J ,lq;fspw;Fk; nrd;W ghh;j;jjd; gpd;dUNk
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
rpwg;Gg; gz;lk; ,j;jifa nghUl;fSf;F cjhuzkhf eiffs;
kpfTk; cah;e;j tpiyAila Jzpkzpfs; nfhs;tdT
Nghd;wtw;wpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
ehlg;ngwhj gz;lk; thbf;ifahsh; jkf;F ,j;jifa gz;lq;fs; Njit
vd;W fUjhj nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kpfg;
nghUj;jkhd cjhuzkhf Gjpa kw;Wk; rpy
rkaq;fspy; Vkhw;W tpj;ijahd nghUl;fs; mjhtJ
mYkhhp xOq;F nra;gth;fs; my;yJ jP mizg;G
fhhpdJ nkU$l;Lk; nghUs;.
ifj;njhopw; nghUl;fs; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
gaDWepiy ,izg;G. nghwp kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuj; njhFjpapd; ghhpa
tplaq;fs;. cjhuzkhf njhopw;rhiyapd; Nrh;f;Fk; thpir (factory
assembling line).
Jizg;nghUl;fs; mjhtJ PCs
%yg;nghUl;fs;. cjhuzkhf gpsh];bf;> cNyhf> ku> czTg;
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; ,urhadg; nghUl;fs;
$Wfs;.mjhtJFord fhhpYs;s Lucasn`l;iyl;Lf;fs;> PC f;fspYs;s
,d;nly; ,d; ikf;FNuh rpg;fs;.
toq;fy;fs;;. mYtyff; fhfpjhjpfs; kw;Wk; Rj;jpfhpg;Gg; nghUl;fs;
4.6.2 nghUl;fspd; gz;Gfs;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapidf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sk; NghJ> re;ijg;gLj;Jdh;
gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
(a) njhl;Lzuf;$ba gz;Gfs;
fpilg;gdTj; jd;ikAk; tpdpNahfKk;
mwpTWj;jy;fs;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
293CA Sri Lanka
nraw;ghLfs; (gad;ghLfs;> tpw;gidj;jpwd;> tpisj;jpwd;)
nghUl;fspd; gz;GfSk;> mitfspd; Jizg;nghUl;fSk;
nghUl;fspd; tiffs; (cjhuzkhf: Jzpfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;w
msTfspd; vz;zpf;iffs;)
tbtikg;G (Njhw;wg;ghL> czh;r;rp> tpahghug; ngahpd; gyk;
Nghd;wit)
msT (cjhuzkhf fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Njitfs;
njhlh;gpyhdit).
nghjpaply; (ePz;l fhyk; ghtpf;ff;$ba jd;ik> trjpahd msT>
toq;fg;gLfpd;w jfty;fs;)
cj;juthjKk; gpizAk;
me;j thpirapYs;s ,izTg; nghUl;fspd; tPr;R.
Nritfs; (cjhuzkhf nghUl;fs; ghtidf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ
nghUj;Jjy; kw;Wk; fpilf;fg;ngwf;$ba MjuT Nghd;wit)
(b) njhl;Lzu Kbahj jd;ik
tpk;gk;
GyZzug;gl;l ngWkjp
4.6.3 nghUl;fspd; tho;f;if tl;lk;
nraw;ghl;L ,yf;Ffspd; Kd;Dhpikfs; nghUl;fs; ntt;Ntwhf tho;f;if
tl;lj;jpDs; gazpf;fpd;w NghJ khw;wkilfpd;wd.
a) mwpKf gbepiy : nghUl;fs; Nritfs; thbf;ifahsUf;F Gjpa
tplaq;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wd. ,q;F Nghl;bg; nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLk; epiy
mhpjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> thbf;ifahsUf;F tpopg;Gzh;tpid
toq;Ftjw;fhf ghhpa tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; nryT Vw;gLfpd;wJ. tbtq;fspy;
khw;wq;fs; thbf;ifahsh;fspd; Njitfis kpfTk; rhpahf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
tzpfkhdJ> khw;wj;jpidAk;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikapidAk;
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ikahd nraw;ghl;L ,aYikapid
];jhgpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
b) tsh;r;rpg;gbepiy : nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpapd; msT mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
NkYk; re;ijapy; mjp$ba Nghl;bahsh;fs; fhzg;gLth;. nghUl;fspd;
gz;Gfs; NtWgl;l toq;Fdh;fSf;fpilapy; Kf;fpakhdjhff;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 294
fhzg;glyhk;. ,q;F nraw;glf;$ba njhopw;ghlhf tsh;e;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk; Nfs;tpf;F Vw;g nraw;gLtJ gpujhdkhf Nehf;fkhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. thbf;ifahsh; fl;lisfSf;F kpf tpiuthf
gjpyspg;gJ kw;Wk; toq;fy;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ek;gfj; jd;ik
Nghd;witAk; Kf;fpakhditfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ju hPjpapyhd
epakq;fSk; ,q;F Ngzg;gLfpd;wd. my;yJ mjpfhpf;Fk; Nghl;bj;
jd;ikf;F cldbahf gpujpgypg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; fpuak;>
tpiy Nghd;witAk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
c) Kjph;r;rpg; gbepiy : Nfs;tp kl;lq;fs; mg;ghy; nry;Yk;. Muk;g fhyj;jpy;
,Ue;j Nghl;bahsh;fs; re;ijapid tpl;lfh;e;J tpl;bUg;gh;. ,it rpwpa
epWtdq;fshy; gfpug;gl;bUf;Fk;. epWtdq;fs; Gjpa nghUl;fspd;
tiffis mgptpUj;jp nra;J jkJ tho;f;if tl;lj;jpid tphpthf;Ftjpy;
<Lgl;bUe;jhYk; $l cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; tbtq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT
epakq;fshf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. re;ijapYs;s epWtdq;fs;
tpiyapdbg;gilapy; Nghl;bapLk; my;yJ / NkYk; gzj;jpw;fhd
ngWkjpapd; mbg;gilapy; Nghl;bapLk; (nghUs; NtWgLj;jy;). Nghl;bj;
jd;ikapidg; NgZtjw;F cw;gj;jpj; jpwD}lhf Nkk;gLj;jypD}lhf
Fiwthd fpuaj;jpid miljy; kpfTk; gpujhdkhFk;.
d) tPo;r;rpg; gbepiy : nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpAk; tPo;r;rpailtJld;> Nghl;bahsh;fs;
re;ijapypUe;J gpd;thq;f Muk;gpg;ghh;fs;. ifj;njhopy; Jiwapd; ,aysT
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gbDk;> mq;F fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fs;
tpiyapdbg;gilapy; Nghl;bapLk;. fpua ,yf;Ffs; gpujhdkhd nraw;ghl;L
Nehf;fq;fshff; fhzg;gLk;. fk;gdpahdJ nghUis cw;gj;jp
nra;tjidAk;> tpw;gid nra;tjidAk; epWj;Jjy; njhlh;gpy; jPh;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. mj;Jld; mJ jdJ rf;jp KOtjidAk; tsh;e;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk; / Nkk;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghUs; kPJ nrYj;Jk;.
4.7 ,lk;
,lkhdJ nghUl;fs; vt;thW tpdpNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk;
thbf;ifahsh;fis vt;thW nrd;wilfpd;wd vd;gJld; njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ.
(a) topKiw. nghUl;fs; vq;Nf tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd? gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfspy;
my;yJ %iyf;filfspy;? ve;jf; fil njhpT nra;ag;glyhk;?. G+r;rpa
kl;lj;jyhd tpdpNahfkhdJ> epWtdk; thbf;ifahsUf;F Neubahf
tpw;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. Kjy;kl;l tpdpNahfj;jpy;>
epWtdk; thbf;ifahsUf;F tpw;gtuhd rpy;yiw tpahghhpf;F tpw;gid
nra;fpd;wJ> ,uz;lhk; kl;l tpdpNahfkhdJ epWtdkhdJ rpy;yiw
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
295CA Sri Lanka
tpahghhpf;F tpw;gtuhd nkhj;j tpahghhpf;F epWtdk; tpw;gid
nra;tjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
(b) nyh[p];bf;. gz;lfrhiyapd; miktplKk;> tpw;gid Kiwikapd;
tpidj;jpwDk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. thbf;ifahsh;fs;> fsQ;rpaq;fs;
kpf ePz;l J}uj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhy;> ePz;l Neuj;jpw;Ff; fhj;jpUf;f
Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gLk;. tpthjpf;ff;$ba tifapy;> tpdpNahfpj;jypd;
tpiuTj; jd;ikahdJ> ,t;tplj;jpy; Kf;;;;; ;;;;;; ;;;;;;; ;;fpakhdjhFk;.
epWtdk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis jhNk tpdpNahfk; nra;ayhk; (Neub
tpdpNahfk;) my;yJ ,ilepiy epWtdq;fshd rpy;yiw tpahghhp %yk;
tpdpNahfpf;fg;glyhk;.
4.8 Nkk;gLj;jy;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpizf;fsj;jpd; gy eilKiwr; nraw;ghLfs;
Nkk;gLj;jYld; njhlh;GgLfpd;wd. Nkk;gLj;jyhdJ> fyitapd; $Wfspy;
xd;whFk; vd;gJld; mjd; kPJ re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpizf;fskhdJ mjpf
fl;Lg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kpfg;gaDs;s epidthw;wy; Cf;f
El;gkhdJ AIDA vdg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ Nkk;gLj;jypd; ,yf;Ffis
RUf;ff;$Wfpd;wJ.
ftdj;jpid<h;j;jy;
tpUg;gpid cUthf;fy;
ehl;lj;jpw;F Cf;fkspj;jy;
Kd;ndLg;G eltbf;iffs; (mjhtJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis thq;Fjy;).
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapYs;s Nkk;gLj;jyhdJ nghJkf;fisg; nghUl;fs;
my;yJ Nritfs; vit vd;W kf;fSf;Fj; njhpag;gLj;Jk; midj;J
re;ijg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghly;fisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
Lancaster kw;Wk; Withey (2005) ntw;wpfukhd tpsk;guj;jpd; gpd;tUk; $Wfis
milahsk; fz;ldh;. mitahtd:
kpfTk; jpl;lkplg;gl;lJk;> epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJk;
tpidj;jpwd;> njhlh;gpy; xU Kiwik
KOnkhj;j tpidj;jpwDs;s Nkk;gLj;jy; fyitapd; gFjp
KOnkhj;j tpOkpaq;fs; fk;gdpapd; gzpf;$W Nghd;wtw;Wld;
rPuikf;ff;$ba jd;ik
Nkk;gLj;jy; fyitapd; gpujhd $Wfs; gpd;tUkhW:
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 296
4.8.1 jdpegh; tpw;gid
tpw;gid nrad;Kiwapd; $Wfs; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
cU 9.5: jdpegh; tpw;gidapd; $Wfs;
,e;jg; gbKiwfs; Fwpg;gpl;l thpirapy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w
mtrpakpy;iy.
mj;Jld;> tpw;gidahshpd; njhopy; nfhs;tdtpidr; re;jpf;Fk; Kd;dNu
Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. jahhpj;jyhdJ> nfhs;tdthsuJ jdpg;gl;l
rpwg;;gpay;Gfspidf; fz;L nfhs;sy;> tzpf cwTfspd; tuyhW>
nfhs;tdthshpd; Fwpg;gpl;l Njitg;ghLfs; mj;Jld; ,j;jifa
Njitg;ghLfis vt;thW tpw;fg;gLk; cw;gj;jpg;nghUshdJ G+h;j;jp
nra;fpd;wJ Nghd;wtw;wpid cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. kWGwj;jpy;> tpw;gidr;
nrad;Kiw tpw;gid Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;w NghJ KbtilahJ.
mjhtJ> nfhs;tdthsh; tpw;gidahsUf;fpilapyhd ePz;lfhyj;jpw;fhd
njhlh;GwthdJ tpw;gidapd; NghJjhd; Muk;gpg;gjhfTk; mikayhk;.
tpw;gidia epiwT nra;jy;
Muk;gk;
Njit kw;Wk; gpur;ridapid milshdq;fhzy;
Nguk;NgRjy;jdpegh; tpw;gid
Ml;NrgidfSld; nray;njhlh;G nfhs;sy;
Kd;itj;jYk; nray;Kiw tpsf;fKk;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
297CA Sri Lanka
4.8.2 Neub re;ijg;gLj;jy;
Neub re;ijg;gLj;jy; fk;gdpf;Fk; Efh;NthUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
Neubj;njhlh;ghdJ jdpg;gl;l egh;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkk;gLj;jg;gLtJld;
cUthf;fTk; gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,yf;Fr; re;ijapy; Neubahfj; njhlh;G
nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mstplf;$ba gpujpgypg;Gf;fis ntspf;nfhzuYf;Fk;
gue;Jgl;l Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
gpd;tUk; gz;Gfs; Fwpg;ghf Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
(a) gpujpgypg;G. Neub re;ijg;gLj;jyhdJ miog;G my;yJ nfhilKidTf;F
jghy;%yk;> njhiyNgrp %yk;> kpd;dQ;ry; my;yJ ,izaj;js tbtk;
%yk; kf;fis gpujpgypf;f itf;fpd;wJ.
(b) ClhLjy;. ,e;jr; nrad;KiwahdJ> ,Utopfspy; toq;FdiuAk;>
thbf;ifahsiuAk; <LgLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
(c) cwT. Neub re;ijg;gLj;jy; MdJ mNj thbf;ifahsUf;Fj; njhlh;G
nfhz;L nfhz;bUf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapd; my;yJ tpw;gid nra;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk; nraw;ghl;bd; xU mq;fkhfg; gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(d) Mtzg;gLj;jYk; gFg;gha;Tk;. gpujpgypg;ghfj; jfty;fs;
Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJld; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. MfNt> mjpf
nryT – tpidj;jpwdhd eilKiwfs; fpilf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Neub re;ijg;gLj;jyhdJ fk;gdpf;Fk; mjdJ tha;g;ghd kw;Wk;
thbf;ifahsUf;Fkpilapy; Neubahf xUth; xUtUf;fpilapyhd
njhlh;Gwit Nkw;nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ.
,J Neub toq;fy;fspd; xU tbtkhFk;. Vnddpy;> ,J tpsk;gug;gLj;jy;
Clfk; kw;Wk; tpdpNahf Clfq;fisj; jtpu Vida topapYs;s ,ilepiy
Kfth;fis mfw;Wfpd;wJ. ,q;F kPz;Lk; tpw;gid nra;gth;fs; ,y;iy. ,J
fk;gdpahdJ> vq;Nf vt;thW jkJ nghUs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjidf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikapid mDkjpg;gNjhL> tzpfj; njhlh;Gfis
tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwapy; milAk; tpUj;jp nra;aTk; $bajhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
4.8.3 tpsk;gug;gLj;jy;
ghhpa njhlh;ghlYf;fhf tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
gpur;rhuj;jpw;fhd Clfj;jpdJ njhpthdJ ,yf;Fr; re;ijAld; ghjPl;bidg;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 298
nghUj;jp Clfj;jpdJ gz;Gfspd; jd;ikapidAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;tjpy;
jq;fpAs;sJ.
tpsk;gug;gLj;jyhdJ> fpua tpidj;jpwd; Kiwapy; gue;Jgl;l mitNahiu
miltjw;fhd xU topKiwahFk;. tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; nra;jpapd; jdpegh;fs;
kPSl;lyhdJ> ngwg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J nghJthf epGzj;jtk; tha;e;j
KfthpD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. tpsk;gug;gLj;jyhdJ> ,yf;Ffs;
gy;NtW ,yf;FfSf;F tpidj;jpwDs;sjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(a) tpw;gidapid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
tpsk;gug;gLj;jyhdJ> tpopg;Gzh;tpid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> jftiyj;
njhptpg;gjw;Fk;> gpd;njhlUtjw;Fk; Fwpg;ghf rpwg;ghdjhf cs;sJ. mJ
nghUs; tiffspd; (Gj;jk; Gjpa nghUs; xd;wpd; mwpKfj;jpd; NghJ)
Kjdpiyf; Nfs;tpfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;l tpahghug; ngaUila njhpT
nra;ag;gl;l Nfs;tpfisAk; (tpahghug; ngah; Nghl;bj;jd;ikapd; NghJ)
J}z;Ltjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
(b) tpk;gj;jpid cUthf;Fjy; my;yJ epWtdj;jpid my;yJ vz;zj;jpid
Nkk;gLj;jy;. fk;gdpfshy; epWtd hPjpapyhd tpsk;gukhdJ> nghJ
kf;fs; kj;jpapy; jkJ tpk;gq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> ,yhg Nehf;fkw;w
kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; mtw;wpd; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kf;fis kJNghijapy; thfdj;jpidr; nrYj;j
Ntz;lhk;> fy;tpf;F MjuT mspj;jy;> fUizapd; mbg;gilapy; cjtp
nra;Aq;fs; ,it Nghd;wtw;wpw;F) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
(c) jdpg;gl;l tpw;gidf;F cjTjy;.
tpsk;guj;jpy; tpw;gidg;gilapdUf;F nghUs; Nritfs; njhlh;gpyhd
tpopg;Gzh;tpid Efh;NthUf;F Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Mjutopf;f KbAk;.
NkYk; ,J Efh;Nthiu tpw;gidg; gpujpepjpfisj; njhlh;G
nfhs;tjw;fhd Cf;fg;gLj;jiy vspjhf;Ftjhf mikfpd;wJ.
(d) Nghl;bahsh;fspd; tpsk;gug;gLj;jiy vjphPL nra;jy;. fk;gdpfs;
Nghl;bj;jd;ikahd gpur;rhuq;fSf;F jPtpukhfg;gjpyspg;gjD}lhf re;ijg;
gq;fpidg; ghJfhf;f Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd.
(e) epidT+l;LtJld;> kPSWjpaspf;fpd;wJ.
tpsk;gug;gLj;jyhdJ> nfhs;tdTj; jPh;khdq;fis kPs;typikg;gLj;Jk;.
NkYk; nghUl;fs; njhlh;r;rpahff; fpilf;ff;$ba jd;ikapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjidj; njhptpg;gjD}lhf (kw;Wk; ed;ikfis
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
299CA Sri Lanka
toq;FtjD}lhf) kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nfhs;tdT nra;jypid
Efh;NthUf;F epidT+l;LtjD}lhf Cf;fg;gLj;Jk;. NkYk;> mth;fs;
rhpahd njhptpid Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;whh;fs; vd;gjid mth;fSf;F
kPSWjpaspf;Fk;.
ghhpa tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; ClfkhdJ> njhiyf;fhl;rp> rpdpkh> thndhyp>
nra;jpg;gj;jphpiffs;> rQ;rpiffs; kw;Wk; ntspA+lfq;fs; (mjhtJ> Rtnuhl;b>
g];jhpg;G epiyaq;fs;> fl;blq;fs; Nghd;wit) Nghd;wtw;wpid
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. mj;Jld;> Gjpa Clfj;jpD}lhf ClhLtjhd
tpsk;gug;gLj;jYf;F tha;g;Gf;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
4.8.4 tpw;gid Nkk;gLj;jy;
tpw;gid Nkk;gLj;jy; eltbf;ifahdJ> Fwpg;gpl;l fhy vy;iyf;Fs;
($WtpiyahdJ ,e;jf; fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; KbtilAk; vDk;) Kjw;jlitahff;
nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; my;yJ gy jlitfs; nfhs;tdT
nra;Ak; nraw;ghl;bid Cf;Ftpg;gjD}lhf> nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;> FWfpa
fhy tpw;gid msTfspy; mjpfhpg;gpid ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mJ
nghUl;fs; NritfSf;F ngWkhdq;fisf; $l;LtjD}lhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. Efh;NthUf;F rpy tifahd Nkyjpf tplaq;fs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd - my;yJ rpy Nkyjpfkhditfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
tha;g;gpidg; ngWfpd;whh;fs; - mth;fs; nfhs;tdT nra;jhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
nfhs;tdT nra;thh;fs;.
Efh;Nthh; tpw;gid Nkk;gLj;jy; El;gq;fs; fPOs;sthW fhzg;gLk;:
cU 9.6: Efh;Nthh; tpw;gid Nkk;gLj;jy; El;gq;fs;
Fiwf;fg;gl;l tpiy
Efh;Nthh; tpw;gid Nkk;gLj;jy;
jtizf; fl;lzk;
gz kPs;nfhil
mbf;fb gadhspfSf;fhd rYiffs;
Efh;Nthh; $g;gd;fs;
nfhs;tdtpd; NghJ ed;nfhilfs;
Nghl;bfSk;> ghpRfSk;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 300
Efh;Nthh; tpw;gid Nkk;gLj;jy; El;gq;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw
cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
tpiy Nkk;gLj;jy;fs;: cjhuzkhf foptplg;gl;l tpw;gid tpiy my;yJ
eilKiwf; nfhs;tdtpd; Nkyjpf nghUl;fs;> my;yJ (nghjpfspy;>
my;yJ tpsk;gug;gLj;jy;) mLj;j nfhs;tdtpd; Nghjhd foptpid
toq;Ftjhd $g;gd;fs;
nfhs;tdtpd; NghJ ed;nfhilfs; my;yJ ghprpy;fs;. Nkk;gLj;jy;fs;:
Efh;Nthh; „Nghd];‟,id rd;khdk;> nfhs;tdtpw;fhd my;yJ kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; nfhs;tdT nra;jikf;fhf gz kPsspg;G my;yJ gy jlitfs;
nfhs;tdtpid Nkw;nfhz;likf;fhd rhd;Wfis my;yJ
milahsq;fis mDg;Gtjdhy; ngWfpd;whh;fs;.
Nghl;bfSk;> ghpRfSk;: cjhuzkhf> ghprpy;fisg; ngWfpd;wjhd
FYf;fYf;fhd gpuNtrk;> my;yJ mjp\;l nfhs;tdTg; ghprpy;fs;
Mfpait nfhs;tdtpid ce;jg;gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. (nty;Ytjw;fhd
mjpf re;jh;g;gq;fis toq;Ffpd;wd). mj;Jld; thbf;ifahsh;
jfty;fisAk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
mbf;fb gazpf;fpd;w gadhspfSf;fhf (tpRthrkhd) toq;fg;gLfpd;w
rYiffs;: cjhuzkhf> thD}h;jp iky;fs; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs;> ghprpy;
ml;ltizfSf;fhd Gs;spfs; toq;Fjy; Nghd;wit.
4.8.5 nghJ cwTfs;
UK nghJ cwTfs; gl;la epWtdkhdJ nghJ cwTfis „epWtdj;jpw;Fk;
mjdJ nghJkf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd gu];gu Ghpe;Jzh;tpidAk;
ed;kjpg;gpidAk; fl;bf;fhg;gjw;fhfTk; ];jhgpg;gjw;fhfTk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhd jpl;lkplg;gl;l njhlh;;r;rpahd Kaw;rp‟ vd;W
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd ghlq;fspd; fw;if newpahFk;. Vnddpy;> ,J
Neubahf tpw;gidapid J}z;lhtpl;lhYk;> epWtdj;jpdJ cUtkhdJ>
Copah;fisf; fth;e;jpOg;gjD}lhfj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;> Efh;Nthh;
epWtdj;jpd; nghUl;fs; Nritfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;fpd;whh;fsh>
epWtdj;jpdJ ,Ug;gpw;Fk; r%fkhdJ Mjutspf;fpd;wjh my;yJ vjph;j;J
epw;fpd;wjh vd;gJld; mjdJ nraw;ghLfs; kl;by; ClfkhdJ rhjfkhd
mwpf;iffis toq;Ffpd;wjh vd;gid njhlh;gpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd
fhuzpfshf cs;sJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
301CA Sri Lanka
epWtdkhdJ nghJ kf;fSldhd cwtpid vjph;tpidr; nraw;ghlhf
my;yJ Kd;dNu nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wthwhff; fhzg;glyhk;.
vjph;tpidr; nraw;ghlhf nghJ cwthdJ vd;d ele;Js;sJ vd;gJ
njhlh;gpYk; epWtdj;jpidg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfSf;Fg; gjpy; $WtJ
njhlh;gpYkhd njhlh;ghly; njhlh;gpYk; jdJ Kjd;ikahd
ftdj;jpidf; nmgfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J Kjd;ikahd vjph;r; nrayhFk;.
kWGwj;jpy;> Kd;dNu nraw;gLj;Jfpd;w nraw;ghlhf nghJcwtpidg;
gad;gLj;Jgth;fs; gue;Jgl;l gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wdh;. ,J epWtd KO
nkhj;j je;jpNuhghaj;jpy; ghhpa nry;thf;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kf;fs;
njhlh;G njhopw;ghl;bd; tprhykhdJ> epWtdj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;L
eltbf;iffis cs;slf;fpajhfTk;> MNyhrid toq;Fjy;>
je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lkply; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fp kpfTk; gue;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
kf;fs; njhlh;G njhopw;ghl;bd; tprhykhdJ gue;Jgl;lJ. mbf;fb
gad;gLj;Jk; rpy El;gq;fs; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
(a) Efh;Nthh; re;ijapy;MjuT.
Efh;Nthh; kw;Wk; tzpf ntspaPLfs; (Clf cs;slf;fj;jpidg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhf)
nghUl;fs; Nritfs; gw;wpa ,yf;fpak;
rpwg;ghd epfo;Tfs; (filfspd; jpwg;Gtpohf;fs;> Gjpa nghUs;
mwpKfk Nghd;wtw;wpd; NghJ gpugy;ak; tha;e;jth;fs; gq;Nfw;wy;)
gpurhuj;jpy; rhfrr; nray;fs; (ftdaPh;g;Gr; epfo;Tfs;)
(b) tzpfq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;ghly;fs;
$l;L milahs tbtq;fs; (,yr;rpid> milahs cilfs;>
njhlh;ghly; kidg; ghzpfs;)
$l;L kw;Wk; nghUs; xspehlhf;fs;
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; ,yf;fpaj;jpid Neubahfj;
jghypyply; kw;Wk; rpW Jz;L ntspaPL
tzpff; fz;fhl;rp kw;Wk; fUj;juq;Ffs;
(c) cs;sf / Copah; njhlh;ghly;
cs;sf rQ;rpif kw;Wk; Copah; nra;jpj; jhs;fs; (my;yJ
,d;uhnel; gf;fq;fs;)
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 302
Ml;Nrh;g;G fz;fhl;rpfSk; / khehLfSk;
Copah; njhlh;ghly;fs;: RUf;fkhff;$Wjy;> MNyhrid $Wjy;>
njhopy; mitfs; Nghd;wit)
(d) $l;lhz;ik> ntspthhpahd jd;ik> nghJ tptfhuq;fs;
$l;lhz;ik njhlh;gpyhd ,yf;fpaq;fs;
rKff; $l;lhz;ikg; nghWg;G kw;Wk; rKfk; <LgLtjhd
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;: mOj;jkhd njhlh;G kw;Wk; Mh;tkhd
FOf;fs;
Clf cwT: tiyg;gpd;dy; kw;Wk; tzpfk;> cs;Sh;> Njrpa
(kw;Wk; VJthd NghJ rh;tNjr) mr;rfk; Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhf
tpk;gj;jpid Kfhik nra;jy;
cs;Sh; / kj;jpa murpdJk;> nry;thf;Fs;s mikg;Gf;fspdJk;
miztpid ehLjy;
,lh;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk;: gpur;rpidfspd; vjpuhd jhf;fq;fisf;
Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; mr;rfq;fspd; %yKk; nghJ cwtpd; %yKk;
Kiwaw;w gpur;rhuq;fis Kfhik nra;jy;>
(e) epjprhh; nghJ cwTfs;
epjp njhlh;gpyhd Clfj; njhlh;G
tUlhh;e;j kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy epjp mwpf;iffspd; tbtikg;G
gFg;gha;thsh;> ,ilj;jufh;fs;> epjp Kfhikahsh; Nghd;wth;fis
,yFgLj;Jtjhd tUiffs;
gq;Fjhuh; re;jpg;Gf;fisAk;> njhlh;ghly;fisAk; xOq;fikj;jy;
4.8.6 tpahghuf;Fwpr; #Ljy;
tpahghuf;Fwp vd;gJ ngah;> gjk;> Fwp> FwpaPLfs; my;yJ tpw;gidahsuJ
nghUs; vd milahsg;gLj;jf;$ba milahsq;fs; kw;Wk;
Nghl;bahsh;fsplkpUe;E mtw;wpid NtWgLj;jf;$ba milahsq;fs;
Nghd;witahFk;.
tpahghuf;Fwp vd;gJ tpahghug; ngah;> tbtk;> tpahghuf;Fwp> milahsr;
rpd;dk;> nky;ypa kzpNahir kw;Wk; ,it Nghd;wtw;wpid cs;slf;Ffpd;w
nghJg;gjkhFk;. tpahghug; ngah; vd;gJ Ngrg;glf;$bajhd nrhw;fs;>
vOj;Jf;fs; my;yJ nrhw;njhFjpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
tpahghuj;jpdJ tpk;gkhdJ ghtidahsh;fspd; ghh;itapy;Nghl;bg;
nghUl;fspypUe;J fk;gdpapd; nghUl;fis NtWgLj;Jtjhd tplakhFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
303CA Sri Lanka
tpahghuf;Fwp milahsk; vd;gJ ngaUld; mjhtJ „f;sPnef;];‟>„Vhpay;‟
Nghd;witfSld; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> mJ Fwpg;gpl;l nghUSf;fhd
Nfs;tpapidj; J}z;Ltjw;F cjtpaspf;ff; $ba fz;Zf;Fg; Gyg;gLtjhd
Fztpay;Gfspd; tPr;rpidg; gutyhf;Ffpd;wJ. Nkyjpfg; gz;Gfs;
mr;RUj;Njhw;wk;> epwk;> nghjpaply;> tbtk;> thrfk; Nghd;wtw;iw
cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
mj;Jld;> nghUspdJ gz;Gfis tpahghuf;Fwp gq;fpLfpd;wJ: mjhtJ
Efh;Nthh; ngWkjpapid toq;ff; $bajhd njhl;Lzuf; $ba> njhl;Lzu
Kbahj ed;ikfspd; FtpayhFk;.
4.9 tpiy
tpiyaplypy; %d;W tifahd nry;thf;Ffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fpuak;>
Nghl;bj;jd;ik kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsh; (3 Cs) tpiyf; fyitapd; gpw $whdJ
nkhj;jkhd nfhs;tdTf;fhf toq;fg;gl;l fopT> toq;fg;gl;l fld; kw;Wk;
nfhLg;gdT Kiwik Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
tpiyg;gFg;gha;thdJ> Kd;ida mj;jpahaq;fspy; ehk; fye;Jiuahbajidg;
Nghd;W nghUspay; gFg;gha;Tld; ,izj;J Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;baitahFk;.
4.9.1 fpuak;
eilKiwapy;> fpuakhdJ tpiyapy; mjp$ba nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JfpwJ.
mNdf epWtdq;fs; tpiyapid vspikahf fpuaj;Jld; $l;ba xd;whff;
fUJfpd;whh;fs;. mjhtJ> fpuaq;fs; kjpg;gplg;gLtJld; ,yhg
vy;iynad;gJ tpiyapid eph;zapg;gjw;fhf fpuaj;Jld; Nrh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j KiwikahdJ gpuNahfpg;gjw;F ,yFthfTk;> fpuaq;fis
cs;slf;Ftjid cWjpg;gLj;JtjhfTk; kpfTk; ,yFthdjhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;KiwahdJ> gpuNahfpf;f ,yFthdjhFk; vd;gJld;
fpuaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gLtjid cWjpg;gLj;JtjhAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
nghJthd cjhuzkhdJ> Fwpj;j vy;iy (Mark up) tpiyaply;
gad;ghl;Lld; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. rpy;yiw tpahghhpfspdhy; ,J
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; epiyahd ,yhg vy;iyahdJ kPs;
tpw;gidf;fhd nghUspd; nfhs;tdT tpiyapy; Nrh;f;fg;gLtJld;
<LgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
Vnddpy;> fpuaj;jpidf; $l;Lk; mZFKiwahdJ> tpiy khw;wkhdJ fpua
khw;wj;jpid khj;jpuk; gpujpgypg;gjdhy; tpiyapd; epiyj;jpUf;ff; $ba
jd;ikf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yfpd;wJ. ,J Kd;dNu nrayhw;Wtjy;yhj
gpujpgypg;Gld; nrayhw;wf;$ba re;ijg;gLj;jy; je;jpNuhghaj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 304
nry;Yk;. Nkyjpfkhf fpua mbg;gilapyhd tpiyaply; je;jpNuhghaj;jpy;
Nfs;tpahdJ kpff; FiwthfNt ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. re;ijg;gLj;jy;
Nehf;fpy;> fpua mbg;gilapyhd tpiyaplyhdJ> jtwtplg;gl;l
tha;g;Gf;fSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yfpd;wJ> tpahghur; rpd;dj;jpw;F Efh;Nthh;
nfhLf;fj; jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; tpiyapy; ,J FWfpa fhyj;jpy; Fiwthff;
fzf;fpnyLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ my;yJ fzf;fpy; vLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJ
nghUj;jkhFk; - ,J fpua mbg;gilapyhd tpiyapid tpl cah;thdjhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
4.9.2 Nghl;bj; jd;ik
rpy re;ijfspy;> mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;Yk; tPjj;jpy; tpiyaplyhdJ
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd re;jh;g;gj;jpy;> ruhrhp tpiy kl;lj;jpd; rpy
tbtq;fs; tpjpKiwfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rpy re;ijf; fl;likg;Gf;fspy; tpiy rhh;gw;w Nghl;bj;jd;ikapy; mjpf
ftdj;jpidr; nrYj;JtjD}lhf tpiyrhh; Nghl;b Kiwrhuh
cld;gbf;ifapD}lhf jtph;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;Wf;fhd cjhuzkhf rpfnul;
kw;Wk; ngw;NwhYf;fhd re;ijapidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
4.9.3 thbf;ifahsh;fs;
tpiyfisj; jPh;khdpg;gjpy; Kf;fpakhdjhff; fpuak; my;yJ
Nghl;bj;jd;ikapidj; jtph;j;J epWtdkhdJ tpiyaply; je;jpNuhghaj;jpd;
jPtpuj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ik Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. cWjpahd Nfs;tpahdJ cah; tpiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;.
gytPdkhd Nfs;tpahdJ Fiwe;j tpiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. nefpo;r;rpj;
jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy;> re;ijtpiyapid J}z;lf;$ba epWtdj;jpdJ
Mw;wypy; ,J mjpfkhfj; jq;fpAs;sJ. mjhtJ> thbf;ifahsh;fs; vjidr;
nrYj;j tpUk;Gfpwhh;fs; vd;gjpypUe;J tpiyahdJ jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fPo; Nehf;fpa Nfs;tp tisapapidf; nfhz;l nghUl;fs; my;yJ Nritf;F
cah;tpiyapy; Fiwe;jsthd nfhs;tdthsh;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
toq;Fdh; ,j;jifa nfhs;tdthsh;fis milahsk; fz;L nfhz;lhy;>
cah;thd tpiyapidf; nfhLf;fj; jahuhfp ,Ug;ghuhapd;> toq;Fdh;
mth;fsplkpUe;J mjpAah; tpiyf;F tpw;gjD}lhf ed;ikailth;. ,J
tpiyg; ghFghL my;yJ tifaPl;L tpiyaply; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpiy czh;jpwd; nfhs;tdTfSf;fpilapy; NtWgLfpd;wJ. nfhs;tdTf;
fpuaj;jpid NtW xUtUf;Fr; nrYj;jf; $bath;fs; Fiwthd czh;jpwd;
nfhz;lth;fshff; fhzg;gLtJld; re;ijf; fyitapd; gpw $WfSf;F ,it
mjpfkhfg; gpujpgypf;Fk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
305CA Sri Lanka
4.9.4 Nghl;bahsh;fspd; eltbf;ifAk; vjph;r;nray;fSk;
epWtdj;jpdJ tpiyapidj; jPh;khdpf;fpd;w NghJ Nghl;bahsUf;F
iriffis mDg;Gfpd;wd. ,e;j vjpuhd Nghl;bahdh;fs; vjph;j;Jr;
nraw;gLgth;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;whh;fs;. rpy ifj;njhopy;fspy; (ngw;Nwhy;
rpy;yiw tpahghuk; Nghd;wit) tpiyaplyhdJ> ,irTs;sjhf efh;fpd;wJ.
gpwtw;wpy;> toq;Fdh; xUthpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; tpiy khw;wkhdJ
toq;Fdh; xt;nthUtUk; xt;nthUtiu Nghl;bf;fhf tpiyapidf; Fiwj;J
tpw;gid nra;tjdhy; tpiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yfpd;wJ.
epWtg;gl;l ifj;njhopy; Jiwfs; rpy ghhpa epWtdq;fspdhy; Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd. xU epWtdj;jpdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk; tpiyahdJ
Nghl;bahsh;fspd; tpiy njhlh;gpyhd vjph; eltbf;iffspdhy; Nktg;gLtJ
nghJthf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLtjhfTs;sJ. ,q;F> gztPf;fj;jpdhy; my;yJ
Nfs;tpapy; cWjpahd tsh;r;rpapdhy; Nky;Nehf;fpj; js;sg;gl;lhnyhopa
tpiyfs; nghJthf epiyahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Nghl;bf; fk;gdpfs; re;ijg; gq;fpid mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf> tpiyfisf;
Fiwf;fpd;w re;jh;g;gq;fspy; epWtdq;fSf;Fg; gy njhpTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
a) rpwpa re;ijg;gq;fpidNa ,of;f NehpLk; vd;Dk; vjph;ghh;f;if ,Ug;gpd;
mJ jdJ eilKiwapYs;s tpiyapidNa njhlh;e;J itj;jpUf;Fk;.
vdNt> jw;NghJs;s kl;lj;jpNyNa tpiyapid itj;jpUg;gJ vd;W mjpf
,yhgj;jpidj; jUfpd;wJ. mNj Nghd;W> Nghl;b epWtdkhdJ
re;ijapypUe;J tpyFk; my;yJ mjdJ tpiyfis cah;j;j
eph;g;ge;jpf;fg;gLk;.
b) mJ jdJ eilKiwapYs;s tpiyapidNa itj;jpUf;Fk;.
Mdhy;>tpiyay;yh vjph;j;jhf;fj;jpD}lhfr; nray;gLj;Jk;.mJ kpfTk;
rhjfkhd gpujpgypg;ghFk;. Vnddpy;> epWtdkhdJ ghJfhf;fg;gLtJld;>
eilKiw tpiyapid epahag;gLj;jTk; nra;Ak;.
c) mJ jdJ tpiyapidf; Fiwf;Fk;. ,e;j eltbf;ifapd; %yk; epWtdk;
jdJ re;ijg;gq;fpidj; jdJ ,yhgj;jpid ,oe;J ghJfhf;f
Kidtjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. tpiyf;Fiwg;gpd; %yk; gpujhdkhf
ed;ikailgth;fs; thbf;ifahsuhthh;.
d) epWtdk; tpiyapid mjpfhpg;gJld; tpiyapy;yh vjph;j;jhf;fj;jpD}lhf
gpujpgypg;gpidAk; toq;Fk;. tpiyajpfhpg;gjD}lhfg; ngwg;gLk; kpif
tUkhdkhdJ> nghUl;fspd; khw;wj;jpd; Nkk;gLj;jy;fSf;F epjpA+l;l
gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. tpiy mjpfhpg;ghdJ> fk;gdpapd; nrhe;jg;
nghUspidg; Nghl;b epWtdj;jpd; nghUspypUe;J ju mbg;gilapy;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 306
NtWgLj;Jtjpy; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gpur;rhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
mikfpd;wJ.
4.9.5 juk;rhh; cs;slf;fk;
gpw jfty;fs; ngwg;glhj Ntisfspy;> rpy thbf;ifahsh;fs; juj;jpid
tpiyapid kjpg;gpLtjD}lhf jPh;khdpf;fpd;wdh;. MfNt> tpiy khw;wkhdJ
thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F nghUl;fspd; juk; njhlh;gpy; iriffis
mDg;Gfpd;wJ. tpiy mjpfhpg;ghdJ Nkk;gLj;jy;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd
vd;gjidAk; tpiy Fiwg;ghdJ juk; Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vDk;
nra;jpapidAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
4.9.6 Gjpa nghUSf;fhd tpiyaply;
jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fspd; njhlh;gpyhd mNdfkhd tpiyaply;
jPh;khdq;fs; tpiy khw;wq;fSld; njhlh;Gilaitfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,j;jifa khw;wq;fs; vjpypUe;J efUfpd;wNjh (jw;NghJs;s tpiy) mjid
FwpaPl;Lg; Gs;spahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mdhy;> Kjw;jlitahf Gjpa nghUs;
xd;W mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gbd;> mq;F vjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
Nkw;nfhs;tJ vDk; FwpaPl;Lg; Gs;sp fhzg;glkhl;lhJ. MfNt tpiyaply;
jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ kpfTk; fbdkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
rpy rkaq;fspy;>,ilepiy thbf;ifahsh;fs; tpiyaply; KiwikahdJ
gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. ,J kPs;tpw;gidahsh;fs; jkJ tpiyapidj;
jPh;khdpg;gjpy; cjtp Ghptjw;fhf <LgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
4.9.7 gy; nghUl;fs;
gy epWtdq;fs; xU nghUis khj;jpuk; re;ijg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. khwhf> gy
nghUl;fspd; tPr;R xd;wpidr; re;ijg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,j;jifa nghUl;fs;
nghJthf xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Ggl;litahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy
rkaq;fspy;> epug;Gg; nghUl;fshf my;yJ gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUl;fshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tpiyaply; je;jpNuhghakhdJ> xt;nthU jdpg;
nghUl;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ,yhgj;jpiday;yhJ KOtJkhd tPr;rpypUe;J
fpilf;fg;ngWk; ,yhgj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf
el;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;. xU nghUSf;fhd kpff;
Fiwthd tpiyahdJ> Efh;Nthiu me;j tPr;rpYs;s Vida nghUl;fis –
mit mjpf ,thg vy;iyapidf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLk; - nfhs;tdT nra;aj;
J}z;Lfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf el;lkhd nghUshd mr;Rg;nghwpf;fhd ikahdJ>
thbf;ifahsh;fis mr;Rg;nghwpapidNa nfhs;tdT nra;aj;J}z;Lfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
307CA Sri Lanka
4.10 NritfSk; Nritr; re;ijg;gLj;jYk;
Nritfshdit nghUl;fSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ ,aw;ifapNyNa
NtWgl;litfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MfNt> Nrit re;ijg;gLj;jyhdit
gy;NtWgl;l rthy;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. njhlh;r;rpahff; Fwpg;gpl;l
re;ijg;gLj;jy; eilKiwfs; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. gpd;tUk;
Nritfspd; gz;Gfs; nghUl;fspypUe;J Nritfis NtWgLj;JtNjhL
re;ijg;gLj;jy; tpisTfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
cU 9.7: Nritfspd; gz;Gfs;
4.10.1 fl;Gydhfhj; jd;ik
„fl;Gydhfhj; jd;ik‟ MdJ Nrit toq;FjYld; njhlh;Gilajhd
„nghUl;$W ,y;yhj jd;ik‟ ,idf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. nghUl;fisg;|
Nghyy;yhJ> NritfSf;F nghUl;$W %yg;nghUl;fs; my;yJ ngsjPf
tbtq;fs; - Ritapd;ik> czh;r;rp> ghh;itaplf;$ba jd;ik> ,it
Nghd;wit – fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
,J rpf;fy; jd;ikapidf; nfhzUtJld; Efh;Nthh; vjidg; ngWNthk;
vd;w epr;rakw;w jd;ik fhzg;gLtjdhy; Nritfis Efu Ntz;Lk; vd;w
mthtpidAk; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.
4.10.2 gphpf;fKbahj jd;ik
Nritfs; mjid toq;Fgth;fsplkpUe;J gphpf;fKbahjitfshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.cjhuzkhf> gw;rpfpr;ir my;yJ gaznkhd;wpid
Nkw;nfhs;sy;. mit thq;fpa egh; mjid mDgtpf;Fk; tiuapy;/Efug;gLk;
fl;Gydhfhj; jd;ik
gphpf;fKbahj jd;ik
xj;j jd;ikaw;w jd;ik
Nrkpf;f Kbahj jd;ik
chpik
Nritfs;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 308
tiuapy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. gy Nritfs; „cUthf;fk;‟ MdJ Efug;gLk;
NghJ Njhd;Wfpd;w Nritfs;:
ngwf;$baitfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
cw;gj;jp nra;af;$baitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd midj;Jk; mNj
tpw;gid nra;af;$baitfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd Neuj;jpy; ,lk;
Efug;glf;$baitfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd ngWfpd;wd.
Nrit toq;fyhdJ mjid toq;FgthplkpUe;J my;yJ tpw;gidahshpd;
MSikapypUe;J gphpf;f Kbahjjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. thbf;ifahsUf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; Copah;fSf;F njhlh;r;rpahf juj;jpdJ ngWkjpapid
mjpfhpj;jy;> kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ikapid Cf;fg;gLj;JtNjhL Nritapd;
ed;newp rhh;e;j tplaq;fisAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tJ kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,J juk;tha;e;j Copah;fspy; KjyPL nra;tjpYk;> cah;
juj;jpyhd gapw;rpapid toq;FtjD}lhfTk; kpfr; rpwg;ghdjhd kw;Wk;
thbf;ifahsh;rhh; jpirKfg;gLj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;sTk; ,yFthff;
fhzg;gLk;.
4.10.3 xj;j jd;ik ,d;ik (khwhkYs;s jd;ik FiwT)
ntspaPl;Lf;fspd; juj;jpid njhlh;e;Njh;r;rpahff; nfhz;bUg;gjpy; gy
Nritfs; jlq;fy;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; gy vz;zpf;ifahd
khwpfs; <LgLtjdhy; juj;jpdpy; NtWghLfs; epfo;fpd;wd. Nritapd;
jukhdJ ahh; Nritapid toq;Ffpd;whh;fs; vd;gjw;fpilapy; ghuJ}ukhd
NtWghl;bidj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> tPLKiw ehl;fspy; epak
nrad;Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp gdpf;fhyj;jpy; gpw;gFjpfspy; Kd;gjpTfis
Nkw;nfhs;sYf;Fk;> Ntfkhd ,sNtdpw;fhyj;jpd; thuehl;fspy;
Kd;gjpTfis Nkw;nfhs;sYf;Fk; ,ilapy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLtjidf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
4.10.4 Nrkpf;f Kbahj jd;ik (fsQ;rpag;gLj;j Kbahj jd;ik)
Nritfs; fsQ;rpag;gLj;j KbahjitahFk;. mit ,ay;ghfNt
mspaf;$bait. g];]pYs;s ,Uf;if my;;yJ lhf;lh; xUthpdJ Nritfs;
Mdit Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; khj;jpuNk fhzg;gLk;. ,it Efug;glhky;
fhzg;gbd;> mit „moptilAk;‟. ,it gpd;ida ehl;fspy; gad;gLj;j
KbahjitahFk;. mit Nfs;tpfspd; cr;r epiyf;Nfw;g Kd;$l;bNa
„cw;gj;jp;‟ nra;ag;gl KbahjitahFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
309CA Sri Lanka
4.10.5 chpik
Nritfs; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghpkhw;wk; nra;tjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. Nritapidf;
nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; NghJ thbf;ifahsh; thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F
tha;g;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd chpikapid toq;FJld; chpikfs;
toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J NritahdJ> Fwpg;ghf ,e;j ed;ikfs;
vjph;fhyj;jpy; rpy fhyg;gFjpfSf;F eilngwhtpby; (Xa;T+jpaj;jpidg; Nghy
my;yJ vjph;fhyg;gad;ghl;;bw;fhf fr;rhj;J Nghd;wit GyZzug;gl;l
thbf;ifahsh; ngWkjpapidf; Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
4.11 tphpthf;fg;gl;l re;ijf; fyit
nghUl;fs; NritfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfspdhy;> Nrit
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. NritfspdJ fl;Gydhfhj
jd;ikahdJ ,e;j kpifahd 3 P f;fisAk; cUthf;Ftjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (kf;fs;> nrad;Kiw kw;Wk; ngsjPfr;rhd;W).
4.11.1 kf;fs;
Nrit toq;FdhplkpUe;J Nritapidg; gphpf;f KbahJ fhzg;gLtjdhy;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapy; Copah;fspd; gq;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
Kjdpiy Copah;fs; Fwpg;ghf thbf;ifahsh;fisf; ftdpj;jy;> nghJ
cwTfisg; Ngzy; njhlh;gpy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;L> gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;L
Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
thbf;ifahsh; jpUg;jpf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhfjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy;
<LgLk; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; <LgLfpd;whh;fs;> Nritapid cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;whh;fs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsh;fSld; Nritapid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfj; njhlh;G nfhs;fpd;whh;fs;> jfty;fisr;
Nrfhpf;fpd;whh;fs;> thbf;ifahsh; NjitfSf;F gjpyspf;fpd;whh;fs;> ,it
Nghd;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLfpd;whh;fs;.
4.11.2 nrad;Kiwfs;
tpidj;jpwDs;s nrad;Kiwfs; re;ijg;gLj;jy; mD$yq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tpkhdf; fk;gdpahdJ> cjhuzkhf mjpetPdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l
bf;fl; toq;Fk; Kiwikapid mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;> mJ kpff; Fiwthff;
fhj;jpUf;Fk; Neuj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;tJld;> xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l
tpkhdr;NritapD}lhf gue;Jgl;l thD}h;jpr; Nritapidj; njhpT nra;aTk;
VJthf mikAk;. tpidj;jpwdhf thbf;ifahsh;fspd; fl;lisfis
Nkw;nfhs;tjhdJ thbf;ifahsh; jpUg;jpapid mjpfhpg;gJld;> epWtdkhdJ
tpw;gidapy; <LgLfpd;w Neuj;jpidAk; Fiwf;f cjTfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 310
4.11.3 ngsjPfr; rhd;Wfs;
NkNy ehk; mtjhdpj;jijg; Nghd;W Nritfs; fl;Gydhfhj jd;ikapidf;
nfhz;litahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ – mtw;wpw;F ngsjPf hPjpapyhd nghUl;fs;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. mjhtJ> thbf;ifahsUf;F mth;fSf;F chpj;Js;sJ
vd;gJ njhlh;gpy; vt;tpj rhd;WfSk; ,y;iy. ,J thbf;ifahsh;fs;
toq;fg;gl;l Nritfspd; juk; njhlh;gpy; xg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk; mJ njhlh;gpy;
Efh;tjw;fhd J}z;Ljiyf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; fbdkhff; fhzg;gLtJld;
njhl;Lzuf;$ba jd;ik kw;Wk; chpik Nghd;w tplaq;fs; ngsjPf
milahsj;jpid my;yJ NritfSf;fhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpid my;yJ
ed;ikfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;wikapid cWjpg;gLj;JtjD}lhf rkhspf;fyhk;.
cjhuzkhf> nghOJNghf;fpw;fhd gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fs;> epfo;r;rp epuy;fs;> gapw;rpg;
gl;liwfspy; fye;J nfhz;likf;fhd rhd;wpjo;fs; Nghd;wit Nritfs;
ngwg;gl;ld vd;gjw;fhd milahsq;fshFk;.
tpdh; je;jpNuhgha kw;Wk; cgha re;ijg;gLj;jy ;
je;jpNuhgha kw;Wk; cgha re;ijg;gLj;jypid NtWgLj;jp cjhuzk;
toq;Ff.
tpil;
je;jpNuhgha re;ijg;gLj;jyhdJ> ve;j re;ijapy; nraw;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ
Nghd;w ePz;l fhyj; jPh;khdq;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: rpy;yiw tpahghhp Gjpa ehL xd;wpy; fpisnahd;wpid
Muk;gpf;fj; jPh;khdpf;fpd;whh;.
cgha re;ijg;gLj;jyhdJ> re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitAld; njhlh;Gilajhd
FWq;fhyj; jPh;khdq;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: rpy;yiw tpahghhpahdth; Gjpa nghUl;fisf;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> ,lj;jpid Jg;guT nra;tjw;fhf tpiyfspd;
Fiwg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;sj; jPh;khdpj;jy; .
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
311CA Sri Lanka
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ jdpegh; kw;Wk; epWtd ,yf;Ffis
g+uzg;gLj;Jtjhd ghpkhw;wq;fis tpiyaply;> Nkk;gLj;jy;> vz;zq;fs;>
nghUl;fs;> Nritfspd; tpdpNahfk; njhlh;gpy; jpl;lkply;> epiwNtw;wk;
nra;jy; Nghd;w nrad;KiwahFk;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; thbf;ifahsh; Nfs;tpfis tzpfk; vjid toq;Ffpd;wNjh
mjDld; njhlh;GgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
re;ijapd; ,lk; (re;ij eltbf;iffis ,izaj;jsj;jpd; %yk;
Nkw;nfhs;syhdJ) re;ijg;gLj;jy; gq;fpw;F ikakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; KOnkhj;j
tzpfKNk re;ijg;gLj;jy; jj;Jtj;jpid mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F cjTjy;
Nghd;wit re;ijg;gLj;jy; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUthdJ tzpfj;jpdJ jj;JtkhFk;. ,J
thbf;ifahsuJ Njitfis nghUl;fSld; njhlh;GgLj;Jtnjhd;whff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpirKfg;gLj;jy; MdJ thbf;ifahsuJ Njit kw;Wk;
tpUg;gq;fis jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjpy; tzpfj;jpid nrYj;Jk; xU
mZFKiwahFk;.
cw;gj;jp jpirKfg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtg; ghzpapy; cr;r juj;jpYk;>
fpuaj;jpYk; nghUl;fs; Nritfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjD}lhf ntw;wpapid
mile;J nfhs;sy; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cw;gj;jpapid ikag;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fs; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; mgptpUj;jpapy;
ftdj;jpidr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
tpw;gid vz;zf;fUtpy; cw;gj;jpg; nghUspid cw;gj;jp nra;J mjid
jPtpukhfTk;> RWRWg;ghfTk; tpw;gid nra;jy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
re;ijj; Jz;lhf;fyhdJ> re;ijapid xj;jjd;ikahd thbf;ifahsh;fs;
FOf;fis xd;W Nrh;j;J cggphpTfshfg; gphpg;gJld;; njhlh;GgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
jdpj;jd;ikahd re;ijf; fyitapid vjph;nfhs;s ,yf;Fr; re;ijahf
thbf;ifahsh; FOf;fs; ,yf;Fg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
re;ij epiyg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ thbf;ifahsh; tpahghuf;Fwp my;yJ
gz;lj;jpid Vida tpahghuf;Fwp my;yJ gz;lk; njhlh;gpy; vt;thW Ghpe;J
nfhz;Ls;sdh; vd;gjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 312
ghuk;ghpakhd re;ijf; fyit „ehd;F P f;fis (nghUs;> tpiy> ,lk;>
Nkk;gLj;jy;) cs;slf;Ftjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Vida kpifahd P f;fs;
Nritj;JiwAld; njhlh;Gilajhd Nkyjpf tplaq;fis (kf;fs;>
nrad;Kiw> ngsjPfr; rhd;W) tpghpg;gjw;fhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J
tphpthf;fg;gl;l 7P f;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
313CA Sri Lanka
1 ve;jr; re;ijg;gLj;jyhdJ> epWtdk; nraw;gl vz;zpAs;scw;gj;jpg;nghUs;> re;ij Nghd;wtw;wpid milahsq;fhz;gJld; njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ?
A. nghUz;ikr; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
B. ,yf;Fr; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
C. je;jpNuhgha re;ijg;gLj;jy;
D. cgha re;ijg;gLj;jy;
2 re;ijj; Jz;lhf;fYf;fhd Ie;J mbg;gilfis epuw;gLj;Jf.
1. ……………………………………………………………………………
2. ……………………………………………………………………………
3. ……………………………………………………………………………
4. ……………………………………………………………………………
5. ……………………………………………………………………………
3 tphpthf;fg;gl;l re;ijf; fyitapy; Nkyjpfkhf ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l 3Pf;fspy; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ rhpahdJ?
A. nrad;Kiwfs;
B. cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;
C. Nkk;gLj;jy;
D. Tpiy
4 cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; tho;f;if tl;lj;jpy; „mwpKfk;‟ vDk;
gbepiyf;Fg; gpd;dh; tUk; gbepiy gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ?
A. tsh;r;rp
B. re;ij Kjph;r;rp
C. re;ij CLty;
D. tPo;r;rp
5 re;ij jpirKfg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ cw;gj;jpg;nghUspid Nkw;nfhz;L
mjid jPtpukhf tpw;gid nra;jyhFk;. rhpah jtwh?
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;rpg;G
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 314
1. rhpahd tpil C. je;jpNuhghar; re;ijg;gLj;jyhdJ jhk; nraw;gl
tpUk;Gk; nghUl;fisAk;> re;ijfisAk; milahsq;fz;L
nfhs;tJld; njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ.
2. Gtpapay; gug;G> taJ> tUkhd kl;lk;> njhopy; - rk ngWkjpAilagpwtw;iwAk; cs;slf;Fk;.
3. rhpahd tpil A. nrad;KiwahdJ Nritf;fhf tphpthf;fg;gl;l 3Pf;fSs; xd;whFk;.
4. rhpahd tpil A. nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ tsh;r;rpgbepiyahdJ mwpKfj;jpidg; gpd;njhlh;fpd;wJ.
5. gpio. ,J tpw;gid vz;zf;fUtpd; tpghpg;ghFk;.
Kd;Ndw;wg;g uPl;irf;fhd tpilfs;
BL4 mj;jpahak9: re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
Draft Version
kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk;
mwpKfk;
,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ ePz;lfhy tzpf Njitia cw;WNehf;Fk; tpjkhf> Mszp Kfhik vd;Dk; ghuk;ghpa mZFKiwia tplg; gue;Jgl;ljhd kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUit Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ.
,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gphptpy;> kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; etPd njhopEl;gj;jpd; gad;ghL gw;wpf; fw;fTs;Nshk;.
315
mj;jpaha
k;
mwpTf; $W
6 tzpfj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;Lg; gFjp
4.3 kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk;
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj;ij nghUs;tiuaiw nra;J> tzpf nrad;Kiwapy;> kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij milahsq;fhzy;
tzpfj;jpd; gpujhd kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj; njhopw;ghLfSld; njhlh;Ggl;l gpujhd vz;zf;fUf;fis milahsk; fhZjy;
kdpjts KfhikjJtj;jpd; tpidj;jwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd etPd njhopEl;gj;jpd; gpuNahfj;ij Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
Draft Version
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
316 CA Sri Lanka
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fq;fs;
1
2
3
kdpj ts Kfhik vd;why; vd;d?
kdpj ts Kfhikj;jp;d; njhopw;ghL
kdpj ts Kfhikapyhd njhopEl;g tpUj;jpfs;
fw;wy; NgWfs;
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
1 kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d?
1.1 kdpj ts Kfhikf;fhd nrhw;nghUs; tiutpyf;fzk;kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ mikg;gpd; kdpjtsj; Njitg;ghLfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J> mj; Njitfisg; g+h;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd egh;fisf; fz;lwpe;J> mth;fSf;F rpwe;j rYiffs; kw;Wk; Ntiyr; #oiy toq;Ftjd; %yk; rpwe;j Ntiyiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;ifahFk;. ,J mkg;ghdJ mjd; ,yf;Ffspy; ntw;wp ngWtjw;F cjTtjid xl;Lnkhj;j Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Mszp Kfhik vd;gJ epWtdj;jpd; ehshe;j eltbf;iffshd Copah;fis Ntiyf;fkh;j;jy; NtiyapypUe;J gzp ePf;fk; nra;jy; kw;Wk; JiwahPjpahd nghJthd njhlh;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;tij Fwpf;Fk;. kdpj ts Kfhik Nghd;W ,J je;jpNuhgha gq;fpid epWtdj;jpw;F Mw;Wtjpy;iy.
1.2 kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; ehd;F gpujhd Nehf;fq;fis milahsk; fhzyhk;.
(a) khw;wj;jpw;Fg; gaDWjpkpf;f tifapy; Jyq;fyilaj;jf;f rpwe;j kdpjtsf; $Wfis mikg;gpw;f;F cUthf;Fjy;
(b) mikg;gpw;Fj; Njitahd kdpj tsj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;> mtw;iwtpUj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk;; mtw;iw Cf;Ftpj;J tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwapy;gad;gLj;Jjy;.
(c) mikg;gpDs; xj;Jiog;G kpf;f $l;Ltzpff; fhyepiyia cUthf;Fjy;kw;Wk; NgZjy;> ,jd; %ykhf mikg;gpDs; Vw;glj;jf;f KWfy;epiyfspidj; jtph;j;jy;.
(d) mikg;gpd; kdpjts KfhikNahL njhlh;Ggl;l r%f kw;Wk; rl;lj; Njitg;ghLfis G+h;j;jp nra;jy;.
kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ mikg;gpd; kdpjtsj; Njitg;ghLfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J> mj; Njitfisg; g+h;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd egh;fisf; fz;lwpe;J> mth;fSf;F rpwe;j rYiffs; kw;Wk; Ntiyr; #oiy toq;Ftjd; %yk; rpwe;j Ntiyiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;ifahFk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 317
1.3 kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk; Vd; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;?mikg;gpd; ntw;wpf;F Copah;fs; gq;fhw;Wtjdhy; tpidj;jpwdhd kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Copah; tpUj;jp je;jpNuhgha hPjpapy; kpf Kf;fpakhFk;. kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj;Jtj;jpd; gpuj;jpNaf ed;ikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) cw;gj;jpjpwd; mjpfhpg;G: Copah; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jyhdJ Copah;fspd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mjpfhpf;Fk; tplakhFk;.
(b) FOf; fw;wy; tpUj;jp: Copah;fs; gy;jpwd; FOf;fspy; $LjyhfNtiynra;tjd; fhuzkhf> xt;nthU Copah;fSk; gy Ntiyianra;tjw;f;Ff; $Wfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. rpy Copah;fs;FONtiyia nra;tjw;f;fhfg; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
(c) Copah; Gus;it Fiwj;jy;: rpwe;j gapw;rpAk; tpUj;jpAk; Copa Gus;itf;Fiwf;fpwJ. Copah; mDgtk; tha;e;jth;fshf fhzg;gl;lhy;njhopw;ghl;bd; tpidj;jpwd; mjpfhpf;fg;gLtJld; mikg;gpdhy; ,yhgk;ciof;fg;gl KbAk;.
(d) Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd Cf;Ftpg;G: Copah;fSf;Fs; fhzg;gLk; jpwikfisCf;Ftpg;gjdhYk; mth;fsJ jpwikfis ntspf;nfhzh;tjhYk;mikg;ghdJ rpwe;j ed;ikiag; ngwKbAk;.
2.1 kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; jdpegh; Kfhikj;Jtk;kdpj ts Kfhikj;JtkhdJ ghuk;ghpa jdpegh; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;L gue;Jgl;lJthfTk>; etPdj;Jt KiwapyhfTk; fhzg;gLk; jdpegh; Kfhikj;JtkhdJ ehshe;j njhopw;ghLfis Kfhik nra;tjhf fhzg;gLk;.
gpd;tUk; ml;ltizahdJ jdpg;gl;l Kfhikf;Fk; kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jj;jpw;fhd NtWghl;il milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
2 kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs;
epWtdj;jpd; Copah;fsJ cw;gj;jp jpwd; Nkk;gl;l FO fw;wy; eltbf;iffs;; Fiwf;fgl;l Copah; Gus;T> Gjpa Copah;Kaw;rpfs; epWtd ntw;wpf;F toptFf;Fk;.
kdpj ts jpl;lj;jpy; kdpj ts Kfhikj;JtkhdJ xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhfNt fUjg;gLfpwJ.
epWtdj;jpy; fhzg;gLfp;d;w gy;NtWtifg;gl;l cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspaf fhuzpfs; epWtd kdpj ts nfhs;ifapd; ntw;wpapid fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
kdpj ts jpl;lkplyhdJ epWtdj;jpd; je;jpNuhgha jpl;lkply; nray;Kiwahd Copare;ij gFg;gha;T> Copah;fSf;fhd ntspaf toq;fy; kw;Wk; cs;sf Nfs;tp vjph;T$wy;> Ntiy gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; mKy;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;.
kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfshf jpl;lkply;> Copahply;> Copa tpUj;jp> ntFkjp Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Copa njhlh;G fhzg;gLk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
318 CA Sri Lanka
Issue Personnel HRMCopah; xU nrythf
ghh;f;fg;gLk; xU nrhj;jhf fUjg;gLk;
Copah; Nkk;gLj;jy; gzk; / fl;lhag;gLj;jy; fhzg;gLk;
Xg;Gjy;/<LghL fhzg;gLk;
Kfhik mf;fiw njhopw;ghL(nray;jpwd; Fiwe;j Copah;fs;)
njhopw;ghL kw;Wk; je;jpNuhghak; (ntw;wplq;fis epug;GjYk; kw;Wk; epWtd vjph;fhy Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;jy;.
Kfhikahsh; gq;F rkur Ngr;Rthh;j;ijahsh; / njhopy;Kiw ghpth;j;jidahsh;.
mDruidahsh; / njhopy; Kiw khw;wKs;s jiyth;
2.1.1 Armstrong
Armstong (2003)> epWtdj;jpYs;s kdpj tsj;ij ngw;W> Nkk;gLj;jp> tpUj;jp nra;J mth;fis Kfhik nra;Ak; eltbf;if kdpjts Kfhik vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2.1.2 Bratton and GoldBratton and Gold (1999) kdpj tsKfhikf;F kpfTk; gue;j tiutpyf;fzj;ij toq;fpAs;shh;. kdpjts KfhikahdJ epiyj;jpUf;Fk; Nghl;b eaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;f;fhd kpfTk; kpf Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;. mjhtJ kdpj ts Kfhik eilKiwahdJ epWtd je;jpNughaj;Jld; xd;wpizf;fglNtz;Lk;.
kdpj ts rpwg;G epGzh;fs; epWtd fl;Lg;ghl;lhsh; epWtd tpidj;jpwidAk; tpisjpwidAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;f;F cjtpGhpfpd;wdh;.
kdpj ts ikaq;fis gw;wpa gpd;tUtd kpfTk; Jy;ypakhd tpsf;fq;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(a) jdpg;gl;l njhopw;ghlhdJ tzpfk; kw;Wk; Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahfnfhz;l tplaq;fshf khw;w Kfhik> njhopw;El;gj;jpw;f;fhd mwpKfk;>tzpfj;jpw;F Njitahd jpwikahd Copah; FiwghL vd;gtw;iwikag;gLj;jp fhzg;gLk;.
(b) kdpj ts KfhikahdJ je;jpNuhgha jpl;lkplNyhL xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;ljhf fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kdpj ts Kfhik njhopw;ghlhdJ epWtdtsh;rpf;fhd Nehf;fk;> Nghl;bjd;ik ngWtdT kw;Wk; fPo; kl;lnray;jpwd; Kd;Ndw;wk; nra;tjw;f;fhd njhopw;ghl;bid nfhz;like;Jfhzg;gLk;
(c) kdpj ts Kfhikahsh; cah; njhopy; elj;ij nfhz;ltuhffhzg;glNtz;Lk;. fz;zpakhdth;fshf fhzg;glNtz;Lk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 319
2.1.3 Tyson and FellTyson and Fell (jdpgl;l njhopw;ghl;bid gFg;gha;T nra;jy;) kdpj ts Kfhikapy; kpf Kf;fpa ehz;F gq;Ffis tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,J je;jpNuhgha ghh;itapy; ,jid Nehf;Ffpd;wJ
(a) epWtdj;jpd; kj;jpa tpOkpa/ ngWkjp Kiwia gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. (my;yJfyhrhuk;)
(b) epWtdj;jpd; vy;iyfis guhkhpf;fpd;wJ
(c) epWtdj;jpw;f;F njhlh;e;jpaq;Fk; jd;ik kw;Wk; epiyj;J epw;f;Fk;jd;ikiaf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
(d) khw;wj;jpw;;F epWtdj;ij cs;sPg;G nra;fpwJ.
gy epWtdq;fs; jpidf;fsj;jpy; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;l jdpgl;l kdpjts njhopw;ghl;bidf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpwpa epWtdq;fs; ,e;j fpuakpf;f njhopw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhj jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gh;.
2.2 kdpj ts Rw;Nwhl;lk;. (The human Resource cycle)
kdpj tsj;;ij Nehf;Ftjw;fhd nghJthd mZFKiwahd Ie;J Rw;Wf;fshf
Copaiu epakdk; nra;jy;> Muk;g (induction) nraw;wpwd; kjpg;gPL> gapw;rp, tpUj;jp kw;Wk; KbTWj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. vg;gbahapDk;
DEveanna kdpj tsKfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kdpj ts Rw;whdJ kpfTk; njspthf tpghpf;fpd;wJ.
tiuglk; 10.1: kdpjts Rw;Nwhl;lk;
njhpT nra;jyhdJ epWtdj;jpw;f;F jFjpAs;s kw;Wk; jpwikAs;s Copah;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cWjpgLj;JfpwJ.
kjpg;gPlhdJ epWtdj;jpd; je;jpNugha Nehf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;s ,yf;Ffis cUthf;f cjTfpwJ. jpwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpwd; ,ilntsp vd;gtw;iw fz;Lgpbf;fTk; ntFkjp kl;lj;jpw;f;F jfty; toq;fTk; cjTfpwJ.
gapw;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpahdJ Copah;fs; jkJ jpwid GJgpf;fpd;wduh> jpwik nghUj;jkhdjhf fhzg;gLfpwjh> njhopw;Jiwapy; rpwe;jjhf fhzg;gLfpwjh vd;gij cWjpgLj;JfpwJ.
ntFkjp KiwikahdJ ngWkjpahd Copah;fid jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ.
nraw;wpwhdJ Nky; $wg;gl;l ehd;F $WfSld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;. ,J vt;thW njhlh;GgLj;JfpwJ vd;gij Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
njhpT nraw;jpwd;
ntFkjp
kjpg;gPL
gapw;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk;
BL4 mj;jpahak 10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
320 CA Sri Lanka
2.3 kdpj ts Kfhikapd; khjphpg;glk; (The Guest Model of HRM)
Nltpl; nf];l;> (1997) kdpj ts je;jpNughahj;jpw;f;Fk; kw;Wk; kdpj ts eltbf;iff;FkpilNa njhlh;ig tpsf;Ftjw;F khjphpglj;ij cUthf;fpAs;shh;.
nf];l;bDila MW $Wfs;
kdpj ts je;jpNuh ghak;
kdpj ts to;f;fk;
kdpj ts ntspaPL
elj;ij ntspaPLfs;
nraw;wpwd; ntspaPLf
s;
epjp ntspaPLfs;
Ngjg;gLj;jy; (Gjpad GFj;jy;)
ika Ftpg;G (juk;)
fpuak; (nryT Fiwg;G)
njhpTnra;jy;
gapw;rp
kjpg;gPL
ntFkjp
Ntiy kPs; tbtikj;jy;
<LghL epiyik kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
<LghL
juk;
nefpo;Tj; jd;ik
Kaw;rp
Nkk;gLj;jy;
$l;bidT
<LghL
xOq;fikj;jy;
FbAhpik
cah;T
cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;
juk;
Gjpad GFjy;
Fiwthd tutpd;ik
Copah; Gus;T
Kuz;ghL
Thbf;ifahsh; Kiwg;ghL
,yhgk;
KjyPL kPjhd jpUk;gy;
NkNy $wg;gl;l khjphpahdJ kdpj tsKfhikapd; eltbf;ifahdJ CopauJ cr;r <LghL> cr;rjuk;;> nefpo;Tjd;ikahd Copaiu ngWtNj Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;. ,e;j kdpjts ntsPaPl;il mile;jhy;. ,J NkNy $wg;gl;l elj;ij> nraw;wpwd; kw;Wk; epjp ntsPaPl;il mila cjTk;.
2.4 kdpjts khjphpapd; tiuaiwfs;
kdpjts eilKiwapd; khjphpfs; (Devvanna and Guest) ntspaf R+oypd; re;jh;g;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Mgj;Jfs; cs;sf R+oypd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdj;jpd; nry;thf;if gw;wp Muha;fpwJ.
ntspaf R+oy; fhuzpfshd Nghl;b> njhopEl;gk;;> murpay; / rl;lf;fhuzpfs;
nghUshjhu fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; r%f /fyhrhu fhuzpfs; kdpjtsKfhikia ghjpf;fpd;wd. cs;sf fhuzpfshd epWtd fl;likg;G> fyhrhuKk; kdpjts Kfhikia ghjpf;fpd;wd.
,jid jtpu epWtd Copah;fis thpir Kfhikahsh;fs; vt;thwhd mZFKiwia gad;gLj;jp Kfhik nra;Ak; Kiwikiaf; ftdpf;fjf;fjhFk;. rpy Kfhikahsh;fs; kpfTk; fbdkhd mZFKiwAk; rpyh; nkd;ikahd mZFKiwAk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; fyhrhuk; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; rl;l tof;fq;fs; epWtd nfhs;iffspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 321
kdpjts nfhs;iffis xU ehl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;w fyhr;rhuk;, nghUshjhu kw;Wk; rl;l Vw;ghLfs; rPu;gLj;Jfpd;wd. [g;ghd; kw;Wk; mnkupf;fhtp;y; murhdJ rpwpa mstpy; jiyaPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; epWtdq;fs; jkJ eltbf;iffis jhNk jPu;khdpf;f Rje;jpuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; rPdh kw;Wk; fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; ngupa mstpy; jiyaPL Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
2.5 kdpjtsj; jpl;lkply;
kdpjtsj; jpl;lkplyhdJ kdpjtsq;fis epWtdj;Jld; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sy;> gad;gLj;jy;> tpUj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk; mth;fsplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs;
vd;gtw;iw fUj;jpw; nfhs;fpwJ. kdpjts jpl;lkplyhdJ ‘Copag;gil
jpl;lkply;’ Copag;gil cghak; vdTk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. kdpjtsj; jpl;lkply; gpd;tUtdtw;Wld; njhlh;GgLfpwJ.
ghjPLk; fpuaf;fl;Lg;ghLk;
Ml;Nrh;g;G
epiyj;J epw;wy;
Ml;Fiwg;G (gzpahsh; vz;zpf;ifia Fiwj;jy;)
gapw;rp kPs;gapw;rpapD}lhf jifik mbg;gil
khWgLk; #o;epiyfis ifahSjy;
2.6 kdpjts Ma;T
epfo;fhy vjph;fhy epiyfs; njhlh;r;rpahf ghh;itf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
(a) #oy;: rdj;njhif kw;Wk; fy;tp Nghf;F> ngz;fspd; njhopy; rhh;nfhs;if> Xa;T+jpak; taJ kw;Wk; njhopw; re;ijapd; Nghf;F vd;gd fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(b) epWtd kdpjtsj;jpd; gyk;> gytPdk;> re;jh;g;gk; (tha;g;G)> mr;RWj;jy;vd;gtw;iw Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdNt jpwik Mw;wYf;fpilapyhd,ilntsp kw;Wk; Gj;jhf;f epiyg;ghL vd;gd mjd; mbg;gilapy;fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; Nghl;b epWtdq;fs; epWtd Copah;fis ftUjy;mr;RWj;jy;fs; MFk;.
(c) kdpjts gad;ghL: epfo;fhyj;jpy; Copag;gil gad;ghl;bd; jpwidkjpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;
(d) Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;: kdpjts fhuzpfis milahsk; fhz;gNjhL epWtd%y kw;Wk; Jiz Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Muhag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa nghUl;fs;>njhopy;El;gk;> fyhr;rhuk; vd;gd njhopw;gilapd; kPJ Nfhs;tpiaVw;gLj;Jk;.
Neu mstPL kpf Kf;fpaj;JtkhdjhFk;. Xh; jpBh; ,ilntspahdJ Jhpj Ml;nfhs;ifapd;Dhlhf G+h;j;jp nra;jYld; ePz;lfhy epWtd Fwpf;NfhshdJ mgptpUj;jp jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; Njitahd jpwd;fis toq;ff; $bajhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
322 CA Sri Lanka
kdpj tsq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; vjph;T $wy; vd;gd fbdk;
(a) Nfs;tp: #oy; fhuzpfs; (nghUshjhuk;) Copagilfspd; Nfs;tpapy;epr;rak;kw;w jd;ikia cUthf;Fk;
(b) epuk;gy;: rpy fhuzpfs; mjhtJ fy;tp> Nghl;bahsh;fspd; Copag;gilapd;Nfhs;tpfs; Nghd;wd Copag;gilapd; epuk;giy epr;rakw;wjhf;Fk;.
(c) ,yf;F: Copah;fs; jkf;nfd jdpg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs;fis nfhz;bUg;gNjhLNkYk; gapw;rpfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; jdpg;gl;l KbTfis vLf;fKbAk;. mjpf mstpyhd jdpegh;fs; cs;slq;Fk; NghJ mth;fSilaxOq;FKiw cghaKiwf;Nfw;g vt;thW khw;wkilAk; vd vjph;T $wy;fbdkhFk;
(d) tiuaiw: rl;lq;fs;> r%f tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gz;ghL vd;gd kdpjtsgad;ghl;by; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; gjpyPL nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; tiuaiwfisVw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
2.7 vjph;T $wy;
Nfs;tpia mstply;: vjph;fhy kdpjts jpl;lkplYf;F epr;rakhd tUkhdk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpjpwd; vjph;T $wy; mtrpakhFk;. cjhuzk; Nfs;tpahdJ gpd;tUtddw;wpy; ,Ue;J mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.
Gjpa tzpfk; gw;wpa tptuk;
Gjpa re;ij (Gjpa gzpahsh; Njit)
Gjpa nghUl;fs; Nritfs;
Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; (jpwd;)
KjyPl;il kPs;ngWjy;
epWtd kPs;fl;likg;G
nryT Fiwg;G jpl;lq;fs;
epuk;giy kjpg;gply;
(a) epfo;fhy Copah;fs;: ,Ug;G kw;Wk; gha;r;ry; Ma;T MdJ cs;sf Copare;ijia jPh;khdpf;Fk;. ,J rhjhuzkhf $l;bizf;fg;gl;l njhifiaFwpg;gjy;yhJ rpy Fwpj;j juq;fspd;> Ntiyapd; Nrit njhlh;gpYk;> ePsk;njhlh;gpYk; cs;tUk; ntspr; nry;Yk; efh;it tpghpf;fpd;wJ. ,Jkhjphpahf;fj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
(b) ntspaf njhopw; re;ij> njhopw;re;ij Ma;tpd; ehd;F tplaq;fs;
(i) ,J Copah; epWtdk; gw;wpf; nfhz;Ls;s mwpit mstply;
(ii) Copah;fs; epWtdk; gw;wp nfhz;Ls;s EZf;fkhd kdg;ghq;F
(iii) ,J rhj;jpag;ghlhd gFjpia rpghhpR nra;fpd;wJ
(iv) ,J re;ijg;Nghf;fpd; ePz;lfhy vjph;T $wy;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 323
epiy mstPlhdJ Nfs;tp epuk;giy xg;gpLfpd;wJ. Njitahd vz;zpf;if mtw;wpd; juk; jpwd; my;yJ ,lk; vd;gtw;wpd; NtWghLfs; vd;gd $l;bizf;fg;gl;l kdpjts cghaq;fis gpuNahfpg;gjd; %yk; jtph;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
2.8 epuk;gy; kw;Wk; Nfs;tpfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilntspapid ePf;fy;:kdpjtsj; jpl;lk;
tzpf myF kl;lj;jpy; kdpjtsj; jpl;lkplyhdJ kdpjts jpl;lkply; cgha Kiwfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.
(a) epWtdj;jpy; nra;J Kbf;fgl Ntz;ba NtiyahdJ epWtdj;jpd; tzpfjpl;lj;jpd; ngwf;$bajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cw;gj;jp Kfhikahsh; ve;jNtiy nra;J Kbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jPh;khdpf;fpwhh;. cjhuzkhfepWtdj;jpy; Gjpa ,ae;jpuk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lkhapd;epWtdkhdJ kdpj ts Njitg;ghL kw;Wk; mjd; jhf;fq;fis fUj;jpy;nfhss;sNtz;Lk; (cjhuzk;: gapw;rp rhj;jpakhd Ml;Fiwg;G kw;Wk;ghJfhg;G topKiwfs;)
(b) jpwdhdJ njhopy;El;gj; jpwik> jdpkdpj jpwik kw;Wk; Kfhikjpwikia cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. njhopEl;g jpwik kw;Wk; Kfhikjpwikia kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. jdpkdpj jpwikahdJthbf;ifahsNuhL Nrit toq;Ftjhy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;.
kdpjts jpl;lkhdJ Copah; Njitg;ghLfSf;fikaNt jahhpf;fgl;Ls;sJ. ,J cw;gj;jpj;jpwdpYk; kw;Wk; fpuaj;jpYk; jhf;fj;ij nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,J ghjPL> ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; epakj;ij cs;lf;fpAs;sJ. NkYk; mKy;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; (mwpf;ifapLjy; jpl;l milT kl;lj;ij fz;fhzpj;jy;) nghWg;Gfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
kdpjtsj; jpl;lkplypid gpd;tUkhW Jizj; jpl;lq;fs; tFf;fyhk;.
jpl;lq;fs; tpkh;rpg;Gf;fs;
Ml;nfhzh;Tj; jpl;lk;
vz;zpf;if> Copa tif> Njitf;fhyk;> Ml;Nrh;f;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;
gapw;rpj; jpl;lk; Njitg;gLk; gapw;rp ngWgthpd; msT my;yJ jw;NghJs;s Copah;fspd; gapw;rpapd; Njitg;ghL> gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;
kPs; mgptpUj;jp jpl;lk;
Copah; khw;wPL kw;Wk; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;
cw;gj;jpwd; jpl;lk;
cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; mjpfhpg;G my;yJ kdpjts fpuaf; Fiwg;Gfhd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; ,yf;Ffis mikj;jy;.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
324 CA Sri Lanka
Ml;Fiwg;Gj; jpl;lk;
vg;NghJ kw;Wk; vt;tplj;jpy; Ml;Fiwg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. Ml;Fiwg;ig Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Copah;fspd; njhpT kw;Wk; mwptpg;gpw;f;fhd nfhs;iffs; Ml;Fiwg;G nra;agl;l Copah;fSf;fhd kPs;tpUj;jp kw;Wk; kPs; ,lk; kw;Wk; kPs; gapw;rp. Ml;Fiwg;G nra;ag;gl;ljw;fhd Ntjdk; kw;Wk; njhopw; rq;fk; MNyhrid vd;gtw;Wf;fhd nfhs;if.
jf;fitj;jy; jpl;lk;
njhopw;gilapd; gad;ghlbd; tPz;tpuaj;ij Fiwj;jy;
2.9 cgha jpl;lkply; (Tactical Planning)
je;jpu cghaj;jpl;lkply; MdJ midj;J kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtf; fhuzpfis cs;slf;fpa tiu rl;lj;jpDs; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Cjpaj;jpid Nguk;NgRjy;
Copahpd; rhPu epiy
Kfhikj;Jk; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g tpUj;jp njhopy; tpUj;jp
xOq;fikj;jUk; njhopw;Njh;r;rpj; jpwDk;
Ml;Nrh;g;Gk; kpifAk;
gapw;rp kw;Wk; kPs;gapw;r;rp
gzpahsh; fpuak;
2.10 njhopyhsh; gw;whf;Fiw my;yJ kpif
njhopyhsh; kpif my;yJ Fiw kjpg;gPl;bd; NghJ gpd;tUtd njhlh;G nfhs;fpd;wd
(a) gw;whf;Fiw eltbf;iffs;
(i) cs;sf khw;wPL kw;Wk; gjtp cah;T gapw;rp
(ii) ntspaf Ml;Nrh;g;G
(iii) rhj;jpag;ghlhd Ma;tpd; Clhf Copah; Gus;it Fiwj;jy;
(iv) Nkyjpf Neu Ntiy
(v) Gjpa rhjdq;fSk; gapw;rpAk; cw;gj;jpapid mjpfhpg;gNjhL mjpfsTCopah; NjitapidAk; Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
(b) kpif Ml;Nrh;g;G eltbf;if
(i) ,aw;ifahd Copa tPzbg;ig Fiwf;f top nra;jy;
(ii) Ml;Nrh;g;ig tiuaiw nra;jy;
(iii) KONeu Ntiy Ml;fSf;F gjpyhf gFjpNeu Ntiytha;g;igmwpKfk; nra;jy;
(iv) Ml;Fiwg;G
kdpj tsj; jpl;lk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; NghJ> gpujhd gpur;rpisfs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fis tpghpf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 325
2.11 kdpjts jpl;lkply; fl;lq;fs;
laurie mullins (2002) kdpjts jpl;lkplypd; NtWgl;l fhuzpfis tbtikj;Js;shh;.
$l;L tzpf Nehf;fq;fs;
Vw;fdNt cs;s gjpTfspd; kjpg;gPL
,yf;Fj; jpfjpapyhd kjpg;glg;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
mikg;Gf; fl;likg;ig tbtikj;jy;
toq;fy; vjph;T$wy; kdpjtsj; jpl;lk; Nfs;tp vjph;T$wy;
kdpjts eltbf;ifj; jpl;lk;
,yf;Fj; jpfjp
Ml;Nrh;Gk; njhpT
nra;jYk;
gapw;rp mspj;jy;
Kfhikj;Jt tpUj;jp
kPs; cUthf;fk;
njhopy; ,og;G
Ns;tp kw;Wk; epuk;giy ,zf;fk;
nra;jy;
2.12 kdpjtsj; jpl;lkply; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfs;kdpjtsj; jpl;lkply; mikf;fg;gl;lTld; mJ njhlh;ghd fl;Lg;ghl;L mwpf;if rkh;g;gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
(a) jpl;lj;jpd; cz;ikahd Ml;epakpg;gpd; vz;zpf;if> tpyfy;fspd; msTgjtpAah;T vd;gtw;iw xg;gPL nra;jy; ,jd; NghJ Vw;gLk;rkepiyapd;ikia jPh;g;gjw;f;F eltbf;if vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(b) cz;ikahd nfhLg;gdT> njhopypd; epge;jid> Copag; gapw;rp vd;gdkdpjts jpl;lkplYld; xg;gPL nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Nkyjpfkhdnjhopyhsh; Gus;tpd; NtWghl;bid njhpagLj;Jfpd;wjh.
(c) fhyj;jpw;f;Ff; fhyk; kdpjtsj; jpl;lkply; kPs;Ma;T nra;J khw;wPLnra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
2.13 kdpjtsj; njhopw;ghL
kdpjtsj;Jiwapy; Mw;wg;gLk; gpujhd njhopw;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; gFjp 2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
326 CA Sri Lanka
2.14 njhopw;wpl;lk;
njhlh;r;rpahd kdpjtsj; jpl;lkply; fye;Jiuahlypy; njhopyhsh; jpl;lj;jpd; ,U gpujhd gphpTfshd njhopy; Ma;T kw;Wk; njhopy; tbtikg;G gw;wp RUf;fkhf fye;Jiuahly; Ntz;Lk;
2.14.1 njhopw; Ma;T
njhopy; Ma;T vd;gJ njhopypd; cs;slf;fy; gw;wpa jfty; jpul;ly;> Ma;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; jahh; nra;jy;> xOq;fikj;jy; eltbf;ifapd; nray;KiwahFk;. ,J njhopw; tpguzk;;> Ml;nfhzh;T> njhopy; gapw;rp> njhopy; kjpg;gPL Kfhikj;Jt nray; epiwNtw;wk; vd;gtw;wpid toq;Ffpd;wJ. njhopy; Ma;thdJ njhopyhsh;fs; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wdh; vd;gij fUj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;wJ.
(Mk;];Nuhq;)
tpidj;jpwDld; Ml;nfhzh;T nrad;Kiwapid epWtd Kfhik vt;thW jpwd;gl nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Muha;T nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Njitahd jfty;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
jfty; tiffs;
tpsf;fk;
njhopypd; Nehf;fk;
,J ntspg;gilahf ,Uf;fyhk; fzf;fhsh; xUthplk; ,Ue;J vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;l Ma;T> jahh; nra;Jmy;yJ toq;fg;gl;l epjp $w;Wf;fs; vdpDk; ,it epWtd #oYf;F Vw;wthW mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
njhopypd; cs;slf;fk;;
ePq;fs; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;l nra;aNtz;ba fhupak;. Ntiyapd; Nehf;fkhdJ cWjpgLj;jglNtz;Lkhapd; cjhuzkhf chpa Neuj;jpy; Ntjdk; ngwg;gLfpwjh?
tif $wy; ,J Copahpd; nghWg;G gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ ,jid Ntiy gzp vd;gjw;Fs; cs;slf;fpAs;sdh;.
nraw;wpwd; newpKiw
Ntiyapy; vt;thwhd jpwd; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij mstpLjy;
nghWg;Gj;jd;ik ,J njhopypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Fwpf;fpd;WJ.
epWtdf;fhuzpfs;
ahh; njhopy; gw;wpa Neubahf mwpf;ifapLfpd;wdh;
tpUj;jp fhuzpfs;
,J gjtp cah;T kw;Wk; njhopy; vjph;ghh;g;G gw;wpaJ.
#oy; fhuzpfs;
,J njhopy;epiy> ghJfhg;G cgfuzk; gw;wpaJ
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 327
2.14.2 njhopy; tbtikg;G
jw;NghJ njhopy; tbtikg;G MdJ Mw;wy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp gw;wp Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
Boyzatis vd;gth; jdpeghpd; Mw;wiy gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzgLj;jpAs;shh;:
“jdpeghpd; Mw;wyhdJ epWtdr; R+oypy; fhzg;gLk; Ml;fSf;fpilapy; epWtdj;jpw;f;F rpwe;j ntspaPLfis juf;$batifapy; NtiyapYs;s Nfs;tpfis G+h;j;jpnra;af;$ba elj;ijia toptFf;fpd;wd jdpegh; nfhs;rf;jpahFk;.
NtWgl;l Mw;wy; tiffs;
(a) elj;ij/jdpg;gl;l Mw;wyhdJ epWtdj;jpd; nraw;wpwDf;F Njitg;gl;ljdpg;gl;l egh;fspd; gz;GfSk; elj;ijfisAk; mbg;gilahfnfhz;like;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf kw;w egh;fSld; njhlh;GfisVw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ. ngUk;ghd;ikahd Ntiyfspy; Copah;fs; kpfTk;rpwe;j njhlh;ghlyhsh;fshff; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;.
(b) njhopy; rhh;e;j Mw;wy;: Ntiyj;js nray; epiwNtw;wk; kw;Wk; ntspaPl;Lvjph;ghh;g;G mjpy; rpwe;j Mw;wy; nfhz;l egh;fis vjph;ghh;fpd;wJ.
(c) nghJthd Mw;wy;: njhopypy; fhzg;gLk; midj;ijAk; gad;gLj;g;glKbAk;
Miintzberg; njhopy; tbtikg;gpy; mstPl;L tplaq;fshf gpd;gtUtd cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(a) njhopy; rpwg;Gj;Njh;r;rp
(i) vj;jid NtWgl;l Ntiyg;gFjpfs; njopypy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wdkw;Wk; mt;Ntiyfs; vt;tsT gue;J tphpe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.?
(ii) ve;j mstpw;F njhopyhsh;fs jkJ Ntiyapy; fl;Lg;ghl;bidnfhz;Ls;sdh;? rpy Ntisfspy; Ntiyahsp njhlu;gpy; rpWmstpNy fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUg;gu;(tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jtk;),NtW rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Ntiyahl;fs; KOtJkhf fl;Lg;ghl;ilf;nfhz;bUg;gu;.
(b) elj;ij xOq;fikg;G epWtdj;jpD}lhf xh; epWtdk; mjd; elj;ijiamikg;gjd; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; vjph;T $wy;fis nra;avj;jdpf;fpd;wJ.
(c) Njh;r;rp toq;Ftjw;hd gapw;rp mspg;gJ kw;Wk; epWtd tpOkpaq;fiscs;thq;fr; nra;jy;.
2.15 Ml;Nrh;g;Gk; njhpT nra;jYk;
xU epWtdk; Ntiy Ma;T kw;Wk; tbtikg;G Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Kjw;fl;lkhf Ms;epakdk; njhpT nrad;Kiw nra;aNtz;Lk;.
2.15.1 Ms;epakdk;
xU epWtdk; Ml;nfhzh;T nra;jy; mjd; mLj;jfl;lkhf Ma;tpid njhopy; tpguzj;jpw;;F khw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
328 CA Sri Lanka
xh; njhopy; tpguzkhdJ njhopy; Nehf;fk;> njhopy; cs;slf;fk;> njhopypd; nghWg;G gzpahshpd; gpujhd Ntiyfs; mq;Fs;s epWtd fl;likg;Gld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ.
njhopy; tpguzj;jpd; ehd;F gpujhd Nehf;fq;fs; tUkhW.
Nehf;fk; tpguzk;
xOq;fikj;jy; Fwpg;gpl;l njhopyhdJ epWtdf; fl;likg;gpy; njhlh;G gLfpd;wJ vd tiuaiw nra;jy;
Ml;nfhzh;T vt;thwhd gzpahsh; Njit vd;gJ gw;wpa jfty;fs; toq;fy;
rl;lk; njhopy; xg;ge;jk; gw;wpa mbg;gilfis toq;fy;
nray;jpwd; nray;jpwd; Nehf;fk; MdJ njhopy; tpguzk; gw;wpajhf ,Uj;jy;
njhopy; tpguzk; gw;wpa gpujhd cs;slf;fk; (a) njhopy; jiyg;G: ,J njhopy; GhpAk; Jiw my;yJ njhopw;ghl;il
Rl;bfhl;LfpwJ njhopw;ghl;bd; kl;lj;jpidAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
(b) epWtd fl;likg;gpy; mjd; ,lmiktpid Fwpf;fpd;wJ (gphpT> Jiw>myF).
(c) xUthpd; njhopy; jiyg;G njhopypYs;sth; ahUf;F nghWg;Gf; $wNtz;Lk; vd $WfpwJ.
(d) xUthpd; njhopypd; jiyg;ghdJ ahUf;F nghWg;G $wNtz;Lk; vd;gJld; ahiu topelj;j Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $Wfpd;wJ.
(e) ghjPL kw;Wk; nrytpdq;fspd; mjpfhu kl;lq;fspd; nghWg;gpidAk;$Wfpd;wJ.
(f) njhopy;Kiwapd; Nehf;fk; gw;wpa rpW tpguzkhf mikangw;wpUf;Fk;.
(g) gpujhd tif$Wk; nghWg;Gfs; my;yJ gpujhd Ntiyfs;> mjdjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;fika xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
(h) njhopy; epiwNtw;Wtjw;f;F Njitahd jpwikfs; mjhtJ njhopy;El;gj;jpwd; kw;Wk; clypay; jpwd;.
(i) njhopy; KiwAk; Ntiy NeuKk; (cjhuzk; 9 Kjy; 5 tiu).
njhopy; tpguzk; MdJ gzpahshpd; rpwg;G jd;ikkia toq;f cjTfpd;wJ njhopy; tpguzk; mdJ njhopy; gw;wp $Wfpd;wJ Mdhy; egh; rpwg;Gj;jd;ikahdJ mt;thwhd egh; Fwpj;j njhopiy nra;tjw;f;F nghUj;jkhdJ vd $WfpwJ mjhtJ mDgtk; jdpegh; elj;ij juk; Ngd;wtw;iw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
njhopy; tpguzk; kw;Wk; jdpegh; rpwg;Gj;jd;ik gw;wp jahh; nra;ag;gl;ljd; ; gpd; epWtdk; njhopy; tpsk;guk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; (cs;sf> ntspaf hPjpahf ,uz;ilAk;)
tpsk;gug;gLj;jypd; NghJ njhopy; tpguzk; jdpegh; rpwg;G gw;wpa topfhl;ly;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;.
tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; ClfkhdJ nryT> vj;jid jilitAs;sJ. vd;gtw;wpy; jq;f egh;fis ,yf;F itf;fpd;wJ vd;gij Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 329
2.15.2 njhpT (Selection)
njhpT Kiwapy; tbfl;ly; nrad;Kiw cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ tpz;zg;gg;gbtj;jpid> Ratpguf;Nfhitia Ma;T nra;jy;> Neh;Kfg; ghPl;ir> ghPl;rpj;jy; MfpadthFk;. mjpy; gy;NtWgl;l El;gKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
ek;gfj;jd;ik– njhlh;rpahd ntspaPl;L cUthf;fk;
ngWkjp– Copah; nray;jpwid rhpahf vjph;T $wy;
ghugl;rkw;wJ– ghFghlw;wJ.
fpua nraw;jpwd; - rpwe;j jfikAila gzpahsh;fs; njhpT nra;Ak; NghJ
mitfspd; Ml;Nrh;g;gpy; Vw;gLk; fpuaj;ij epahagLj;jNtz;Lk;
nray;jpwd;mw;w njhpT nrad;Kiw gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; ntspg;gLk;. nghUj;jkw;w Copaiu Ntiyf;fkh;j;jy;
nghUj;jkhd Copah;fis ePf;Fjy;
,t;tpU nghUj;jkw;w nraw;ghLfSk; nryT $baitahFk;.
toikahd Ntiy tpsk;guq;fs; Ratpguf;NfhitAk; tpz;zg;ggbtq;fisAk;
NfhUfpd;wd.
epWtdq;fs; tpz;zg;gg;gbtq;fspd; Clhf tpz;zg;gjhuh;fisj; njhpT
nra;fpd;wdh;. mj;Jld; jFjpaw;w tpz;zg;gq;fis ,yFthf epuhfhpg;gjd;
%yk; Neutpuak;;> jFjpaw;wth;fspd; Neh;Kfj;Njh;Tf;fhd fpuaq;fis Fiwf;f
KbAk;. ,jid Nkw;f;nfhs;tjw;f;F epWtdkhdJ:
(a) Ntiyapd; Njitg;ghLfNshL tpz;zg;gjhhpia xg;gPL nra;tjw;f;f mth;
njhlh;ghd jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
(b) tpz;zg;gjhhp vjph;fhy Fwpf;Nfhs;fis gw;wpNah my;yJ Vd; epWtd
Ntiy Ntz;Lk; vd;gij gw;wp mwpa mth;fis gw;wp mth;fNs
vLj;jpak;Gtjw;F re;jh;g;gk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Neh;Kfj;Njh;tpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs; njhopYf;fhd rpwe;j egh;fis njhpT
nra;jyhFk;. ,J Neubahd kjpg;gPl;bw;f;Fk; kw;Wk; tpz;zg;gjhuh;fs; epWtdk;
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;f;F xU re;jh;g;gkhf mikfpd;wJ.
Neh;Kfj;Njh;T fhz;gth; Neh;Kfj;Njh;tpid jahh; nra;tjw;F fw;f Ntz;ba
tplaq;fs;.
(a) Ntiy tpguzk; (tpguzk; jdpahf fhzg;glhy;) njhopYf;fhd Nfs;tp
gw;wpa mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(b) egh;gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;: ,J tpz;zg;gjhhpapd; mDgtk;> juk;;> Njitg;gLk;
jFjpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mwpa cjTk;.
tpz;zg;gg;gbtk;: Neh;KfNjh;tpw;fhd tpdhf;fis njhpT nra;jy; my;yJ
xt;nthU tpz;zg;gjhuh;f;fhd tpdhg;gug;ig njhpT nra;jy;
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
330 CA Sri Lanka
Neh;Kfg; ghPl;irapd; tiffs; (a) jdpg;gl;l Neh;Kfj;Njh;T: Neh;fhzy; nra;gtUf;Fk; tpz;zg;gjhuUf;Fk;
,ilNa Md NeUf;F Neuhd fye;Jiuahly;.
(b) gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;T nra;;tjw;fhd Neh;Kfj;Njh;T: ,J jdpg;gl;l Njh;T
Nghd;wJ. xNu mbg;gilapy; mDkhdpf;fg;gl;l gpur;rpidf;fhd jPh;T
toq;Ftjhf mikAk;.
(c) Kd;gpd;dhf mike;j Neh;fhzy; : tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F ,U Neh;fhzy;
nra;gth; fhzg;gLth;.
(d) FOepiy Neh;Kfj;Njh;T: Neh;fhzy; nra;gth; FOTk; tpz;zg;gjhhpAk;
gq;Fnfhs;th;.
(e) mOj;j Neh;Kfj;Njh;T : ,J NeUf;F Neuhd Njh;T tpz;zg;gjhuh;fSf;F
mOj;jk; nfhLf;ff; $ba tifapy; Nfs;tpfs; Mf;Nuh\khd Nfs;tpfs;
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
(f) njhlh;Njr;rpahd Neh;fhzy;: FOepiy Neh;Kfj;Njh;Tf;F gjpyhf
tpz;zg;gjhhp; epWtdj;jpw;f;Fs; ntt;NtWgl;l egh;fspdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Neh;fhzy;.
(g) FO Neh;Kfj;Njh;T: ,J gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPh;T fhz;gJ Nghd;wjhFk;.
vy;yh tifahd Nehh;Kfj;Njh;tpYk; mD$yKk; gpujp$yKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf jdpegh; Neh;Kfj;Njh;T ngUk;ghYk; Neh;Kfk; fhz;gtUf;Fk; tpz;zg;gjhuUf;fkpilapy; jd;dPh;g;gpid cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. rpyrkaq;fspy; ,J gf;fr;rhh;ghdjhfTk; Fiwe;j ek;gpf;if jd;ikapidAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. gy egh;fs; Neh;fhzypy; <LgLk; NghJ xt;nthUtUila fUj;Jf;fspYk; NtWghLfs; fhzg;glyhk;. ,J KbTfis Nkw;nfhs;tij fbdkhf;fyhk;.
NeHKfj; NjHtpd; rpynghJthd tiuaiwfshtd:
(a) Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj kjpg;gPLfs;: NeHKfj;NjHT Kuz;ghlhff; fhzg;glyhk;. xU nghUj;jkhd tpz;zgjhup epuhfupf;fg;glyhk;. my;yJ nghUj;jkw;w tpz;zg;gjhupf;F njhopy; tha;g;G toq;fg;glyhk;.
(b) mtHfs; nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gpid toq;Ftjpy; Njhy;tpailfpwhHfs;vg;gbnadpy; xU egH jdJ Ntiyapy; vg;gb njhopw;gLfpd;whH.Ma;thdJ Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; my;yJ gpupnjhU re;jHg;gj;jpy; mjidntspg;gLj;Jk;.
(c) NeHKfj; NjHthdJ cs;SzHtpd; %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.NeHKfj; NjHthdJ jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; jtWfs; Vw;gLtjw;Ftha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk;. mj;Jld; mtHfs; tpz;zg;gjhupf;FmDkjpaspf;Fk; NghJk; $l jtwpid Vw;gLj;Jk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 331
2.15.3 njhopy; mwpKfk; (Induction)
vy;yh Gjpa gzpahsHfSk; nghUj;jkhd xU eilKiwapDhlhf jpirKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mwpKf epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspd; cs;slf;fq;fshdJ NtWglyhk;> mJ xt;nthUtupdJk; gq;F vd;d vd;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. Mdhy; ,J mbg;gil nray;Kiw ,d;wp ahuhYk; ntw;wpfukhd njhlf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;j KbahJ vd;gjd; fhuzkhf tpUk;;gg;gLtjpy;iy.
xU jpirKfg;gLj;jy; jpl;lkhdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gpd;tUk; cs;slf;fq;fis nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(a) tuNtw;G
(b) mwpKfk; Gjpa cWg;gpdHfSf;Fk;> gioa cWg;gpdh;fSf;fpilNaAk;
kw;Wk; Nkyjpfhupf;fppilNaAk;.
(c) Ntiy ,ay;gpd; tpsf;fk;: xU vOj;JUtpyhd Ntiy tptuzk; ,e;j
eilKiwapid ,yFthf eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;. rpy tpupthd njhopy;El;g
tplaq;fs; nghUj;jkhd njuptpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tiu gpupnjhU
jpdj;jpw;F js;sp itf;fg;gLk;.
(d) ghJfhg;G tpjpfSk; eilKiwfSk;.
(e) njhopy;rhHtpjpKiwfSk;> epge;jidfSk;: mbf;fb Njitg;gLk; rfy
jfty;fisAk;> mj;jpahtrpa tplaq;fisAk; kzpj;jpahy Ntiyf;Fs;
cs;slf;fpajhf cU rpwpa Gj;jf tbtpyhdjhFk;>tpLKiwf;F
mq;fPfhukspg;gJld; NkyjpfNeu Ntiy kw;Wk; flikfSf;fhd Kf;fpa
rl;lq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpid G+uz tpsf;fq;fSld; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(f) xU jpizf;fsj;jpw;F xU epWtdj;jpdJk; gue;j gzpf;F
nrad;KiwahdJ mtrpakhFk;. ,J Fwpg;ghf epWtdj;jpw;Fk; jdJ
Nritfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Vndd;why; gzpahsHfspd;
kdg;ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; vd;gdtw;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
toq;Ftjhy; caH jukhd Nritapid ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
(g) ahjhapDk; eilKiwfs; njhlHr;rpahd gapw;rpfs;> gapw;rpaspg;Gf;fs;
my;yJ topfhl;ly;fs;%yk; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gLk;. gy Ml;NrHg;Gf;fs;
vjpHghHf;fg;gl;lij tpl (mj;Jld;> cz;ikapy;> jq;fisNa vjpHghHg;gJ)
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vz;zpf;ifapyhd gapw;rpfisNa Nkw;nfhs;fpwhHfs;.
tpjpfs; tuTfSlDk;> jFjpfSlDk; njhlHGgl;ldthfTk; Kd;Ndw;w
Njhy;tpfs; fl;lhakhf tpsf;fkspf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.
Gjpa gzpahsHfs; cs;tUk; NghJ mtHfs; jpwd; tha;e;j gzpahsiug; Nghd;W tpiuthf nraw;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F mwpKfq;fs; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
2.16 kdpj ts mgptpUj;jp (HR Development)
nrayhw;Wif kjpg;gPl;L eilKiwahdJ gad;tha;e;j njhopyhsH Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mj;Jld; nghUj;jkhd gapw;rpfs;; xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfSf;Fk; mj;jpahtrpakhtJld; jq;fsJ KO gq;fspg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;s KbtJld;; jq;fsJ nraw;wpwid czuTk; KbAk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
332 CA Sri Lanka
2.16.1 nrayhw;Wif kjpg;gPL
nrayhw;Wif kjpg;gPLk; tiuaiwfSk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fUtpfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; Nehf;fkhdJ kdpj ts nraw;ghl;by; njhopyhsHfspd; elj;ijapYk;xU epWtdj;jpid nghUj;jtiuapy;cr;rg; gad;ghl;bYk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. nrayhw;Wif kjpg;gPl;L eilKiwahdJ fle;j fhy nryahw;Wifapid kPs; kjpg;gjhfTk; vjpHfhyj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpYk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nrayhw;WifahdJ gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
(a) KfhikahsHfSk; Nkw;ghHitahsHfSk; njhopyhsH nraw;ghLfspd;
rPuw;wtpisTfis fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk; (mNefkha; mtHfspd;
ntspg;gLj;jg;glf;$ba ntw;wpfs; my;yJ Njhy;tpfs;) mupjhf xj;j
nraw;ghLfs;> KOikahd Nehf;fq;fis mtjhdpg;gjw;fhFk;.
(b) jq;fsJ njhopyhsHfspdhy; Vw;gLk; FiwghLfs; njhlHgpy;; rhjfkhd
vz;zq;fs; - Mdhy; Neuk; mh;g;gzpj;J ,e;j tplaj;jpy; cldb ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gl;L Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; tsHr;rpiaAk;; Vw;gLj;jy;.
(c) jPHg;gpid toq;FtJ ,yFthdJ> Mdhy; njspthfNth> vOj;JUtpNyh
my;yJ NtW ve;j topapy; Kfk; nfhLj;Njh epahag;gLj;JtJ fbdkhFk;.
(d) ntt;NtW kjpg;gPl;lhsHfs; ntt;NtW tifapyhd epge;jidfs;> mj;Jld;
gy;NtW epakq;fs; gy;NtW tifahd jPHg;Gf;fis ntspaplyhk;. ,jd;
ngWNgWfshdJ xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwkjpg;gPLfis Vw;gLj;jyhk;. mNj
Nghy kjpg;gpLgtupd; ghHitf;F ek;gfkhdjhfTk; fhzg;glyhk;.
(e) J}z;lg;gl;lhyd;wp>KfhikahsHfs; jq;fsJ njhopyhsHfspd; nraw;wpwd;
gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis mupjhfNt toq;FfpwhHfs;.
ve;jnthU nrayhw;Wif kjpg;gPl;bd; nghJthd Nehf;fkhdJ nraw;wpwid
mjpfupf;f nra;tjhFk;. gzpahsH nrayhw;Wif kjpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fkhdJ
xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfspdJk; nraw;wpwid cr;rstpy; mjpfupf;fr; nra;tJld;>
mtHfSf;F rhj;jpakd Kd;Ndw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp mjDhlhf epWtdk;
cr;rstpy; mtHfsJ nraw;wpwid gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhFk;;.
xU nrayhw;Wif kjpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fq;fs;; gpd;tUtdtw;iw nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(f) xt;nthU jdpg;gl;l CopaHfspdJk; Kf;fpakhd mspg;Gf;fisepWTtjw;Fk; mjDhlhf epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpid miltjw;fhd nraw;wpl;lj;jpid nraw;gLj;jTk;.
(g) xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfspdJk; tpjpKiwfSf;F vjpuhd nrww;wpwd;msTfs;> mjhtJ juf;fl;Lg;ghLfs;.
(h) xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfSf;Fk; Njitg;gLk; gapw;rpfs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpNjitfis fz;lwptJld; mtHfsJ cz;ikahd nraw;wpwid njupar;nra;fpwJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 333
(i) Kd;Ndw;wk; Njitg;gLk; gFjpfis fz;lwpa cjTfpwJ.
(j) epWtdj;jpd; Muk;g njupT eilKiwfisAk; mjd; gpd;duhd nrad;KiwfisAk; Nkw;ghHit nra;tjw;F.
(k) ntt;NtW njhopw;ghl;L kl;lq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlHghly;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F.
nghJthd nrayhw;Wif kjpg;gPl;bd; tiuaiwfs; tUkhW.
Gbepiy 1 kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd mbg;gil milahsq;fis mwpjy;> mNefkhf Ntiy kjpg;gPl;il xj;jpUj;jy;> nraw;ghl;L tpjpKiwfs;>egH gw;wpa tpguf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;
gbepiy 2 Jizepiy Kfhikahsupdhy; nrayhw;Wif kjpg;gPl;L mwpf;if jahupf;fg;gly;. rpyKiwfspy; kjpg;gpLgtUk;> kjpg;gpw;F cl;gLgtUkhf NrHe;J mwpf;iffis jahupg;gghHfs;. me;j kjpg;gPl;lwpf;ifahdJ me;NeuNk xg;gpl;L ghHf;fg;gLk;.
gbepiy 3 xU kjpg;gPl;L Ngl;bapy; ghHitapd;; khw;wq;fspdhy; nrayhw;Wif mwpf;iffs;> Kd;Ndw;w ,yf;Ffs;> gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jPHTfs; vd;gd gupkhwg;gLk;.
gbepiy 4 kjpg;gplg;gLgtupd; kjp;g;gPlhdJ mtuJ Neub Nkw;ghHitahsupdhy; guprPypf;fg;gLk;. mjdhy; kjpg;gpl;bw;F cl;gLgtH NtnwhU egupd; gz;Gfs;njhlHgpy; jg;ngz;zk; nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. nghJthd KiwaPLfs; mDkjpf;fg;glyhk;. NjitNaw;gLkplj;J eLepiy Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nrad;Kiwfs; epWtg;gLk;.
Gbepiy 5 nraw;wpl;lq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLtJk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJk; Nehf;fj;jpid miltjw;fhfTk;; khw;wq;ffSf;F cld;gL;tjw;fhfTk; MFk;
Gbepiy 6 njhlHr;rpahd Nkw;ghHitahdJ nraw;wpl;lq;fspDhlhf eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gLk;.
2.16.2 gapw;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk; (Training and Development)
gpd;tUk; nfhs;iffs; rpwe;j fw;wy; jpl;lj;jpw;F cWJizahFk;.
nfhs;iffs; tpsf;fq;fs;
gq;Nfw;gtH fl;lhakhf jpwd;fs;> jpwikfs;;> mwpTfisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; kw;Wk; fw;gjw;Fk; MHtkhapUj;jy;
fz;Nzhl;lk; fz;Nzhl;lkhdJ fw;gjw;F Kd;dH Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpid miltjw;F toptFf;Fkh vd;gjid vjpHT $wy;
fUj;Jf;fs; gq;Nfw;gtH Jy;ypakhdJk;> cupa Neuj;jpYk; jd;Dila Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhfTk;fUj;Jf;fid ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; eilKiwfSf;FCf;Fg;Gf;fis toq;Ftjd; fhuzkhf mjpf tYT+l;lg;gLfpwJ. ,it Gfo; my;yJ njhl;Lzuf;$ba nghUl;fs; cjhuzkhf rhd;wpjo; vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
334 CA Sri Lanka
nraypy; <LghL
Nfl;ly; my;yJ thrpg;gjid tpl ntw;wpfukhf fw;wypdhNyNa mjpf gq;fpid <LgLj;j KbAk;.
fw;wy; tisT gapw;rpahdJ fl;lhakhf cz;ikapid gpujpgypf;Fk;. rpy jpwd;fis tpiuthf gw;wpf;nfhs;s KbtJld; rpyNtisfspy; rpyH Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F NeuKk; vLf;Fk;. ntspaPlhdJvt;NtisapYk; njhlHr;rpahf xNu msthf fhzg;glkhl;lhJ.
Ntiy tptuzk; gapw;rpahdJ cz;ikapy; Ntiyapid ,yFthf;FtJld; gpur;ridfis Fiwg;ggjid epr;rag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJld; Gjpa topKiwfis mwptpDhlhf ifahs;tjidAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
gapw;rpapdhYk; Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lq;fspdhYk; xU epWtdj;jpw;F fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs; fPo;tUk; ml;ltizapDhlhf fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
ed;ikfs; fUj;Jf;fs;
fw;wy; nrytpidf; Fiwf;Fk; epWtdj;jpw;F Njitg;gLk; El;gq;fis fz;lwpjy;
gapw;rpAk; Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lq;fSk; CopaHfisAk;> epWtdj;jpidAk; cWjpg;gLj;JtJld; Njitahd El;gq;fis toq;fp tpahghu tpA+fj;jpid toq;Ffpd;wJ.
Fiwe;j nrytpy; $ba cw;gj;jp
rpy kdpjHfs; caHe;j kl;lj;jpyhd gapw;rpfs; caHe;j kl;lj;jpyhd cw;gj;jpapid ntspg;gLj;Jk; vd;gJ ,jid NIHkdpapdupd; fUj;jhFk; ,jid If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; cw;gj;jpahsHfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
Fiwe;j tpgj;Jf;fSk; epiwthd clw;jFjpAk; ghJfhg;Gk;
njhopy; toq;FdHfs; njhopyhspfSf;F tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJ my;yJ njhlHr;rpahf Ntiyapid Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahj NghJ ghJfhg;gpid toq;fpdH.
Fiwe;jstpyhd tpupthd fz;fhzpg;G
njhopyhsHfs; gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; mtHfs; njhopypid rpwg;ghf Mw;WtH> mj;Jld; KfhikahsHfs; NtW tplaq;fspd; jq;fsJ ftdj;ij nrYj;j KbAk;. gapw;rpahdJ xU mjpfhukspf;Fk; Njhw;wkhFk;.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
335CA Sri Lanka
Benefit Commentnefpo;Tj;jd;ik gapw;rpahdJ njhopyhsHfs; gy;NtW tpjkhd El;gq;fis
nfhz;bUg;gjid cWjpg;gLj;jTk; njhopyhsHfs; jpwk;gl gapw;wg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs; vd;gjw;F gy;NtW jpwd;; xd;Nw NghJkhdJ
epakdq;fSk; Kiwahd jpl;lkplYk;
gapw;rpAk; Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fSk; Gjpa CopaHfis <Hf;f KbtJld; epWtdk; nghUj;jkhd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpidAk; njhopEl;gtpayhsHfisAk; CopaHfs; ,isg;ghWk; NghJk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbak;.
khw;w Kfhikj;Jtk;
CpoaHfs; ,iltpyFtjdhYk;> Vd; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ vd;gjid mwptjw;Fk; mjid mtHfs; rkhspf;f $ba tpjj;jpYk; jpwd;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk; gapw;rpahdJ epWtdj;jpw;F cjtpGupfpd;wJ.
epWtd fyhr;rhuk;
gapw;rp jpl;lq;fs; epWtd fyhr;rhuj;jpid fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ my;yJ gy topfisRl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ ,jdhy; mjd; epr;rakhd ngWkjp ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
gapw;rp jpl;lq;fspd; %yk; CopaHfSf;fpilNaAk;> KfhikahsHfSf;fpilNaAk; gy;NtWgl;l ,lq;fspy; tpahghuj;jpy; cwTfs; fl;banOg;gg;gLfpd;wd.
Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; gapw;rpj; jpl;lq;fspd; %yk;; epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;fpid miltjw;fhd nghWg;Gf;fs; mjpfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
jdpg;gl;l CopaHfSf;F gapw;rp newpapd; ed;ikAk; Kd;Ndw;wKk; kpfTk; njspthdjhFk;> vd;gJld; rpy kWg;Gf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ed;ikfs; fUj;Jf;fs;
mjpfupj;j Ntiyj;jpwd;fs;
Fwpg;ghf jw;Nghija Ntiyapy; njhlHGglhtpl;lhYk; $l> gapw;rpahdJ mLj;j nraw;ghl;bw;F kpfTk; mtrpak; tha;e;jjhFk;> mj;Jld; CopaH vjpHfhyj;jpy; njhopy; toq;Fdiu ftHtjw;Fk; mjpf caHr;rpapid miltjw;FkhFk;.
ngsjPftpay; ed;ikfs;
gapYdHfs; fl;lhakhf mtHfs; jq;fsJ epWtdj;jpw;F xU njhlHr;rpahd ngWkjp tha;e;jtHfs; vd czHthHfs;
r%f ed;ikfs; kf;fs; gapw;rp newpfspdhy; gy r%f ed;ikfis milfpwhHfs;. mj;Jld mtHfs;; tiyaikg;Gf;fs; Clhf njhlHGfis Kd;Ndw;WfpwhHfs;.
Ntiy gapw;rpahdJ njhopyhsHfs; jq;fsJ Ntiyfis jpwk;gl Nkw;nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf NtiyjpUg;jp mjpfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 336
KiwrhH gapw;rp Kiwfspy; cs;slq;Fgit gpd;tUkhW:
(a) cs;sf fw;iffs; epWtdj;jpw;Fs;NsNa gapw;rp mYtyfj;jpdhy; my;yJVida CopaHfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk;.
(b) ntspaf fw;iffs; (cs;sf ntspaf epiyfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ) ntspepWtdq;fspdhy; elhj;jg;gLk;.
(c) gue;jstpyhd ntt;NtW gapw;rp newpKiwfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(i) xU ehs; tpLtpg;G : mYtyfH epWtdj;jpw;Fs; flikapidNkw;nfhs;thH. Mdhy; xt;nthU thu ,WjpapYk; xU ehs; cs;sfepWtdj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ gapw;rp epiyaj;jpw;Nfh fl;Lg;gl;Lgapw;rpf;fhf rKfk; nfhLg;ghH.
(ii) Jhuf; fw;wy;> khiy Neu tFg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; jghy; %yfw;iffs;>,it jdpg;gl;ltHfspd; Nfhupf;iffSf;F mikthfmYtyf Neuj;jpw;F Gwk;ghfTk; mikAk;.
(iii) njhopy;rhHe;j guPl;irf;fhd kPsha;Tf; fw;if newpfs;
(iv) njhFjp ntspaPl;L fw;iffs;> ,it ehd;F thuq;fSf;F xUfy;YhupapNyNah my;yJ gapw;rp epiyaq;fspNyh Fwpg;gpl;lfhyq;fSf;F NtiyapypUe;J tpyf;fg;gl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
(v) rhd;tpl;]; (Sandwich) fw;iffs;> toikahf ,J MW khjfhyj;ijf; nfhz;l xU fy;Yhupapyhd fw;ifahFk;> mjd; gpd; MWkhjq;fSf;F NtiyAlDk; khwp khwp njhlHr;rpahf ,uz;L my;yJ%d;W tUlj;jpw;F eilngWk;.
(vi) MjuTldhd KO Neu fw;if xU gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; xUtUlj;jpw;F my;yJ ,uz;L tUlj;jpw;F fw;wy;.
Ntiyapd; Nghjhd gapw;rpfs; gue;jstpyhd nraw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. xU njhopyhsp ,d;DnkhU njhopyhspapd; epoypd; fPo; jq;fpapUf;Fk; nghJthd KiwahFk;. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ek;gpf;ifahd mwpTiuahsH mLj;jtUf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;bUg;ghH.
Ntiyapd; Nghjhd gapw;rpfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
(a) nray; tpsf;fk;/fw;gpj;jy;; : gapYdH vt;thW Ntiyapid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whH vd;Wk; vt;thW ,jd; %yk; vd;d gaid milfpd;whH vd;gjidAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk;. ,J xU egH vt;tplaj;jpidr; nrhy;fpd;whH vd;gjidAk; vd;d tplaj;jpidf; fhz;gpf;fpwhH vd;gjidAk; jf;f Clf ghtid %yk; ntspg;gLj;JthH;. gapYdH gapw;Wtpg;gtiug; Nghd;W ghtid nra;tJld; Nfs;tpfisAk; Nfl;ghH.
(b) gapw;rpaspg;G: gapYdH mDgtk; tha;e;j njhopyhsH xUtupd; topfhl;lypd; fPo; mkHj;jg;gLthH mtH gapYdUf;F vt;thW Ntiyia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd fhz;gpg;ghH. gapw;rpahsH fl;lhakhf:
(i) fw;iffspd; ,yf;Ffis epWTjy;
(ii) Kiwahd fw;ifapid jpl;lkplYk; mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fSk;
(iii) gapYdupd; mwpitAk;> mDgtj;ijAk; tpupTgLj;Jtjw;F tha;g;Gf;fis milahsk; fhzy;.
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(iv) gapYdupd; gyq;fisAk;> tiuaiwfisAk; fzf;fpy; vLj;jy;
(v) fUj;Jf;fis gupkhw;wk; nra;jy;
(c) Ntiy Row;rp: gapYdUf;F gyjug;gl;l Ntiyfs; mLj;jLj;Jtoq;fg;gLjy;> ,jdhy; gue;jstpyhd nraw;ghLfspd; mDgtj;jpidtsHj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
(d) jw;fhypf gjtpAaHT: xt;nthUtUk;; jdJ Nkyjpfhup tUif juhjtplj;Jmtupd; ,lj;jpw;F gjtpAaH;j;jg;gLtjidf; Fwpf;Fk;.
(e) gjtpepiyf;F cjtp nra;jy;: xU fdp\;l epiy KfhikahsH ey;ynjhUrhj;jpakhd epiyf;F epakpf;fg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf epiwNtw;WKfhikahsUf;F my;yJ NtnwhU epHthf ,af;FdUf;F cjtpahf,Uj;jy;.
(f) nraw;ghl;L fw;iffs;: KfhikahsHfs; FO xd;W NrHe;J xUcz;ikahd gpur;rpidapid MNyhrfu; xUtupd; cjtpAld; jPHj;jy;MFk;> mtH Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwapidAk; cz;ikapy; vd;d ele;jJvd;gjidAk; njspTgLj;JthH.
(g) nraw;FOf;fs;: Gupe;JzHitAk; mYtyf cs;sf cwTKiwfisapidAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L gapYdHfs; fl;lhakhfnraw;FOf;fspy; mq;fj;jtHfshf cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(h) jpl;l Ntiyfs;: xU jpl;lj;jpy; kw;wtHfSld; ,ize;J NtiyapidNkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ gapYdiuAk; xU epWtdj;jpd; mLj;jg; gFjpapduhfntspg;gLj;j KbAk;.
2.16.3 njhopy; Kfhikj;Jtk; (Career Management)
njhopy; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ xU El;gkhFk;. epWtdj;jpYs;s xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfspdJk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fis mtHfsJ vz;zq;fspd; ,aysTf;Nfw;g Ntiyf;F Ntiy jpl;lkpl;L; epWtdj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;g gad;gLj;JthFk;.
njhopy; Kfhikj;JtkhdJ xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfspdJk; epWtdj;jpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(a) ,J epWtdj;jpy; vjpHghHj;J fhj;jpUf;Fk; KfhikahsHfisepr;rag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fpil uPjpahd my;yJ fpilkl;l uPjpahdepHthfj;jpw;F Fwpg;gpl;lstpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ> nghWg;Gf;F jhTk; NghJ fdp\;l CopaHfsplkpUe;J rpNu\;l epiyf;F gue;jstpYk; epWtdj;jpd; tpupthd gbepiyf;Fk; cjTfpwJ.
(b) CopaHfs; rupahd gapw;rpapid ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjd; %yk;mtHfsJ jpwd;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;J mjid Ntiyapy;gad;gLj;Jtjw;F epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;if tplaq;;fSf;Nfw;g> njhopy;Kfhikj;Jtk; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ> rhj;jpakhd NghJ epWtdj;jpd;cs;Ns Cf;Ftpg;gpid toq;Ftjw;Fk;> ntspahsHfs; thliff;FmkHj;jg;gLtjid vjpHg;gjw;Fk; MFk;.
ngaustpyhd epWtdq;fs; jH;f;f uPjpahfj; jPtpukilAk; xt;nthUtupdJk; gbepiyapDhlhf mtHfsJ Nkyjpf Neu Ntiyf;Nfw;g toq;Ftjw;F jpl;lkplg;gLfpwJ. Nehf;fkhdJ nghUj;jkhd khw;wj;jpid ( mDgtj;jpw;Nfw;gTk;> jpwikf;Nfw;gTk;) Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Njitahd epiyapy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJld; mjw;F Nkyjpfkhf mtHfis vjpHfhyj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; itj;Js;sJ.
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mLj;jLj;JtUk; jpl;lkplypd; mD$yq;fs;
mLj;jLj;JtUk; jpl;lkp;ypd; gpujp$yq;fs;
tpsk;guk; nra;tjid tpl my;yJ KftHfis gad;gLj;Jtjid tpl rpf;fdkhdJ.
ngupaytpyhd Ml;NrHg;G Nkk;ghl;bid cUthf;f jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;tJk;> Cf;Ftpg;gJk; fbdkhFk;
njhopy; mikg;ig mgptpUj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.
,sk; cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; epWtdj;jpd; caH kl;lj;jpw;F tUtJ Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
CopaHfis Cf;Ftpj;jy; mit fhzf;$ba ntFkjpfshFk; (mgptpUj;jpiavy;NyhuhYk; ghHf;f KbAk;)
ntw;wplq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;dNu nghUj;jkhd gjpyPLfs; gjtpAaHTf;F Maj;jg;gLthHfs;
ePz;l ehl;fs; gzpGhpe;j Copah;fs; gjtpAah;T toq;fg;gl;lhYk;> epWtdf; fyhrhuj;jpid guhkhpf;fpd;wJ.
nghUj;jkhd gpujpaPLfs; gjtpAah;Tf;F tUtjw;F Kd;dNuNa ntw;wplq;fs; voyhk;.
,J jHf;fuPjpahdJk;>gFj;jwpthdJk; MFk;
jpl;lkply; Njitg;ghLfs; %ytsq;fis epHtfpf;fpd;wJ
tho;Tf;fhf Ntiy mjpfupj;jstpy; vjpHfhyj;jpy; fhyhtjpahd fUj;Jf;fis nfhz;bUg;gJld; jpwikahd CopaHfs; tpyFtjw;F Kd;dNu ntw;wplq;fs; Njhd;Wk;.
2.17 Cf;Ftpg;G Kfhikj;Jtk; (Reward Management)
ehk; rk;gsq;fs; njhlHg;py; jPHkhdk; vLj;jy; gw;wpAk; Nkyjpf jfty; gw;wpAk; gpd;dH fye;JiuahLNthk;> Mdhy; jw;NghJ nghJthd mwpKfj;ijAk; vg;gb rk;gsq;fSk; Cf;Ftpg;G gapw;rpfSk; toq;Ftjw;F jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjidAk; Muhayhk;.
Mk;];Nuhq; kw;Wk; KHyp]; (1998) gzpahsHfSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfs; ,uz;L cWg;Gfis nfhz;lit vd njuptpj;jdH.
nfhLg;gdT Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd ntFkjpfis Kd;Ndw;wjjpw;fhfTk Cf;Ftpg;ghfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;
ed;ikfs;> cjhuzkhf Xa;T+jpaq;fs;> epWtdj;jpd; fhH kw;Wk; itj;jpafhg;GWjpfs;
epWtd (je;jpNuhghak;) kl;lj;jpy;> nfhLg;gdT Kiwfs; gpd;tUk; ,yf;Ffisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
epakdj;jpd; NghJ cjtpaspj;jy;
CopaHfis jf;f itg;gJ
CopaHfSf;fhd nrayhw;Wiff;F Cf;Ftpg;gspj;jy;
Kfhikj;Jt kl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW ghtpf;fg;gLk;:
CopaHfis jf;f itg;gJk; nghUj;jkhd juj;jpy; ftHtJk;
Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis CopaHfSf;F NeHikahfTk;njhlHr;rpahfTk; toq;fy;
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NkYk; epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fika Nghl;bf;fhd ntFkjpfis toq;Fjy;
nrayhw;Wifapid Cf;Ftpj;jYk; mgptpUj;jpf;F Clhf Kd;NdWjYk;
nraw;wpwd; ,y;yhj fhuzpfis milahsk; fhzy;jpwd; kw;Wk; jFjpfs;
rk;gsq;fs; nryTfs; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sjid cWjpg;gLj;jy;
2.17.1 nfhLg;gdT Kfhikj;Jtk; (Pay Management)
nghJthd nfhLg;gdT mikg;G tiffs; gpd;tUkhW:
juq;fs;: nfhLg;gdT tPjq;fs; Ntiy kl;lq;fspd; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l vy;iyfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
mfd;w miyf;fw;iw mikg;Gf;fs; (Broad–Banded)toikahf vy;yhnjhopyhsH kl;lj;jpdiuAk; vOJdupypUe;J rpNu\;l KfhikahsH tiu#o;e;J fhzg;gLk;. nfhLg;gdT tPjq;fs; nghJthf juq;fspd; mikg;gpidtpl caHthdJ.
jdpg;gl;lit. nfhLg;gdT miyf;fw;iwf;;F khw;wPlhf jdpg;gl;litfSf;F
xJf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J rpNu\;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; epiyf;Fk;; Nkyjpf /
Fiwthd nfhLg;gdT gpur;rpidfis jtpHg;gjw;Fk; juq;fs; Kbtpidg;ngw;Wj; jUfpd;wJ.
Ntiy FLk;g mikg;Gfs;. Ntiyfs; Fwpg;gpl;l njhopw;ghLfshFk;fzf;fhsH kdpj tsj;jpdH xNu FLk;g mq;fj;jpdiug; Nghd;Wxd;wpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. NtiyahdJ fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g jpwdpd; mstpidAk;my;yJ nghWg;Gf;fs; (fzf;fhsH njhopy; El;gtpayhsH kw;Wk;Kfhikj;Jt fzf;fhsiug; Nghd;W) nfhLg;gdthdJ mjw;fpzq;fjPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhLg;gdT my;yJ njhopy; / KjpHr;rp tisTfs;: ,it epr;rakhdgq;fpid milahsg;gLj;Jk;. nfhLg;gdthdJ fl;lhakhf Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;FNeHikahd Kiwapy; xJf;fg;gLfpd;wJ> tpN\lkhf ,q;F mwpT my;yJmDgtk; gpujhd gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ.
cldb jPHT Nkw;nfhs; tpiy: tpiyf; nfhLg;gdthdJ tpN\lj;JtkhdNtiyf;F mbf;fb re;ij tpiyAld; ,izf;fg;gLtjw;fhfxJf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpiyf;fhd fhyk;: tpiyf; nfhLg;gdthdJ my;yJ nfhLg;gdT milg;Gf;fs; njhopyhsHfspd; tajpd; mbg;gilapy; xJf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhLg;gdT KJnfYk;G MdJ tfpgq;Ffspd; tPr;nry;iyf;Fs; nghJthf,J gpujhdkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ murhq;f epWtdj;jpdhy;gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mitfs; rk;gs caHr;rp Gs;spAld; fPo;kl;lj;jpypUe;JNky; kl;lk; tiuf;Fkhd nfhLg;gdT NtiyfSld; njhlHGiladthffhzg;gLk;. rk;gs msTj; jpl;lq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l NtiyfSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;lepr;rapf;fg;gl;l nfhLg;gdit KJnfYk;G nfhLg;gdTld; njhlHGilajhffhzg;gLk;.
cly; ciog;gpw;fhd nfhLg;gdT mikg;Gf;fs;: epWtdj;jpidg; nghWj;jtiuapy; cly; ciog;gpid Nkw;nfhs;gtHfisAk;> Vida Ntiyfis Nkw;nfhs;gtHfisAk; tpj;jpahrj;jpidf; nfhz;L milahsg;gLj;j KbAk;. cz;ikahd tpj;jpahrkhdJ El;gq;fis tpj;jpahrkhf ntspg;gLj;JtjpYk; nghWg;Gf;fspYk; ,Ue;J NtWgLfpd;wJ. ,y;iynadpy; mitfs; NtW nfhLg;gdT mikg;Gf;fSf;F xj;jitahf fhzg;gLk;.
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xUq;fpize;j mikg;Gf;fs;: rpNu\;l Kfhikahsiuj; jtpuxNu jug;gLj;Jk;KiwahdJ vy;yh CopaHfSf;Fk; NrHj;J gad;gLfpwJ. mitfs;njhopyhsHfSf;F nfhLg;gdit Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; tuyhw;W uPjpapyhdNtWgl;l xg;ge;jq;fspd; fPo; mbf;fb gad;;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhLg;gdT tpj;jpahrq;fshdJ mbf;fb Kf;fpakhf njhopyhsHfspd; rk;gsj;jpdhy; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xU epWtdj;jpd; fl;lhakhf re;ij tpiyapidAk; mjd; gq;fpidAk; jPHkhzpf;fg;gl;l nfhs;ifapidAk; mJ vt;thW nfhLg;gdT kl;lq;fSf;F fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; mJ vt;thW re;ijapy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; nfhLg;gdT tpj;jpahrj;jpid fzpg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
2.17.2 Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; (Incentive schemes)Cf;Ftpg;G jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhdJ nrayhw;Wif Kd;Ndw;wq;fis mjDld; njhlHGila Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fshy; Kd;Ndw;WtjhFk;. ,jd; nrayhw;Wif Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; gy;NtW topfspy; tpisTfis ngw;Wj;jUk; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
(a) Copa mq;fj;jtHfs; Kaw;rpAlDk; ftdkhfTk; mtHfSf;F kpf
Kf;fpakhf vd;d Njitg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ –
nrayhw;Wif
(b) nghWg;Gf;fSk; Cf;Ftpg;Gk; mjpfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ fyhr;rhuj; jilfs; Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F ,J Fwpg;ghf Kf;fpaj;JthdJ.
(c) rhjidahdJ jdpj;jdpahd Kaw;rpfspd; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ>Ml;NrHg;gpd; NghJk; caH juk; tha;e;j njhopyhsHfis itj;jpUf;Fk;NghJk; mD$ykhFk;.
xU Nkyjpf ed;ikahf mjhtJ njhopyhsH nyythdJ epWtdj;jpd; nrayhw;WifAld; njhlHG gl;ljhf fhzg;gLk;. jpl;lq;fs; jdpegH nrayhw;Wifahf my;yJ FO uPjpahd nrayhw;Wif mbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLk;.
jdpj;jdp jpl;lq;fs; nghJthdJk; NtiyahdJ jdpj;jdpahdjhf mj;jpahtrpag;gLk; NghJk; xU jdpegupahy; ntspaplg;gLk; ntspaPl;bid ,yFthf milahsg;gLj;jf;$bajhfTk; fzpg;gplf;$bajhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. vt;thwhapDk; mNef NtiyfshdJ FOf;fspDhlhfNt Nkw;nfhs;sg; gLfpd;wJ mj;Jld; xt;nthUtupdJk; ntspaPl;bid mstpLtJ vd;gJ fbdkhf mikfpd;wJ. mt;thwhd NtiyfshdJ FO Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jpl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2.17.3 nkhj;j Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;(Total Reward System)
xU nkhj;j Cf;ftpg;Gj; jpl;lk; my;yJ njhFjp my;yJ nghjpahdJ gzkhfNth my;yJ gzk; my;yhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fshfNth CopaHfSf;F fpilf;fpd;wJ.
nkhj;j Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfs;vy;yhUk; tpj;jpahrkhdtHfs; vd;gJld; gzg;ngWkjpapdhy; Cf;Ftpf;f KbahJ vd;gjid ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,e;j cz;ikahdJ xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfSk; mtHfsJ rk;gs nghjpf;F gjpyhf ftHr;rpfukhdjhf fhzg;gLtNjhL njhopyhsHfshYk; tpUk;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
Carrington (2004) rhujpfspdJ Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlHgpy; nkhj;j Cf;Ftpg;Gj;
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jpl;lj;jpid fz;Lgpbj;jhH. me;j Kf;fpa rhujp xUtupd; jpwid tifg;gLj;jp 1990 fspy; jpwd; NghUf;F fhuzkhf;fp epWtdq;fs; CopaHfis ftHtjw;F $ba Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid ntspg;gLj;jpdhH. ,Nj Ntisapy; gy epWtdq;fs; Nehf;fj;jpidAk; fyhr;rhuj;jpidAk; Kd;Ndw;WtJ ,e;jj; jpl;lq;fs; Nkyjpfkhf cjtp Gupfpd;wJ.
nefpo;Tj; jd;ik tha;e;j ed;ikfs;; CopaHfSf;F Cf;Ftpg;gspf;Fk; ,d;Dk; xU KiwahFk;. epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fshdJ vjpHfhyj;jpy; $Ljyhf
my;yJ Fiwthf gpurpj;jkhd Nkyjpf Neuj;ij Prickett (2006) fz;Lgpbj;jhH mitfs; tsHr;rp> epiyj;jpUj;jy; kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wk; vd;gtw;wpw;F gpurpj;jkhFk;.
tsHr;rp epiyj;jpUj;jy; ntspNaWjy;
Jtpr;rf;fu tz;bfs; jdpg;gl;l ghtidf;F re;ijf;F nry;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; Milapid Rj;jg;gLj;Jtjw;F nry;tjw;Fk;
jq;f gu#l;Lf;fs; (CopaH cld;gLjy;; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kf;fpakhd ed;ikfs; njhopy; toq;Fduhy; jLj;J ,ilepWj;jg;gLk;)
Foe;ij guhkupg;G nfhs;tdT cWjpr;rPl;Lf;fs;
Nkyjpf jpl;lq;fs;
fzpdpfs; clw;Rfhjhu kw;Wk; gw;fSf;fhd
fhg;GWjp
jpl;lq;fis gq;fpLjy;
nefpo;r;rp tha;e;j Xa;T+jpaj; jpl;lq;fs; ( tup jpl;lq;fs;)
clw; guhkupg;G mq;fj;Jtk;
,Wjp rk;gsk; Xa;T+jpaj; jpl;lq;fs;
cjhuzkhf Vida fhRf;F gjpyhd ed;ikfs; ,it gpd;tUkhW fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ:
gapw;rpfs;
nefpo;r;rpahd Ntiy kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
tPl;bypUe;jthW Ntiyapid Nkw;nfhs;sy;
Ntiy Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;
fk;gdpapd; gpd;njhlh;f;ifahd gRikfs; my;yJ xOf;f newpf; nfhs;iffs;(,j;jifa tplaq;fspy; gykhd vz;zq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jdpegh;fspd;fth;r;rp.
2.18 njhopyhsH cwTKiwfs; (Labour Relations)kdjpts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; xU gFjpahFk; ,J cwTKiwfis CopaHfSld; fl;bnaOg;GtijAk;; NgDtijAk; epr;rag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. gpd;tUk; gFjpfs; Fwpg;ghf njhlHGgl;litahFk;.
2.18.1 xOf;fhw;W eilKiwfs;(disciplinary procedure)
Fiwe;j ntspaPLfs; my;yJ JHelj;ijfshy; Vw;gLk; gy rpwpa tof;FfSf;F nghJthd MNyhridfs;> topfhl;ly;fs; my;yJ Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;fs; vd;gd rpwg;ghf nghUe;Jk;. ,e;jg; gpur;rpidfs; njhlUk;; NghJ rhjhuz xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F jPhkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs;
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 342
toikahf njhlHr;rpahd gbKiwfshFk;> Kw;Nghf;fhd gjpy;fis gpujpgypf;Fk;.
(a) Kjy; vr;rupf;if: Kjy; vr;rupf;ifahdJ tha;%ykhfNth my;yJ vOj;J%ykhfNth epfo;tpd;; jPtpuj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
(i) tha;nkhop %ykhd vr;rupf;if Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzj;ijnfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ Kjyhtjhf tbtkhf;fg;gl;L xOf;fhw;W eilKiwfis gw;wpAk; tpdf;fkhfTk; Nkd;KiwaPL cupik gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fisAk; mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vr;rupf;if gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fis Nfhitapy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; Mdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F fUj;jpw; nfhs;sf; $lhJ> MW khjk; fhyk; tiu.
(ii) Kjy; vOj;J %ykhd vr;rupf;if Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpf;fyhdepfo;TfSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J njhopyhspf;F mwptpf;fg;gl;Lmtupd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wJ mjd; %yk;jpUg;jpNaw;glhtpbd; vOj;J %ykhd vr;rupf;if tpl ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. KjyhtJ vOj;J %ykhd vr;rupf;if fl;lhakhf xU Nfhitapy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F fUj;jpw; nfhs;sf; $lhJ> 12 khjk; fhyk; tiu.
(b) ,Wjp vOj;J %ykhd vr;rupf;if. Vw;fdNt mwpTWj;jy; toq;fg;gl;L,Ue;J mjd; %yk; NghJkhd Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Vw;gltpy;iyahapd;> ,WjpvOj;J %ykhd vr;rupf;if toq;fg;gLk;.
,Wjp epiy xOf;fhw;W eilKiw jilfis tpjpj;jy; MFk;.
(a) nfhLg;gdtpd;wp ,ilepWj;jy;,e;j eltbf;if epr;rakhf mLj;jjhf epfoyhk;> CopaH kPz;Lkhf Fw;wk;,iof;Fk; NghJ mj;Jld; Vw;fdNt cs;s KbTfspd; gbepiyfs;jpUg;jpahd Kbtpid ngw;Wj; juhj NghJ ,J epfOk;.
(b) gjtpeP;f;fk;gjtp ePf;fk; vd;gJ njhopy; toq;Fduhy; NtiyapypUe;J tpyf;Fjy;MFk;. xU Copaiu tpyf;Fjy; mtUila xg;ge;jj;jpy; fl;lhakhfgpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F mikthf rupahd eilKiwapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fNtz;Lk;> ,y;yhtpbd; el;l <L Nfhug;glyhk;.
ePf;fj;jpw;fhd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glf;$ba fhuzq;fs;
elj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Kbahj elj;ij
vr;rupf;iff;F/MNyhridf;F gpd;dUk; njhlUk; NghJ
jpwd; CopaH gq;fpid tfpg;gjw;F Nghjpa jpwd;,y;yhjtplj;J (Nghjpa topfhl;ly;fs;>gapw;rpfSf;F gpd;dUk;)
rl;lG+Ht flikia kPwy;
Copaupd; cwTKiwfshy; mjhtJ CopaHrl;lG+Ht flikia kPWtJ njhlUk; NghJ
Vida NghJkhd fhuzpfs;
NeHikapd;ik
ek;gpf;ifia ,oj;jy;
kpifik tpahghuj;jpypUe;J epWj;jk;
tpahghuj;jpd; miktplk; khWjy;
njhopyhsHfspd; NtiyepWj;jk;gjtpeP;f;fk; xU xof;fhw;W eilKiwapy; xU fLikahd eltbf;ifahFk;> mj;Jld; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fLikahd Fw;wj;jpw;fhf
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
343CA Sri Lanka
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epWtdj;jpw;F> ,J njhopyhsH ts ,og;gpw;F fhuzkhfpd;wJ> Gjpa CopaHfis gapw;Wtpg;gjw;F nrytpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ> ,j;Jld; cUthf;fpapUe;j njhopyhsH Ntiyf; FOf;fis khw;Wtjw;Fk;; mthfspd; rPH Fiotpw;Fk; fhuzkhfpd;wJ.
2.18.2 Fiwfis ifashSjy;xU Fiw Vw;gLk; NghJ xt;nthU jdpg;gl;ltHfspdJ epidTfSk; mJ mtiu mtHfsJ rf CopaHfspdhy; my;yJ Nkw;ghHitahsHfspdhy; gpioahf vz;ZfpwhHfNsh vdj; Njhd;Wk;. mjdhy; njhopy; cwthdJ rPHFioa fhuzkhfpd;wJ.
xt;nthU jdpg;gl;lthpd; njhlHgpy; Ntiyg;gOit Fiwg;gjid> tUlhe;j nrayhw;Wif mwpf;ifia Fiwg;gjid> gjtpAaHtpidj; jLg;gjid my;yJ jPHg;G toq;Ftjid fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
xUtH njhlHgpy; Fiwfis ifahSk; NghJ mtd; my;yJ mts; njhlHr;rpahf gpd;gw;WtJld; Fwpj;j gpur;rpid epiwtilAk; tiu Nfl;L njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
xUtUld; xUtH njhlh;gpyhd fye;Jiuahly; %yk; epiwT ngwhtpld;> Nkyjpf nghUj;jkhd mDFKiw mtrpakhdjhFk;. toikahd Fiwfis ifahSk; eilKiw gpd;tUk; gbepiyfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
Gbepiy 1 FiwahdJ ftdkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; cld; Nkw;ghHitahsupdhy; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; ( ,y;iy vdpy; mtNu Fwpj;j Kiwg;ghl;bw;F fhuzkhtJld;> ,JNt mLj;j fl;l eltbf;iff;F Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;). njhopyhsH > jdf;F Jiz Njitg;gbd; mtH jd;Dila rfhTld; my;yJ gpujpepjpnahUtUld; ,ize;JNeHKf ciuahlYf;F fye;J nfhs;syhk;.
gbepiy 2 cld; Nkw;ghHitahsupdhy; my;yJ NtW egHfspdhy; Fwpj;j gpur;rpidia jPHf;f KbahJtpbd;> my;yJ xU njhopyhsp KjyhtJ NeHKf ciuahlypd; NghJ jpUg;jpailahJtpbd;> me;j tof;F kWgbahf ,uz;lhk; epiy Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F khw;wg;gLk;. (mj;Jld; mtrpaNkw;gLkplj;J> rpy tof;Ffspy;> caH mjpfhupapdhy;)
gbepiy 3. tof;F caH Kfhikj;Jtj;jpdhy; khw;wg;gl;lhy; mJ jdpg;gl;l ( my;yJ kdpjts) jpizf;fsj;jpw;Fk; mwpf;ifaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;>
cjtpfSf;fhf / MNyhridf;fhf jdpg;gl;l KfhikahsH Fwpj;j gpur;riidapid jPH;j;J itf;fyhk;.
2.18.3 Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
Rfhjhuk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ey;tho;T vd;gd Ntiyj;jsj;jpid nghWj;jtiuapy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fhuzpfshFk;.
njhopyhsHfs; - kdpj Neak; cs;stHfshTk; - typfs;NtjidfspypUe;J ghJfhg;gtHfshfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
njhopy; toq;FdHfSk;> njhopyhsHfSk; rl;l flikfs; rhjfkhd
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 344
mstPLfis vLg;gjw;Fk; clw;ghJfhg;igAk;> ghJfhg;ghd Ntiyfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;FkhFk;.
tpgj;Jf;fs;> RfaPdq;fs; mj;Jld; NtW fhuzq;fshd njhopyhsHfspd;
tUifapd;ik / my;yJ njhopy; toq;Fdupd;; gytPdkhd ntspaPl;LnryTfs; gzq;fs;.
xU gue;jstpyhd nfhs;if njhopyhsHfspd; cly;eyj;ijAk; Rfhjhuj;ijAk; NgZtjw;Fk;;> mj;Jld; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; clikfisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> fl;lhakhf gpd;tUk; fhuzpfis nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tiuglk; 10.3: Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G tplq;fs;
njhopy; Rfhjhuk;
Ntiyr; #oy;
Ntiyr; #oy;
Ntiyr; #oy;
Ntiyr; #oy;
ghJfhg;G
Ntiyr; #oy;
rl;ljpl;lq;fs;cldhd,zf;fg;ghL
nghWg;G /<LghL
jfty; /fye;jhNyhrid
ghJfhg;G jPq;Ffis ,opthf;fy;
tpgj;J jLg;G jP jLg;G
jPq;Ffis,opthf;fy;
,lh;FOf;fspy;ghJfhg;G
Neh; Rfhjhuk;
MNuhf;fpak; Rfhjhuk;kw;Wk;ghJfhg;G
cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; MjuT
kf;fisg;ghJfhj;jy;
mtjhdk;
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
345CA Sri Lanka
3 kdpjts Kfhikapyhd njhopEl;g tpUj;jpfs;
kdpjtsj; njhopy;El;gkhdJ gpd;tUk; gFjpfspyhd ve;jnthU njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; xUq;fpizf;fpwJ:
• Copau;fis <u;j;jy;> gzpf;fku;j;jy; kw;Wk; / my;yJ jf;fitj;jy;
• kdpj tsq;fisg; guhkupj;jy;
• kdpjts epu;thfj;ij Mjupf;fTk;
• kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj;ij cr;rg;gLj;jy;
,e;jg; gpuptpy;> kdpjts Kfhikapy; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; rpy Kf;fpa Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; kdpjts KfhikapDs; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; ,aYikiag; ghh;f;fyhk;.
3.1 r%f Clfq;fs; (Social Media)
r%f Clfq;fs; kdpjtsg; gphpTfshy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld:>
ypq;f;l;,d; (LinkedIn) kw;Wk; KfE}y; (Facebook) Nghd;w jsq;fspd; Ml;Nru;g;gpd; Nghjhd gad;ghL ed;F mwpag;gl;ljhFk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> Ml;Nru;g;Gr; nrad;Kiwapy; tpz;zg;gjhhpfis milahsk; fz;L Muha;r;rp nra;tjw;F mg;ghYk; r%f Clfq;fs; kdpjtsg; gpuNahfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
Ntiy ,LiffSf;fhd ,yf;Fg; ghu;itahsu;fs; my;yJ gpw mikg;Gj; jfty;fis r%f Clf tiyaikg;Gf;fs;; %yk; vspjhf mZf Kbtjd; %yk; kdpjts ,yf;Ffis mila mDkjpf;fpwJ.
r%f Clfq;fs; ntw;wpf; fijfisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;fhd njhlughly; topKiwfis toq;Ffpd;wd. r%f Clfq;fspd; gy;Y}lf trjpfs; Gifg;glq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;> tiyg;gjpTfs; kw;Wk; fl;Liufis Mu;tKs;s jug;gpdUf;F tpiuthfj; njuptpf;f mDkjpf;fpd;wd.
,j;jifa topKiwfs; Ntiy NjLgtu;fshy; mikg;Gf;fspd; jfty;fisg; ngWk; %ykhf mbf;fb gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
njhopw;Jiwia ghjpf;Fk; nra;jpfs;> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ffs; ypq;f;l;,d; Nghd;w r%f Clf jsq;fspy; gutyhf gfpug;gLfpd;wd> ,J njhopy;Jiw Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghl;bahsu; mikg;Gfspd; nray;fisg;
,w;iw epiyapy; (up to date) itj;jpUg;gJ kdpjts ty;Yeu;fSf;Ftpiykjpg;gw;w %ykhf mikfpwJ.
Njhopw;Jiw kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila fl;rpfspy; cs;s kw;wtu;fSld; mwpTg; gfpu;T kw;Wk; tiyaikg;G cUthf;fk; Mfpait r%f tiyg;gpd;dy;
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tpUj;jpfs; mikg;gpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJld;> kdpjts Kfhikf;fhd ghhpa ,aw;jpwid toq;Ffpd;wd.
r%f Clfq;fspd; gaDWjpkpf;f gad;ghL> ngUe;juT> nka;epfu; kw;Wk; cUg;ngUj;j nka;epiy> Nkfj; njhopy;El;gk;> ,ae;jpuf; fw;wy; kw;Wk; tpisahl;L kakhf;fy;; Mfpait kdpjtsj; Jiwapy; Ml;Nru;g;G> gapw;rpaspj;jy;> ,zf;fg;ghL> njhlu;ghly;> juT Kfhik kw;Wk; gy gpuNahfq;fspy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 346
jsq;fspd; Kd;Dzh;Tkpf;f (pro-active) gad;ghl;bd; %yk; milag;glyhk;.
ypd;f;l;,d;> KfE}y; kw;Wk; gpw r%f Clf jsq;fspd; gpugyj;jd;ik mjpfupg;ghdJ njhlu;e;J tsu;e;J tUtjhy;> $l;Ltzpfg; gpuNahfq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F khw;whf ,j; jsq;fspd; gad;ghLfis xUq;fpizg;gij mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd mikg;Gf;fs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;wd.
3.2 ngUe;juT (Big Data)
ngUe;juT vd;gJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; fl;likf;fg;glhj jutpd; tsu;r;rpia
tptupf;fg; gad;gLk; nrhy; MFk;. ngUe;juTg; gFg;gha;tpay; (Bigdata analytics)
vd;gJ gue;j mstpyhd juTfspyhd Ez;zwpTfspd; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; milahsk; fhziyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
kdpjtsj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu> thbf;ifahsu;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sy;> ghu;itahsu;fisf; Fwpitg;gjw;fhd re;ijg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; tUq;fhy thbf;ifahsu;fs; kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fSld; njhlu;Gnfhs;tJ Mfpatw;wpy; ngUe;juT cjTk;. gpw njhopy;El;gq;fSld; ,ize;j tifapy; gad;gLj;jpdhy;> ngUe;juthdJ rpwe;j> mjpf jftywpe;j jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sYf;F toptFf;Fk; juitg; gw;wpa ey;y GupjiyAk; Ez;zwpitAk; ngw cjTk;. jw;Nghija Copau;fspd; cz;ik mbg;gilapyhd Nehf;fpid ,J toq;f KbAk;> ,J tsu;e;J tUk; Nghf;Ffis milahsk; fhz kdpjts Kfhikahsu;fSf;F cjtf;$Lk;. ngUe;juTg; gFg;gha;tpayhdJ Ml;Nru;g;G nra;gtu;fSf;F rhj;jpakhd Copau;fis kjpg;gpLtjw;Fk; rpwe;j ,lu; Kfhikj; jPhh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTk;.
3.3 nka;epfu; kw;Wk; cUg;ngUg;gpj;j nka;epiy (Virtual and
Augmented Reality) ,j; njhopy;El;gq;fspd; tpopg;Gzu;T kw;Wk; gpugyj;jd;ik njhlu;r;rpahf tsu;r;rpaile;J tUtjhy;> mit gzpaplj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gad;ghl:l vy;iyAk; mjpfupf;Fk;. gapw;rpaspj;jy; kw;Wk; $l;Ltzpf fw;wy; tplaq;fspy; mit kdpjtsj;Jf;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
Copau;fs; njhlh;GgLk; ve;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; fUtpfspd; Nky; nka;epfu; topKiwfis kpifg;gLj;j Kbtjhy;> Fwpg;ghf njhopy;Jiw R+oy;fSf;Fs; gapw;rpaspj;jypy; khw;wq;fisf; fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ.
3.4 Nkfj; njhopy;El;gk; (Cloud Technology)
Nkfj; njhopy;El;gkhdJ Kjd;ikahf 'nkd;nghUs; xU Nritahf' my;yJ
rh]; gpuNahfq;fs; (SaaS applications) topahf kdpjts Kfhikf;F gy tha;g;Gfis toq;FfpwJ.
rh]; gpuNahfk; vd;gJ nkd;nghUs; re;jh mbg;gilapy; nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;L ,izatopapy; mZfg;gLk; Nkfj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; xU
gpuNahfkhFk;. ed;F mwpag;gl;l> gpujhd rh]; gpuNahfq;fshf Microsoft Office
365, Dropbox kw;Wk; Netflix Mfpait cs;slq;Fk;.
etPd tzpfr; R+oypy;> rh]pd; gad;ghL ngUfpa Kiwapy; eilKiwapy; cs;sJld;> Kf;fpakhf juT Nrfupg;G kw;Wk; Nrkpg;gfj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kdpjts Kfhikf;F ed;ikfis toq;FfpwJ.
Nkfj; njhopy;El;gkhdJ vspjpy; Njlg;glj;jf;f kw;Wk; ,izatopapy; mZfj;jf;f ghhpa msTfspyhd ,yj;jpudpay;> ghJfhg;Gr; Nrkpg;gfj;jpid mDkjpf;fpwJ.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
347CA Sri Lanka
,J Copau; gjpTfs; kw;Wk; Vida gpujhd jfty;fs; Nghd;w Mtzq;fspd; ,og;gpd; %ykhd ,lhpidf; Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwdpyhd Nkk;ghL Kjypatw;wpy; tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jj;jf;f tifapy; Mtzq;fs; ,l mikTg;gLj;jTk; kPsg; ngwTkhd tpjkhf mr; nrad;Kiwfspd; Ntfj;ij mjpfhpg;gJld;; Mtzq;fspd; ngsjPf Nrkpj;jypd; mstpidf; fzprkhd mstpy; Fiwf;fpwJ.
kdpjtsj; juit ikag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nkfj; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;JjyhdJ mikg;G KOtJk; Ntiyg;gha;T kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfis newpg;gLj;j mDkjpf;Fk;.
kdpjtsj; Jiwapy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba Fwpg;gpl;l rh]; gpuNahfq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
• $fps; Mtzq;fs; (Google Docs) kw;Wk; $fps; gbtq;fs; (Google Forms).mikg;G KOtJk; jfty;fis vspjhfg; gfpu $fps; Mtzq;fs; cjTfpwJ.$fps; gbtq;fSld; ,ize;j tifapy; nraw;jpwd; kjpg;gha;Tnrad;Kiwapd; xU gFjpahf rhj;jpakhd kdpjtsg; gpuNahfk; fhzg;gLk;.$fps; gbtq;fs; xt;nthU CopaUf;Fk; kdpjtsg; gphptpypUe;J xU tpdhkw;Wk; gjpy; gbtj;ij mDg;g mDkjpf;Fk;. Copau;fspd; gjpy;fs; $fps;Mtz thu;g;GUtpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;L> njhlu;Gila KfhikahsUf;Fkjpg;gha;Tf;fhf kpd;dQ;ry; nra;tjd; %yk; ,e;j nrad;KiwiatpiuthfTk;> jpwikahfTk;> fhfpjkw;wjhfTk; Mf;FfpwJ.
• ypq;f;l;,d; Ml;Nru;g;G Nrit (LinkedIn Recruiting Service)>fpilg;gdthfTs;s gjtp ntw;wplq;fSld; nghUe;jf;$ba Ratptuq;fSldhd tpz;zg;gjhhpfis milahsk; fz;L Ml;Nru;g;G nra;a cjTjy;.
• mikg;G tpsf;fg;glq;fs; kw;Wk; kd-tiuglj;jpw;fhd GyDzh; ml;ltiz
(Lucidchart)
• %q;fpy;kdpjtsk; (BambooHR)> vd;gJ tpz;zg;gjhuu;fisf;fz;fhzpf;fTk;> Gjpa njhlf;f Copah;fSf;F Muk;gg; ghpr;raj;ijVw;gLj;jTk;> ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l Copah; juTj;jsk; kw;Wk; EioifiaepWtTk;> Copau; tho;f;if tl;lj;ij epu;tfpf;fTk; kw;Wk; gytw;wpw;Fk;cjTfpwJ.
3.5 ,ae;jpu fw;wy; (Machine Learning)
,ae;jpu fw;wy; vd;gJ gFg;gha;T khjpupfs; fzpjtpay; topKiwfs; topahf jhdhf cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w jhdpaq;F juT gFg;gha;tpd; xU tbtkhFk;.
,jd; nghUshdJ> xU ,ae;jpu fw;wy; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lkhdJ juTfspypUe;J fw;Wf; nfhz;L> Fwpg;ghf epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lkplhky; tbtq;fs;> ,izg;Gfis milahsk; fz;L> juitg; gw;wpa gpw Ez;zwpTfis toq;f KbAk; vd;gjhFk;.
jutpd; Muk;g gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba nraw;jpwd; kdpju;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lij tpl fzprkhf mjpfkhFk;. ,J Neuj;ij kPjg;gLj;j me;j Neuk; gpd;du; jPh;khdq;fspy; cau; kl;lg; gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf kpfTk; jpwk;gl gad;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;.
kdpjts Kfhikapy;> Ml;Nru;g;G nray;Kiwapy; ,ae;jpuf; fw;wy;
gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;> cjhuzkhf> PhenomPeople.com ,izaj; jskhdJ ,ae;jpuf; fw;wy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp re;ijg;gLj;jy; jdpg;gadhf;Fjy; nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; juT gFg;gha;Tfis Ml;Nru;g;G
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 348
nray;Kiwf;Fs; gad;gLj;j mDkjpf;fpwJ.
3.6 tpisahl;L kakhf;fy; (Gamification)tpisahl;L kakhf;fyhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l nrad;KiwfSf;F tpisahl;Lfspd; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffisg; gad;gLj;Jtij cs;slf;FfpwJ.
jdpegu;fs; xU tpisahl;il tpisahLk;NghJ> mtu;fs; mjpf mstpy; cs;thq;fg;gLthu;fs;> mjpf <LghL nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Ug;ghu;fs;> NkYk; rhjidfspd; cau; czu;it mDgtpg;ghu;fs; vd;w fUj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.
PwC `q;Nfup mjd; Ml;Nru;g;G gzpapy; tpisahl;L kakhf;fiy Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ghj;jpuq;fspy; Njitg;gLk; rpf;fy;fisj; jPu;g;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tUq;fhy tpz;zg;gjhhpfs; mzpfs; kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lfshf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;ldu;. tpisahl;il tpisahba me;j tpz;zg;gjhhpfs; Neu;fhzypy; rpwg;ghf nraw;gl;lJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. ,e;j tpisahl;L mikg;Gf;;fspd; fyhr;rhuj;ij cUtfg;gLj;jpajhy;> mtu;fs; Gjpa ghj;jpuq;fSf;F tpiuthfj; jOtpdu;> vdNt mtu;fSf;F Vw;fdNt mDgtk; nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;.
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
349CA Sri Lanka
kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk; epWtdj;jpd; kdpjtsj; Njitg;ghLfis gFg;gha;Tnra;J Njitapid G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F rhpahd Copah;fis njhpTnra;J mth;fSf;F rpwe;j rYiffis toq;Ftjd; %yk; rpwe;j Ntiyia ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;ifahFk;.
kdpj ts KfhikahdJ epWtdj;jpd; cw;gj;jpwid mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd fw;wiy cah;j;Jtjw;f;Fk;;> Copah; Gus;it Fiwg;gjw;f;Fk; Gjpa Kaw;rpfis Muk;gpgjw;Fk; gq;fspg;Gnra;fpwJ. kdpj ts tl;lj;jpd
kdpj ts tl;lj;jpd; xt;nthU gbepiyapYk; kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk;Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
kdpjtsKfhikapd; nfhs;ifapd; ntw;wpia epWtdj;jpd; cs;sf kw;Wk;ntspaf fhuzpfs; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
kdpjts jpl;lkplyhd Copa re;ij Ma;T> ntspaf kw;Wk; cs;sf epuk;giyvjph;T$wy; Ntiy tbtikg;Gk; kw;Wk; jpl;l mKyhf;fj;jpw;f;F epWtdj;jpd; je;jpNuhgha jpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl fhzg;gLfpwJ.
kdpjts njhopw;ghlhdJ jpl;lkply; Copahply; Copa tpUj;jp ntFkjpKfhik kw;Wk; Copa njhlh;G Nghd;wtw;iw nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
njhopEl;gj;jpyhd tpUj;jpahdJ mikggpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; jhf;fj;ijVw;gLj;JtJld;> kdpjtsj;Jf;fhd ghhpa ,aw;jpwid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
r%f Clfq;fs;> ngUe;juT> nka;epfh; kw;Wk; cUg;ngUj;j nka;epiy> Nkfj;njhopEl;gk;> ,ae;jpuf; fw;wy; kw;Wk; tpisahl;L kakhf;fy; Kjypatw;wpd; gaDWjpkpf;f gad;ghlhdJ kdpjtsj; njhopw;Jiwapy; Ml;Nrh;g;G> gapw;rpaspj;jy;>,zf;fg;ghL> njhlh;ghly;> juT Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ,d;Dk; gy gFjpfspy; khw;wj;ij ,af;FfpwJ.
mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 350
1 kdpjtsKfhikapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs; vit?
2 kdpjts jpl;lj;jpd; ehd;F fl;lq;fis tpsf;Ff?
3 kdpjtsKfhikahdJ Copah;fs; xU fpuakhFk; Mdhy; jdpegh;
KfhikahdJ Copah;fs; nrhj;jhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j $w;W rhpah jtwh
vdf; $Wf?
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;ir
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
351CA Sri Lanka
1 kdpj $Wfis tpUj;jpnra;tjhy; epWtd khw;wj;jpw;f;F tpidjpwdhdf gjpyspf;Fk;.
epWtdkhdJ jkJ Njitahd Copah;fis ngw;W tpUj;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;jp tpidjpwdhf gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. epWtdj;jpw;f;Fs; $l;LwT epWtd fyhrhuj;ij Vw;gLj;jNtz;Lk; ,J Copah;fSf;fpilapyhd gp;zf;Ffis Fiwf;fKbAk;.
Copah;fs; njhlh;ghd epWtdj;jpd; r%f kw;Wk; rl;l nghWg;Gfis epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
2 je;jpNughah gFg;gha;;T Kd;fzpg;G Ntiy gFg;gha;T Ml;Nrh;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rp
3 gpio. kdpjtsKfhikahdJ Copah;fs; nrhj;jhf fUjg;gLk; xU fpuakhFk; Mdhy; jdpegh; KfhikahdJ Copah;is fpuakhf fUJfpwJ.
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;irf;fhd tpilfs;
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
352 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak10: kdpj ts Kfhikj;Jtk
Draft Version
C H
A P
T E
R
Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik mwpKfk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy;> Kjypy; jfty; Kiwikfis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJld;> epWtdq;fspy; jfty; Kiwikfs; tfpf;Fk; gq;ifAk; tpsf;Ffpd;Nwhk;. ,jidj; njhlHe;J nraw;wpl;l KfhikapdJ gbepiyfisf; fw;fTs;Nshk;. Kf;fpa nraw;jpl;lq;fis tpidj;jpwdhf Kfhik nra;ahtpbd;> epWtdq;fspd; vjpHfhyj;jpy; ,lh;fis vjph;Nehf;fNtz;b ,Uf;fyhk;. Mjyhy; fPNo jug;gl;l fl;likf;fg;gl;l mZFKiwfis ,uz;L JiwfspYk; gpd;gw;WtJ kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
11 m
j;jpahak;
mwpTf; $W
6 tzpfj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;Lg; gFjp
4.3 Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
4.4.1 mikg;Gf;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; jfty; Kiwikfspd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis Vw;gpirT nra;jy;
4.4.2 mikg;Gf;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; NtWgl;l jfty; Kiwikfspid ,dk;fhzy;
4.4.3 mikg;gpd; Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwfspy; Kaw;rprhh; tsj; jpl;lkply; Kiwikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; tfpghfj;ij Muha;jy;
4.4.4 nraw;wpl;l Kfhikapd; jd;ik kw;Wk; gug;ngy;iyia ,dk;fhzy;
4.4.5 nraw;wpl;l Kfhikapy; gpd;ww;wg;gLk; khjphpfs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwfis ,dk;fhzy;
353
Draft Version
1 mbg;gil Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwikfs;;
1.1 jfty; Kiwapd; Nehf;fk;:
jfty; KiwikahdJ ,U Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;like;Js;sd.
nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy;fis/ ghpkhw;wq;fis Nrkpj;jy; kw;Wk; mjd; nraw;ghl;bd;%yk; Jiz epiy / Mjhu njhopw;ghlhf njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
jPh;khdk; vLj;jy;> jpl;lkply;> nraw;wpwd; kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w Kfhik nraw;ghl;bw;F JizGupfpd;wJ.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fisAk; NkYk; Ie;J $Wfshf (Elements) gpupf;fyhk;.
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fq;fs;
1 mbg;gil Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwikfs;
2 nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
fw;wy; NgWfs;
4.4.1 - 4.4.3
4.4.4, 4.4.5
jfty; Kiwikfs; epWtdj;jpw;Fs; epWtd njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffSf;F cjtpGupfpd;wJ. jfty; KiwikahdJ nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;Fk; jPhkhdk; vLj;jYf;Fk;> jpl;lkpLjy; nraw;wpwd; kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jYf;Fk; cjTfpwJ.
jfty; KiwikahdJ jfty;fis toq;Ftjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ,j;jfty;shdJ Fwpg;gpl;l tpNrl gz;Gfis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;;Lk;.
,jid ACCURATE vd miog;gh;fs;.
ntt;NtW tifg;gl;l jfty; KiwikahdJ tpj;jpahrkhd gq;Ffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F NtWgl;l gz;Gfis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
epWtdkhdJ jfty;fisAk;, juTfisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf mjpfstpy; mf
,izak; (Intranets)> Gw ,izak; (Extranets); kw;Wk; juTjs (Database) Kiwikfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
Enterprises Wide System MdJ epWtdj;jpd; rfy tzpf njhopw;ghLfisAk; tsq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fis xd;wpizf;fpd;wJ.
mwpT Kfhik Kiwapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhdJ epWtdj;jpd; mwptpid (Knowledge) Nrkpj;J gjpT nra;fpd;wJ.
thbf;ifahsH cwT Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ xU nkd;nghUs; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy; MFk;. ,J epWtdj;jpd; nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsupd; jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
354 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
1.1.1 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis gjpT nra;jy;
epWtdk; xd;wpy; eilngWk; xt;nthUnfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis gw;wpa jftyhdJ gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhLf;fy; thq;fYf;fhd vOj;JUtpyhd Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; gjpNtLfs; gpzf;Ffis
jtpHg;gjw;fhd Mjhukhf/rhl;rpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhLf;fy; thq;fYf;fhd gjpNtLfisg; NgZjy; rl;lj; Njitg;ghLfshfTk; fhzg;glyhk;. (cjhuzk;) fzf;fPL kw;Wk; fzf;fha;T Njitg;ghLfs;. ,yhgj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhf cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ijg;gw;wpa G+uzkhd jfty;fis epWtdkhdJ fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
1.1.2 jPHkhdnkLj;jy;epWtdj;jpd; jPh;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;F jftyhdJ Njitg;gLk; tplakhff; fUjg;gLtNjhL ,e;j jfty; KiwikahdJ jPh;khdk; vLg;gjw;F JizGupfpd;wJ.
jfty; Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jftyhdJ cs;sf jfty; kw;Wk; ntspafj; jfty; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1.1.3 jpl;lkply;
jpl;lkply; vd;gJ gpw tplaq;fNsh mwpNthL fpilf;f$ba tsq;fs;,
mKy;gLj;Jtjw;Fr; rhj;jpakhd fhytsT, khw;wPLfs; cs;sNghJ ngwf;$ba
ntspaPLfs;, vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;. jfty; KiwikahdJ gy jpl;lkply;fUtpfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
1.1.4 nraw;wpwd; kjpg;gPLepWtdk; jdpg;gl;l nraw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;baJ mtrpakhdJ NghyNt epWtdj;ijj; jOtpa KOikahd nraw;jpwd; kjpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mjdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l ghjPL my;yJ jpl;lj;NjhL xg;gpl;L, kjpg;gPL nra;aKbAk;. ,jid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F jfty; njhFg;G kpf Kf;fpakhFk;. mJ
cjhuzkhf fpuak;, tUkhdk; msTfs;/ njhFjpfs;, fhymsTfs;,
,yhgq;fs; Mfpatw;iw mlf;Fk;. ,e;j jfty;fisj; njhFj;J, gFg;gha;T nra;J juTfis mspf;f jfty; njhopEl;gk; cjTfpwJ.
1.1.5 fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
xU jpl;lk; mKy;gLj;jgl;lgpd;dh;, jpl;lj;jpd; cz;ikahd nraw;jpwd; fl;LgLj;jglNtz;Lk;. jpl;lkhdJ vjph;ghh;f;fg;gL;lthW eilngWfpwjh my;yJ jpl;lj;jpypUe;J vjph;ghh;f;fhj gpwo;Tfs; Vw;gLfpwjh vd;gijj; jPh;khdpf;f jfty;fs; kpf mtrpakhFk;. mjd; cjtpahy; jpUj;jq;fs; nra;a Ntz;b tuyhk;. jfty; njhopEl;gkhdJ jpl;lj;jpd; ntspaPLfis fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ.
355CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
1.2 jfty;fspd; gz;Gfs;;
jfty;fs; gad;jf;fjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lkhapd; jfty;fs; tpN\l jfikfis nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. ,e;j jfty;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jFjpfis ACCURATE vDk; gjj;jpw;Fs; cs;slf;Fthh;. mJ gpd;tUk; tiugpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;%yk; ,jid kpfTk; ,yFthf epidtpy; nfhs;s KbAk;. jfty; KiwikahdJ gpd;tUk; jifikfisf; nfhz;Ls;s jfty;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;
mwpf;ifapy; ,yf;fq;fs; rhpahdf; $l;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mr;Rg; gpiofs; jtph;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;. cUg;gbfis rhpahd tifapy; tifaPL nra;aNtz;Lk;. epr;rakw;w jftYf;fhf mDkhdq;fs; nfhLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ek;gfkhdjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk; jPh;khdj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdit midj;Jk; jftypy; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xg;gPl;L jfty;fs; nghUj;jkhapd; cs;slf;fg;gLNtz;Lk;. jfty;fs; cWjpahf fhzg;glNtz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf ,J mh;j;jKs;s xg;gPl;Lf;F mDkjpf;Fk; nghUl;L xt;nthUKiwAk; mNj mbg;gilapy; Nrfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjp;fg;gbahd jfty; jtph;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
jfty;fshy; ngWk; ed;ikia tpl jftiyg; ngWtjw;;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; fpuak; mjpfkhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. jfty; Nrfhpg;G kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp kpfTk; tpidj;jpwdhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. jfty;fis toq;Fk; KiwahdJ kpfTk; njspthff; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;. jftypYs;s fUj;jpid mwptjw;;Fgad;gLj;Jdh; jkJ Neuj;ij tPzbf;f$lhJ.
gaDdh;fspd; NjitfNs kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdit. jftyhdJ kpfTk; ,yFthf thrpj;jwpa$bajhfTk; ed;whf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sj;jf;fjhfTk; ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
jftyhdJ jPh;khdk; vLg;gjw;f;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,y;yhJtpbd;> ,jid jtph;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jPh;khdj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jf;$ba kpfKf;fpakhd jfty;fis cs;slf;fNtz;Lk;.
jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;f;F gad;gLk; Clfk; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gad;gLj;Jdhpd; Njitfis fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
jfty; Njitg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; fpilf;f$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk;> Njitahd eltbf;if vLg;gjw;Fhpa Neuj;jpYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
juk;
Accurate(Jy;ypakhdJ)
Complete
(KOikahdJ)
Cost-Effective
(fpua - tpidj;jpwd;)
Understandable
(Ghpe;J nfhs;sj; jf;fJ)
Relevant
(njhlh;Ggl;lJ)
Accessible
(mZfg;glf; $baJ)
Timely (rhpahd Neuj;jpyhdJ)
Easy to use (,yFthf gad;gLj;jj; jf;fJ)
tpsq;fpnfhs;sf;$bajhfTk; (njspthfTk; Kiwahf toq;fg;gL;Lk;) mZfg;glf;$baJkhd jfty;fs; (rhpahd Clfj;ij njhpT nra;agl;lJk;) gadhsp; Njitf;Nfw;g ,yFthf gad;gLj;jf;$bajhfTk; gpwUf;F nfhLf;ff; $bajhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
356 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
1.3 nt;NtW epWtd kl;lq;fspyhd jfty; Kiwik
jfty; Kiwik vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp xU nghJthd vz;zf;fUit Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
,J jfty;fis tpidj;jpwdhf Nrfhpf;f, nrad;KiwgLj;j, Nrkpf;f mjid
gfph;e;Jnfhs;s cjTk; kf;fs;, juTfs;, kw;Wk; fzdp Kiwapyhd my;yJ fzdp Kiwaw;w Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xU eltbf;ifahFk;. ,e;j jfty; njhlHghly; njhopEl;gj;ij rhHe;j gy jfty; Kiwikfis tzpf epWtdq;fs; jkJ tzpfj;jpw;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
epWtdq;fs; NtWgl;l mjd; gytifahd kl;lq;fSf;Fk; njhopw;ghl;L gFjpfSf;Fk; Njitahd kw;Wk; ntt;NtWgl;l jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wd.
Kiwik kl;lk;
Kiwik Nehf;fKk; mk;rq;fSk; cjhuzq;fs;
je;jpNuhgha kl;lk;
Nehf;fk;: ePz;lfhy jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfs;tjw;F caHkl;l rpNu\;l KfhikahsUf;F cjTjy;.
fhymsT: ePz;lfhyk;
cs;slf;f vy;iy gFjp: epWtdk; KOtJk;
epr;rakw;wjd;ik kw;Wk; mftaj; jd;ikmjpfkhdJ
rupahdjd;ik: kw;iwa kl;lq;fis tpl
$h;ik FiwthdJ
Kf;fpa
tpfpjq;fs;
kw;Wk;
nraw;wpwd;
Rl;bfs;
kw;Wk;
jw;fhypf
re;ij
Muha;r;rp
je;jpNuhgha
jpl;lq;fs;
Kfhik
kl;lk; Nehf;fk;: epWtdj;ij fz;fhzpj;Jf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F eLj;jukl;l KfhikahsHfSf;F cjTfpwJ.
fhymsT: FWfpa fhy kj;jpa fhykl;lk;
cs;slf;f vy;iy gFjp: jpizf;fsq;fs;kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;L gFjpfs;
epr;rakw;wjd;ik: kpjkhdJ
cz;ikj; jd;ik: kpjkhdJ njhopw;ghl;L kl;lj;ij Nghd;WtpgukhdJ my;y
khwpfs;
gFg;gha;T,
tpjptpyf;F
mwpf;if
njhopw;ghl;L kl;lk;
Nehf;fk;: nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy;fis Kiwg;;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; epWtd KfhikahsHfs; jkJ ehshe;j eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; cjTfpwJ.
Neuk;: cldb vy;iy gFjp: tpN\lFwpg;gpl;l eltbf;iffs;
epr;rakw;wjd;ik: FiwT
cz;ikj; jd;ik: cr;rsTrhpahd;jd;ik Njitg;gLk;
nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy;
gl;bay;> ehshe;j
ngWtdT kw;Wk;
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;.
cz;ikahd - Neu cw;gj;jp
juT.
fld;gl;NlhH
kw;Wk; fld;
nfhLj;NjhH
gl;bay;
ntt;NtWgl;l jfty; KiwikahdJ ntt;NtWgl;l gz;GfSld; ntt;NtWgl;l gq;Ffis nraw;gLj;JfpwJ.
357CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
1.4 CLnray; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy; Kiwik (TPS)CLnray; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy; Kiwik ehshe;jk;;> nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; mtw;iw gjpT nra;aTk; cjTfpwJ. ghpkhw;w nray;Kiw KiwikahdJ ntt;NtWgl;l epWtdq;fspd; ngUd;ghd;ikahd tzpf eltbf;ifSf;F gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ. ghpkhw;w nray;Kiw KiwikahdJ
juT nraw;ghl;L Kiwik (Data processing system) vDk; ngaupYk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpd;tUk; ml;ltizahdJ CLnray; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy; Kiwikapd; gad;ghl;LtPr;ir fhl;LfpwJ.
CLnray; nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jy; Kiwik tpw;gid/ re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kiwikfs;
cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw/ cw;gj;jp Kiwikfs;
epjp / fzf;fPl;L Kiwikfs;
kdpjts Kiwikfs;
Vida tif
(c-k; gy;fiyf; fofk;)
Kiwikapd; Kf;fpa njhopw;ghLfs;
o tpw;gidKfhik
o re;ijMuha;r;rp
o Nkk;gLj;jy;tpiyaply;
o Gjpacw;gj;jp
o ml;ltizg;gLj;jy;
o nfhs;tdT
o fg;gNyw;wy;/ngWif
o nghwpapay;
o njhopw;ghL
o ghjPLo nghJg;NgNuL
o gl;bayply;
o Kfhikf;fzf;fPL
o jdpg;gl;lCopaHgjpNtLfs;
o ed;ikfs;o Cjpak;o CopacwTfs;
o gapw;rpfs;
o mDkjpo khztHfy;tpgjpNtLfs;
o fy;tpj;Jiwg;gjpNtLfs;
Kf;fpa gpuNahf Kiwikfs;
o tpw;gidfl;lisjfty;Kiwik
o re;ijMuha;r;rpKiwik
o tpiyaply;Kiwik
o %yg;nghUs; tsjpl;lkply;
o nfhs;tdTf; fl;lisf;fl;Lg;ghL
o nghwpapay;juf;fl;Lg;ghL
o nghJg;NgNuL
o fzf;FngWtdTnfhLg;gdT
o ghjPLo epjpKfhik
o rk;gsg;gl;bay;
o CopaH -gjpNtL
o CopaHed;ikfs;
o tho;f;ifghijmikg;G
o gjpTnra;jy;
o khzth;gjpNtL
o ghlj; jpl;lk;
/ tFg;Gfl;Lg;ghl;LKiwikfs;
o gadhspfs;jfty;Kiwik
1.5 Kfhik jfty; Kiwik (MIS)
Kfhik jfty; KiwikahdJ epWtdj;jpd; cs;sf %yq;spy; fhzg;gLk; juTfis jfty;fshf (cjhuzk;: RUf;f mwpf;if> tpjp tpyf;F mwpf;if) khw;wpaikf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jj; jftyhdJ epWtd KfhikahsHfs; njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfshd jpl;lkply;> newpg;gLj; jy; eltbf;iffis fl;Lg;gLj;jiy cupa Neuj;jpy; tpidj;jpwdhf Nkw;nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
Kfhik jfty; Kiwik MdJ epWtdj;jpd; jw;Nghija kw;Wk; tuyhw;W nraw;wpwid njhlHr;rpahd gjpNtLfs; kw;Wk; mZfy; %yk; epWtdj;jpw;F toq;Ffpd;wJ.
358 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l KfhikDraft Version
..
..
Internal data
TPS/MIS data Financial data Office systems
.. Modelling/analysis ..
External dataShare prices Market research
Competitors
Kfhik jfty; Kiwik MdJ Fwpf;fg;gl;l ghpkhw;w nray;Kiw KiwikapypUe;J jfty;fis RUf;fkhf;fg;gl;l Nfhitfshf khw;Wfpd;wd. ,e;j RUf;fkhf;fg;gl;l Nfhitfs; Kfhik mwpf;iffSf;F %ykhf jpfo;fpwJ. Kfhik jfty; Kiwik gpd;tUk; gz;Gfis nfhz;like;Js;sd: njhopw;ghl;L kw;Wk; Kfhikf; fl;Lg;ghl;L kl;lq;fspy; fl;likf;fg;gl;l jPHkhdq;fis
vLg;gjw;F JizGupgitahf fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
rkfhy / njhopw;ghLfis mwpf;ifapLtjw;F tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpwpasT Muha;r;rp jpwik nfhz;Ls;sJ.
xg;gPl;lstpy; nefpo;r;rp jd;ikaw;wJ
cs;sf Nehf;if nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1.6 epiwNtw;W jfty; Kiwik (Executive Information System)
epiwNtw;W jfty; KiwikahdJ cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspaf %yq;fspypUe;J caHkl;l KfhikahsUf;F kpfTk; ,yFthd Kiwapy; juTfis toq;Fjy;. Kfhik jfty; KiwikahdJ cah;kl;l KfhikahsH je;jpNuhgha kw;Wk; fl;likg;G jPHkhdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
epiwNtw;W jfty; KiwikahdJ caHkl;l KfhikahsH kpf ,yFthd
Kiwapy; cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspaf jfty;fis toq;Ftjhf fzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j KiwikahdJ kpf Kf;fpa (Critical) je;jpNuhgha jfty;fis njhFf;fTjTfpwJ. NkYk; ,jw;fhd jfty;fis cs;sf Kfhik jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; jPh;khd MjuT Kiwik (DSS ) ,ypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. ,jidtpl ntspjuTfis gyjug;gl;l %yq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. cjhuzk;: Nghl;bahsH> ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lk;> uha;l;lh; ntspaf juTfs; (Reuters)
epiwNtw;W jfty; KiwikahdJ epiwNtw;W MjuT Kiwik ( Executive
Support System) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
ESS/EIS gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
nefpo;thd;ik (Flexibility)
Jupj gjpyspg;G Neuk; (Quick response time)
rpf;fyhd juT gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; khjphp fUtpfs;( Sophisticated data analysis & modelling tools)
epiwNtw;Wj; jfty; Kiwikapd; (EIS) xU khjphpEIS fUk gPlk;
Menus tiufiy njhlh;ghly; cs;Sh; nrayhf;fk;
EIS fUk gPlk; EIS fUk gPlk;
Menus tiufiy njhlh;ghly; cs;Sh; nrayhf;fk;
Menus tiufiy njhlh;ghly; cs;Sh; nrayhf;fk;
tiuglk; 11.1: epiwNtw;W jfty; Kiwik (EIS)
359CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik Draft Version
1.7 jPh;khdk; MjuT Kiwik (Decision Support System -DSS)
KbT MjuT Kiwik (DSS) vd;gJ epWtd fl;likf;fg;glhj> XusT
fl;likf;fg;gl;l jPhkhdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F MjuTspf;fpwJ. ,J juT kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T khjphpapd; ,izg;ghFk;.
KbT MjuT Kiwik kpfTk; epr;rajd;ikaw;w Mgj;J epiwe;jJkhd tplaq;fspy; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf Kfhikahsh;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mit khw;wPlhd jfty;fisr; Nrfhpg;gitahfTk;> nefpo;Tj; jd;ikiaAk; ghtidahsUf;F ,yFj; jd;ik Nghd;wtw;Wldhd gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;fhd El;gkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
KbT MjuT Kiwik kw;iwa Kiwikfis tpl $Ljyhd gFg;gha;T rf;jpfis nfhz;like;Js;sJ. gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk;> gue;j mstpyhd juTfis Kfhikahshpd; jPh;khdk; vLj;jYf;F cjTk; tifapy; RUf;Ftjw;Fk; ,J cjTfpd;wJ. ,jd; Nehf;fkhdJ> Kfhikahsiu gy;NtW khw;wPLfis ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s mDkjpg;gjhfTk;> gy;NtWgl;l rhj;jpakhd #o;epiyfspd; fPo; mitfis kjpg;gPL nra;a cjTtjhAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
1.8 mwpT Ntiy Kiwik (Knowledge work systems) mwpT Ntiy Kiwik vd;gJ xU jfty; KiwikahFk.; ,J epWtdj;jpw;f;Fs; Gjpa mwpit cUthf;fTk; xd;wpidf;fTk; cjTfpwJ. mwpT Ntiy Kiwikapy; mwpTnjhopyhsh;fspd; gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
,th;fs; epWtdj;jpw;Fs; Gjpa jfty;fisAk;, mwpTfisAk; cUthf;Ftjw;F cjTfpwhh;fs;. ,th;fs; cah;fz;zpa Copah;fs; Mthh;fs;> cjhuzkhf itj;jpah;fs;> nghwpapayhsh;fs;> tof;fwpQh;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs;.
mwpT Ntiy KiwikahdJ mwpT Copah;fs; Gjpa mwpitAk; epGzj;Jtj;ijAk; cUthf;f cjTfpwJ. cjhuzk;
fzdp cjtp tbtikg;G Computer –aided design (CAD)
fzdp cjtp cw;gj;jp Computer aided manufacturing(CAM)
tpNrlj;Jt epjprhh; nkd;nghjpfs; Specialised financial software.
1.9 mYtyf jd;dpaf;f Kiwik (Office Automation System)
mYtyf jd;daf;f Kiwik vd;gJ fzdpKiwikahFk;, ,J epWtdj;jpd;
juTfs; kw;Wk; Copah;fspd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid mjpfhpf;f tbtikf;fg;gL;Ls;sJ.
360 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
mYtyf jd;dpaf;f Kiwik epWtdj;jpy; rhjhuzkhf eilngWk; gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa epfo;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;sTjTfpwJ.
nrhy; nrayhf;fk;, fzdpnghwpg;gjpg;gfk;, toq;fy;nkd;nghUs;
Digital G+h;j;jp Kiwik
kpd;dQ;ry;, FuyQ;ry;, video conference
Groupware(jpdf;fhl;b, tpyhrE}y;, kw;Wk; ehNsL
mf,izak;, Gw,izak;, ml;ltizahf;fp, tphpTj;jhs;, fzdpg;nghwpjuTj;jsk;
1.10 ty;Ydh; Kiwik (Expert System)
ty;Ydh; Kiwik DSS Kiwikapd; xUtbtkhFk;. ,J epGzj;Jt
mwpitAk;, jfty;fisAk; gaDdh; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTjfpwJ. ,e;j KiwikahdJ tpN\l juTfisf; nfhz;l juTjsj;ijf;
nfhz;like;Js;sJ. NkYk; vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd Rules kw;Wk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l R+o;epiyapy; vt;thW tpguzk; nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;gij nfhz;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzkhf ,d;W gy epWtdq;fs; jkJ fld; tpz;zg;gq;fis nraw;Kiwg;gLj;j ty;Ydh; Kiwikia gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. gad;gLj;JNthh; jkJ Kiwikf;Fs; Kf;fpa tplaq;fshd fld; tpz;zg;gjhhpapd; ngah;>
tpyhrk;, tUkhdk;> khjhe;j ntspg;gha;r;ry;fs; kw;Wk; NtW fldpd; tpguq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ty;Ydh; Kiwikf;Fs; cs;sPL nra;thh;fs;. cs;sPL nra;jjd; gpd;dh; KiwikahdJ:
(a) Kiwikapy; cs;sPL nra;agl;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpz;zg;gjhhpapd; fld; gjpTfs; xOq;fhditah vd mwpayhk;.
(b) fzpg;Gfis nra;tjd;%yk; tpz;zg;gjhhp flid jpUg;gpr;nrYj;Jk;Mw;wy; nfhz;Ls;shuh vd mwpaKbAk;.
(c) NkYk; kw;iwa tplaq;fshd flDf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l gpiz kw;Wk; fld;ngWtjw;fhd Nehf;fk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf fhzg;gLfpwjh> kw;Wk;,lh; tpguq;fs; Mfpatw;iw mwpayhk;. ,e;j mikg;ghdJ Kd;idamDgtj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl jdJ Kbit vLf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jjPh;khdkhdJ nray;Kiwapd; ngWNgWf;F mikthfNt vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.,jdhNy ,d;W fhg;GWjp ngWtijg; Nghd;W fld;fisAk; njhiyNgrp%ykhf ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. vg;gbahapDk; gioa fhyj;jpy; fld;ngWtjhapd; Kfhikahsiu Neubahf re;jpj;J mth;fshy; Ntz;lg;gLk;tpguq;fis nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
xU epWtdk; gpd;tUk; epge;jidfis G+h;j;jpnra;Ak;NghJjhd; ty;Ydh; Kiwikia gad;gLj;jKbAk;.
(a) gpur;rpid Njitahd msT tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
(b) gpur;ridiaj; jPh;g;gjw;F ty;Ydh;fs; rpy tpjpfis tiuaiw nra;ayhk;
(c) gpur;rid ghuk;ghpa ghpth;j;jid nrad;KiwapD}lhf my;yJ juTfisf;ifahSjypD}lhf jPh;f;fg;gl Kbahj re;jh;g;gkhff; fhzg;glyhk;.
361CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik Draft Version
(d)
ty;Ydh;fisf; nfhz
;L kpfTk; nghpa gpur;rpidfistpLtpj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ty;YdUf;F $Ljyhd Ntjdk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ,Vnddpy; ,th;fSf;F toq;fg;gLtJ rpwpa njhifahapDk;> mjd; ngWkjpnghpaJ.
(e) ty;Ydh;Kiwikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; KjyPl;bd; fpuaj;ij epahag;gLj;jyhk;.
1.11 mf,izak; kw;Wk; Gw,izak;
jfty;fis gfph;e;J nfhs;tjw;fhf epWtdq;fs; mf,izak; kw;Wk; Gw,izaj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
(a) mf,izak; tiyj;jsj;jpd; rpwpa gjpg;ghFk;. epWtd Copah;fs; tiyaikg;G
nra;agl;l fzdpfs; %yk; Nritafj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gL;l jfty;fis
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. tiyj;jsq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jtij Nghd;Nw gaDdh; -
,ilKfk; cyhtptu (Browser) gad;gLfpd;wJ. mf,izaj;jhy; epWtdj;jpy;
gue;Jgl;l jfty;fisg; ngw Kbfpd;wJ.
(b) Gw,izak; mf,izaj;jpd; xUtifNa ,jid epWtdj;jhy; mq;fhpf;fg;gL;l
ntspthhp egh;fs; jkf;F toq;fg;gl;l gadh; ngAiuAk;> flTr;nrhy;iyAk;
gad;gLj;jp jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. gaDdh; ngauhdJ Gw,izaj;ij
mZFtjw;Fk; ve;j gFjpia gadhsp ghh;f;fyhk; vd;gjw;fhd chpikiaAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. tpahghu gq;Fjhuhh;fSf;fpilNa jfty;fis
ghpkhw;wpf;nfhs;tjd; fhuzkhf ,d;W Gw,izak; kpfTk; gpurpj;jkhd
tiyj;jskhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
mf,izak; vd;gJ nkd;nghUs; cytp %yk; mZfg;gLk; epWtdj;jpw;;Fs; fhzg;gLk; cs;sf jdpahh; tiyaikg;G MFk.; mf,izak; epWtd Copah;fs; gad;gLj;jNt cUthf;fg;gL;Ls;sJ. ,jid ntspegh;fs; gad;gLj;jKbahJ. mf,izak; jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;;Fk;
gfph;e;jspg;gjw;;Fk; gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ.
Gw,izak; thbf;ifahsh; kw;Wk; toq;Fdhpd; Jhpj kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwdhd cwit Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;f;F tiuaWf;fg;gL;l jfty;fis mDFtjw;f;F cjTfpwJ. mjhtJ mjpfhukspf;fg;gL;l ntspthhpahd egh;fs; epWtd jfty;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;s Gw,izak; cjTfpwJ.
1.12 juTjsk;epWtd gyjugl;l gad;ghLfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s xoq;fikf;fg;gL;l juTfspd; njhFg;G. juTjs Kfhik
juTjs Kfhik KiwikahdJ xU nkd;nghUshFk; ,J juTfis ikagLj;jp juT jsj;ij mZFtjw;;F cjtp GhpfpwJ. ,J xU Nfhitia gy;NtW gad;ghl;bw;;F gad;gLj;j cjTfpwJ
juT Kfhik Kiwik vd;gJ gue;Jgl;l Kiwikfis tpghpf;fpwJ ,e;j Kiwikfs; ikagLj;jgl;l juTfis gad;gLj;jgLfpd;wd.
362 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhi
kj;
jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
cs;sPl;Lj; juTfs;
juTj;js Kfhik Kiwik
juTj; jsk;
gpuNahf epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs;
tpw;gid gad;ghl;L
Gs;sptpgutpay;
fpis kw;Wk; jdpgl;l
Gs;sptpgutpay;;
Copah; rk;gs Muha;T
Vida gpuNahfq;fs;
tiuglk; 11.2: juTjs Kiwikf;fhd cjhuzk;
1.12.1 juTjs Kfhik Kiwikapd; gz;Gfs;
Kiwikapy; juT Ngzg;gLk; KiwahdJ juT mZfg;gLtjq;Fk; khw;wk; nra;ag;gLtjw;Fkhd ,yFjd;ik kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ. juTjs KfhikahdJ gpd;tUk; gz;Gfis nfhz;like;Js;sJ
(a) gfph;T: gyjugl;l gadhspfs;; jkJ gad;ghl;L nrad;Kiwf;fhf xNutpjkhd
jfty;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf xNu tpjkhd juTfis
ntt;NtWgl;l Nfhitapy; guhkhpg;gij jtpHf;fyhk;.
(b) juTjs Neh;ikj;jd;ikia NgZtjw;fhd fl;LghL.
(c) nefpo;r;rpjd;ik juTjsKiwahdJ ntt;NtWgl;l gadhspfSfSf;fhd
gy;NtW Njitg;ghLfis g+h;j;jpnra;af;$bajhf fhzg;gLk;. juTj; jskhdJ
vjph;fhy Njitfisg; g+h;j;jp nra;aj;jf;f tifapy; khw;wkilaj; jf;fjhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
1.13 epWtd gue;Jgl;l Kiwik (Enterprise wide systems)
epWtd KiwahdJ epWtdj;jpYs;s ngsjPf hPjpapy; NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpd;w rfy tzpf njho1pw;ghl;L gFjpfisAk; tsq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fisAk; xUq;fikf;fpwJ.
363CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
epWtd gue;Jgl;l Kiwikf;F fPo; xt;nthU tzpf gphpTk; (fzf;fPL> kdpj tsk;> jahhpg;G> kw;Wk; tpw;gid) jkJ Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;f;F Kiwikia toq;Ffpd;wJ. vg;gbahapDk; xt;nthU njhFjpAk;; nghJthd juTj; jsj;ij gfph;e;Jnfhs;tjw;Ff;F ,e;j rfy jftyfSk; epWtdj;jpw;Fs; mbg;gilahf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
kj;jpa juT jsk; xt;nthU tzpf gFjpAk; jfty;fis mZfTk;> jfty;fis Nkk;gLj;jTk; mDkjpaspf;fpwJ. ,e;j jfty;fs; ,yFthf ghpkhw;wk; nra;ayhk;> ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhfTk;> vy;yh tzpfj;jpw;Fk; fpilf;f$bajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rpy epWtdq;fspy; Kiwik epWtdk; KOtJk; fhzg;gl;lhYk;, jdpgl;l ,lj;jpy; jkJ tpNrl juTfis kj;jpa juTjsj;jpy; Neubahf ngw;W
nrayhf;fk; nra;aKbAk;. ,jid Distributed Data Processing vd miog;ghh;fs;. ,e;j ,izg;ghdJ tiyaikg;G %yk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tiyaikg;ghdJ rhjdq;fSf;fpilahd ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;jp njhlh;ghlYf;F cjTfpwJ. ,jw;;F ,uz;L tifahd tiyaikg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cs;Sh;
gFjp tiyaikg;G (Local Area Network) kw;Wk; gue;j gFjpapyhd tiyaikg;G
( Wide Area Network).
,e;j ,uz;L tifahd tiyaikg;Gf;FKs;s rhjdq;fs; vq;F mike;Js;sJ
vd;gijf;nfhz;L tpj;jpahrg;gLfpwJ. cs;Sh; gFjp tiyaikg;G (Local Area
Network) epWtd mYtyfj;jpw;Fs;Ns fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J mr;Rnghwpfs; kw;Wk; rhjdq;fis fzdp %yk; ,izg;gjw;F cjTfpwJ. gue;jgFjpapyhd
tiyaikg;ghdJ (Wide Area Network) ngsjPfhPjpapy; NtWgl;L fhzg;gLk; mr;Rnghwpfs; kw;Wk; rhjdq;fis ,izf;fTjTfpwJ.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) nkd;nghUs; epWtd gue;Jgl;l Kiwikf;F cjhudkhFk;. xg;gPl;lstpy; rkPgj;jpa tsHr;;rpapy; tiyaikg;G
mbg;gilapyhd epWtd gue;Jgl;l Kiwik (web based enterprise –wide
software) kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Kiwikia mDFtjw;f;F
fzzp> tiyaikg;G kw;Wk; cytp gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,e;j gad;ghL tiyaikg;G mbg;gilapyhdJ. Mjyhy; gadhspf;Fk; juTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT njhlh;gpy;yhjjhFk;. ,e;j tiyaikg;G mbg;gilapyhd nkd;nghUs;
‘Nkff; fzpj;jy;’ (cloud computing) vd miof;fg;gLk;.
nkd;nghUs; gad;ghl;L njhFg;GfSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L ,izg;Gfspd; nkDit toq;fNt <Mu;gp Kiwikfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. fzf;fpay; kw;Wk; ,Ug;G Kfhik Nghd;w ed;F Gupe;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l gad;ghLfspy; <Mu;gp rpwg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ.
<Mu;gp Kiwikfs; mbg;gilapy; tzpf nrad;Kiwfspd; jd;dpaf;fkhf;fypd; xU tbtkhFk;. mit tzpf eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; jd;dpaf;fkhjy; gw;wpa gue;j mDgtj;ij cs;slf;fpa tYthd Kiwikfshf ,Ug;gpDk;> mit jug;gLj;jg;gl;l njhFjpf;$Wfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gJld;> ve;jnthU tzpf gad;ghl;bw;Fk; cj;jkg; gLj;jg; gl;litahf ,y;iy. Nghl;bahsu;fs; xNu cw;gj;jpia vspjhf nfhs;tdT nra;a KbAk; vd;gjhy; mit Nghl;b ed;ikia toq;f tha;g;gpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> xU <Mu;gp tp\aq;fisr; nra;tjw;fhd rpwe;j topia toq;Fk;.
<Mu;gpf;fspd; xNu msT – midj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;jy; vd;gJ> vy;yh ,ay;GfSf;fhfTk; xU epWtdj;jpd; nkd;nghUspd; NjitfSf;F Vw;g jd;id khw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;LNkad;wp> jdf;Nfw;w tifapy; nkd;nghUis khw;wpf;
364 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l KfhikDraft Version
nfhs;s KbahJ.
rpy epWtdq;fs; Vw;fdNt cs;s epWtd mikg;GfSf;F Vw;wthW <Mu;gp nkd;nghUisj; Nju;Tnra;fpd;wd> Mdhy; ,J:
fsj;jpd; ntspNa cUthf;fg;gl;l nkd;nghUs; nghjpfis nfhs;tdTnra;Ak; nryT ed;ikia ,y;yhnjhopf;fpwJ
mjd; mwpKfj;ij jhkjg;gLj;JfpwJ
mjd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiaf; Fiwf;fpwJ
mNj nkd;nghUspd; ve;j Gjpa gjpg;GfSk; chap tifapy; khw;wk;
nraa;g;glhjtplj;J> gadw;wit. ,J $Ljy; elg;G nryTfis cUthf;FfpwJ.
nghJthf xU epiyahd njhFg;Gf;F nghUe;Jk; tifapy; epWtdj;jpd; nray;Kiwfis kWtbtikg;gJ kypthdJ kw;Wk; kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
nkd;nghUs; njhFg;Gfs; Ratbtikf;fg;gl;l nkd;nghUspd; cs;sf hPjpahf cUthf;FtjpYk; ghh;f;f gy ed;ikfis toq;Ffpd;wd:
• nryT Nrkpg;G fpilf;Fk;> Vnddpy; tpw;gidahsu; mikg;Gfspd; Nkk;ghl;Lnryit mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd epWty;fspy; gutyhf;f KbAk;
• Gjpa gad;ghl;il cUthf;FtJ kpfTk; Neuj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;vd;gjhy;> Neu Nrkpg;G kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
• tpw;gidahsuhy; juj;jpw;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gLk;> NkYk; Muk;gthbf;ifahsu;fisj; jtpu> gpw thbf;ifahsu;fshy; Ke;ija epWtyhf,Uf;Fk;.
• Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; gapw;rp cldbahf fpilf;Fk;; kw;Wk; ,it Kf;fpakhdtpw;gid Gs;spfs; vd;gjhy; cau; jukhdit.
• guhkupg;G MjuT ed;whf ,Uf;Fk; kw;Wk; nghJthf cjtp Nkir Nritfs;kw;Wk; jtWfis rupnra;a tof;fkhd nkd;nghUs; jpUj;jq;fs; Mfpaitmit ntspg;gLk;.
• tpupthd njhFg;G kjpg;gPL rhj;jpakhf ,Uf;Fk;. Nrhjidf; fhyj;jpw;fhdgad;ghL kw;Wk; Vw;fdNt cs;s epWty;fSf;fhd tUiffs; Mfpait,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> nkd;nghUs; njhFg;GfSf;F gy jPikfs; cs;sd:
• nkd;nghUspd; kPjhd nrhj;J cupikfs; nghJthf rg;isauplk; ,Uf;Fk;.,J gadUf;F %d;W Kf;fpakhd rhj;jpakhd tpisTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
– nkd;nghUspd; vjpu;fhy tsu;r;rpia rg;isau; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhu;
– rg;isau; fpilf;ff;$ba Mjuitf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhu;> NkYk; mijepWj;jp> thbf;ifahsiu Nkk;gLj;jy; thq;Fk;gb fl;lhag;gLj;Jfpwhu;
– rg;isau; jahupg;G cupikfis kw;nwhU rg;isaUf;F tpw;fyhk;>xUNtis thbf;ifahsupd; jg;ngz;zj;jpw;F
• rg;isaupd; epjp ];jpuj;jd;ik kw;Wk; capu;tho;T cWjp nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy
• midtUf;Fk; fpilf;ff;$ba epiyahd nkd;nghUs; njhFg;GfspypUe;JNghl;b ed;ikfisg; ngw KbahJ
365CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik Draft Version
• NghJkhd nray;jpwd; rhj;j
pakpy;iy: thbf;ifahsu; jilnra;ag;gl;l
nray;ghl;il Vw;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ tbtikf;fg;gl;l jpUj;jq;fSf;F gzk;nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;> mjDld; Vw;fdNt cs;s jPikfs; gw;wptpthjpf;fg;gl;ld. gapw;rp kw;Wk; nray;gLj;Jtjpy; rpukq;fisVw;gLj;jf;$ba Njitaw;w epiyahd mk;rq;fshy; NkYk; rpf;fy;fs;Vw;glyhk;
• nray;ghL ,y;yhjjhy; rl;l jPu;T fpl;lj;jl;l epr;rakhf fpilf;fhJ
• Njitfis khw;WtJ xU njhFg;gpd; nray;ghl;il mopf;ff;$Lk;.rhj;jpakhd thq;Fgtu;fs; jq;fs; jw;Nghija NjitfSf;F vjpuhf xUnjhFg;ig kjpg;gPL nra;fpwhu;fs;. Neuk; nry;Yk;NghJ ,it khwf;$Lk;my;yJ Kjypy; rupahf Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. ,uz;bYk;> njhFg;G KOjpUg;jpia toq;fj; jtwptpLk;.
1.14 mwpT Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik (Knowledge Management System)
mwpT Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik epWtdj;jpw;f;Fs; fhzg;gLk; mwpT rhh;ghd tplaq;fis gjpTnra;J mtw;iw Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
mwpT Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikf;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLk; jfty;fis Copah;fshy; mZfg;gL;L ghpkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. mwpT Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikf;Fs; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fshf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpwJ. mitahtd: cz;ikfs;> gpur;ridf;fhd jPh;Tfs;> njhlh;Ggl;l rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mwpTnrhj;Jfs;.
mwpT Kfhikj;Jt KiwikahdJ> mwpit ikag;nghUshf nfhz;l epWtdq;fshd Muha;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;lMNyhrid toq;Fk; epWtdq;fshy; gad;gLj;jgLfpd;wd. Vnddpy; mwpT Kfhikj;Jt KiwikahdJ juTj;jsj; jfty;fis Nrkpj;J> ghpkhw;wk; nra;a kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ MFk;.
ehk; Vw;fdNt mwpT Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikf;F cjhuzq;fis
ghh;j;Js;Nshk;. mf,izak;> Gw,izak;> groupware, cs;sf tiyg;gpd;dy;
mikg;G (LANs) kw;Wk; mfd;w tiyg;gpd;dy; mikg;G (WANs)
nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
mwpT Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikapd; ed;ikfs;.
(a) kpfTk; ngWkjptha;e;j jfty;fs; vjph;fhyj;jpy; ve;jtpj ,og;G ,d;wp
ghJfhf;fg;gLk; cjhuzk; : Copah; tpLKiw.
(b) juTfs; kpfTk; ,yFthf ghpkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLk;
(c) jfty; ,ul;bg;Gjd;ik jtph;f;fg;gLk;
(d) mwpT Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik Copah;fspd; mwpit tpiuthf
tpUj;jpnra;af;$bajhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;fhuzkhf gapw;rp nfhLg;gjw;fhd
Neuk; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
366 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l KfhikDraft Version
1.15 thbf;ifahsh; cwT Kfhikj;Jtk; (CRM)thbf;ifahsh; cwT Kfhikj;JtKiwikahdJ xU nkd;nghUs; tpz;zg;gk; MFk; ,J epWtdj;jpd; nghUl;fs; Nritfis gw;wpa jfty;fisf; nfhz;L tpN\lkhf tbtikf;fg; gl;Ls;sd.
ngUd;ghd;ikahd thbf;ifahsh; cwT Kfhikj;JtKiwik juTjsj;ij mbg;gilahfnfhz;Nl mike;Js;sd. ,e;j juTjsj;jpy; thbf;ifahsiu
gw;wpa jfty;fshd tpyhrk;, taJ, kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; gpd;Ehl;bfs;
Nrkpf;fg;gL;Ls;sd. ,e;j Kiwik %yk; thbf;ifahsh;fis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l jdpg;gl;l Nritfis toq;fyhk; NkYk; thbf;ifahsuJ Nfs;tpfSf;F ,yFthf gjpyspg;Gnra;ayhk;.
CRM thbf;ifahsNuhL njhlh;ghly; nfhs;Sk; Copah;fs;
thbf;ifahsUila tprhuizfs;, mth;fsJ fl;lisfs; my;yJ KiwaPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F cjTfpwJ. mj;NjhL thbf;ifahshpd; mtru Njitfis mwpe;J mth;fSf;fhd jPh;it nfhLg;gjw;F thbf;ifahsh; cwT Kfhikj;JtKiwik cjTfpwJ.
2 nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;Jtk;
2.1 nraw;wpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?nraw;wpl;l Kfhikia Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F Kjypy; nraw;wpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W tiuaWf;fNtz;Lk;.
nraw;wpl;lk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;lsT juk;> fhyk;> vd;gtw;wpDs; eph;zapf;fg;gL;l ,yf;if miltjw;fhf kf;fshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l Muk;gk; kw;Wk; KbTfisf;nfhz;l xh; jdpj;Jtkhd Jzpfur; nrayhFk;
nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;fhd %y tsq;fshd gzk;> trjpfs;, toq;fy;fs;; Nrit kw;Wk; kf;fs; xJf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
xU nraw;wp;l;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ mjw;F xU Muk;gKk; KbTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. nraw;wpl;lk; xd;iw elj;jpnry;tjw;F Nehf;fk; epr;rakhf fhzg;glNtz;Lk; kw;Wk; Fwpj;j nraw;wpl;lk;; Fwpj;j fpuaj;jpYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l ml;ltizapYk; kw;Wk; ju Nehf;fj;ijAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L epiwNtw;wglNtz;Lk;.
nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; R+oypd; Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; gpd;tUk; 7S khjphpf;Fs; cs;slf;fgl;Ls;sJ.
nraw;wpl;lKfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ nraw;wpl;l eltbf;iffis fl;LgLj;Jtjw;;Fk; fz;fhdpg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jgLk; Kiwik> cj;jpfs;>kw;Wk; kf;fspd; Nrh;f;ifia Fwpf;fpwJ. nraw;wp;l;lkhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l juj;jpy;> Neuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l ghjPl;by; G+h;jpnra;agl;lhy; mJ ntw;wpfukhd jpl;lkhf fUjg;gLk;.
PRINCE 2 nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;py; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sgl;l epak KiwikahFk;. ,J njspthd Kfhik fl;likg;iaAk;> jpl;lkpliyAk; flLghl;L KiwiaAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J nray;Kiwfis tpl ntspaPLfspy; jhd; ftdj;ij nrYj;JfpwJ.
367CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik Draft Version
2.1.1 vt;thW nraw;wpl;l Ntiyfs; rhjhuz epWtd NtiyapypUe;J NtWgLfpwd?
nghJthf, epWtdk;; nraw;wpl;lk; my;yJ epWtd nray;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
nraw;wpl;lk; my;yJ epWtd nray;ghLfs; fl;lhakhf jpl;lkplgl;L, fl;LgLj;jgl;L
mKy;gLj;jglNtz;Lk;.
vt;thW nraw;wpl;lk; my;yJ epWtd nray;ghLfis rhjhuz epWtd NtiyapypUe;J NtWgLj;jyhk;.
nraw;wpl;lk; njhopw;ghLfs; (tof;fkhd tzpfk;)
xU tiuaWf;fg;gL;l Muk;gk; kw;Wk; KbT fhzg;glNtz;Lk;
njhlh;e;J eilngw;Wf;nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;
tsq;fs; tpN\lkhf xJf;fg;gl;L gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk;.
tsq;fis KONeuKk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ kw;Wk; xUKiw kl;Lk; nra;agLtjhf fhzg;gLk;
kPz;Lk; kP;z;Lk; nra;ag;gLfpd;w njhopw;ghLfs;
xU njspthd jPh;it Nehf;fp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xU nraw;wpl;lkhFk;
,yf;F kw;Wk; fhyf;nfL nghJthdit
ngUk;ghYk; epWtd kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;L fl;likg;igf; fle;J nry;Yk;.
ngUk;ghYk; epWtd kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;L fl;likg;ig gpdgw;WfpwJ.
Kjy; ehd;F jFjpfis xU nray;ghL G+h;j;jpnra;Akhapd; me;j eltbf;iffis nraw;wpl;lk;; vdf;$wyhk;. Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;if nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;Jt vy;iyf;Fs; fhzg;gLk;. xU nraw;wpl;lkhdJ nraw;wpl;l Kfhik El;gq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjhy; me;j nraw;wpl;lj;ij tifaPL nra;tJ kpfKf;fpakhFk;.
nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;f;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa cjhuzq;fs;
(a) Gjpa nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;F Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;fk;nra;jy;
(b) epWtdj;jpd; fl;likg;ig khw;wpaikj;jy;
(c) Gjpa jfty; Kiwikia nkU$l;Ljy; kw;Wk; tpUj;jp nra;jy;(d) Gjpa tzpf nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; Kiwikia mKy;gLj;jy;
Maylor xU jpl;lkhdJ xU khw;wj;jpd; nray;KiwahFk; vd th;zpj;Js;shh;. ,e;j fUj;J gaDs;s xU fz;Nzhl;lk; MFk;.
tiuaiwfs;; epjp rl;lk; xOf;fk; Neuk; juk; murpay; ntspthhp tpisT
cs;sPl;Lj; Njitg;ghLfs; (nraw;wpl;l tpguq;fs;)
tsq;fs; kf;fs; gzk; fUtpfs;
ntspaPL fpilf;jf;f ed;ikfs;
nraw;wpl;lk;
nghwpKiw Kfhikj;Jtk; El;gk; njhopEl;gk; jpl;lkply; fl;LghL
tiuglk; 11.3: nraw;jpl;lnkhd;wpd; gpujhd %yfq;fs;
368 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik Draft Version
2.2 nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; xU fl;likg;G: 7S khjphp
jpl;lKfhikahdJ njhlh;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; njhopw;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jt tpahgfj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;lJ MFk;. ,J jdJ tpN\lj;Jtkhd rpwg;Gila jpwidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. vdpDk;> ,J gue;j Kfhikr; R+oypy; Gijf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJthf mwpag;gl;l fUj;jpy; nfhs;sgl;l fhuzpfshy; ,jd; ntw;wp jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j fUj;jpy;nfhs;sg;gLk; tplaq;fis
Maylor 7 S vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
Copah; (Staff) mf;fiwAila egh;fs; ((Stakeholders)
fl;likg;G (structure) jpwd; (Skills)
je;jpNughak; (strategy) Kiwik(Systems)
ghzp (Style)
2.2.1 Copah;kw;Wk; mf;fiwAilaegh;fs; (Staff and stakeholders)
jpl;lkply; Kfhikapy; kpf Kf;fpa Copah; jpl;lKfhikahsh; MFk.; ,tuJ jpwd;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. ,jidtpl jpl;lmzpapy; gy egh;fs;
fhzg;gLthh;fs;, ,th;fs; epue;ju Copah;fs; my;yJ gFjpNeu Copah;fshfTk; fhzg;glyhk;.
mf;fiwAila egh;fs; tzpfj;jpy; mf;fiwAila egh;fshfNth my;yJ tzpfj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;;l egh;fshfNth fhzg;gLthh;fs;. mth;fsJ kdg;ghq;F> czh;Tfs; kw;Wk; nry;thf;F NtWgLfpwJ. nraw;wpl;lk; ntw;wpfukhf eilngwNtz;Lkhapd; vy;NyhUk; xOq;fhf milahsq;fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2.2.2 fl;likg;G
fl;likg;gpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;Jtjw;Fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd tplakhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(a) nraw;wpl;l fl;likg;ghdJ fl;lhakhf fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,JnghJthf jpl;l tho;f;if tl;lj;jpw;Fhpa tplakhFk;. NkYk; gy fl;likg;Gtplaq;fs; vof;$bajhf fhzg;gLk;.cjhuzkhf Gjpa mgptpUj;jp NtiyKiwik tpUj;jp tho;f;if tl;lj;NjhL njhlh;ghdjhf fhzg;gLk;.
(b) nraw;wpl;l jpl;lkply; vd;gJ fl;likg;G tplakhjyhy;;, KdNdw;wj;ij
fl;LgLj;Jk; tplak;, xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; ifaspj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
(c) fl;likg;ig xU vz;zf;fUthf Nehf;Fifapy;> ,J jpl;lkply; FOitfl;bnaOg;GtNjhL njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;.
(d) jpl;lkplYf;Fs;Sk; ntspNaAk; nray;KiwahdJ fl;likg;Gf;FkpfKf;fpatplakhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.jpl;l Kfhik vd;gJ thh;g;GUfl;likg;igtifiar;rhh;e;jJ.
(e) nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fl;likg;G msT kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l R+oy; ,lh; kPJnry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
(f) Nky;kl;l Kfhikapd; fl;likg;G kpfTk; gaDs;sjhFk;. ,J nraw;wpl;l;lKfhikahsh; Nky;kl;l KfhikahsUf;F mwpf;ifapl cjTk; cjhuzkhfnraw;wpl;l rig. ,e;j rigahdJ Kf;fpa mf;fiwAila egh;fspd; rhh;ghf
cUthfg;gL;lJ. PRINCE 2 nraw;wpl;lKfhik Kiwik ,e;j Kfhikj;Jtfl;likg;Gf;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gL;Ls;sJ.
369CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
2.2.3 Kiwik (System)
nraw;wpl;lk; vd;gJ cs;sPLfs; ntspaPl;bidf; nfhz;l xU mikg;G vdf;fUjgLfpwJ. ,J xU epWtdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j Kiwikapd; cgKiwikahFk;. ,e;jf; fUj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;ij> nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;Fk; epWtdj;jpd; cg KiwfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlh;ghlypd; mtrpaj;jpy; czuyhk;. mj;NjhL nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; Nfs;tpAk; Vw;gl ,lKz;L.
nraw;wpl;lf; fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwikahdJ Xh; Kf;fpa fUJnghUs; MFk;.
2.2.4 je;jpNuhghak; (Strategy )
xUnraw;wpl;lkhdJ vt;thW jdJ Nehf;fj;jpid epiwT nra;J nfhs;sKbAk; vd;gjw;ffhd je;jpNuhgha topiaf;Fwpf;fpwJ. nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; kpfTk; Kf;fpak; tha;e;j tplakhf je;jpNuhghak; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
2.2.5 ghzp (Style)
,J epWtdk; my;yJ Ntiyf;FOf;fs; vt;thW gdpahw;Wfpd;wd. mth;fs; vt;thW jkf;fpilNa njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdh; Nghd;w tplaq;fisf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,q;F ghzp vd;w nrhy; fyhrhuj;ijf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ. fyhrhuk; nraw;wpl;l NtiyfisAk; njhlh;e;Njr;rpahf elf;Fk; NtiyfisAk; NtWgLj;JfpwJ.
2.2.6 jpwd; (Skills)tpNrl nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;Jt jpwd; kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. vg;gbahapDk; jdpegh; Kfhikj;Jtk; fl;lahak; fhzg;glNtz;baJ. ,e;j gz;G nraw;wpl;l R+oYf;F nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
2.3 nraw;jpl;lKfhikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d?
nrad;Kiw, Kiwikfs;, mwpT, jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; mDgtq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw gad;gLj;jp Neuk; kw;Wk; nryit cr;rg;gLj;jp jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij mile;Jnfhs;ssy; nraw;jpl;lKfhikj;Jtk; MFk;.
nraw;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa tplak; ntw;wpahFk;. XU jpl;lkhdJ ntw;wpngw Ntz;Lkhapd;> mJ Fwpg;gpl;l ghjPl;Lf;Fs; Fwpj;j kl;l juj;jpy; Fwpj;jfhyj;Jf;Fs; milag;glNtz;Lk;.
370 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
tiuaiw fUj;Jiu
juk; ,Wjp jPh;TthdJ jpl;l tpguf;Fwpg;NghL ,zq;Ffpwjh vd;gijg; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghjPL jpl;lkhdJ mjpfhuks;pf;fg;gl;;l nrytPdq;fSf;Fs; Kbf;fg;gLNtz;Lk;
fhy msT jpl;lj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; jpl;lkpl;lgl;l nrad;Kiwfis gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mjyhy; ngWNgwhdJ cld;gl;l jpfjpapy; gad;gLj;j jahuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. Neuk; vd;gJ gzk ngWkjpahf fzpf;fg;gLtjhy; rhpahd Neu Kfhikj;Jtk; nryitf; fl;Lg;gLj;j cjTk;.
juk;> nryT, fhy msT, jpl;l ntw;wpia mstpLtjw;fhd msTNfhyhFk; ehd;fhtJ tiuaiwahf tprhyk; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;il Fwpf;fyhk;. ,jd; fUj;Jahnjdpy;> Fwpf;fg;gl;l midj;J NtiyfSk; nra;JKbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;;;> vy;yh ntspaPLfSk; mf;fiwAila egh;fSf;F toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gFg;gha;tpd; fPo; juk; gw;wpa ,lh;ghL kpfTk; FWfpajhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpahgfj;jpw;Fk; juj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd tpj;jpahrk;> rhpahf nra;Ak; Ntiyf;Fk; jtwhf nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyf;Fkpilapyhd tpj;jpahrk; MFk;.
2.3.1 jpl;l Ntiyapd; Kfhikj;Jt rthy;fs;
jpl;lk; rpy Kfhikj;Jt rthy;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
rthy; fUj;Jiu
mzpAUthf;fk; (Team building)
jpl;lNtiyahdJ ntt;NtWgl;l rKf gpz;ddpfis nfhz;l gy egh;fshy; Nkw;f;nfhs;sgLfpwJ> mzpahdJ xt;nthUtUlDk; tpiuthf njhlh;ghl ,yFthf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gL;l gpur;ridfs; (Expectedproblems)
vjph;ghf;fg;gl;l gpur;ridfis ftdkhd tbtikg;G kw;Wk; ftdkhd jpl;lkply; %yk; Muk;gpg;gjw;f;F KjNy jtph;f;fg;gLNtz;Lk;.;
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLhj gpur;ridfs; (unexpectedproblems)
jpl;lkply;; mKyhf;fk; nra;agLk; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; vjph;ghuhj gpur;ridia jPh;gjw;F.
gpw;gLj;jgl;l ed;ikfs; (Delayedbenefits)
jpl;lk; KbTWj;Jk;tiu ve;jtpj ed;ikfSk; Vw;glNghtjpy;iy
tpN\l Njh;r;rp ngw;wth;fs; (Specialist)
xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; ntt;NtWgl;l tpN\l jpwd; ngw;wth;fspd; Njit mtrpakhfpwJ.
Fog;gj;jpw;f;F cl;glj;jf;fJ (Potential for
conflict)
jpl;lj;jpy; ntt;NtWgl;l egh;fs; ntt;NtWgl;l eyid vjph;ghh;g;ghh;fs;. ,J CopahfSf;fpilapy; Kuz;ghLfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
371CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
nraw;wpl;l KfhikahdJ nghWg;Gfis kpf njspthf tiuaWf;fNtz;Lk; kw;Wk; tsq;fy; tpN\l Nehf;fj;ij milaf;$bajhf fhzg;glNtz;Lk;. nraw;wpl;l Kfhik nray;Kiw epWtd vy;iyf;Fs; njhlh;ghly; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;;F fl;likg;ig Vw;gLj;jp nfhLf;fpwJ.
vy;yh jpl;lq;fSk; xNu tpjkhd mk;rq;fisAk; xu tpjkhd nray;KiwfisAk; nfhz;like;Js;sJ. ,J vt;tsT gue;J gl;ldthff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; rfy jpl;lj;jpw;;Fk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba jpl;lKfhikj;Jt fUtpfisAk; njhopEl;gq;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F VJthf mikfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf rpy kl;Lg;ghLfSld; $wpdhy;> ghhpa fl;likg;gpidf; fl;LtjhapDk;> fk;gdp hPjpahf fzpdp tiyaikg;gpid mOy;gLj;JtjhapDk; mNjnahj;j nrad;KiwfSk;> El;gq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
vy;yh jpl;lj;jpw;;Fk; rfy nghWg;GfisAk; Vw;W vjph;ghh;f;fg;gL;l KbTfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s jpl;l Kfhikahsh; epakpf;fg;gLthh;.
2.3.2 Vd; jpl;lkply; jtwhf mikfpwJ?
gy jpl;lkpy; jtwhd Kbit jUfpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; tiuaWf;fg;gL;l my;yJ Fwpj;j Neuj;jpw;Fs; Kbf;fg;gLjhJ Njhy;tpahf ntspg;gLj;jgLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,e;j Njhy;tp gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
(a) ep&gpf;fg;glhj njhopEl;gk;.
etPd tpUj;jpngw;w Gjpa njhopEl;gq;fis gad;gLj;jy; jpl;lq;fspd; xUmk;rkhFk;. mj;jifa tpUj;jpfspd; tPr;nry;yiahdJ XusTf;Ftof;fkhd kw;Wk; rpf;fyw;w Nkk;ghLfs; Kjy; Ntiy eilKiwfs;>fpuak; kw;Wk; Neu mstPLfs; Kjypatw;iw epiykhw;wj;jf;f Kf;fpaGj;jhf;fq;fs; Clhf Kd;G ifahs KbahJ fhzg;gl;lnraw;wpl;lq;fisAk; ifahsj;jf;f tifapyhd Gul;rpfukhd khw;wq;fisNehf;fpa khw;wq;fs; tiu gue;J nry;fpd;wJ. njhopEl;g khw;wkhdJrpwpastpypUe;j ghhpasthf khw;wkiltJ Nghy mq;F VNjDk; jtWfs;Vw;gLkplj;J epfoj;jf;f mopTk; ghhpajhff; fhzg;gLk;. xU nghJthd
cjhuzkhf> 1970 fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; Nuhy;]; nuha;]; RB211 ,ae;jpuj;jpd;tbtikg;Gf;fhf fhgd; igth; %yf;$w;iwg; gad;gLj;j Kaw;rpj;jijf;Fwpg;gplyhk;. mj; Njhy;tpahdJ fk;gdpapd; epjprhh; Njhy;tpf;FtoptFj;jJld;> ,Wjpahf murpdhy; kPl;G nra;a Ntz;ba epiyikf;F,l;Lr; nrd;wJ.
(b) thbf;ifahshpd; tpguf;Fwpg;Gfis khw;Wjy;epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fhyg;gFjpapd; NghJ thbf;ifahh;fspd;vz;zq;fspy; mth;fs; vjid khw;wkilar; nra;tJ vd;gJ njhlh;gpy;khWghLfs; tUtJ mrhjhuz tplakpy;iy. vt;thnwdpDk;> Fwpj;jNeuj;jpYk;> Fwpj;j ghjPl;bDs;Sk; Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbf;fNtz;Lnkdpy;;> vit njhopDl;gj;jpy; rhj;jpakhdit>thbf;ifahsh;fspd; mgpyhirfspw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdit> jPh;khdj;Jld;xj;Jg;Nghff; $bait vd mth;fs; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;>,Wjpahf tptuf;Fwpg;Gf;fs; khw;wkilahjitfshff; fhzg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.
372 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
(c) murpay;
nraw;wpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ epWtd cs;sf murpay; ghhpasTjhf;fj;ij nrYj;JfpwJ. NkYk; ghhpa nraw;wpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJehl;L murpay; kl;Lkpy;yhky; rh;tNjr murpaYk; nry;thf;F nrYj;jre;jh;g;gq;fs; cz;L. rpNu\;l Kfhikahshpd; Mjutpd;ik kpfKf;fpa murpay;gpur;ridahf jpfo;fpwJ. ,J gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
(i) Kf;fpa nraw;wpl;lj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;f;F FiwghLilanrad;Kiwfis nfhz;bUj;jy; kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;f;F tzpf tof;Fxd;iw tiuaWj;jy;.
(ii) Kiwahd rhj;jpa gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; kPsha;T, fl;Lg;ghL Kiwfis
Nkw;nfhs;shky;, Kiwaw;w Kiwapy; ngwg;gl;l nraw;wpl;l; fpuak; kw;Wk;ed;ikia ek;Gjy;.
(d) Nkhrkhd nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
,J gy fhuzq;fshy; cUthfpwJ.
(i) mjpf ek;gpf;if.
Gjpa njhopEl;gk; rpf;fy; kpFe;jjhf fhzg;glyhk;. NkYk; ajhh;j;jkw;wKbT jpfjpfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; rhj;jpakw;w nray;jpwidthf;FWjpaspf;fyhk;.
(ii) njhopEl;g Copah;fis mjpfkhf gjtpAah;j;jy;.
Copah;fs; $Ljyhd njhopEl;g jpwd; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ mth;fisgjtpAah;j;Jjy; nghJthd tplakhFk;. Mdhy; ,th;fs; Kfhikj;jpwd;kw;Wk; jiyikj;Jt jpwd;fs; gpwFjhd; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. ,J jfty;njhopEl;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpur;ridahFk;.
(iii) jukw;w jpl;lkply; rhj;jpakhd NeutsT ];jhgpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;>tsq;fis gfph;jspg;gjw;F jpl;lkplNtz;Lk;. vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; NkyhfNtiy xU xOq;fhd thpirg;gb elj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
(iv) fl;Lg;ghL FiwT
nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; VjhtJ gpur;ridfs; fhzg;gl;lhy; nraw;wpl;lj;jpd;Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fl;Lghl;L eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;s njhlh;e;NjHr;rpahfkPsha;T nra;aNtz;Lk;. fl;Lghl;bw;f;Fhpa thpglkhdJ vy;yh kl;lKfhikahsh;fSf;Fk; kPsha;T nra;tjw;;F cjtf;$bajhffhzg;glNtz;Lk;. ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s njhlh;ghly; jpwd; kw;Wk;cwTKiw jpwd; nraw;wpl;l KfhikahsUf;F mtrpakhFk;.
2.3.3 jpl;lkplypd; ntw;wpf;fhuzpfs; (Project Success factors)
Finanacial Management ,y; 2006 ,y; gpuRhpf;fg;gL;l fl;LiuahdJ gpd;tUk; ntw;wpf;fhuzpfis nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
(a) Neuk;, nryT kw;Wk; ts xJf;fPL njhlh;ghd rhpahd jpl;lkply;
(b) Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;;fhf mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;nray;Kiwapd; gadhspfspd; <LghL.
(c) rhpahd jpwDldhd jpwik kw;Wk; <LghLila nraw;wpl;l Copah;fs;.
(d) njspthd tzpftof;if mbg;gilahf nfhz;l rpNu\;l Kfhikahshpd;chpikj;Jtk;.
373CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
tiuaiwfis ftdkhf fl;Lg;ghL nra;jy;. Ntfk,; tsk; gad;ghLnraw;wpl;lj;jpid cWjpg;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;;fhd fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk;fz;fhdpg;G nray;Kiw.
(f) vjph;ghuhj nryT> jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Mgj;ij Fiwg;gjw;fhd Mgj;J kjpg;gPLk;KfhikAk;.
(g) tzpf tof;fpw;f;fhd njspthd mbg;gil kw;Wk; nraw;wpwid kjpg;gPLnra;tjw;fhd rhpahd mstPLfs;. ,jd; %yk; nraw;wpl;l ntw;wpiakjpg;gplyhk;. mj;NjhL> Njitahd ghlq;fisAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
2.4 PRINCE2Prince 2 ,d; Projects in Controlled Enviornmnets vd;gjpd; RUf;fkhFk;. ,J
If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murhq;f th;j;jf fhhpahyaj;jpd; ( UK office for
government Commerce -(OGC) th;j;jf FwpahFk;. OGC ,d; topfhl;lyhdJ nghJthd fs jj;Jtq;fspypUe;Nj ngwgl;lJ. ,jid gad;gLj;j chpkk;
Njitg;glhJ. tpN\l fUtpfs;, gapw;rp kw;Wk; Nrit Nkk;gLj;jgl;L epWtdq;fshy; tzpf mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mjd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
(a) KiwikahdJ Mifahy; Prince 2 ve;;j msT kw;Wk; fbdkhd
nraw;wpl;lq;fis Kfhik nra;aTjTfpwJ.
(b) Kiwikf;Fs; gq;Fk;> nghWg;Gjd;ikf;fhd Kfhikfl;likg;G kpfTk;
njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gL;Ls;sJ. ,J ngUk;;ghYk; epWtdj;jpw;f;Fs;
fhzg;gLk; jpwd; fpilg;gditAk;> jpl;lj;jpd; jd;ikAk; mbg;gilahf
nfhz;lJ.
(c) KiwikahdJ nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; njhopEl;g nraw;ghLfs; vd;gijtpl
KbTfis ntspaPL nra;tijNa Nehf;fhf nfhz;lJ.
KbTg;nghUl;fspd; gadhspfs;; nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; kpfTk; nraw;wpdhf
<LgLthh;fs;.
(d) nraw;wpl;lkhdJ tzpf tof;fpypUe;Nj jUtpf;fg;gLfpwJ ,J Prince 2
,d; mbg;gilahFk; nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; njhlh;e;Njr;rpahd rhj;jpak;
,ilntspapd; mbg;gilapy; ghpl;rpf;fg;gLk;.
2.5 nraw;wpl;lKfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Prince 2 ,d; mZFKiwfs;
Prince 2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gL;l gFjpfis jkJ nrhe;j nrhy;yhl;rp %yk; tpghpf;fpwJ. ,e;j nrhy;yhdJ cs;Sdh;T ,y;iy kw;Wk; ,jid fpufpg;gJ
fbdkhFk;. vg;gbahdYk; ,jd; fUj;J kpfTk; Jy;ypakhdJ MFk;. Prince 2 Kiwik gFjpfisAk; kw;Wk; nrad;KiwfisAk; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
2.6 gFjpfs;/$Wfs; (Components)$Wfs; ,aw;f;ifahd fUJNfhshFk;> nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpahdJ ,e;j $WNfhs;fspd; Kf;fpa fUjg;glNtz;bajhFk;. nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;;F nraw;wpl;lk; ,jd; $Wfspd; gz;Gfs; NtWgLk;.
(a) tzpf tof;F (Business Case)
(b) epWtdk; (Organization)
(c) jpl;lk; (Plans)
(d) ,lh; (Risk)
374CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: (Kfhikj; jfe)
ty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
(e) tsh;r;rp (Progress)
(f) juk; (Quality)
(g) rpf;fy;fs; kw;Wk; khw;wq;fs; (Issues and changes )
2.6.1 tzpf tof;F (Business Case)
tzpf tof;Ffs; tzpf epWtdq;fspy; xd;wpidf;fg;gL;ljhf fhzg;gLk;. ,e;j nrhy;yhdJ vd;dj;ij milaNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;f;fhd fhuzgLj;jgl;l fzf;F MFk;. Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;lgb nraw;wpl;lkhdJ tzpf tof;fpypUe;J jUtpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ mbg;gilahFk;. tzpftof;F nrhw;fspd; ,ay;Gfid Muk;gj;jpNyNa Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;. ,J nraw;wpl;lk; vg;gb fhzg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nraw;wpl;l tof;F Nghd;W tzpftof;Fk; Nkk;gLj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
2.6.2 epWtdk; (Organization)Kfhikj;Jtk; mjpfhuj;jpd; fl;likg;gigAk; nghWg;igAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
nghUj;jkhf fhzg;gl;lhy;, kl;lq;fis xd;wpidg;gjd; %yNkh mtw;iw
ePf;Ftjd; %yk; nghUj;jkhd Prince 2 ,y; Kfhikj;Jt mjpfhuj;jpy; ehd;F fl;likg;G mLf;Ffis njhpag;gLj;JfpwJ. Kf;fpakhd je;jpNuhgha Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j nraw;wpl;lkhdJ epWtdj;jpd; je;jpNuhgha cah;kl;l egh;fs; kw;Wk; cah;kl;l jPh;khdnkLg;gth;fspd; Mh;tj;ij J}z;lf;$baJ. ,e;j Mh;tKs;s cah;kl;l egh;fs; tzpf Nehf;fj;jpw;f;fhd nfhs;iffis Nkw;f;nfhs;s MNyhrid rigapy; cWg;gpdh;fshf fhzg;gLthh;fs;. je;jpNuhgha cah;kl;lj;jpw;f;F fPo; fhzg;gLk; epiwNtw;Wrig nfhs;iffis nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;fhf khw;wpaikf;fpwJ.
nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; cah;kl;l Kfhikj;Jtkhf nraw;wpl;l rig fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,af;Fdh; my;yJ rpNu];lKfhikahsh; nghWg;ghf fhzg;gLthh;. ,tNu nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F fhuzkhthh;. ,e;j egH xl;Lnkhj;jkhd topfhl;ly;fisAk; epWtdj;jpw;F toq;FtJld; tzpfj;jpd; kPjhd <Lghl;bidAk; fl;lhakhf gpujpepj;Jtg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. gpw ,uz;L njhFjpfSk; ,q;F gpujpgypf;Fk;.
(a) mDgtk; kpf;f ghtidahsH mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; Gjpa Kiwikfs; kw;Wk;
msTj;jpl;lq;fSf;Nfw;g juq;fis fzf;fpLjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
<LgLj;jg;gLtjid gpujpgypf;fpd;wdH.
(b) mDgtk; kpf;f toq;Fdh; / mDgtk; kpf;f njhopEl;gtpayhsH jpl;lj;jpy;
<LgLtjidAk;> mjid mKy;gLj;JtjpYk; gq;fhw;Wfpd;wdH. ,k;
KiwikahdJ epWtdj;jpw;F ntspNa ,Ue;J epWtdj;jpw;F ngwNtz;ba
xg;ge;jjhuH XUtiu my;yJ xU egiu ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjid eptHj;jp
nra;fpd;wJ. mNj Nghy nfhs;tdT cj;jpNahfj;jH> jfty; njhopEl;gtpayhsH
vd;gd. cjhuzkhf mDgt njhopEl;g cjtpahsH xUtH jpl;lnkhd;wpw;F
epakpf;fg;gLjy;.
xt;nthU ehSk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lq;fspy; jpl;l KfhikahsNu nghWg;ghsp MthH. mtNu xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gbepiy KfhikahsHfSf;Fk;> FO KfhikahsHfSf;Fk; cWJizahf mikfpd;whH. jpl;l Kfhikahsupd; gq;fhdJ gbepiy KfhikahsHfs; my;yJ FO KfhikahsHfs; vd;gtHfSld; xd;wpize;J fhzg;glyhk;. jpl;lf;FO gbepiy KfhikahsUf;F mwpf;ifapLk;. mj;Jld; jpl;l KfhikahsUld; NrHe;J nraw;gLk;> Mdhy; jpl;l rigNa nghWg;ghsp MtJld; mJNt Nkw;$wg;gl;l %d;W Kfhik kl;lq;fisAk; gpujpgypg;gJld;
375CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik Draft Version
mJNt jpl;l Kd;Ndw;w Fothf
Tk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
2.6.3 jpl;lq;fs;jpl;lq;fshdJ ntw;wpailtjw;F fl;lhakhf njspthf jpl;lkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ehk; Vw;fdNt PRINCE 2 tpy; ghH;j;Njhk;. jpl;lkplyhdJ nraw;ghl;bid tpl cw;gj;jpapid mbg;gilahf nfhz;ljhFk;. mjdhNyNa jpl;lkplyhdJ Ntiy gpupT mikg;G vd;gjw;F gjpyhf cw;gj;jp gpupT mikg;gpy; mike;Js;sJ.
2.6.4 Mgj;Jfs;
Mgj;jhdJ gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLtJld; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;$lhf jpl;lq;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;F jplkhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspapYk; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.
2.6.5 Njh;r;rpnraw;ghL vd;gJ xt;nthU kl;lj;jpyhd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpdJk; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;ghHit nra;J jpUg;jpailjiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,J jpl;lkplYld; cz;ikahf Vw;gl;l tpiTfis xg;gPL nra;tijAk;> jpl;lkpliyAk; vjpHfhyj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba epfo;Tfis Ma;T nra;tjidAk;> gpur;ridfis fz;Lgpbj;J Mgj;jpid milahsk; fhz;gjidAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; KfhikahdJ rupahd Kbtpid nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;; njhlH;r;rpahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ.
2.6.6 juk;juKfhikj;JtkhdJ jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;Fs; cs;slq;fpAs;sJ. MdhYk;;
PRINCE 2 ,y; ju Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghlhdJ cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; cw;gj;jp gputpy; jukhd cw;gj;jpfs; vd;gJ Kf;fpa gq;fhFk;. Nkyjpfkhf jukhd cw;gj;jpahsHfs; jkJ cw;gj;jpfis ntspapLk; NghJ jur;rhd;Wjiy ,Ltjd; %yk; jkJ jpl;lk; njhlHgpy; jpUg;jpailayhk;.
cjhuzk; ISO 9000.
2.6.7 rpf;fy;fSk;> khw;wq;fSk;
ahjhapDk; jpl;lk; epge;jizfSf;fikaTk;> Njitf;Nfw;gTk; khw;wkilayhk;. cjhuzkhf toq;Fduhy; toq;f KbahJ Nghjy; my;yJ Gjpa rl;lq;fspdhy; MFk;. jpl;lq;fshdJ jhkhfNt khw;wkiltjw;F fl;lhakhf gue;jstpyhdJk; tpNtfkhdJkhd tifapy; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;> mjDhlhf vd;d Nehf;fj;jpy; nry;fpd;wJ vd;gjpy; mf;fiw nfhs;s KbtJld; Gjpa jpl;lq;fs; gw;wpAk; mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. rpf;fyhd jpl;lq;fs; njhlHgpy; mbf;fb njhopEl;g khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. vy;yh khw;wq;fSk; fl;lhakhf Mtzq;fs; %yk; mDkjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fl;likg;G KfhikahsH eilKiwfis fl;Lg;gLj;JtJld; kw;iwa jpl;lq;fSk; tuNtw;Fk;.
2.7 Processesnraw;wpl;l nray;KiwahdJ ,izf;fg;gL;l eltbf;if mbg;gilapy; $Wfshf ,Ug;gij tpl kpfTk; cWjpahdJ MFk;. ,J vl;L nray;Kiwiaf;nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
(a) nraw;wpl;lj;ij newpg;gLj;jy;
(b) nraw;wpl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;
(c) nraw;wpl;lj;ij ];jhgpj;jy
(d) jpl;lkply;
376 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
(e) fl;LgLj;Jk; fl;lk;
(f) fl;l vy;iyia fl;LgLj;jy;
(g) nghUl;fs; toq;fiy Kfhikg;gLj;jy;
(h) jpl;lj;ij KbTWj;jy;
2.7.1 nraw;wpl;lj;ij newpg;gLj;jy; :
nraw;wpl;lj;ij newpgLj;jy; rpNu\;l Kfhik mzpapdJk; jpl;l rigapdJk; xU nghWg;ghFk;. ,e;j nraw;ghL nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; tho;f;if KOtJk njhlh;e;J eilngWfpwJ> Mdhy; ,J fl;LgLj;jYlDk; jPh;khdk; vLj;jiyAk; ghhpasT fl;LgLj;JfpwJ.
2.7.2 nraw;wpl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;
nraw;wpl;lj;ij Mug;gpg;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd nray;KiwahFk;. gy mbg;gilfis ftdj;jpw;f;nfhz;Nl Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd
nraw;wpl;lNehf;fk;, nraw;wpl;l rigia ];jhgpj;jy; kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;lKfhikia epakpj;jy; vd;gd cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2.7.3 nraw;wpl;lj;ij ];jhgpj;jy;
nraw;wpl;lj;ij ];jhgpj;jy; xU mbg;gil jpl;lkply; nrad;KiwahFk; ,J jukhd jpl;l;kpliyAk; nraw;wpl;lj;ij fl;LgLj;Jtjw;Fk; nraw;wpl;l Jtf;f Mtzq;fisAk; cUthf;fp mbg;gilahd Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; ntw;wp msTNfhy;fisAk; mikf;fpwJ. nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; KjyhtJ cw;gj;jp epiy ,e;j nrad;Kiwapy;jhd; jpl;lkplg;gLfpwJ.
2.7.4 jpl;lkply;jpl;lkplyhdJ xU nray;KiwahFk;. Vida nray;Kiwapd; Njitg;ghLfis
G+h;j;jpnra;tjw;f;F ,J ve;j Neuj;jpYk; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;. Prince 02 jpl;l thpir ehd;F kl;lq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
(a) nraw;wpl;l jpl;lk;: nraw;wpl;l jpl;lkhdJ xl;Lnkhj;j jpl;lkhFk; ,J
jpl;lj;jpw;f;F KjNy Muk;gpf;fg;gLk; . ,J jpl;lj;jpd; RUf;fkhf
fhzg;gLk;.
(b) jpl;lj;jpd; epiy xt;nthU epiyf;Fk; jahhpf;fg;gLk;
(c) VjhtJ fl;lj;jpy; Nkyjpf tplaq;fs; Njitg;gLk; NghJ tphpthd jpl;lk;
jahhpf;fg;gLk;
(d) jdpgl;l egh; jpl;lk; xt;nthU cWg;gpdiuAk; topfhl;Lk;
gy gioa nraw;wpl;l jpl;lkply; Works Breakdown Structure mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl mike;Js;sd. ,jw;Fs; nraw;wpl;lkhdJ KbTWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd fl;lhag;gLj;JfpwJ.
PRINCE 02 nghUl;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;l mZFKiwf;F gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ. vg;gb nra;aglNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;F gjpyhf vd;dj;ij milag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYs;s ed;ikia Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; jpl;l ,yf;if miltjw;f;fhd jhdpaq;fp ftdk; toq;Fk;. nrad;Kiw njsptw;wjhf fhzg;gLk;. ,J kpfTk; fbdkhd jpl;lj;jpw;;F cjTk;.
,e;j mZFKiwapd; fPo; Ntiy gphpg;gpw;;F Kd;dh; nghUl;fs; gphpg;G
377CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
eilngwNtz;Lk;. Prince 02
nraw;wpl;lnghUlfis %d;W FOtpw;Fs; gphpf;fyhk;.
(a) njhopEl;g nghUl;fs;:
nraw;wpl;lkhdJ gaDh;fSf;F rpwe;j gadid ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;;fhd
xU tplakhFk;. cjhuzkhf jfty; njhopEl;gk; nkd;nghUs;>
td;nghUs;. ifNaLfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpia nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
(b) jukhd cw;gj;jp
ju nghUl;fs; nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;F gpuNahfpf;f$ba juf;fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk;
njhopEl;g nghUlfs; milaNtz;ba ju epakj;ijAk;
nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
(c) Kfhik nghUl;fs;
nraw;wpl;lj;ij Kfhikia nra;a gad;gLj;Jk; tplaq;fis
KfhiknghUl;fs; vd;W $wyhk;. Nraw;wpl;l Kfhik epWtd fl;likg;G
jpl;lkply; Mtdk;> kw;Wk; mwpf;iffs;.
jpl;lk; rpf;fyhf fhzg;gLk; NghJ jpl;lkply; nrad;Kiwapy; xUgFjpahf ghuk;ghpa Ntiyia gphpf;Fk; fl;likg;G mZFKiwf;F mikthf Nkw;f;$wg;gl;l nghUl;fspd; FOf;fs; KfhikgLj;jf;$ba gFjpfshf gphpf;fyhk;.
nraw;wpl;lk; kw;Wk; epiyj;jpl;lkply;> rhjhud jpl;lkply; fUtpfis
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mitahtd: Critical Path Analysis, Gant Chart kw;Wk;
Resource Histogram.
jpl;l ciuahdJ jpl;lk;, ,jd; mDkhdq;fs;, tiuaiwfs;, kw;Wk;
mwpf;ifapLk; fl;likg;igf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. jpuz;l fpuak;, kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd nghUl;fspd; epiyik ts jpl;ltiu fiyr;RUf;fj;jpy; tpghpf;fg;gLk;.
PRINCE 02 Kfhikj;Jt mZFKiwapd; kpfTk; Rthuh];akhd tplakhf
rfpg;Gjd;ikapd;/ nghWg;Ngw;wy; gad;ghL fhzg;gLfpwJ. nraw;wpl;l Kfhikahsh;fs; kw;Wk; epiy Kfhikahsh; Fwpg;gpl;l juk; Neuk; kw;Wk;
fpua NtWghLfSf;Fs; tpyfis mDkjpf;f mjpfhukspf;fg;gLthh;fs;. ,J nraw;wpl;l mKyhf;fj;jpw;F xU nefpo;Tjd;ikiaf; nfhLf;fpwJ. vg;ghbahapDk; rfpg;Gjd;ik Fwpg;gpl;lij tpl $Ljyhf fhzg;gl;lhy; mjw;;F nraw;wpl;l rigaplkpUe;J mDkjp ngwNtz;Lk;. ,jid tpjptpyf;F jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; mDkjp ngwNtz;Lk;.
2.7.5 fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; fl;lk; (Controling a Stage)fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ nray;Kiwapd; xU fl;lkhFk;. ,jid nraw;wpl;l Kfhikahsh; jpl;lk; ve;j epiyapy; cs;sJ vd;gij mwpa ,e;j nray;Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. xU nraw;wpl;lkhdJ xU epiyiaAk; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
prince 02 nraw;wpl;l fl;Lg;ghL gpd;tUk; nraw;wpl;l fl;likg;G kw;Wk;
$l;lq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(a) nraw;wpl;l Muk;gj;jpw;fhd re;jpg;ghdJ nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; tprhyk; kw;Wk;Nehf;fq;fis xg;Gf;nfhz;L mtw;wpw;F mDkjpaspf;fpwJ.
378 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l KfhikDraft Version
(b) nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; xt;nthU KbTWj;jy; fl;lq;fSk; ,Wjp epiykjpg;gPl;lhy; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j kjpg;gPlhdJ nraw;wpl;l Kfhikahsh;kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l cWjp mzpapd; mwpf;iffis cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;. xUepiyapd; kjpg;gPl;il kPsha;T nra;J mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLk; tiunraw;wpl;lj;jpd; mLj;j epiyia Muk;gpf;fKbahJ.
(c) epiyia Nkw;nfhz;L nry;Yk; NghJ kj;jpa epiy kjpg;gPl;il rpynraw;wpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. ,J fl;lhak; vd;gJ fpilahJ.cjhuzkhf ePz;lfhyj;jpw;Fhpa jpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ xU epiyia Kbg;gjw;F Kd;dh; ,d;ndhU nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; ,d;ndhU epiyia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; kj;jpa epiy kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(d) nraw;wpl;lj;ij gw;wpa nghopg;Giu/ rpwg;gk;r mwpf;if jpl;lKfhikahsuhy; jpl;l rigf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,ej mwpf;ifahdJ xU xl;Lnkhj;j toikahd fl;Lghl;L nghwpKiwahFk;. ,ij rkh;gpf;fNtz;ba fhy msT ( khjhe;j mbg;gilapy;) nra;w;wpl;lk; Muk;gpf;FNghNj jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
(e) rhpghh;f;Fkplk; jpl;l mzpahy; gad;gLj;jgLk; kpfKf;fpa fl;Lghl;L
fUtpahFk;. nghopg;Giu/ rpwg;gk;r mwpf;if jahhpg;gij tpl re;jpg;ghdJmbf;fb eilngwyhk;. (thuhe;jbg;gilapy;). ,J mzp jiytuhYk;cWg;gpdh;fshYk; nraw;wpl;l kPsha;it Nkw;;nfhs;tjw;;F mbg;gilahffhzg;gLfpwJ.
2.7.6 fl;l vy;iyia fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (Manageing stage boundaries)fl;l vy;iyia fl;LgLj;jy; xU nrad;KiwahFk;. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l fl;lq;fs; fhzg;gLk; NghJ Njitg;gLfpwJ. xU fl;lk; epiwNtw;wpajw;F gpd;dNu mLj;j fl;lk; njhlq;Fjy; mtrpakhFk;.
2.7.7 nghUl;fs; toq;fiy Kfhikg;gLj;jy; (Managing product delivery)nghUl;fs; toq;fiy Kfhikg;gLj;jy; xU nray;KiwahFk;. ,J tpN\l Njh;r;rp ngw;wth;fshy; Ntiyia milag;glNtz;ba jPh;Tf;Fk; Nkw;f;nfhs;sgl;l Ntiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis milahsq; fz;L mtw;iw Kfhikg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. ,jid Nkw;f;nfhs;tjw;F nghUj;jkhd epakq;fspw;F mikthf eilngwNtz;Lk;.
2.7.8 nraw;wpl;lj;ij KbTWj;jy; (Closing a project)jpl;lj;ij KbTWj;jy; nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; ,Wjp gFjpahFk;. ,J xU nray;KiwahFk; ,jd; %yk; nraw;wpl;lj;ij nraw;wpl;l Kfhikahsh; KbTf;F nfhz;LtUthh;fs;. ,J jpl;lk; ve;j msT ntw;wpfukhf Kbf;fg;gL;lJ vd;gij ghPl;rpj;J mtw;iw mwpf;ifapLthh;fs;. nraw;wpl;lj;ij KbTWj;jyhdJ KbTWj;jy; $l;lk; %yk; epiwTWj;jgLfpwJ. ,e;j $l;lkhdJ jpl;lj;jpy; VjhtJ mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; Ntiyfs; vy;yhk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sgl;ljh? cs;slq;fshf midj;J NtiyfSk; ,e;j $l;lj;jpy; ghpl;rPf;fg;gLk;.
379CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
jfty; Kiwikfs;: epWtdj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;bw;Fk;> epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iff;Fk; cjtp Gupfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpid gjpT nra;jy;> jPHkhdk; vLj;jy;> jpl;lkpLjy;> nrayhw;Wif kjpg;gPL nra;jy; kw;Wk;; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
jfty; Kiwikfs; Fwpj;jrpy tpNrl Fztpay;Gfisf; (ACCURATE) nfhz;ljfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wd.
ntt;NtW tifahd jfty; njhopEl;g eltbf;iff;F cl;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;ntt;NtW tifapyhd ,ay;Gfis gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
epWtdq;fs; mf ,izaq;fs;> Gw ,izaq;fs; kw;Wk; juTj;js Kiwfisnraw;gLj;jp juTfspypUe;J jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjid mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
Kaw;rprhh; mstpy; gue;Jgl;l Kiwikfs; midj;J tzpfj; njhopw;ghL> tsq;fs;gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; jfty;fspd; gupkhw;wj;ij xUq;fpizg;gjw;F cWJizahfmikfpd;wJ.
Kaw;rprhh; tsj; jpl;lkply; nghjpfs; (ERP) tzpf nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;jd;dpaf;fkhffy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; gue;Jgl;l mDgtj;ij cs;slf;Fk; etPdkakhdnkd;nghjpfs; MFk;.
mwpT Kfhikj;Jt Kiwikapd; (KMS) Nehf;fkhdJ epWtdj;jpd; jfty;fis gjpTnra;jYk;> Nrkpj;J itj;jYk; MFk;.
thbf;ifahsH cwT Kfhikj;JtkhdJ (CRM) gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; ClhfepWtdj;jpd; nghUl;fs; Nritfs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsH gw;wpa jfty;fistoq;Ffpd;wJ.
xU nraw;jpl;lkhdJ mjd; gzpia Muk;gpj;J ,Wjptiu fl;banOg;gjw;fhdNehf;fj;jpid miltjw;F Njitahd nryTfs;> epfo;r;rp epuy; kw;Wk; juf;Fwpf;Nfhs;fis vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.
nraw;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpa #oy; fhuzpfs; 7S khjpupapDhlhftifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;JtkhdJ Kiwikfspd; NrHf;if> El;gq;fs; vd;gdgazhspfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> Nkw;ghHit nra;tjw;Fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;fhuzpfshFk;. ,jidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;Nl epWtdj;jpd; juepiy> jdpAupikjpl;lk;kw;Wk; tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fs; vd;gd epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd
PRINCE2 KiwikahdJ ngUkstpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l> nraw;wpl;lKfhikj;Jtj;Jf;fhd Xh; epak KiwikahFk;. ,J njspthd Kfhikf;fl;likg;Gf;fisAk; fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwfisAk; toq;FtJld;> ,Jnrad;KiwfspYk; ghh;f;f ntspaPLfs; kPJ $Lfyhd fhprid nfhs;tJNehf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.
mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
380 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l KfhikDraft Version
1 gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; jfty; njhopEl;g Kiwikf;Fs; cs;slq;fhjJ vJ?
A EIS
B MIS
C DSL
D OAS
2 xU mikg;gpDs; ,iza cyhtpf;F ,izahd nkd;nghUs; %yk; mZfg;gLk; gpuj;jpNaf tiyaikg;G vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
A ,izak; (Internet)
B Gw ,izak; (Extranet)
C mf ,izak; (Intranet)
D gpuj;jpNaf tiy (Privatenet)
3 ve;j KiwikahdJ vy;yh tifahd epWtdq;fspd; njhopw;ghl;bidAk;> %ytsq;fisAk;> jfty;fisAk; xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? A. mwpT Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik
B. thbf;ifahsH cwT Kiwik
C. epGzj;Jt Kiwik
D. Kaw;rprrhh; mstpy; gue;Jgl;l Kiwik
4 ntw;wpfukhd nraw;jpl;lk; vd;gJ vd;d?
5 gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; ntw;wpfukhd jpl;l ntspaPl;bw;F ngupJk; cWJizahf
mike;j fhuzp ahJ?
A njspthd tzpf tof;fk;
B jsHe;j fl;Lg;ghLk; Gjpa Kaw;rpfspd; Cf;Ftpg;Gk;
C ghtidahsHfspd; FWf;fPby;yhj cWjpahd jiyikj;Jtk;
D epGzj;Jtk; tha;e;j njhopEl;gtpayhsHfis jpl;l KfhikahsHfshf epakpj;jy;
6 PRINCE 2 jpl;l Nkyhz;ik Kiwikapy;;; nefpo;r;rp tha;e;j Kd;Ndw;w kPsha;T FO
mwpf;iffs; jpl;lf; Fotpdhy; vt;tbtpy; jug;gLfpd;wJ?
A. ,Wjpf;fl;l kjpg;gPL
B. iky;fy;
C. rpwg;gk;r mwpf;iffs;
D. Nrhjid epiyak;.
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;ir
381CA Sri Lanka
BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
1 tpil C. DSL (Digital Subscriber line) vd;gJ njhlh;ghly; njhopEl;gkhFk;. Vidait: epiwNtw;Wj; jfty; Kiwik> Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; mYtyfj; jd;dpaf;f Kiwik
2 tpil C. cytp nkd;nghUs; %yk; ,af;fg;gLk; epWtdj;jpDs; fhzg;gLk; tiyaikg;G mf,izak; vdg;gLk;.
3 tpil D. Kaw;rprrhh; gue;jstpy; tsk; njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; jfty;fis ,idf;f
tbtikf;fg;gL;l Kiwik Enterprise –wide Kiwik vdg;gLk;.
4 Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; Fwpj;j ghjpl;bDs; kw;Wk; tpguf;Fwpg;GFs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;bUj;jy;.
5 tpil A . tzpf tof;F cah;kl;l KfhikahshplkpUe;J Mjuit Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. kw;iwa njhpT nraw;wpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; gpur;ridfis gpujpgypf;fpwJ (Nkhrkhd fl;Lg;ghL> mf;fiwjhuu; <Lghbd;ik> njhopw;jpwd; Copah;fsJ mjpf gjtpAah;T)
6 tpil D. (iky;fy; vd;gJ nraw;jpwd; kPsha;T nra;ag;gLtjw;Fk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gLtjw;Fkhd Kf;fpa fl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; Xh; nghJthd nraw;wpl;l Kfhikr;
nrhw;nwhlh; MFk;. PRINCE2 Kiwikapy; mJ jdpj;Jtkhdjy;y).
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;irf;fhd tpilfs;
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BL4 mj;jpahak;11: Kfhikj; jfty; Kiwik kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;l Kfhik
Draft Version
tzpfg; nghUspaYf;fhd mwpKfk;
mwpKfk; ,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ gphpT 1 ,y; nghUspay; kw;Wk; tpahghug; nghUspay; Mfpatw;iwr; nrhw;gj tpsf;fk; nra;J Muk;gpj;J> tpahghuq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s nghUshjhu tsq;fs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUshjhug; gz;lq;fisg; gphpT 2,y; fw;gpf;Fk;.
gphpT 3 MdJ> mbg;gilg; nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfshd: cr;rg; gad; ngWk; tifapy; mUikahd tsq;fis vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;. gpd;dh;> ,g; gpur;rpidaps; tpisthfj; Njhd;Wk; njhpTfisf; fw;Fk;.
mj;jpahak; 12 MdJ> gphpT 3 kw;Wk; gphpT 4 ,y; nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfspd; tpisTfis> mjhtJ khw;Wj; NjitfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jhJ> tsq;fis mtrpakhd xU Njitf;f khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Ma;T nra;J KbtilAk;.
363
mj;jpaha
k;
mwpTf;$W
5 Role of Economics in Business
5.2 nghUshjhuj;jpd; ikag; gpur;rpidfs;
5.1.5
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.1 tzpf nghUspaYf;fhd mwpKfk;
5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4
nghUshjhuk; vd;gjidg; nghUs; tiuaiw nra;J> tzpfj;ij Kfhik nra;tjpy;> nghUshjhuj;jpd; gq;fpidf; fye;JiuahLjy;;
re;jh;g;gr; nryT kw;Wk; mUik> kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nghUshjhuj;Jldhd nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;;
rpw;wpdg; nghUspay; kw;Wk; Nguz;lg; nghUspay;> epakg; nghUspay; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; Neu;g; nghUspay; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il milahsk; fhZjy;
nghUshjhu tsq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nfhLg;gdTfis milahsk; fhZjy;
nghUspay; ,yhgk; kw;Wk; fzf;fpay; ,yhgk; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis milahsk; fhZjy;
nghUspaypd; ikag; gpur;rpidfis milahsk; fhZjy;
kj;jpa jpl;lkply; Kiw> re;ijg; nghUshjhu Kiwik kw;Wk; fyg;Gg; nghUshjhu Kiwik Mfpatw;wpNy ikag; gpur;rpidfs; jPh;f;fg;gLk; Kiwfis fye;JiuahLjy;
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1.1 nghUspaYf;fhd tiutpyf;fzk; kw;Wk; Nehf;nfy;iy kf;fs; vy;yh Neuq;fspYk;; gFj;jwpthsu;fshf ele;J nfhs;tNjhL vg;nghOJk; jq;fsJ epiyikfis tpUj;jp nra;tijNa Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;shu;fs; vd nghUspayhsu;fs; vLNfhs; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j vLNfhs; NkYk; gy rpwg;ghd vLNfhs;fSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ.
cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; jkJ ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;JtijNa Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
Efu;Nthu; jkJ tUkhdj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; gaid cr;rg;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdu;.
murhq;fkhdJ jq;fsJ kf;fspd; eyid cr;rg;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
xU r%fj;jpy; epyTk; nghUshjhu Kiwikf ;Nfw;g mjpy; fhzg;gLk; tsg; gad;ghl;bd; njhpT> ngWkjp mstPL MfpadTk; nghUshjhuj;jpy; nry;tj;jpd; chpik khjphpfSk; NtWgLk;.
(a) kj;jpa jpl;lkply; nghUshjhuj;jpy; (fl;lisg; nghUshjhuk;) ts xJf;fPL gw;wpa njupTfSk; jPu;khdk; vLj;jYk; murhq;fj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. gzg;ngWkjpahdJ tsq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; nghUl;fs; NritfSf;Fk; Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vd;d tsq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij murhq;fNk jPu;khdpg;gNjhL> mitfSf;F vt;tsT nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;> vd;d nghUl;fs; Mf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; vd;d tpiy tpjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; gw;wpAk; murhq;fNk jPu;khdk; vLf;fpd;wJ.
1 nghUspay; vd;why; vd;d?;
nghUspayhdJ tsg;gad;ghL vt;thW njuptpw;F cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wJ; vij cw;gj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;> ahuhy; Efug;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. tzpfg; nghUspayhdJ tzpfj; njhopy; Kaw;rp th;j;jf mikg;Gf;fisAk; njhopyhsh;fisAk; njhlh;GgLj;Jk; fhuzpfs;> %yjdk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp re;ij> NtWgl;l gy;NtW mikg;GuPjpahd fl;likg;Gf;fspy; Mjpf;fk; nra;Ak; fhuzpfs; Mfpatw;iw Muha;fpd;wJ
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fk;
1 nghUspay; vd;why; vd;d?
2 nghUspay; tsq;fs;
3 nghUspay; njupT> re;ju;g;gr; nryT> mUik
4 nghUspay; ,yhgKk; fzf;fPl;L ,yhgKk;
fw;wy; NgWfs;
5.1.1, 5.1.3,
5.2.1, 5.2.2
5.1.4
5.1.2
5.1.5
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,e;j mZFKiwahdJ murhq;fk; khj;jpuNk rKfj;jpYs;s vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk; epakkhfTk; KiwahfTk; Njitahdtw;iw toq;f KbAk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.
(b) fl;lw;w re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpy;> ts xJf;fPLfs; gw;wpa jPu;khdj; njupTk;> re;ij rf;jpfshd Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy;fshy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtNjhL> mjpy; tpiyg; nghwpKiw nraw;gLtjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tZFKiwahdJ> fl;lisg; nghUshjhu Kiwiatpl mjpfkhd nry;tj;ijg; gpwg;gpg;gij mtjhdpf;fKbAk;. vt;tpj jiyaPLfSk; ,y;yhj Rje;jpu re;ijg; nghwpKiwfs; vq;FNk fhzg;glhtpl;lhYk;> mnkhpf;fhtpy; fhzg;gLtJ Rje;jpu re;ij mZFKiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l KiwNaahFk;.
(c) fyg;Gg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; njupTfSk; jPu;khdk; vLj;jYk; gFjpastpy; Rje;jpu re;ijr; rf;jpfshd Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gyhYk; gFjpastpy; murhq;fj;jhYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;;. nghUshjhu eydhdJ jdpahu; kw;Wk; mur JiwfSf;fpilNa gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tZF KiwahdJ> re;ij Kiwapd; tpidj;jpwid kj;jpa jpl;lkply; Kiw mZFKiwAld; ,izj;J epahakhd Kiwahd tpepNahfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. mT];Nuypah fyg;G ngUshjhu ehLfSf;F cjhuzkhFk;.
eilKiwapy;> mgptpUj;jpaile;j cyfpy; ifj;njhopy; kakhfpa ehLfs; fyg;Gg; nghUshjhukhf ,Ue;jhYk; Rje;jpu re;ij kw;Wk; kj;jpa jpl;lkplypy; mit NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd nghUspaypy;> murhq;fkhdJ gy;NtW topfspy; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifffspy; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
(a) tupf;nfhs;if> murhq;f nryT> tl;b tPjk; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; Ngupdg; nghUshjhu rf;jpfs; kPJ Neubf; fl;Lg;ghL nrYj;j KbAk;.
(b) tup> khdpak; kw;Wk; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghLfs; gz;lq;fs;> Nritfspd; rhu;G tpiyapidg; ghjpf;Fk;.
(c) muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd mjhtJ mT];NuypahtpDila nghJ Rfhjhu Kiw (kUj;Jtg; guhkhpg;G) Nghd;w nghUl;fs; Nritfis NeubahfAk; ,ytrkhf my;yJ Fiwe;j tpiyapYk; toq;f KbAk;.
(d) tpjpKiwfshy; nghUl;fs;> Nritfspd; epuk;giyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j my;yJ jil nra;a KbAk;.
(e) tup kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;G KiwfspD}lhf tUkhdj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;j KbAk;
rpw;wpdg; nghUspayhdJ jdpj;jdpahd nghUspay; myFfspd; fw;ifahf fhzg;gLtNjhL tPl;Lj;Jiw kw;Wk; tpahghu mikg;Gf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Ngupdg; nghUspayhdJ> nghUspay; myFfs; gw;wpa jPu;khdk; vLj;jypy; xl;L nkhj;j tpisTfspd; fw;ifahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. g+uz Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ij my;yJ ru;tNjr nghUspay; Kiwia KOikahf ,J Nehf;Ffpd;wJ.
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1.2 tzpfg; nghUspay;
tzpfg; nghUspay; vd;Dk; gjkhdJ gy;NtW tpjkhf tiuaWf;fg; gLfpd;wJ. gue;Jgl;ljhf ,J tpahghu my;yJ tzpfj; njhopy; Kaw;rp> Copah;fSf;Fk; tpahghu jhgdq;fSk; ,ilNaAs;s cwTf;fhd fhuzpfs;> %yjdk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpr; re;ijfs; gy;NtW epWtdq;fspd; fl;likg;Gf;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; Mfpad gw;wpa fw;ifahFk;.
Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
epWtdq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
mit vt;thW> Vd; epWtdq;fs; tpupthf;fg;gLfpd;wd
njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fspd; gq;F
epWtdf; fl;likg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Copau;Slhd kw;Wk; cwT> %yjd toq;Fdu;fs;> Efu;Nthu; kw;Wk; murhq;fk; MfpNahUld; tpahghu jhgdq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s Fwpg;gplj;jf;f njhlu;Gfs;
tpahghu jhgdq;fSf;Fk; tzpf #oYf;Fkpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;G
tiutpyf;fzj;ij tpupthf;f KaYk; NghJ NtWgl;l %yq;fs; tzpfg; nghUspaypd; gy;NtWgl;l tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf kpahkpg; gy;fiyf;fofk; tzpfg; nghUspaypy; cw;gj;jp gq;fPL> kw;Wk; nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; Efu;T vd;gtw;wpw;fhf ehk; tsq;fis vt;thW gad;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. tq;fpfs; ,Ug;Gr; re;ijfs;> r%f epWtdq;fs;> murhq;f tupf; nfhs;if> njhopy;njhlh;G nfhs;iffs;> ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk;> efu Rw;Wr;$oy; gpur;rpidfs; Mfpatw;iw nghUspay; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;bAs;sJ.
1.3 Neu;g; nghUspay; kw;Wk; epakg; nghUspay;; nghUspayhdJ Neh;g; nghUspay; kw;Wk; epakg; nghUspay; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ngUk;ghyhd nghJf; nfhs;iffs; Neu; kw;Wk; epakg; nghUspay; ,uz;ilANk mbg;gilahff; nfhz;litahFk;.
Neu;g; nghUspay; vd;gJ cz;ikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJld;> RahjPdkhdJk; kw;Wk; mstplf;$baJk; MFk;. Neu;g; nghUspaypd; Nehf;fkhdJ fhuzk; kw;Wk; tpisT Mfpatw;wpilNaahd cwTKiwikaj; jPu;khdpg;gjhFk;. cjhuzkhf> “murhq;f epjpAjtp mspf;fg;gl;l Rfhjhu guhkupg;ghdJ nghJr; nryTfis mjpfupf;fpwJ" vd;w $w;whdJ mj;jifa Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G ,y;;yhj ,lq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; mj;jifa epjp fpilf;fg;ngw;w gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; tuyhw;Wj; juit kjpg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;glNth my;yJ kWf;fg;glNth KbAk; Mifahy;> xU Neu;g; nghUspay; $w;whFk;.
epakg; nghUspayhdJ ,yl;rpaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fkhdJ> vd;;d elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wp nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia Nehf;fpa $l;L tpUg;gj;ij Kd;itg;gNjahFk;. cjhuzkhf> “Njrpa mstpy; epjpaspf;fg;gl;l Rfhjhu Nrit midtUf;Fk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk;". ehl;Lf;fhd> gpuhe;jpaj;Jf;fhd my;yJ mikg;Gf;fhd gaDWjpkpf;f nfhs;iffis cUthf;Ftjw;fhf> Neu; kw;Wk; epakg; nghUspay; $w;Wf;fs; ,uz;LNk Njitg;gLk;. Vnddpy;> Neu;g; nghUspay; $w;W;f;fs;> cz;ikfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> nfhs;iffs; njhlh;gpy; juT hPjpahd cz;ikr; rhd;Wfis toq;Fk; mNj Neuj;jpy; epakg; nghUspay; $w;Wf;fs;> kjpg;G mbg;gilapyhd $w;Wf;fs; Mf;fG+u;tkhd kw;Wk; Gjpa rpe;jidia mDkjpf;Fk; kw;Wk; khw;wj;jf;f khw;wj;jpw;fhd mbj;jskhf ,Uf;Fk;.
xd;wpize;j tifapy;> Gjpa Nahridfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfis cUthf;f> tpUj;jp nra;a kw;Wk; epiwNtw;w KbAk;;.
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2 nghUspay; tsq;fs;
2.1 cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs;
cw;gj;jpahsu;fisg; nghWj;jkl;by; rhu;ghf ehd;F tifahd cw;gj;jp tsq;fis milahk; fhzKbAk;. mit cw;gj;jp fhuzpfshFk;. Xt;nthU cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpisAk; ntFkjpfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; mjidg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjd; cupikahsiuAk; nrd;wilfpd;wJ.
(a) epyj;jpw;fhd ntFkjpahdJ thlifahFk;. ,ij ,yFthf xU nrhj;jhf fUjf;$bajhf ,Ue;Jk;> nghUspaypy; epyj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzkhdJ mij tpl tpupthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. epyk; nrhj;jhf kl;Lky;yhJ> (epyk;> fl;llq;fs;;> %yjdk;) epyj;jpy; tsu;fpd;w ,aw;if tsq;fs; mlq;fyhfmjpypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;l kug;gyif kw;Wk; epyf;fup vd;gdtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
(b) Copaj;jpw;F ntFkjpahff; $yp (rk;gsk; cl;gl) toq;fg;gLfpd;WJ. CopakhdJ kdpjdpd; cs kw;Wk; cly; uPjpahd tsq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Copa cw;gj;jpj;jpwidg; gapw;rpfspD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;a KbAk; my;yJ %yjdj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,ae;jpuq;fs; %yk; ngwyhk;.
(c) %yjdj;jpw;fhd ntFkjp tl;bahFk;. %yjdj;ij epjpapay; tskhfTk; kw;Wk; tl;b tPjj;ij gzj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp epuk;giy rkg;gLj;Jfpd;w tpiy El;gkhfTk; fUjyhk;. vt;thwpUg;gpDk;> nghUspay; Nehf;fpy; %yjdk; vd;gJ tq;fpapYs;s gzj;ijf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. nghUl;fisAk;> NritfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; gpuNahrdkhFk; ,ae;jpuq;fisAk; fUtpfisANk ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthW njhopw;rhiy Nghd;w fl;llq;fs; %yjdg; nghUl;fshFk;.
(d) njhopy; Kaw;rp my;yJ Kaw;rpahz;ik vd;gJ ehd;fhtJ cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpahFk;. xU njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu; xU tpahghu Kaw;rpapy; Vida %d;W cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfisAk; xd;wpizj;J nraw;gLj;JgtuhfTk; mr;nraw;ghl;by; ,liuj; jhq;fpf; nfhs;gtuhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whh;. njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu; Gjpa tpahghu Kaw;rpfis Muk;gpg;gtuhfTk; ,lh;kpf;f Kaw;rpf;F ntFkjpahf mtUf;F ,yhgKk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
2.2 rhjhuz kw;Wk; ,opTg; gz;lq;fs;
ePq;fs; fw;gid nra;tJ Nghy; mjpfupj;j tUkhdkhdJ tPl;Lj; Jiwf;F mjpfkhd nryT nra;tjw;fhd gzj;ijf; nfhLg;gNjhL> ,Uf;fpd;w tpiyapy; mjpfsT nghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;Fk; toptFf;Fk;. vt;thwpUg;gpDk; mjpfupf;Fk; tPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhdkhdJ midj;Jg; nghUl;fs;> NritfspdJ re;ijf; Nfs;tpia mjpfupf;fr; nra;ahJ. tUkhd mjpfupg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; gz;lq;fSf;fhd jdpegu; Nfs;tpahdJ gz;lq;fspd; jd;ikapy; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ.
epyk;> Copak;> Kjy;> Kaw;rpahz;ik Mfpa ehd;Fk; nghUspay; tsq;fshfTk; cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
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Nfs;tpAk; tUkhd kl;lKk; gy;NtW topfspy; njhlu;Ggl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
(a) tPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhd mjpfupg;ghdJ gz;lq;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpia mjpfupf;fyhk;. ,JNt nghJthf eilngWk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtNjhL tUkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ Nfs;tp mjpfupf;Fk; gz;lq;fshdJ rhjhuz gz;lq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzk; njhiyf;fhl;rpAk; fhu;fSk;
(b) tUkhdk; Fwpg;gpl;lsT epiyia milAk; tiu Nfs;tpAk; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk;. Mdhy;> Mdhy; mg;Gs;spf;fg;ghy; tUkhdk; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;y Nfs;tp tPo;r;rpailAk;. tUkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ gz;lq;fsJ Nfs;tp FiwtilAk; nghUl;fs; ,opTg; nghUl;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. cjhuzk;> khh;bd; Flh; kw;Wk; kypthd itd;. tUkhdk; cau;tilAk; NghJ Nfs;tp Fiwtiltjw;fhd fhuzk;> $ba tUkhdk; cau; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F J}z;LtjhFk;. cjhuzk; FlUf;Fg; gjpyhf khl;biwr;rpf;F kw;Wk; kypthd itd; tiffSf;Fg; gjpyhf rpwe;j juKila itd;fs;.
2.3 fpgd; gz;lk;
nghUl;fspd; tpiyfs; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ gjpyPl;L tpisT Vw;gl> tpiy $batw;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf Efu;Nthd; Vida nghUl;fis thq;Ftu;. Vnddpy;> jw;NghJ mit xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; kypthdjhff; fhzg;gLk;. Mdhy;> mq;F tUkhd tpisTk; Vw;gLk;;. mjhtJ tpiy cau;thdJ Efu;NthuJ nka; tUkhdj;ijf; Fiwg;gNjhL nghUl;fs; Nritfis nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhd ,aYikiaAk; ghjpf;Fk;.
19k; E}w;whz;L nghUspayhsu; Nru; nuhNgu;l; fpgd; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy nghUl;fs; (fpgd; gz;lk;) kPJ ,t;tUkhd tpisthdJ ghupajhf fhzg;gl;lij mtjhdpj;jhh;. mjhtJ> tpiy mjpfupg;gNjhL Nfs;tpAk; mjpfupj;jJ. ,e;epiyapy;> tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpahdJ Neu;f;fzpaKilajhff; fhzg;gLk;. mtUila fhyj;J njhopyhspfs; kj;jpapy; ghzpd; tpiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ghzpw;fhd Efu;T mjpfupj;jij mtjhdpj;jhu;. jdpegh;fshy; mjpfsT Efug;gLk; gz;lq;fsJ tpiy mjpfupg;gjhy;> cau;e;jsthd jdpeguJ Efu;T mtdJ nka; tUkhdj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. mjpf tpiyAau;e;j czT tiffis kf;fs; thq;f Kbahj epiyapy;> mtu;fsJ ghZf;fhd Efu;it mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
2.4 ntg;yd; gz;lq;fs;
,it ntg;yd; vDk; nghUspaywpQu; ngaiug; ngw;wd. ,tw;wpd; tpiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ mtw;wpd; Nfs;tpAk; mjpfupf;Fk;. ,g;nghUl;fs; mUq;fiyg; gz;lq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gz;lq;fshdJ me;j];J my;yJ jFjp fUjp nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it nry;tr; nropg;ig my;yJ Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij fhl;Lk; nghUl;fs; kPJ mjpf tpUg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; cau; tpiy fhl;rpg; gLj;jyhdJ Efu;NthhpilNa mg;nghUl;fs; kPJ mjpf tpUg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; mjpfupf;f;fpd;wJ.
2.5 nghJg; gz;lq;fs;
nghJg; nghUl;fs; vd;gJ> mtw;wpd; ,ay;gpd; fhuzkhf> mtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nghJ kf;fs; mjw;fhfg; gzk; nrYj;jpapUf;fpd;wduh ,y;iyah vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ> mtw;iw mDgtpg;gjpypUe;J tpyf;fp itj;jy; fbdkhfTs;s nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; NritfshFk;.
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2.5.1 nghJg; nghUl;fSf;fhd epge;jidfs;
nghJg; nghUl;fSf;fhd tof;fkhd cjhuzkhfg ntspr;rtPL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ntspr;rtPl;bypUe;J ntspahFk; xspahdJ nghJg; gz;lq;fSf;fhd ,U epge;jidfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(a) FiwtilAk; jd;ikaw;wJ: (Nghl;bj;jd;ik mw;wJ) xU jdpegu; my;yJ FOthf gz;lq;fis (my;yJ Nritia) Efu;tJ Vidatu;fsJ Efu;Tf;fhd msitf; fzprkhff; Fiwj;J tplhJ.
(b) tpyf;fspf;fg;gl KbahJ: nghUl;fs; toq;fg;gl;lJk;> vtiuAk; ,e;ed;ikiag; ngWtjpypUe;J tpyf;fspf;f KbahJ.
Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; xU epWtdk; xU ntspr;r tPl;il mikj;jhy; vy;yh Vw;Wkjp nra;gtu;fSf;Fk; ,J ed;ik gaf;ff; $bajhf fhzg;gLk;.
nghJg; gz;lq;fSf;fhd gpw cjhuzq;fshf njU tpsf;F> nghJj; Njhl;lk;> ghJfhg;G> nghyp]; Nrit kw;Wk; njUf;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
2.5.2 ,ytr rthupg; gpur;rpid
tpyf;fspf;f Kbahj jd;ik fhuzkhf jdpegu;fs; fl;lzk;; nrYj;jhky; gz;lq;fspypUe;jhd ed;ikapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;.
mjhtJ> fl;lzk; nrYj;jhjtu;fs; fl;lzk; nrYj;JkhW fl;lhag;gLj;jg; gl;lhNyh my;yJ Fwpj;j nghUl;fis Efu;tjpy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fspf;fg;glhNyh md;w p > rhjhuzkhf ,j;jifa nghUl;fis epWtdq;fs; tUkhdkpd;ik fhuzkhf cw;gj;jp nra;a Kd;tukhl;lhJ.
,J gpd;tUtdk; eilKiwfshy; jPh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
(a) fl;lhaf; nfhLg;gdT. ,jpy; njUf;fisAk; njhiyf;fhl;rpiaAk; ghtpg;gjw;fhd cj;juTg;gj;jpuk; toq;fy; my;yJ ghJfhg;G> nghyp]; NritfSf;fhf tup %ykhfg; ngWk; fl;lhaf; nfhLg;gdTfs; vd;gd cs;slq;Fk;.
(b) nrYj;jhjtu;fis tpyf;fpitj;jy;: Smart cards Ig; gad;gLj;jp nra;kjp njhiyf;fhl;rp xspgug;Gf;fis gphpj;J mwptjw;F mDkjpj;jy; my;yJ ,izaj;jsq;fSf;F nfhLg;gdTfis nfhLg;gdTfis nrYj;jr; nra;jy;.
(c) nghJ toq;fy;: murhq;fkhdJ Nritapid Neubahf toq;fp mjw;fhf kf;fsplkpUe;J fl;lzk; xd;iw thpahf tpjpf;fyhk;. tupfis mwtpLtjd; %yk; <L nra;ayhk;.
3.1 tsq;fspd; mUikj;jd;ik
mUik vd;gJ eilKiwapy; rhj;jpakhd cw;gj;jpf;F Nkyjpfkhf kdpj NjitfSf;F fhzg;gLtjhFk;. mUikahd tsk; vd;gJ g+r;rpa tpiyapy; Nfs;tpj; njhifahdJ fpilf;fj;jf;fjhd epuk;giy kpQ;Rtjhf fhzg;gLk;.
3 nghUspay; njupTfs;- re;ju;g;gr; nryT kw;Wk; mUik
nghUspay; tsq;fs; mUikahff; fhzg;gLtjdhy;> tsg;gad;ghL gw;wpa jPu;khdnkLj;jy; vOfpd;wJ. jPu;khdnkLj;jyhdJ> khw;W topapd; %ykhf tsq;fshy; ngwf;$ba ed;ikfis tpl;Lf; nfhLg;gijj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J cw;gj;jp;r;rhj;jpa tisapf;F Nkyjpfkhf 3.2 gFjpapy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tpl;Lf; nfhLg;ghdJ xU nraw;ghl;bd; re;ju;g;gr; nryT vd miof;fg;gLk;.
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fpilf;Fk; tsq;fspd; msT kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ kWf;f kbahj xh; cz;ikahFk;.
(a) jdpegh; Efu;NthUf;F nghUl;fs;> Nritfspd; mUik ,ay;ghfj; Njhd;wyhk;. ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; mjpfkhf itj;jpUf;f tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. xU fhu;> gy cLg;Gf;fs; mtu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd xU tPL> mjpfkhf itj;jpUf;fNtz;Lk; vd tpUk;Gk; ,ir epfo;r;rpfs; NritfSf;F cjhuzkhf Neub ,irepfo;r;rpfs;> nghJg; gpuahzpfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; tpLKiwfs; Mfpad ,it kdpjj; NjitfshFk;.
(b) cyfshtpa uPjpapy; kdpj Efu;Tf;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fshdJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> GJg;gpf;f Kbahj rf;jp tsq;fspd; tsq;fshd epyf;fup kw;Wk; vz;nza; Mfpad tiuaWf;fg;gl;lit. kdpjdJ mbg;gilj; NjitfSf;F cjhuzq;fshf czT kw;Wk; rf;jp vd;gd Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; fy;tp MfpadTk; mt;thwhdit. vt;thnwdpDk;> kdpj Njitfs; vz;zw;witahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iwg; g+u;j;jp nra;ag; gad;gLk; tsq;fshdJ tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,q;F vLNfhs;fshf jdpegu; kw;Wk; $l;Lj; Njitfs; kw;Wk; tpUg;Gf;fs;> Mfpad mtu;fisj; jUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;F fpilf;ff; $ba tsq;fist tpl mjpfkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthf nghUspayhsu;fs; tsq;fis mUikahfNt Nehf;Ffpd;wu;.
mUik gw;wpa rpe;jidahdJ nghUspaypy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; vtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vtw;iw nfhs;tdT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;Fk; Efu;NthUf;Fk; epidt+l;Ltjhf ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cw;gj;jpf;fhd tsq;fs; mUikahff; fhzg;gLtjdhYk;> nkhj;j Njitahd Nfs;tpiaj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghUl;fs; Nritfs; gw;whf;Fiwahff; fhzg;gl;lhYk;> njhpTfs; fl;lhakhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tsq;fs; mUikahff; fhzg;gLtjhy; njhpTfs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ. tsq;fs; mhpjhff; fhzg;gLtjhy; njhpT mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
(a) vd;d nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tJ vd;gJ njhlh;gpy; Efh;Nthh; njhpTfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
(b) jkf;Ff; fpilf;fj;jf;fjhfTs;s tsq;fis cjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; %yk; vjid cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; jPh;khdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
nghUspay; gpd;tUk; njhpTfspd; jd;ikia Muha;fpd;wJ
(a) vjid cw;gj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;?
(b) vjid Efu;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;?
(c) Efu;tpdhy; ahh; ed;ikailthu;fs;? mUikahd tsq;fis vt;thW gad;gLj;jyhk; vd njupTfis Nkw;nfhs;syhdJ nghUspaypd; mbg;gilg; gpur;rpidahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
3.2 cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpa tisap
ehq;fs; nghUspaypd; ika tpdhf;fis Kjypy; cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpa tisap %yk; mZf KbAk; (vt;thW mUikahd tsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;).
cw;gj;jpahdJ njhl;Lzuf; $ba kw;Wk; njhl;Lzu Kbahj cs;sPLfis cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwa+lhf nghUl;fs; Nritfshf khw;Wk; nrad;KiwahFk;.
cw;gj;jpj; jpwddhdJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ntspaPl;bd; tpidj;jpwid mstPLnra;jyhFk;.
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P
Y
Q cw;gj;jp rhj;jpa tisap
xU vspa cjhuzkhf xU fw;gidr; rKfj;jpd; fpilf;ff; $ba tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp NfhJik kw;Wk; ghutz;b Nghd;w ,U nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjhff; fUjpf; nfhs;f. rKfj;jpdJ tskhdJ
tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhf fhzg;gLk;. NfhJik (A) ghutz;b (B) vd;gtw;wpd; rhj;jpakhd Nru;f;iffshdJ fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpa tisap %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
B ,d; njhif
B1
B2
B5
B4
B3
A4 A2 A5 A3 A1 A ,d; njhif
tiuglk; 12.1: cw;gj;jp rhj;jpa tisap
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsq;fs; tpidj;jpwdhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jhy; tiuglk; 4 ,y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s A1 – B1 cw;gj;jp rhj;jpa tisapahdJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l eilKiwj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mjp cr;rkhf cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba
NfhJik(A) ghutz;b(B) vd;gtw;wpd;; $l;Lr; Nru;f;ifiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
(a) r%fkhdJ njupT nra;af;$ba cr;rj; njupTfshtd:
NfhJik (A)apy; A1 msT cw;gj;jp> MfNt ghutz;b (B) cw;gj;jp g+r;rpakhFk;.
ghutz;b (B) cw;gj;jp B1 myFfshf> MfNt NfhJik (A) cw;gj;jp g+r;rpakhFk;.
NfhJik (A)apy; A2 msT cw;gj;jpAk;> ghutz;b (B) apy; B2 msT cw;gj;jpAk; (tisapapy; Gs;sp P).
NfhJik (A)apy; A3 msT cw;gj;jpAk;> ghutz;b (B) apy; B3 msT cw;gj;jpAk; (tisapapy; Gs;sp Q).
(b) cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpa tisapf;F cl;GwkhfTs;s Gs;sp X ,y; A ahdJ A4 msT kw;Wk; B ahdJ B4 msT vd;w Nru;f;ifapYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; A my;yJ B my;yJ ,uz;bYk; ,tw;iw tpl mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;a KbAk;. vdNt Gs;sp X MdJ nghUshjhuj;jpy; tpidj;jpwdw;w cw;gj;jpg;Gs;spahf fhzg;gLtNjhL r%fkhdJ A apy; A4 vd;w msTk; B apy; B4 vd;w msTk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lhy;> ,g;nghUshjhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdJ tsq;fis tpidj;jpwdw;w Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjhf fhzg;gLk;.
(b) cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpa tisapahdJ vijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ vd Nehf;fp;d; cw;gj;jp nra;af; $ba tsq;fis g+uzkhfg; gad;gLj;jp milaf;$ba cr;r cw;gj;jpapidr; Rl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J Ntiyapd;ik kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpdhy; jhf;fnkJTk; ,y;iy. Vnddpy; tisapahdJ midj;J Copa tsq;fSk; g+uzkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epiyikiag; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf Ntiyapd;ik ,y;iy. mNjNghy> tpiykl;lq;fspyhd khw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f; cw;gj;jpfspd; gzhPjpahd ngWkjpfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;JNkad;wp> msTfspyy;y> MfNt> mJ tisapapd; kPJk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy.
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(c) nghJthf tisapahdJ cw;gj;jpf;F Fopthdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
(c) Gs;sp Y MdJ eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; fhuzpfs; fpilg;gdT kl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf; fpilg;gdT vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; mila Kbahj
xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghUshjhuk; Gs;sp Y apid mile;J nfhs;tjw;F gpd;tUtdtw;wpd; %yk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia mile;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;:
i. mjpfupj;j fhuzpf; fpilg;gdT. (fpilf;ff; $ba tsq;fspd; cz;ikahd msT) cjhuzkhf> mjpfhpj;j rdj;njhif
ii. Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopEl;gk;> ,Uf;fpd;w tsq;fspypUe;J $Ljyhfg; cw;gj;jp nra;aj;jf;fjhd.
cw;gj;jp rhj;jpa tisapahdJ nghUspaypy; Xh; Kf;fpa tplakhFk;: midj;ijAk; cUthf;f KbahJ Mifahy;> ,J vjid cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpa njhpTf;fhd Njitia tpsf;FfpwJ.
3.3 re;ju;g;gr; nryT: xU tsj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp kw;iwaijg; gad;;gLj;jhJ tpLtjw;fhd nryT.
njupTfshdJ tpl;Lf; nfhLg;Gld; njhlu;Ggl;lJ. A ia itj;jpUj;jy; kw;Wk;
B ia itj;jpUj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njupT fhzg;gl;lhy; jdpegu;
my;yJ ehL A ia njupT nra;a Ntz;bd; B ia iftpl Ntz;Lk;. A
iag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l njhifahdJ B iag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;shikf;fhf tpl;Lf; nfhLf;fg;gLk; msthff; fhzg;gLk;. njupTfshdJ Efu;Nthu; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; (cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;) kw;Wk; Njrpa nghUshjhu kl;lj;jpyhd murhq;f njupTfs; vd;gd tpl;Lf; nfhLg;GlidNa ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
khw;Wg;gad;ghLs;s tsq;fSf;fhd tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy; nrythdJ mjd; re;ju;g;gr;nryT vd miof;fg;gLk;.
cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpa tisapahdJ re;ju;g;gr; nrytpid tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf
tiuglk; 4.1 ,y; Gs;sp Q ,y; ,Ue;J (Gs;sp Q – A apy; A3 myFfs; B apy;
B3 myFfs;) Gs;sp P f;F (Gs;sp P – A apy; A2 myFfs; B apy; B2 myFfs;)
Nky; Nehf;fp efu;tile;jhy; (B2 – B3) re;ju;g;gr; nrythdJ B cw;gj;jp
mjpfupf;Fk; mNj Ntis mJ A cw;gj;jp (A3 – A2) apy; ,oe;j cw;gj;jpahFk;. cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpa tisapahdJ cw;gj;jpg; Gs;spf;F Fopthdjhff; fhzg;gLk;
mNjNtis> Neu;Nfhlhf fhzg;glkhl;lhJ. Vnddpy; rpy tsq;fshdJ B apid
cw;gj;jp nra;tij tpl A apid cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; mjpf gad;ghLilajhff;
fhzg;gLk;. ,NjNtis re;ju;g;gr; nrythdJ epiyikfSf;Nfw;g A my;yJ B
apd; tpl;Lf; nfhLf;fg;gLk; jd;ikf;Nfw;g efu;tilAk;. MfNt ehq;fs; A1
Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J efu;tiltJld; B apdJ cw;gj;jp kl;lq;fspy; mjpfupg;gpid
mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;. B apy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; msthdJ gbg;gbahf Fiwtile;J nry;Yk;.
th;j;jf epWtdkl;lj;jpy; cw;gj;jpr;rhj;jpa tisapahdJ jdf;F fpilf;ff; $ba midj;J tsq;fisAk; g+uzkhfg; gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; NtWgl;l nghUl;fspd; cr;r ntspaPl;bidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> xU th;j;jf epWtdk; cw;gj;jpf; Nfhl;bid ryit ,ae;jpuk; my;yJ Fsp&l;b vd;gtw;iw ,aYikf;Nfw;g cw;gj;jp nra;a KbAk;. mjpfsT ryit ,ae;jpuq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gr; nrythdJ Fiwe;jshd Fsp&l;bfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
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4 nghUspay; ,yhgKk; fzf;fPl;L ,yhgKk;
4.1 fzf;fPl;L ,yhgk; xU fzf;fhsiug; nghWj;jkl;by;> nryTfs; epiyahd nryTfs; kw;Wk; khWk;; my;yJ vy;iyf; fpuaq;fs; vdg; gphpj;njLf;fg; gLfpd;wd. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpf;fhd nkhj;j epiyahd nrythdJ cw;gj;jp msT tpw;gid Mfpad vg;gbahf ,Ue;jhYk; Fwpg;gpl;l xU njhifahf ,Uf;fyhk;. xU myFf;fhd khWk; nrythdJ epiyahd njhifahFk;. vdNt> tpw;gidf;fhd nkhj;j khWk; nrythdJ Neubahf tpw;gid myFfspd; tPjhrhukhff; fhzg;gLk;.
fzf;fPl;L ,yhgkhdJ> tpw;gid tUkhdj;jpypUe;J tpahghuj;Jf;fhd nryitf; fopj;Jg; ngwg;gLtjhFk;. Neubr; nryTfshdit njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gLtJld; vOj;JUtpYk; fhzg;gLk;. mjhtJ:
tpiyfs;
Copar; nryT: nrYj;jg;gl;l $ypfs;
epiyahd nrhj;Jf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ngWkhdj; Nja;T nryT
Vida nryTfshd tpiyfs;> thpfs;> fl;ll thlif kw;Wk; Vidait
4.2 nghUspay; ,yhgk;
nghUspayhsu;fSf;F> xU FWfpafhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; epiyahd nryTfs;> khWk; nryTfs; my;yJ vy;iyr; nryTfs; MfpadNt ftdpf;fj;jf;fit. Mdhy;> Nkyjpfkhf xU myif cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd vy;iyr; nrythdJ> Nkyjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; xt;nthU myFf;Fkhd vy;iyr; nryTfSf;F rkkhf Nehf;fNtz;bajpy;iy. NtW tifapy; $wpd; xU myFf;fhd vy;iyr; nryT cw;gj;jpahFk;. xt;nthU myFf;Fkhd epiyahd ngWkjpahf ,Uf;fkhl;lhJ. vy;yh myFf;Fkhd epiyahd ngWkjpahf ,Uf;f khl;lhJ.
nrytpy; rhjhuz ,yhgKk; cs;slq;Fk; Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; ntFkjpahfTk; ,yhgk; mikfpd;wJ. rhjhuz ,yhgkhdJ Kaw;rpahz;ikf;fhd re;ju;g;gr; nrythFk;. mJ Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fupa ,yhgkhf vt;tplj;jpYk; ciof;ff; $bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL> jdJ njhopy; Kaw;rpapy; KjypLtjd; Clhf ciog;gjw;F mJ J}z;Lk; ,yhgkhFk ;. fzf;fpayhsDf;F nryTf;Fs; ,yhgk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
nghUspay; ,yhgkhdJ nkhj;j tpw;gid ,yhgj;jpypUe;J tpahghuj;jpw;fhd Neub kw;Wk; cs;shh;e;j nryTfisf; fopj;J ngwg;gLtjhFk;. kiwKf nryTfspy; cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis mLj;j Kf;fpa ,yhgfukhd topapy; gad;gLj;jhJ tpl;ljhy; ,oe;j ,yhgKk; mlq;Fk;.
re;ju;g;gr; nryT vDk; gjj;jpid tpsf;fp mJ ve;j epge;jidfspd; fPo; ,lk; ngWk; vd;gjidf; fhl;Lf?
nghUspay; ,yhgkhdJ vy;iyf; fpuaq;fspid khw mDkjpg;gJld;> ,oe;j ,yhgq;fspd; re;jh;g;g nryit cs;slf;fp> fzf;fPl;L ,yhgj;jpypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wJ.
tpdh re;jh;g;gf; fpuak;
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re;ju;g;gr; nrythdJ mUikahd tsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;tJ gw;wpa xU fw;if newpahd nghUspaypy; ikakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. xU rpyhpd; re;ju;g;gr; nrythdJ> khw;Wr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd re;ju;g;gj;jpd; ,og;ghFk;;.
tsq;fs; mUikahff; fhzg;gLtjdhNyNa re;ju;g;gr; nryT vd;Dk; vz;zf;fU vOfpwJ. fpilf;ff; $ba rfy tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp kdpj Njitfisj; jpUg;jpg; gLj;j Kbahikapdhy; mUik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Efu;NthUf;F mjpfsthd nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; Njit. GJj;njhopy; El;gk; kw;Wk; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy; Gjpa Njitfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l nghUshjhu tsq;fs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfshd epyk;> ciog;G> Kjy; kw;Wk; njhopy; Kaw;rp vd;gd tpUg;gq;fisg; g+u;j;jp nra;fpd;wd.
KOg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fkhf nfhLf;fg;gl;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy Nru;f;iffspy; kl;LNk gy;NtW tifg;gl;l nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a KbAk;. mUikahd tsq;fspypUe;J vg;nghUl;fs; vw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd njupT nra;ag;gLk; mNjNtis Vida nghUs; cw;gj;jpahdJ iftplg;gLk;. vd;d cw;gj;jp vd njupT nra;ifapy;> mLj;j rpwe;j cw;gj;jpapdJ gad; ngWkjpahdJ iftplg;gLfpd;wJ. mJNt cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUspd; re;jh;g;gr;nrythFk;. vy;iyg; gad;tpjpapd; mbg;gilapy; xt;nthU njuptpypUe;Jk; rkgad; ngwg;gLtNjhL khw;Wj; njupTfshdJ Fiwthd jpUg;jpia toq;Ftjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpil
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nghUspayhdJ tsq;fSf;fpilapyhd njupT vt;thW Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. vd;gijAk; vd;d nghUs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ahuhy; Efug;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
tzpfg; nghUspayhdJ tzpfj; njhopy; Kaw;rpfs;> tpahghu %yjdq;fSld; njhopy;> %yjdk;> cw;gj;jp re;ijfs; Mfpad gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;GfSf;F gy;NtW tifahd epWtdf; fl;likg;Gf;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JtJ gw;wp Muha;tjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
epyk;> ciog;G> Kjy; kw;Wk; Kaw;rpahz;ik Mfpa ehd;F cw;gj;jp tsq;fSk; cw;gj;jp fhuzpfshf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd
nghUspay; jPu;;khdk; vLj;jypd; NjitahdJ> nghUspay; tsq;fspd; mUikj;jd;ik fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;wJ. jPu;;khdk; vLj;jy; nraw;ghlhdJ xU ed;ikapid jpahfk; nra;tjd; %yk; khw;Wg; gad;ghLila tsq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpa tisapa+lhf (NfhL) tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpl;Lf; nfhLg;ghdJ xU nraypy; re;ju;g;gr; nryT vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,of;fg;gl;l ,yhgj;jpd; re;ju;g;gr; nryT kw;Wk; vy;iyr; nryT vd;gtw;wpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g nghUspay; ,yhgk; fzf;fPl;L ,yhgj;jpypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wJ.
mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
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1 fl;lisg; nghUshjhuk; xd;wpd; Kf;fpa ,ay;G vd;d?
2 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpahf Nehf;fg;gLtjpy;iy? A. epyk; B. %yjdk; C. Copak; D. Kfhikj;Jtk;
3 xU nghUspdJ nrythdJ mjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tsq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;jy; re;jh;g;gr;nryT vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,f;$w;W rupah? gpioah?
A rup
B gpio
4 cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfisAk; mtw;wpw;fhd ntFkjpfisAk; njhlu;GgLj;Jf?
A epyk;
B Copak; C Kjy; D Kaw;rpahz;ik
I $ypfs;
II tl;b
III thlif
IV ,yhgk;
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;ir
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1 tsq;fs;> cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpiyaply; jPu;khdq;fs; murhq;fj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk
2 tpil D. ehd;fhtJ cw;gj;jpf;fhuzp njhopy; Kaw;rp my;yJ njhopy; Kaw;rp;ahz;ik
3 tpil B. re;ju;g;gr; nrythdJ xU nghUSf;fhf tpl;Lf; nfhLf;fg;gLk; Vida nghUspdJ nrytpd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. tsq;fspw;fhd nryT vDk; gjk; nghUj;jkhd tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; Clhf fzf;fPl;L vz;zf;fUtpd; mbg;gilapy; KOr; nrythff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
4 gz;lq;fspw;fhd tpiyfs; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ Nfs;tpAk; mjpfupf;Fk; gz;lk; fpgd; gz;lk; vdg;gLk;
5 A. III B. I C. II D. IV K
d;Ndw;wg; ghPl;irf;fh tpilfs;
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Nfs;tp> epuk;gy; kw;Wk; re;ijr; rkepiy mwpKfk;
,t; mj;jpahaj;jpNy jdpahd tzpf mikg;G> jdpahd re;ijfs; kw;Wk; Efh;Nthh; (my;yJ tPl;Lj;Jiw) gw;wpa Ez; nghUspay; kl;l tplaq;fisg; ghh;f;fyhk;. mjhtJ> Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; Vw;ghLj;jg;gLk; cw;gj;jpfspd; msT kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;> kw;Wk; ,f; Nfs;tp epuk;gypd; ,ilj; njhlh;gpdhy; vt;thW tpiy kw;Wk; njhif Mfpad jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijf; fw;fTs;Nshk;.
mwpTf; $W 6 tpiyg; nghwpKiw kw;Wk; Nghl;br; re;ij 6.1 Nghl;br; re;ij xd;wpd;
Nfs;tp> epuk;gy; kw;Wk; re;ijr; rkepiy
6.1.1 fl;lw;w re;ij njhopw;gLk; tpjk;> kw;Wk; fl;lw;w re;ijapd; mD$yq;fs;> FiwghLfis Muha;jy;
6.1.2 Nfs;tp> Nfs;tp tpjp> fl;lw;w re;ijapy; Nfs;tp tisap kw;Wk; mjd; tpahghuj;Jf;fhd gpuNahfj; jf;ik Mfpatw;iwf; fye;Jiuahly;
6.1.3 epuk;gy;> epuk;gy; tpjp> fl;lw;w re;ijapy; epuk;gy; tisap kw;Wk; mjd; tpahghuj;Jf;fhd gpuNahfj; jf;ik Mfpatw;iwf; fye;Jiuahly;
6.1.4 Tpiyg; nghwpKiwapy; re;ijr; rkepiy kw;Wk; re;ijr; rkepiyapd;ik Mfpatw;iw Vw;gpirT nra;J> tzpfj; jPh;khdq;fs; kPjhd re;ijr; rkepiyapd; jhf;fj;ij fye;Jiuahly;
6.2 Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; 6.2.1 Nfs;tpapd; tpiy nefpo;r;rp> epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rp> tUkhd nefpo;r;rp> FWf;F tpiy nefpo;r;rp kw;Wk; tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; nefpo;r;rp Kjypatw;iwf; fzpj;jYk; tzpfq;fs; kPjhd mtw;wpd; gpuNahfj;ij fye;JiualhYk;
6.2.2 Efh;Nthh; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpahsh; kpiffisf; fzpj;jYk; tzpfq;fs; kPjhd mtw;wpd; gpuNahfj;ij fye;JiualhYk;
6.2.3 Cr;r tpiyfs;> ,opT tpiyfs;> thpfs;> khdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;lh Kjypatw;wpd; %yk; muR Nghl;br; re;ijfs; kw;Wk; tzpf eltbf;iffs; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij fye;Jiuahly;
Mj;jpahak;
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mj;jpaha cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgW
6.1.1
6.1.2, 6.2.1
6.2.1, 6.3.1
6.1.4
6.2.2
6.2.3
1.1 re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
re;ij vd;gJ nghUl;fis thq;FNthUk; tpw;NghUk; rk;ge;jg;gLtjhFk;;;;;;; mJ
gz;lq;fspd; tpiyfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. re;ij cyfshtpa uPjpapyhdjhff; fhzg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf vz;nza;> NfhJik> ,wg;gu;> nrk;G. tPl;Lj;Jiw re;ij my;yJ ,uz;lhk; epiy thfd tpw;gid re;ij Nghd;wit cs;Sh; re;ijfshff; fhzg;glyhk;.
re;ijahdJ vjph;fhy thq;Fgth;fisAk; tpw;gidahsu;fisAk; (epuk;gyhsu;fisAk;) xU nghUis my;yJ Nritapidg; gupkhWk; Nehf;fj;Jld; xd;whf ,izAk; re;ju;g;gk; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jyhk;.
nghUspaypy; toq;Fdu;fs; kw;Wk; vjph;fhy toq;Fdu;fs; vd;gJ epWtdq;fisNa Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Efu;Tg; nghUl;fSf;fhd vjph;fhy nfhs;tdthsu;fs; tPl;Lg;nghUs; ghtidahsh; vd miof;fg;gLth;.
vt;thwpUg;gpDk; rpy re;ijfs; Vida epWtdq;fs; my;yJ murhq;f mjpfhukidfspd; nfhs;tdthsh;fidf; nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf cw;gj;jpj;Jiw epWtdq;fspdJ %yg; nghUl;fisAk; mtw;wpd; $WfisAk; mjid cw;gj;jp nra;gtu;fsplk; ,Ue;J thq;Ffpd;wJ. Nritf; ifj;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; murhq;fj; jpizf;fsq;fs; jq;fsJ nrhe;j NtiyfSf;fhf ,t;thNw epuk;giyg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; murhq;f mjpfhupfshy; nghUl;fSf;F Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; Nfs;tp topte;j Nfs;tpahFk;. ,f;Nfs;tpahdJ tPl;Lj;Jiwapdu; cw;gj;jp nra;J toq;Fk; nghUl;fs; NritfSf;F tPl;Lj;Jiwapduplk; ,Ue;J Vw;gLk; Nfs;tpapy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
1
1 re;ij kw;Wk; Efh;Nthd; elj;ij vz;zf;fUf;fs;
2 Nfs;tp
3 epuk;gy;
4 rkepiy rtpiy
5 Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; gFg;gha;T
6 Nghl;br; re;ijapy; mur jiyaPL
re;ij kw;Wk; Efh;Nthd; elj;ij vz;zf;fUf;fs;
Rje;jpu re;ijapy;> tpiy El;gkhdJ Efu;Nthu; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpahsUf;fhd Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; epiyikfspd; xU rkpf;iQahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt ,J cw;gj;jpahsu;fspdJk; thbf;ifahsh;fspdJk; eltbf;iffisj; jPh;khdpj;J gz;lq;fspd; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
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rhg;gpl;l mg;gps;fs;
mg;gpspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l gad;ghL
NtWgl;l nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gz;lq;fspw;fhd re;ijahdJ xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;Ggl;lJ. rfy nghUl;fSf;Fk; tPl;Lj;Jiwapdupd; tUkhdj;Jld; jq;fpapUg;gNjhL xU re;ijapy; mjpfsT nrytplg;gl;;lhy; Vida re;ijfspy; FiwthfNt nrytplg;gLk;. NkYk;> xNu nghUl;fSf;fhd re;ij Gtpapay; uPjpahf NtWgLj;jg;gl;bUe;jhy; tpiyapy; rpy NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;bUf;Fk;. vdNt ,t;thwhd epiyapy; Gtpapay; uPjpahf mz;kpj;j re;ijapy; nghUl;fis thq;Ftij tpl Efh;Nthh; tpiyFiwthd re;ijapy; mtw;iw fg;gNyw;wy; $ypAld; nfhs;tdT nra;tJ rpwe;jjhFk;.
1.2 tpiyf; Nfhl;ghLk; re;ijAk; tpiyf; Nfhl;ghlhdJ Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gypD}lhf vt;thW nghUl;fSf;fhd tpiy re;ijapy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij fUJfpd;wJ.
mUikj;jd;ikahfTk; gad;ghLila nghUl;fSkhf ,Ue;jhy; mg;nghUl;fSf;F tpiy fhzg;gLk;. ,g;gad;ghl;Lj; jd;ik Efu;Nthu; Nfs;tp vOg;GtjD}lhf fhl;lg;gLk;. cyf kf;fs; midtUk; kuf;fwp cz;gtu;fshf fhzg;gbd; ,iwr;rpf;fhd tpiy fhzg;glhJ. rpwpa mstpyhd gRf;fs; my;yJ nrk;kwp MLfs; mq;F fhzg;gLtJ xU tplakhff; nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ. Vnddpy; xUtUk; ,iwr;rpia cz;Ztjpy;iy.
1.3 gad;ghL
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7 th
16 14 12 10 8 6 4
gad;ghL vd;gJ xU egu; nghUl;fs; Nritfis Efu;tjpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;w kfpo;r;rp my;yJ jpUg;jp my;yJ ed;ikapidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. nkhj;jg; gad;ghL kf;fs; jkJ tUkhdj;ijf; nfhz;L nghUl;fis Efu;tjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; nkhj;j jpUg;jpahFk;.
vy;iyg; gad;ghL vd;gJ xU nghUspd; xU myfpid Nkyjpfkhf Efu;tjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; jpUg;jpapd; msT my;yJ xU nghUis Fiwthf Efu;tjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; mjpf jpUg;jpahFk;. rpyu; MW mg;gps;fisr; rhg;gpl;L gpd; VohtJ mg;gpisr; rhg;gpl;lhy; nkhj;jg; gadhdJ VO mg;gps;fisAk; Efu;tjd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l jpUg;jpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. mNjNeuk; vy;iyg; gadhdJ Kd;du; MW mg;gps;fis rhg;gpl;L Nkyjpfkhf VohtJ mg;gpisr; rhg;gpLk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; MW mg;gps;fis rhg;gpl;lgpd; fpilf;ff; $ba Nkyjpf jpUg;jpahFk;.
cjhuzkhf gad;ghlhdJ myFfspy; mstplg;gLtNjhL rhg;gplg;gLk; mg;gps;fspd; gad;ghlhdJ gpd;tUkhW ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
,q;F nkhj;jg; gad;ghlhdJ tyJ gf;f epuypy; cs;s nkhj;jkhd vOgJ myFfshFk;. VohtJ mg;gps;fSf;fhd vy;iyg; gadhdJ ehd;F myFfshFk;. khw;wPlhf> ,j;jfty;fshdJ Efu;T nra;ag;gl;l mg;gps;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l nkhj;jg; gad; myFfshy; fhl;l KbAk;.
rhg;gpl;l mg;gps;fspd; vz;zpf;if rhg;gpl;l mg;gps;fspd; vz;zpf;if
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
nkhj;jg;gad; 16 30 42 52 60 66 70
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CA Sri Lanka 381
,q;F VohtJ mg;gpSf;fhd vy;iyg; gadhdJ VohtJ mg;gpspd; nkhj;j gad;ghl;bypUe;J MwhtJ mg;gpspd; nkhj;j gaidf; fopg;gjd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
,t;Tjhuzk;> Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iyg;gad; vz;zf;fUtpid fhl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ. mjhtJ Nkyjpf myFfs; Nru;f;fg;gl;lhy; my;yJ Efug;gl;lhy; mjdJ vy;iyg; gad; FiwtilAk;.
1.4 Efu;Nthd; gFj;jwpT njhlu;ghd vLNfhs;fs;
nghUspayhsu;fs; Efu;Nthd; gFj;jwpthsu;fs; vdf; nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;.
,jD}lhf fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLtJ:
(a) nghJthf Efu;Nthu;fs; mjpfsT nghUl;fspypUe;J Fiwe;jsT nghUl;fspw;F Kd;Dupik toq;Ftu;.
(b) nghJthf Efu;Nthu; rupahf tpiy toq;fg;gLk; nghUl;fspw;fhf VidanghUl;fis gpujpaPL nra;a tpUk;Gtu;
(c) njupTfs; khw;wPL nra;af; $baJ. ,jdJ fUj;J Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
fhyj;jpy; gz;lk; A ahdJ B ia tpl tpUk;gj;jf;fJ C MdJ B ia
tpl tpUk;gj;jf;fJ. ehq;fs; gz;lk; A I tpl C tpUk;gj;jf;fJ vDk;
Kbtpw;F tuyhk;.gFj;jwpTld; nraw;gly; vd;gjd; fUj;J Efu;Nthu; jq;fsJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tUkhdj;jpypUe;J Efu;tpd; %yk; ngwf;$ba nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapid cr;rg;gLj;jyhFk;. Efu;Nthd; gz;lj;jpdJ mLj;j myif thq;fj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; NghJ mjdJ vy;iyg;gadhdJ mtd; nrYj;jpa khw;Wj; njupTf;fhd ntspaPl;il tpl mjpfkhdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
xU egu; jdJ nkhj;jg;gaid cr;rg;gLj;jpdhy;> mtd; ,t;tifapy; jdJ nrytpid xJf;fPL nra;jhy; ,Wjpahfr; nrytplg;gLk; myfpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; gadhdJ xt;nthU gz;lj;jpw;Fk; rkkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
gad;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghlhdJ NkYk; Efu;Nthu;fs; vz;zpf;ifapNyh my;yJ tupirapNyh gaid mstpLfpd;wdu; vd;gij ftdj;jpw; nfhs;fpd;wJ.
1.4.1 msTrhu; gad;ghL
msTrhu; gad;ghl;L;f; Nfhl;ghlhdJ Efu;Nthu; Efu;tpd; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l gz;lj;jpd; Efu;tpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; jpUg;jpapid KOikahf Efu;Nthuhy; mstplf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; mstPlhdJ mjdJ gad; %ykhf (gad;gLj;jg;gLk; msthdJ gad; vd miof;fg;gLk;) my;yJ gzg;ngWkjpapy; Efu;Nthu; nrYj;jpa gz;lq;fSf;fhd njhif %yk; gpujp gypf;fg;gLk;.
msTrhu; gaDf;F xU eilKiw cjhuzkhf thbf;ifahsu; tpLKiwf;F Ngha; jq;Ftjw;F tpLjpnahd;iw njupT nra;fpd;whu;. thbf;ifahsu; toq;fg;gLk; vd trjpfis vjph;ghu;f;fyhk; (Fspayiw> ,izatrjp> clw;gapw;rp rhiy kw;Wk; Vidait). NkYk; mtu;fs; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; jug;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s el;rj;jpuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpLjp;fisAk; (cjhuzkhf NtWgl;l thbf;ifahsu;fs; nfhz;Ls;s mDgtq;fisAk; Nehf;f KbAk;)
vjph;ghu;f;fyhk;. thbf;ifahsu; Fwpg;gpl;l xU tpLjpia njupT nra;Ak; NghJ
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 381
mtu;fs; ,t;trjpfs; midj;Jk; NghJkhd msT nkhj;jg;gaid toq;Fk; trjpfSld; fhzg;gbd; mtu;fs; mjw;Fhpa tpiyiar; nrYj;Jthu;fs;. vy;iyg; gaDld; ,izf;ifapy; mjhtJ xU thbf;ifahsu; ,U tpLjp;fSf;fpilapyhd njupTfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ fbdkhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ xt;nthU Njhw;wj;jpYk; vjpu;ghu;g;gpYk; mjhtJ xU tpLjpapy; ePr;ry; jlhfk; ,Uf;ifapy; xU miwf;F xU ,utpw;F 5 nlhyu; Nkyjpfkhf mwtplg;gl;lhy; vy;iyg;gadpd; mbg;gilapy; jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; 5 nlhyu; MdJ> vy;iyg;gadpd; ngWkjpahf fUjg;gg;gLtJld; ePr;ry; jlhfj;jpw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fSk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vDk; vjph;ghh;g;GlNdNa gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
1.4.2 tupirrhu; gad;ghL
tupirrhu; gad; Nfhl;ghlhdJ Efu;Nthu; gaidg; g+uzkhf mstpl KbahJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. nghUl;fis NtWgLj;jy; my;yJ gy;NtWgl;l $ilg; gz;lq;fspypUe;J rpwe;jnjhd;iw njupT nra;jy; KbAk;. tupirrhu;
gad;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL (Indiffrence Curve Theory) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
Efh;Nthhpd; cstpay; jpUg;jp kl;lj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mstplg;gLtJld; khWglhj tisapahdJ NtWghby;yhj Efh;Nthh;fSf;fpilapyhd jpUg;jpkl;lg; Gs;spfis ,izg;gjD}lhfg; ngwg;gLk;.
tupirrhu; gad; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F ,yFthd cjhuzkhf Efu;Nthu; xUtuhy; thq;fg;gLk; kjpa czit vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. NtWgl;l cs;sPLfisf; nfhz;l xNu tpiyapyhd rd;tPr;Rf;fspy; xd;iw Efh;Nthd; njhpT nra;ag;Nghfpd;whd;. Kl;il rd;tPr;ir tpl rP]; rd;tPr;ir njupT nra;tJ $basT gad;ghl;ilj; jUk; vd;gjhy; mth; rP]; rd;tPr;ir njupT nra;fpd;whh;.
tupirrhu; gaDf;Fk; Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iyg; gaDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ghdJ xU nghUSf;fhd vy;iyg;gad; Fiwtiltjhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;epiy jdpg;gl;lthpd; njhpTf;fpilapyhd nghUl;fspd; ,ilNa Fiwe;j ,lj;jpidg; ngWk; nghUl;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
JM xU gl;bayplg;glhj xU fk;gdp. ,J Gjpa kw;Wk; ciwAzT cw;gj;jp ifj;njhopy; Efu;NthUf;fhd nghjpaply; %yfq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xU fk;gdpahFk;. epWtdj;jpd; ntspthup jfty;fspd; Kf;fpa %ykhf fk;gdpapd; Kjy;tUk; ];jhgfUk; mtuJ mz;ikf;fhy Xa;Tf;F Kd;du; ,Ue;jhh;. kw;Wk; tskhf mtu; fle;j ,UgJ tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf ifj;njhopypd; ehbj;Jbg;ig jd;tpuypy; itj;jpUe;jJld; jd;dhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l njhlh;Gfspd; tiyg;gpd;diyAk; gad;gLj;jpdhh;. mtuJ Xa;Tf;Fg; gpd;du; ntspthup jfty;fspy; FiwT fhzg;gLtjhf rig czu;e;jJ. mtu;fs; nghUj;jkhf ntspthup jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf xU Kiwrhu; Kiwikapid eilKiwg;gLj;j tpUk;gpdu;.
Ntz;lg;gLtJ:
JM fk;gdp #oy; gw;wp Nrfupf;f Ntz;ba jfty;fisAk; mJ toq;Fk;
%yq;fisAk; fye;jhuha;f.
tpdh tzpfr; #oy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 381
Vida tplaq;fis tpl rpy JM fk;gdpapDila ntspthup #oy; Nehf;F kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. mjdJ Kf;fpa ghu;itahdJ epWtdj;jpw;F epWtdk; khWgLk;. Kjyhtjhf> jdpegu; my;yJ xU MNyhrid rigapid epakpj;J vt;tif ntspthup #oy; tplaq;fis Kiwrhu; Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwA+lhf fz;fhzpf;f KbAk; vd;gjid fz;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
#oy; njhlh;ghf fz;fhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fspy; gpd;tUtd cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Nghl;bahsu;fs;: Nghl;bahsu;fs; vd;d nra;fpd;whu;fs;> mtu;fs; vt;thW ntw;wp ngWfpd;whu;fs; kw;Wk; vt;tifahd mr;RWj;jy;fis vjpu; Nehf;Ffpd;wdu; vd;gJ gw;wpa jfty;fis Nrfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tpepNahf];ju;fs;: toq;Fdu;fs; kw;Wk; vjph;fhy toq;Fdu;fs;> mtu;fsJ tpiyfs;> cw;gj;jp my;yJ Nritj;juk;> tpepNahf jpfjpfs; kw;Wk; Vidait gw;wp jfty;fSk; jpul;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
thbf;ifahsu;fs;: epWtdkhdJ vg;nghOJk; jdJ thbf;ifahsu;fs; gw;wp vr;rupf;ifahfTk;> NjitfSf;Nfw;g khw;wq;fis milahsk; fhz;gjhfTk;> vjph;fhy re;ij gq;Ffis milahsk; fhz;gjhfTk; kw;Wk; rhj;jpakhd re;ijapd; msit kjpg;gPL nra;tjhfTk; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;. thbf;ifahsu; vr;rupf;ifahdJ Gjpa cw;gj;jp tpUj;jpf;Fk; ntw;wpfukhd tpahghuj;jpw;Fk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;.
rl;lupjpahd khw;wq;fs;: rl;lq;fshy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhdJ vt;thW epWtdk; nraw;glNtz;Lk; vd;;gij ghjpg;gNjhL mj;jifa khw;wq;fs; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf jfty; ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpNyw;gLk; khw;wk;.
murpay; khw;wq;fs;: rpy epWtdq;fs; Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;s+u; murpaypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. murpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jnjdpy; epWtdkhdJ Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;s+u; kl;lq;fspy; murpay; jPu;khdq;fis fz;fhzpf;f Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
epjp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epge;jidfs;: ngUk;ghyhd epWtdq;fs; epjp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epge;jidfspd; mgptpUj;jpapid fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> xU fk;gdpahdJ jpiwNrup jpizf;fskhdJ eilKiw gzr;re;ij tl;b tPjq;fs; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L ehzakhw;W tPjq;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;itf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Copa $yp mjpfupg;G njhlh;ghd jPh;khdq;fspdhy; nghJthd gztPf;f tPjq;fSk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.
#oypay; mOj;jq;fs;: CFCs gad;ghlhdJ XNrhd; gilj;Jthuj;jpw;F
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjhf milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. JM Nghd;w fk;gdpfs;
mtu;fsJ cw;gj;jpfSf;F khw;W %yg;nghUl;fis fz;lwpa Ntz;ba Njit fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jfty; %yq;fs;
(a) tpepNahfj;ju;fspd; tpiyg;gl;baYk; Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fSk;
(b) mwpf;iffSk; gpuRhpf;fg;gl;l fzf;FfSk; (Nghl;bahsu;fs;> tpepNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; tzpf thbf;ifahsu;fs;)
tpil
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 381
(c) murhq;f mwpf;iffs; (mNdfkhf tpN\l jiyg;Gf;fspy; mwpf;iffs;. nghUshjhu tpahghu mwpf;iffs; cjhuzkhf kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; mbf;fb ntspaplg;gLk;).
(d) murhq;f Gs;sp tpguq;fs;
(e) ntspthhpj; jfty; jsq;fs; tpN\l epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mbf;fbfpilf;fj;jf;fjhd ,izaj;jsj;jpy; ntspapLk; ntspthup jfty; jsq;fs;> jpiwNrup jpizf;fsq;fs;. cjhuzkhf ntspthup jfty; jsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp eilKiw tl;btPjk; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L ehzakhw;W gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ.
(f) nra;jpj;jhs; kw;Wk; Clf mwpf;iffs;
(g) Nghl;bahsu; kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; ,izaj;jsq;fs;
1.5 jilaw;w re;ijapd; rpwg;Gfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfs;
mj;jpahak; 12 ,y; jilaw;w re;ij vd;w fUj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpNdhk;. ehk; ghu;j;jgb> xU jilaw;w re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpy;> ts xJf;fPL Fwpj;j KbTfs; kw;Wk; Nju;Tfs; toq;fy; kw;Wk; Njitfspd; re;ij rf;jpfSf;Fk;> tpiy nghwpKiwapd; nray;ghLfSf;Fk; tplg;gLfpd;wd.
jilaw;w re;ij toq;Fk; gy ed;ikfs; cs;sd:
• Efu;Nthu; ,iwik: Efu;Nthu; ce;Jjypd; Njitfs;> kw;Wk; G+u;j;jpnra;ag;gLtjhy;> cw;gj;jpahsu;fshf jilaw;w re;ij thbf;ifahsu;fs;NfhUk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis epahakhd tpiyapy; toq;Fk;. ,JEfu;NthUf;F mtu;fspd; thq;Fjy;fSf;F mjpf Nju;it toq;FfpwJ.
• Gj;jhf;fk;: xU jilaw;w re;ijapy; mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpd; gw;whf;Fiw GJikkw;Wk; tsu;r;rpia Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ> Vnddpy; thbf;ifahsu; Njit kw;Wk;Muha;r;rp Nghf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapy; jahupg;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd>mit fl;Lg;ghl;lhy; Fiwf;fg;glhky;. epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; jahupg;Gfs;>Nritfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp Kiwfis Nkk;gLj;j kw;wtu;fSld;Nghl;bapLtjhy; ,J nryTfis Fiwf;f toptFf;fpwJ.
• Nghl;b: Nkw;$wpatw;wpd; tpisthf> jilaw;w re;ijahy; Nghl;bCf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nghl;bapy; cs;s epWtdq;fs; kjpg;G $l;lg;gl;l ey;ymy;yJ Nritia Nghl;b tpiyapy; toq;f Kaw;rpf;Fk;.
• Cf;Ftpg;G: re;ij Njit njhopy;KidNthUf;F xU rkpf;iQahfnray;gLfpwJ; G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ. me;jj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; jahupg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nritfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; toq;Ftjw;Fk; rhj;jpakhd ,yhg ntFkjpahy; njhopy;KidNthu; J}z;lg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
• cj;jk ts xJf;fPL: jilaw;w re;ij Njit kw;Wk; tpepNahfj;jhy;,af;fg;gLfpwJ. Efu;Nthu; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT my;yJ xU nghUspd;msit nrYj;j jahuhf ,Ug;ghu;fs;. mNjNghy;> toq;Fdu;fs; me;jFwpg;gpl;l mstpyhd cw;gj;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;a gzk; nrYj;j jahuhf,Ug;ghu;fs;> ,jdhy; tpw;f Kbahj $Ljy; myFfis cw;gj;jpnra;tijj; jtpu;f;fyhk;. vdNt mjpf cw;gj;jp Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk;Njitahd msit cw;gj;jp nra;a tsq;fs; rpwg;ghf xJf;fg;gLk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 381
• tpidj;jpwd;: Nkw;$wpa Gs;spfspd; tpisthf> toq;Fdu;fs; jq;fs;jahupg;Gfspd; cfe;j msit kpff; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; cw;gj;jp nra;tjd;%yk; jq;fs; yhgj;ij mjpfupf;f Kaw;rpf;Fk;NghJ mtu;fs; kpfTk;jpwikahfp tpLthu;fs;. ,J Efu;NthUf;F epahakhd tpiyapy; rpwe;jjahupg;Gfisg; ngw cjTfpwJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> jilaw;w re;ijAld; njhlu;Gila gy FiwghLfSk; cs;sd:
• Fiwe;j juk;: rg;isau;fs; yhg mjpfupg;G %yk; J}z;lg;gLfpwhu;fs;.njhlu;e;J nryTfis Fiwg;gJ toq;fg;gLk; jahupg;Gfs; kw;Wk;Nritfspd; juj;ij Fiwf;ff;$Lk;.
• newpKiwaw;w eilKiwfs;: xOq;FKiw ,y;yhik> kw;Wk; nryTfisf;Fiwg;gjw;fhd mOj;jk;> njhopyhsu; Ruz;ly; my;yJ Rw;Wr;R+oy; jPq;Ftpistpf;Fk; cs;sPLfs; my;yJ nray;Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wrg;isau;fshy; newpKiwaw;w eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;w toptFf;Fk;.Rw;Wr;R+oy; jdpahu; Jiwahy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk;.
• re;ij Mjpf;fk;: mjd; mikg;G mjd; rg;isau;fs; kw;Wk; / my;yJ
thbf;ifahsu;fis Ruz;Ltjw;F NghJkhdjhf ,Ue;jhy;> xU ngupaepWtdj;jhy; re;ijapd; Mjpf;fk; Rje;jpu re;ijapy; ,d;Dk; Vw;glyhk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> mNkrhd; rpy;yiw Gj;jfj; Jiwapy; jdJ nrhe;jtpjpKiwfis ntspaPl;lhsu;fSf;F MizapLtjd; %yk; Mjpf;fk;nrYj;jpajhf njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,yhgj;jhy; ,af;fg;gLk;: jilaw;w re;ijapd; jd;ik vd;gJ xU jahupg;Gmy;yJ Nrit ,yhgfukhdjhf ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> mJ ',Uf;f Ntz;Lk;'vd;whYk; $l mJ jahupf;fg;glhJ my;yJ toq;fg;glhJ. fpuhkg;Gwr%fq;fs; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU Nghf;Ftuj;J ghijmy;yJ fpuhkg;Gw mikg;gpy; cs;s xU kUj;Jtkid me;j r%fj;jpw;Fmtrpakhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;> Mdhy; mJ yhgfukhdjhf ,y;yhtpl;lhy;>mJ ed;whf ,Uf;fhJ> mJ toq;fg;glhJ.
• nry;tj;jpd; rkkw;w tpepNahfk;: xU jilaw;w re;ij mikg;gpy;> kf;fs;njhifapy; xU rpwpa gFjpapdu; kpfTk; gzf;fhuu;fshf khWk;. kWGwk;>tajhdtu;fs;> CdKw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; jpwik ,y;yhjtu;fs; Nghd;w Ntiynra;a Kbahj> my;yJ Ntiy Njl Kbahky; NghuhLk; kf;fs;cWg;gpdu;fs; tWikapy; tpOthu;fs;. mtu;fSf;F cjt ve;jxOq;FKiwNah my;yJ murhq;fNkh ,y;yhjjhy;> mtu;fshy; ,e;jtiyapy; ,Ue;J jg;g KbahJ.
• FiwghLs;s nghUl;fs; (jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; nghUl;fs;): rpfnul;>My;f`hy; kw;Wk; rl;ltpNuhj kUe;Jfs; Nghd;w Fiwthd nghUl;fs;,e;j nghUl;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; yhgj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; nghUl;LNjitia G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; msTfspy; kypthf toq;fg;gLk;. ,JngUkstpy; kf;fSf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jPq;F tpistpf;Fk;.
,f; fhuzq;fshy; jhd; murhq;fq;fs; jilaw;w re;ijapy; jiyapLfpd;wd. ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; mtu;fs; mt;thW nra;tjw;fhd topfisg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 383
2.1 Nfs;tp vz;zf;fU
Nfs;tp vd;gJ nghUl;fs; NritfSf;fhd xt;nthU rhj;jpakhd tpiyapYk; nfhs;tdthsu;fshy; tpUg;gkhdJk;> thq;Fk; ,aysT nfhz;lJk; Kaw;rpAilaJkhd njhif MFk;.
Nfs;tpahdJ jpUg;jpaspf;fyhk; ,e;epiyapy; thq;fg;gLk; cz;ikj; njhifahdJ Nfs;tpf;Fr; rkdhff; fhzg;gLk;. rpy Nfs;tp jpUg;jpaspf;fhjjhf fhzg;glyhk;. me;epiyapy; nfhs;tdT nra;a Kaw;rpf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; msthdJ epuk;giy tpl mjpfkhdjhf fhzg;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; mJ kpiff; Nfs;tp vd miof;fg;gLk;.
tpUg;gKk; ,aYikAk; vDk; gjkhdJ NkYs;s tplaj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. mtu;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;w msnty;yhk; Nfs;tpahff; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. cjhuzkhf kpy;ypad; tPl;Lj;Jiwapdu; Mlk;gu cy;yhrj; Njhzpia tpUk;gyhk;. Mdhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpiyapy; E}W Mlk;gu cy;yhrj; Njhzpfs; khj;jpuNk cz;ikahf thq;Ftjw;F Kaw;rpf;fg;gLk;. nghUspay; Nfs;tpahdJ rf;jp tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ nghUl;fs; Nritfs; gw;wp nghJthd jPu;khdj;ij tpl NghJkhdsT gzk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. (tpUg;gKk; ,aYikAk;).
2.2 Nfs;tp ml;ltizAk; Nfs;tp tisapAk;
Nfs;tp kw;Wk; tpiyfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;gpid tiugpy; fhl;LtJ Nfs;tp tisapahFk;. Nfs;tp tisapahdJ jdp xU Efu;Nthu; my;yJ tPl;Lj;Jiwapdu; re;ijapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW fw;gid uPjpahd tpiyfspy; Nfs;tp vOg;gj; jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gjd; %yk; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf gpd;tUk; Nfs;tp ml;tizahdJ xU khj fhyg; gFjpapy; tPLj;Jiwapduhy; gp];fl;Lf;F vOg;gg;gl;l Nfs;tpapd; msitf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
xU fpNyhfpuhkpw;fhd tpiy &gh
Nfs;tpj; njhif kg
1 9.75 2 8 3 6.25 4 4.5 5 2.75 6 1
Nfs;tp tisapapid Nfs;tp epge;jidfshd Efu;Nthd; Rit> Kd;Dupik kw;Wk; Efu;NthuJ tUkhdk; vd;gd jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ.
nghJthf nefpo;r;rp vd;gJ ,U khwpfSf;fpilahd njhlu;ig tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpahdJ tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpd; %yk; Nfs;tpj; njhifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
tUkhdk; rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp tUkhdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpd; %yk; Nfs;tpj; njhifapy; Vw;gLk; tpfpjhrhu khw;wj;jpid mstpLfpd;wJ. FWf;F Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp vd;gJ gpujpaPl;L (Nghl;bahsh;) kw;Wk; epug;Gg; nghUs; cw;gj;jp %yk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2 Nfs;tp
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 383
ehq;fs; tpiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ Nfs;tp Fiwtiltij fhzyhk;. ,JNt ngUk;ghyhd gz;lq;fSf;F nghJthf eilngWfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; nfhs;tdthsu;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gzj;jpid nryT nra;tjw;fhf nfhz;bUg;gNjhL gz;lq;fSf;fpilNa mjpfsT ed;ikiaj; juf;$ba gz;lq;fisAk; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. xU gz;lj;jpd; tpiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ Vida nghUl;fshdJ xg;gpl;L uPjpapy; ftu;r;rpfukhdjhf njupAk;. ,jdhy; Nfs;tpahdJ mjpf tpiyAila gz;lq;fspypUe;J kypthd khw;Wj; njupTfSf;F efu;tilaj; J}z;Lk;. vdNt Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; tbtkhdJ gFj;jwpTj; jd;ikapdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtNjhL ngUk;ghyhd nghUl;fspw;F Fiwthd tpiyapy; mjpfsT gz;lq;fisAk; mjpf tpiyapy; Fiwe;jsT gz;lq;fisAk; njupT nra;tu;.
ehq;fs; ,t;tl;ltizia tiuglk; %ykhf tpiyapid Y mr;rpYk;
Nfl;fg;gLk; njhifapid X mr;rpD}lhfTk; fhl;l KbAk;. g+uz gpupgLk;
jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wnjd vLNfhs; nfhz;lhy; rpwpa gbKiwfshf Kbtpy;yhJ tpiyAk; Nfs;tpj; njhifAk; khw;wkila KbAk;. ehq;fs; Nfs;tp tisapia Nfs;tp ml;ltizapy; cs;s Gs;spfis njhlu;r;rpahd xU Nfhl;bdhy; ,izg;gjd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; (tiuglk; 6.1). ,J ehq;fs; ghu;j;j Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU re;ijapdJ tPl;Lj;JiwapdJ gp];fl;Lf;fhd Nfs;tpf; NfhlhFk;.
Draft Version
384 CA Sri Lanka
Price (Rs)
A 6
5
4
3
G 2
1
0
O tiuglk; 13.1 : Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;Lf;fhd tiuglk;
tiuglk; 6.1 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s xt;nthU nrt;tfKk; xt;nthU tpiyapYk; Efu;Nthuhy; nrytplg;gl;l nkhj;jg; gzj;jpd; tpiyiag; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf tpiy &gh 6 ,y; Nfs;tpj; njhif 1 fpNyhfpuhkhfTk;
fhzg;gLtNjhL ,J ABCO vDk; nrt;tfj;jhy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNghy;
&gh 2 ,y; Nfs;tpj; njhif 8 fpNyhfpuhkhfTk; nkhj;j nryTj; njhif
&gh 16 Mff; fhzg;gLtNjhL ,J nrt;tfk; GEFO ,dhy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
tiuglk; 6.1 ,y; Nfs;tptisapahdJ tisNfhlhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthfg; nghUspaypy; Neuhd Nfs;tpf; NfhNl ,t;tifapy; tiuag;gLtJ nrsfupakhdjhf fhzg;gLtjhy; cjhuzkhff; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. cz;ikapy; Nfs;tp tisapahdJ ngUk;ghYk; cw;gj;jpf;F FtpthdjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa Nfs;tp tisapapd; fUj;jhdJ mq;F njhlu;r;rpahf ngupastpy; mjpfupf;Fk; Nfs;tpj; njhifahdJ tpiy Fiwtiltjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. (tiuglk; 6.2) Efu;T nra;ag;gLk; nghUspy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;ghdJ vy;iyg; gaidf; Fiwtilar; nra;tjdhNyNa ,e;epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
B
E
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C F Q
Draft Version
Price (Rs)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Quantity (kg)
tiuglk; 6.2 cw;gj;jpf;F Ftpthd Nfs;tp tisap
tiuglk; 6.2 I Nehf;Ff. jw;NghJ 1 fpNyhfpuhk; gz;ljpw;fhd tpiy 3 &ghthfTk; Nfs;tpj;njhif Rkhu; 4fpNyhfpuhk; MfTk; mt;tpiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Ntz;lg;gLtJ:
1 fpNyhfpuhkpw;fhd tpiy 2 &ghthy; Fiwtile;jhy; mg;gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpj;njhif ahJ? kw;Wk; 1 fpNyhfpuhkpw;fhd tpiy &gh 4Mf mjpfupj;jhy; mg;gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpj; njhif ahJ?
1fpNyhfpuhkpw;fhd tpiy 2&ghthf FiwtilAk; NghJ Nfs;tpj; njhifahdJ 6 fpNyhfpuhkhf mjpfupf;Fk;. tpiyahdJ fpNyhfpuhkpw;F 4 &ghthf mjpfupj;jhy; Nfs;tpj;njhif Rkhuhf 3 fpNyhfpuhkhf FiwtilAk;.
tpiykhw;wj;jhy; Vw;gLk; Nfs;tpj;njhif khw;wkhdJ xU Gs;spapypUe;J ,d;ndhU Gs;spf;fhd Nfs;tpf;Nfhl;bD}lhd efu;thdJ efu;e;J nry;Yk;. tpiy khw;wj;jhy; Vw;gLk; ,f;Nfs;tpj;njhif khw;wkhdJ Nfs;tpePl;lk; my;yJ Nfs;tp xLf;fk; vd miof;fg;gLk;. tpiy khWk;NghJ Nfs;tpj;njhifAk; khw;wkilAk;. (Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bD}lhd efu;T) Mdhy; Nfs;tp tisapahdJ khwhJ mNjkhjpupahff; fhzg;gLk;.
2.3 re;ijf; Nfs;tp tisap NkYs;s cjhuzj;jpd;gb jdpnahU tPl;Lj;JiwapdUf;fhd Nfs;tp ml;ltizapid Nehf;fpNdhk;. re;ijf; Nfs;tp tisapahdJ mij xj;jjhfNt Mdhy; vy;yh Efu;NthuhYk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpiyapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;. vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gz;lj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j Nfs;tp njhifapid tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
QUESTION Demand curve
ANSWER
385 CA Sri Lanka
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 387
re;ijf; Nfs;tpahdJ vy;yh nfhs;tdthsu;fshYk; thq;f tpUk;Gk; nkhj;j cw;gj;jp njhifahFk;. re;ijf; Nfs;tp ml;ltiz kw;Wk; re;ijf; Nfs;tp tisapahdJ vy;yh jdpegu;fspdJk; Nfs;tp ml;ltiz kw;Wk; Nfs;tp tisapfis $l;Ltjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. re;ijf; Nfs;tp tisapahd tiuglk; 6.1 kw;Wk; 6.2 ,y; fhl;baJ Nghd;W ,lkpUe;J tykhf fPo;Nehf;fpa rupTilajhf fhzg;gLk;. Mdhy; Nfs;tpj;njhifahdJ (nkhj;j re;ijf; Nfs;tp) xt;nthU tpiykl;lj;jpYk; cau;thdjhff; fhzg;gLk;. xU Nfs;tp tisapahdJ nghJthf ,lkpUe;J tykhf fPopUe;J Nkyhf rupe;J nry;Yk;.
(a) Kd;du; ehk; Nehf;fpaJ Nghd;W tpiy tPo;r;rpailAk; NghJ Nfs;tpj; njhifmjpfupg;gjdhy; Nfs;tp tisapahdJ fPo;Nehf;fpa rupTilajhffhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(b) gz;lj;jpdJ tpiy tPo;r;rpailjy; vd;gJ tPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhdk; kw;Wk;mjDld; njhlu;Gila (gpujpaPL) fhuzkhf cw;gj;jpfs; kypthffhzg;gLtjdhyh Fk;. MfNt KOjstpyhd nghUl;fSf;fhd re;ijmjpfupf;Fk;. vjph;kiw thjk; nghUl;fspd; tpiy mjpfupg;gpd; NghJ
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;; re;ijapy; nghUl;fspd; tpiyfs; mjpfug;gjd; Clhf
re;ijapdsT FiwtilAk;.
xU gz;lj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j re;ijf; Nfs;tpapy; gy;NtW fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. Kf;fpakhd xU fhuzpahf mjdJ tpiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Vida fhuzpfSk; fhzg;Lfpd;wd. Vida rpy fhuzpfshf tPl;Lj;Jiwapdu; mtu;fsJ tUkhdj;Jf;Fs; xU nghUisf; nfhs;tdT nra;ahJ midj;Jg; gz;lq;fs; NritfisAk; nfhs;tdT nra;tij milahsk; fhzNtz;Lk;.
xU gz;lj;jpdJ Nfs;tpiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;
• xU nghUspdJ tpiy
• tPl;Lj;Jiwapdupd; tUkhdj;jpd; msT (tUkhd tpisT)
• Vida gpujpaPl;Lg;nghUl;fspd; tpiy (gjpyPl;L tpisT)
• ,izg;Gg; nghUl;fspd; tpiy
• RitAk; ehfuPfKk;
• tpiykhw;wk; gw;wpa vjpu;ghu;f;if
• tPl;Lj;JiwapdupilNaahd tUkhdg;gq;fPL
tUkhd tpisthdJ tpiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Efu;NthdJ tUkhdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fkhFk;. Vida fhuzpfs; khwhjpUf;f gz;lj;jpd; tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; tPo;r;rpahdJ mtu;fsJ nka; tUkhdj;ij mjpfupg;gjD}lhf Efu;Nthu; ed;ikailtu;. MfNt tpiy tPo;r;rpailtjdhy; mtu;fs; jq;fsJ Kd;ida tUkhdj;ijf; nfhz;L mjpfsT nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tu;.
tUkhd tpisthdJ gjpyPl;L tpistpdhy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. gjpyPl;L tpisthdJ ,U nghUl;fSf;fpilNaahd rhu;G tpiyfs; khw;wkiltjdhy; xU nghUspy; Efu;Nthu;fs; mjpfstpidAk; Vida gz;lq;fspy; Fiwe;jstpidAk; nfhs;tdT nra;jiyAk; Fwpf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf ,U tifahd ghz;fs; gjpyPlhf nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; ghz; 2 njhlu;ghf ghz; 1 ,d; tPo;r;rpahdJ ghz; ,uz;il thq;Ftij tpl ghz; xd;iw Efu;Nthu; $Ljyhf thq;Ftu;. mtu;fs; ghz; ,uz;bw;fhf ghz; xd;iw gjpypLtu;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 387
Nfs;tp tisapahdJ Nfs;tpiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; Vida fhuzpfs; khw;wkpy;yhj epiyapy; tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhdJ Nfs;tpj; njhifapy; vj;jifa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gjidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mjhtJ ,q;F Vida nghUl;fspd; tpiy> Rit> vjpu;ghu;f;if> tPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhdj;jpd; gq;fPL vd;git khwtpy;iy. (,t; vLNfhshdJ Vida vy;yhf; fhuzpfSk; rkkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij ida fhuzpfs; khwtpy;iy vd;gjd; %yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ).
Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bD}lhd ,e;efu;thdJ tpiyapNyw;gLk; khw;wj;jpd; NghJ Vida fhuzpfs; khwhJ fhzg;gLk; NghJ Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij epidTgLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nfs;tpia ghjpf;Fk; Vida fhuzpfs; khWk; NghJ vd;d elf;Fk; vd;gij gpd;du; gupl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
2.4 gpujpaPLfSk; epug;Gf;fSk;
gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUl;fshdit Vida nghUl;fSf;F gjpyhf gad;Lj;Jk; nghUl;fshFk;. xU nghUSf;fhf Nfs;tp mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ mjNdhL njhlu;Gila gjpyPl;Lg; nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp FiwtilAk; xU gz;lj;jpypUe;J Vida gz;lj;jpw;F Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jyhdJ gjpyPl;Lg; nghUl;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
epug;Gg; nghUl;fshdtit xUkpj;J gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fshFk;. vdNt xU nghUspd; Nfs;tp mjpfupg;ghdJ mjDld; njhlu;Gila Vida nghUspd; Nfs;tpia mjpfupf;Fk;.
xU nghUspd; tpiyapNyw;gLk; khw;wkhdJ Vida nghUl;fspd; Nfs;tpiaf; fl;lhak; khw;Wk; vd;gjpy;iy. cjhuzkhf njhiyf;fhl;rp ngl;bfsJ tpiy mjpfupg;ghdJ ghZf;fhd Nfs;tpia ghjpf;fkhl;lhJ. vt;thnwdpDk; re;ijf;; Nfs;tpAld; njhlu;Ggl;l nghUl;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thW re;ij Nfs;tpAld; njhlu;Gs;s gz;lq;fs; gpujpaPl;L my;yJ epug;Gg; gz;lq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
gpujpaPl;Lg; gz;lq;fs; NritfSf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fs;
• rpy nfhf;Nfh Nfhyh kw;Wk; ngg;rp Nfhyh
• Njapiy Nfhg;gp
• rpy NtW tifg;gl;l nghOJNghf;Ffs;
gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUs; njhlu;ghf xU nghUspd; tpiy mjpfupj;jy; gpujpaPL vdg;gLk;.
khwhf epug;Gg; nghUl;fshdit xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;Ggl;lit. xU gz;lj;jpdJ Nfs;tp mjpfupg;ghdJ mjNdhL njhlu;Gila mLj;j gz;lj;jpd; Nfs;tpiaAk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
,izg;Gg; nghUl;fSf;fhdcjhuzk;
• fg;Gk; N\h\Uk;
• ghZk; gl;lUk;
• Nkhl;lhu;fs;> cjpupg;ghfq;fs;> %yg;nghUl;fs;
Draft Version
388 CA Sri Lanka
mjpfupf;Fk; kpiff; Fsp&l;b cs;ehl;L cupik czTg; nghUl;fs; kPjhd Nfs;tpapy; vj;jifa ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;?
(a) cs;ehl;L kpiff; FspUl;b kw;Wk; gOjilAk; nghUl;fs; vd;gd epug;Gg; gz;lq;fshFk;. Vnddpy; kf;fs; gOjilAk; nghUl;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfNt kpiff; Fsp&l;bfis kf;fs; thq;Ffpd;whu;fs;.
(b) gOjilAk; nghUl;fshdit Gjpa cw;gj;jpfshf (cjhuzkhf Gjpa ,iwr;rpkw;Wk; kuf;fwpfs;) my;yJ ciwe;j cw;gj;jpfshf epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.mit ePz;lfhyj;jpw;fy;yhJ FWq;fhyq;fspw;F Fsp&l;bfspy;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ciwe;j cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ Gjpa cw;gj;jpfSf;fhd Nfs;tp FiwtilAk;.
(c) mjpfupj;j ciw cw;gj;jp cupikahdJ gOjilAk; nghUl;fspidnjhifahf thq;FtJ mjpfupf;Fk;. epuk;gyhsu;fs; nghjpaply; nryitNrkpf;f KbtNjhL njhifahd cw;gj;jpapd; %yk; Fiwe;j tpiyapidAk;toq;f KbAk;.
2.5 tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp
tpiyahdJ 10 tPjj;jhy; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ Nfs;tpj; njhifahdJ mNj tPjj;jhy;FiwtilAkh?
tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpahdJ (PED) tpiykhw;w tPjhrhuj;jpw;Fk; njhif khw;w
tPjhrhuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilahd njhlu;gpidf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpf; FzfkhdJ gpd;tUkhW fzpg;gplg;gLfpd ;wJ.
Nfs;tpj; njhifapy; Vw;gLk; tPjhrhu khw;wk;
tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; tPjhrhu khw;wk;
nghJthf tpiy FiwtilAk; NghJ Nfs;tpj; njhifahdJ mjpfupg;gNjhL tpiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ Nfs;tpj; njhif Fiwtiltjhy; nefpo;r;rpahdJ vjpu;f;fzpakhff; fhzg;gLk;. vt;thnwdpDk; ,q;F vjpu;f;fzpag; ngWkjp jtpu;f;fg;gLtJld; rhjhuzkhd Fzfj;jpd; %yNk nefpo;r;rp tpgupf;fg;gLk;.
,J gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fg;gLk;.
ΔQ ×100
Q
ΔP×100
P
tpdh gjpyPLfs; kw;Wk; epug;gpfs;
ANSWER
fw;gjw;fhd #j;jpuk;
fw;gjw;fhd #j;jpuk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 389
,q;F Δ vd;gJ khw;wj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
Q vd;gJ gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpj; njhif
P vd;gJ gz;lj;jpw;fhd tpiy
ngupasT tpiy khw;wj;jpd; %ykhd Nfs;tpj; njhif khw;wj;jpid kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhf ehq;fs; Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; ,U Gs;spfSf;fpilahd nefpo;r;rpia kjpg;gPL nra;ayhk;. mJ tpy; nefpo;r;rp vdg;gLk;. Nfs;tpapd; tpy; nefpo;r;rpahdJ nghUj;jkhd ntspaPl;L tPjj;jpw;fhd ruhrup Nfs;tpj; njhif khw;wj;jpypUe;Jk; ruhrup tpiy tPjhrhu khw;wj;jpypUe;Jk; fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; Fwpg;gpl;lnthU Gs;spapypUe;J Nfs;tpj; njhif tPjhrhuj;jpidf; fzpg;gpl tpUk;gpdhy; ehq;fs; ruhrup tpiy kw;Wk; ruhrup njhif ,y;yhJ Nfs;tpapd; Gs;sp nefpo;r;rpapidf; fzpg;gpl;Lf; nfhs;s KbAk;. ,t;thW nra;jhy; Nfs;tpf; NfhlhdJ Neu;Nfhlhff; fhzg;gLk; vd;gij vLNfhs; nfhs;tjw;F Rygkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2.6 cjhuzk; Nfs;tpapd; tpy; nefpo;r;rp
xU myFf;fhd gz;lj;jpd; tpiy &gh 1.20 MfTk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ tUlhe;j Nfs;tpj; njhifahdJ 800>000 myFfshFk;. re;ij Ma;TfshdJ xU myFf;fhd 10 rj tpiy mjpfupg;ghdJ tUlhe;j Nfs;tpapid 70>000 Mf tPo;r;rpailar; nra;fpd;wJ.
Ntz;lg;gLtJ:
tpiy mjpfupg;ghy; Vw;gLk; Nfs;tpj; njhif khw;wj;jpw;fhd tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpapid mstpLf?
jPu;T
myFf;fhd tpiy &gh 1.20 ,y; tUlhe;j Nfs;tp 800>000 myFfs;.
Tpiy &gh 1.30 ,y; tUlhe;j Nfs;tp 730>000 myFfs;.
tPr;nry;iyapd; ruhrup vy;iyj; njhifahdJ 765>000 myFfs;.
ruhrup tpiy &gh 1.25.
Nfs;tp tPjhrhu khw;wk; 70,000
765,000× 100% = 9.15%
10𝑐
125𝑐× 100% = 8%
tpiy khw;w tPjhrhuk;
−9.15
8= −1.14
tpiy rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp
milahsj;ij jtpu;j;jhy; tpiy nefpo;r;rp = 1.14
xU gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp tUlhe;j Nfs;tp vy;iyapy; 730>000 – 800>000 myFfs;
MFk;. ,J nefpo;r;rpAilaJ. Vnddpy; tpiy nefpo;r;rpahdJ 1 f;F $bajhFk;. ,g;NghJ fPo;tUk; gapw;rpia ePq;fs; Kaw;rp nra;Aq;fs;.
Draft Version
392 CA Sri Lanka
X nghUspdJ xU myF tpiyahdJ &gh 1.40 ypUe;J 1.60 Mf mjpfupj;jhy; khjhe;j Nfs;tpahdJ 220>000 ypUe;J 200>000 myFfshf FiwtilAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Ntz;lg;gLtJ:
,t;tpiy kw;Wk; ntspaPL njhlu;ghf tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp ahJ?
myFf;fhd tpiy &gh 1.40 ,y; khjhe;j Nfs;tp = 220>000 myFfs;
myFf;fhd tpiy &gh 1.60 ,y; khjhe;j Nfs;tp = 200>000 myFfs;
ruhrup njhif = 210,000 myFfs;
ruhrup tpiy = &gh 1.50
Nfs;tp khw;w tPjk; 200
210 × 100% =9.52%
tpiy khw;w tPjk; 20
150× 100% = 13.33%
tpiy rhu; tpy; nefpo;r;rp −9.52
13.33= 0.71%
milahsj;ij jtpu;j;jhy; tpy; nefpo;r;rp = 0.71
Nfs;tp vy;iyfisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sk; NghJ Nfs;tpahdJ nefpo;r;rpaw;wjhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp (milahsj;ij jtpu;j;jhy;) 1
f;F FiwthdjhFk;.
2.7 cjhuzk; Nfs;tpapd; Gs;sp nefpo;r;rp
xU gz;lj;jpd; myFf;fhd tpiy &gh 1.20 tPjkhfTs;s NghJ Nfs;tpj; njhif 800>000 myFfshFk;. re;ij Ma;thdJ myFf;fhd tpiy 10 rjj;jpdhy;mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ gz;lj;jpw;fhd tUlhe;j Nfs;tpj; njhifahdJ 70>000 myFfshFk;.
Ntz;lg;gLtJ:
eilKiw tpiy &gh 1.20 rjj;jpy; Nfs;tpj; njhifapidf; fzpf;f.
jPu;T
Fwpg;gpl;l xU tpiyapy; nefpo;r;rpapidf; fzpg;gpl ehq;fs; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;Nwhk;. ,q;F ehq;fs; Nfs;tp tisapahdJ Neu;NfhL vdf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
tpiy &gh 1.20 rjj;jpy; tUlhe;j Nfs;tpj; njhif 800>000 myFfshFk;. tpiy mjpfupg;Gf;fhf>
Nfs;tp khw;w tPjk; (tPo;r;rp)
tpiy khw;w tPjk; 10𝑐
120𝑐× 100% = 8.33% (mjpfupg;G)
tpdh Nfs;tpapd; tpy; tpiy nefpo;r;rp
tpil
Draft Version
392 CA Sri Lanka
&gh 1.20 rjj;jpy; Nfs;tpapd; tpiy nefpo;r;rp
milahsj;ij jtpu;j;jhy; Nfs;tpapd; tpiy nefpo;r;rp = 1.05 nefpo;r;rp 1f;F $bajhf fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpAilajhFk;.
X nghUspdJ xU myF tpiyahdJ &gh 1.40 ypUe;J 1.60 Mf mjpfupj;jhy; khjhe;j Nfs;tpahdJ 220>000 ypUe;J 200>000 myFfshf FiwtilAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;tpiy kw;Wk; ntspaPL njhlu;ghf tpiyrhu; Gs;sp nefpo;r;rp ahJ?
Nfs;tpf; NfhlhdJ Neu;NfhL vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. &gh 1.40 ,y; Nfs;tpahdJ 220>000 myFfs;. &gh 20 rjj;jhy; tpiy mjpfupj;jhhy; eilKiw tpiy 1.60
Nfs;tp khw;w tPjk; 20,000
210,000× 100% = 9.09%
tpiy khw;w tPjk; 20𝑐
140𝑐× 100% = 14.29%
tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp 9.09
−14.29= −0.64
−milahsj;ij jtpu;j;jhy; 0.64
nefpo;r;rp 1 f;F Fiwthdjhf fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J nefpo;r;rpaw;wjhFk;.
tpiy &gh 20 ,y; xU filapy; khjhe;jk; 100 Nrl;fs; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd. tpiyahdJ &gh 24 Mf mjpfupf;fg;gl;l NghJ nkhj;j tpw;gid tUkhdkhdJ 16 tPjj;jhy; mjpfupj;jJ tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpahdJ vt; vy;iyf;Fs; fhzg;gLk;?
A 0.15 f;F fPo;
B 0.15 f;F $LjyhfTk; 0.5 f;F FiwthfTk;
C 0.5 w;F $LjyhfTk; 1.0 w;F FiwthfTk;
D 1.0 w;F $baJ
B &gh 20 ,y; nkhj;j tUkhdk; = 100 &gh. 20 = &gh 2,000
&gh 24 ,y; nkhj;j tUkhdk; = &gh. 2,000 1.14 = &gh 2,280
&gh 24 ,y; tpw;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;if = &gh. 2,280 ÷ 24 = 95
tpiyrhr; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp B ahdJ ,uz;L KiwfspYk; rupahf ,Uf;Fk; Gs;sp Kiw tpy; Kiw
5 ×100
= 100 = = 0.25 =
5 ×100
97.5 = 5.13%
= 0.28 4
×100 20
20% 4 ×100
22 18.2 %
tpdh Nfs;tpapd; Gs;sp tpiy nrfpo;r;rp
tpil
tpdh Nfs;tpapd; tpiy nrfpo;r;rp
tpil
5%
Draft Version
394 CA Sri Lanka
2.8 tUkhdk; rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp
tpiy nefpo;r;rpia tpl Vida nefpo;r;rp msTfspYk; fhl;LtJ rhj;jpakhdJk; Kf;fpakhdJkhFk;. ePq;fs; tUkhdk; rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU gz;lj;jpw;fhd tUkhdk; rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpahdJ tPl;Lj;Jiwapdupd; tUkhdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tPjhrhu khw;wj;jpdhy; Nfs;tpj; njhifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ij fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
tPl;Lj;Jiwapd; tUkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ kf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;w gzj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpia khj;jpukd;wp Kd;du; thq;f Kaw;rpf;fhj Gjpa gz;lq;fs; kPJk;
Nfs;tp vOg;Gtu ;.
tUkhdk;rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp = Nfs;tpj; njhif khw;w tPjhrhuk; ; tpiy khw;w tPjhrhuk;
(a) gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp tUkhd nefpo;r;rpAilajhf fhzg;gl;lhy; tUkhdnefpo;r;rp 1 f;F $bajhff; fhzg;gLk;. khwhf tUkhd mjpfupg;G tPjhrhuj;ijtpl Nfs;tpj; njhif mjpfupg;G tPjhrhuk; cau;thf ,Uf;Fk;. cjhuzkhftPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhdk; 7 tPjj;jhy; mjpfupj;jhy; fzpdp ,Wntl;Lf;fSf;fhdNfs;tp 10 tPjj;jhy; mjpfupf;Fk;. ,q;F ehq;fs; fzpdp ,Wntl;Lf;fSf;fhdNfs;tp tUkhd nefpo;r;rpAilaJ vdf; $wyhk;.
(b) gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp tUkhd nefpo;r;rpaw;wjhf fhzg;gl;lhy; tUkhdnefpo;r;rp 1 f;Fk; 0 w;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;. mj;Jld; tUkhd mjpfupg;GtPjhrhuj;ij tpl Nfs;tpj; njhif mjpfupg;G tPjhrhuk; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;.cjhuzkhf tPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhdk; 10 tPjj;jhy; mjpfupj;jhy; Gj;jfj;jpw;fhdNfs;tpj;njhif 6 Mf mjpfupf;Fk;. ,q;F ehq;fs; Gj;jfq;fSf;fhd Nfs;tptUkhd nefpo;r;rpaw;wJ vdf; $wyhk;.
Nfs;tpj; njhif khw;wkhdJ Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; efu;Tg; Gs;spahdJ Nfhl;bd; topahf efuhJ. Vnddpy; tpiy khw;wj;jhy; J}z;lg;glkhl;lhJ.
tUkhd nefpo;r;rp Neu;f;fzpakhd gz;lq;fs; rhjhuz gz;lq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd gz;lq;fspw;F tUkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ Nfs;tp mjpfupf;Fk;. tUkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ Nfs;tp Fiwtile;jhy; tUkhd nefpo;r;rp vjpu;f;fzpakhdjhff; fhzg;gLk;. mj;jifa nghUl;fs; ,opTg; nghUl;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
,opT vd;gjd; fUj;J gz;lq;fshdJ juj;jpid tpl Efu;NthdJ Nfs;tp Kd;Dupik gw;wpajhf miktij mtjhdpf;f KbAk;.
efuq;fSf;fpilapyhd NgUe;Jg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpid ,opTg;gz;lq;fspw;F cjhuzkhf Fwpg;gplyhk;. NgUe;Jg; gazkhdJ Mfhag; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; Gif tz;bg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpid tpl kypthdjhFk;. Mdhy; ,J ePz;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;. Efu;NthuJ tUkhdk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gLk; NghJ mtu;fs; kypthd nryTf;F jpUk;gp jq;fsJ gazj;jpw;fhd Neuj;jpid mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;tu;. vt;thnwdpDk; mtu;fsJ tUkhdk; mjpfupj;jhy; mjpNtfg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpid NgUe;Jg; gazk; kypthff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; njupT nra;tu;. MfNt tUkhdk; mjpfupf;ifapy; NgUe;Jg; gazj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp FiwtilAk;.
FORMULA TO LEARN
Draft Version
394 CA Sri Lanka
S
D0 D1
tUkhdk; rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpia gpd;tUkhW RUf;fpf; $wKbAk;.
nefpo;r;rp ngWkjp gz;ltif cjhuzk;;
vjpu;f;fzpak; <0 ,opTg;gzlk; efuq;fSf;fpilahd NgUe;Jg; gazk;
nefpo;r;rpaw;wJ 0-1 mj;jpahtrpag;gz;lk; mj;jpahtrpa czTg;gz;lk;
nefpo;r;rpAs;sJ >0 Mlk;gug;gz;lk; Njhzp kw;Wk; Xl;lg;ge;jaf; fhu;fs;
ngUk;ghyhd gz;lq;fs; tUkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ mjw;fhd Nfs;tpAk; mjpfupf;Fk;. cz;ikahd Nfs;tp mjpfupg;ghdJ cw;gj;jpg; gz;lq;fspd; tiffspy; jq;fpAs;sJ. cjhuzkhf ghz; Nghd;w rpy cw;gj;jpfSf;fhd Nfs;tp tUkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ghupasT mjpfupf;f khl;lhJ. MfNt ghz; Fiwthd tUkhdk; rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. khwhf Mlk;gug; gz;lq;fspw;fhd Nfs;tp tUkhdk; mjpfupj;jhy; Ntfkhf mjpfupg;gNjhL Mlk;gug; gz;lq;fspw;fhd tUkhdk; rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp cau;thdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
tUkhd tup Fiwf;fg;gLtjdhy; Mlk;gu Xl;lg; ge;jaf; fhu;fSf;fhd tpiy> Nfs;tpj; njhif kw;Wk; epuk;gy; msTfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
Xl;lg; ge;jaf; fhu;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp tisap tyJ gf;fk; Nehf;fp efUk;. tpiy> Nfs;tpj; njhif kw;Wk; epuk;gy; msTfs; mjpfupf;Fk;.
tUkhd tup ntl;lhdJ tPl;Lj;Jiwapdiu mjpfsT nryTf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. Xl;lg;ge;jaf;fhuhdJ Mlk;gug;gz;lk;. vdNt mjdJ tUkhdk; rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp cau;thdjhff; fhzg;gLk;. fhUf;fhd Nfs;tpj; njhif
mjpfupg;G tPjkhdJ tupf;Fg; gpd;duhd tUkhd mjpfupg;G tPjhrhuj;ij tpl
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
ehq;fs; tiugl uPjpahf khw;wj;ijf; fhl;lKbAk;.
Price
P1
P0
Q0 Q1
tiuglk; 13.3 tUkhdk; rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp Quantity
tpdh epuk;gy; kw;Wk; Nfs;tp
tpil
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 399
D0 – D1 f;fhd Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; efu;thdJ rkdpiy Nfs;tpj; njhifiaAk;
Q0 – Q1 Mf epuk;giyAk; efu;j;JtNjhL rkdpiy tpiyAk; P0 – P1 Mf mjpfupf;Fk;.
2.9 FWf;F Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp
FWf;F Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpahdJ xU nghUspdJ Nfs;tpj; njhif khw;wj;jpw;Fk; Vida nghUspd; tpiy khw;wj;jpw;Fk; ,ilahd njhlu;ghFk;.
FWf;F Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp = A nghUspd; Nfs;tpj; njhif khw;w tPjk; B nghUspd; tpiy khw;w tPjk;
(A apd; tpiyapy; khw;wkpy;iy vdf; nfhs;f)
FWf;F Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpahdJ gpujpaPL kw;Wk; epug;Gg; nghUl;fspd;
jd;ikapy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(a) ,U nghUl;fSk; gjpyPLfshf fhzg;gl;lhy; FWf;F Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpNeuhdjhfTk; xd;wpdJ tpiy FiwtilAk; NghJ mjNdhL njhlu;GilaVida nghUl;fspd; Nfs;tpj; njhif FiwtilAk;.
(b) ,U nghUl;fSk; epug;Gg; nghUl;fshff; fhzg;gl;lhy; FWf;F Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpvjpu;f;fzpakhff; fhzg;gLtNjhL xU gz;lj;jpdJ tpiyf; Fiwg;G mjNdhLnjhlu;Gila Vida nghUl;fspd; Nfs;tp mjpfupf;Fk;.
cjhuzkhf ghZk; gl;lUk; epug;Gg; nghUl;fs; vdf; nfhs;f. ghzpdJ tpiy mjpfupj;jhy; ghZf;fhd Nfs;tpj; njhifiaf; Fiwj;J gl;lUk; FiwtilAk;. vdNt xU gpd;dkhf vjpu;f;fzpag; ngWkjp (gl;lUf;fhd Nfs;tpj; njhif) Neu;f;fzpak; (tpiy mjpfupg;G) vjpu;f;fzpa FWf;F Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpia mjpfupf;Fk;.
FWf;F Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpahdJ ,U nghUl;fSf;fpilapyhd xg;gPlhFk;. ,t;ntz;zf;fUthdJ gpujpaPLfisAk; epug;Gf;fisAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sk; NghJ Kf;fpakhdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
FWf;F Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp ngWkjpahdJ ,U nghUl;fSf;fpilapyhd gykhd njhlu;gpidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
1 my;yJ- 1 ngWkjpahdJ gykhd njhlu;gpidAk;> 0 gykw;w njhlu;gpidAk;
fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ.
FWf;F nefpo;r;rp ngWkjp cjhuzk;
G+uzkhd epug;Gf;fs; -1
epug;Gf;fs; <0 ghZk; gl;lUk;
njhlu;gw;w gz;lq;fs; 0 ghZk; fhu;fSk;
gpujpaPLfs; >0 nts;is gl;lUk; tpwTz; gl;lUk;
G+uzgpujpaPLfs; +1
fw;gjw;fhd #j;jpuk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 399
gy;NtW tifahd nefpo;r;rpfis vt;thW fzpg;gpLjy; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; vt;thW gpujpaPLfisAk; epug;Gf;fisAk; NtWgLj;jyhk; vd;gijAk; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
FWf;F Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpahdJ (Vida nefpo;r;rp mstPLfs; Nghd;W) xU gz;lj;jpdJ Nfs;tpj; njhif khw;w tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;Fk; mjDld; njhlu;Gila
Vida gz;lj;jpdJ tpiy khw;w tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ghFk ;.
2.10 tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp
tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp vd;gJ mjpfupf;Fk; my;yJ FiwtilAk; tpsk;gur; nryTfs; kw;Wk; tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; je;jpNuhghaq;fspd; tpidj;jpwd;
ghjpg;Gf;fshFk;. ,J gpd;tUkhW fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
A gz;lj;jpd; Nfs;tpj; njhifapd; tpfpjhrhu khw;wk; tpsk;gur; nryTfs; kPjhd tpfpjhrhu khw;wk ;
nghJthf tpsk;gu nefpo;r;rp Neu;f;fzpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; vjpu;f;fzpa tpsk;guj; jfty;fshy; tpsk;guk; vjpu;f;fzpakhff; fhzg;glyhk;.
2.11 gz;lj;jpw;fhd tpiy rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpia jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; tpiy jtpu;e;j Vida Nfs;tpiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfis xj;jjhFk;. tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp cz;ikapy; Nfs;tpapd; kPjhd Vida nry;thf;Ffspd; mstPl;bd; cWjpahFk;.
2.11.1 gz;lj;jpd; kPJ nrytpLk; tUkhdj;jpd; tPjk ;
xU gz;lj;jpd; kPJ Efu;Nthu; jkJ tUkhdj;jpy; rpwpa xU gFjpia nryTnra;jhy; xU nghUspdJ tpiy khw;wkhdJ Efu;NthuJ nkhj;j tUkhdj;jpy; ghupa khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtNjhL nefpo;r;rpAk; xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; nefpo;tw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
MfNt tpiy Fiwe;j nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp (jPg;ngl;b Nghd;w nghUl;fs;) nefpo;tw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk;. khwhf fhu; Nghd;w tpiy $ba nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpAilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.
2.11.2 gjpyPLfspd; fpilg;gdT
mjpf gjpyPLfs; nfhz;l nghUl;fs; tpNrlkhf neUq;fpa gjpyPLfs; nfhz;l nghUl;fSf;fhd tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp nefpo;r;rpAilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.
fw;gjw;fhd #j;jpuk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 399
cjhuzkhf Fwpg;gpl;l xU tifAila fhiy czTf;fhd jhdpaj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp nkhj;jkhd fhiy czTf;fhd jhdpaj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpia tpl mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. Vnddpy; neUq;fpa gjpyPLfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Fwpg;gpl;l xU tif jhdpa cztpw;fhd tpiy mjpfupg;ghdJ Nghl;bf;fhd tiff;F Nfs;tpia mjpfupf;f Efu;Nthiuj; J}z;Lk;.
2.11.3 Njitapd; jd;ik
md;whl tho;f;iff;F Njitahd mj;jpahtrpag; gz;lq;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp (cjhuzkhf> mbg;gil czTg; nghUl;fs;) rhu;gstpy; nefpo;r;rpaw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk;. mNj Neuk; mj;jpahtrpag; nghUs; vdpd; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpAilajhf fhzg;gLk;. Mlk;gug; gz;lkhfTk; tpiy mjpfupg;gjhfTk; fhzg;gbd; gFj;jwpthd Efu;Nthd; Njitaw;wJ vdf; nfhs;tdT nra;ahJ tpbd; mjw;fhd Nfs;tp FiwtilAk;. vt;thwpUg;gpDk; mj;jpahtrpag; gz;lkhf ,Ue;jhy; tpiy mjpfupj;jhYk; $l Efu;Nthu; mg;gz;lj;jpid njhlu;r;rpahff; nfhs;tdT nra;tu;.
2.11.4 fhy vy;iy
fhy vy;iyNahL nefpo;r;rpAk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
fhy vy;iyahdJ ngUk;ghYk; nefpo;r;rpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ePz;l fhykhdJ Efu;Nthuhy; gpujpaPlfs; gw;wpa mjpfsT Efu;T fhzg;gLtjhfTk; cw;gj;jpahsuhy; mg;gpujpaPLfis toq;ff; $bajhfTk; fhzg;gLjyhFk;. gz;lj;jpdJ tpiy mjpfupj;jhy; Muk;gj;jpy; Nfs;tpapy; rpwpjsT khw;wk; Vw;gLk;. Vnddpy; mjpfupg;G gw;wpa g+uz vr;rupf;ifapy;yhjpUj;jy; my;yJ cw;gj;jpf;fhd rupahd gjpyPLfis fz;lwpa KbahjpUg;gjhFk;. gpd;du; Efu;Nthu; jq;fsJ tpiy mjpfupg;Gf;F Vw;w tifapy; thq;Fk; gof;fj;ij rPu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tu;. ,jdhy; Nfs;tp fzprkhd msT tPo;r;rpailayhk;.
2.11.5 nfhs;tdTg; gof;fk;
nfhs;tdTg; gof;fKila nghUl;fSf;fhd nefpo;r;rp nefpo;tw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk;. Vnddpy; gz;lq;fspd; tpiy mjpfupg;gpYk; Efu;Nthu; Njit fhzg;gLtjdhyhFk;. ,e;epiyikia gof;fj;jpw;F mbikahfpa rpfnul; Nghd;w gz;lq;fspy; fhzyhk;.
2.12 tPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhdKk; Nfs;tpAk;: rhjhuz gz;lKk; ,opTg; gz;lKk;
ehq;fs; ,t;ntz;zf;fUf;fis ,g;gFjpapy; Kd;du; fye;JiuahbAs;Nshk;. gpd;tUkhW epidt+l;lyhk;.
(a) rhjhuz tPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhdk; mjpfupj;jhy; gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpAk;mjpfupf;Fk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW tPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhdk;mjpfupf;f Nfs;tpAk; mjpfupf;Fk; nghUl;fs; rhjhuz gz;lq;fs; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; Kd;du; ghu;j;j tiuglk; 6.1 kw;Wk; 6.2
,y; fhl;lg;gl;lthwhd fPo;Nehf;fpa rupTila Nfs;tp tisapahdJ rhjhuzgz;lq;fSf;Fupajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 399
(b) Nfs;tpahdJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU Gs;sp tiuf;Fkhf tUkhd mjpfupg;Gld;mjpfupj;Jr; nrd;W mjd; gpd;du; tUkhdk; mjpfupf;f tPo;r;rpailAk;.tUkhdk; mjpfupf;f Nfs;tpj; njhif FiwtiljyhdJ ,opTg; gz;lq;fs;vdg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf gy;nghUs; mq;fhb czTg; nghUl;fSf;fhd (kpfTk;cau;e;j vy;iyfSf;fhd gpujpaPL) kjpg;G my;yJ ngWkjpfis Fwpg;gplyhk;.NgUe;J kw;Wk; Giftz;b my;yJ Mfha tpkhdg;gazk;) Nghd;wtw;iwFwpg;gplyhk;. Nfs;tp Fiwtiltjw;F fhuzk; tUkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJkf;fs; cau;e;j cw;gj;jpfSf;F khWfpd;whu;fs;.
Income
Quantity demanded
tiuglk; 13.4 rhjhuz gz;lq;fSf;Fk; ,opTg;gz;lq;fSf;Fkhd Nfs;tp tisap
2.13 re;ijf; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; tUkhdg; gq;fPL
xU gz;lj;jpw;fhd re;ijf; Nfs;tpahdJ Njrpa tUkhdk; tPl;Lj;JiwapdupilNa gq;fplg;gl;l topapYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
xU ehl;by; mjpf nry;te;ju;fs;> mjpf Vio tPl;Lj; Jiwapdu; kw;Wk; rpwpa eLj;ju tUkhdKilatu;fSk; fhzg;gbd; rhu;gstpy; Mlk;guf; fhu;> cy;yhrj;Njhzp kw;Wk; ghz;> cUisf;fpoq;F vd;gtw;wpd; Nfs;tp mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtij vjpu;ghu;f;f KbAk;. eLj;ju tUkhdKila kf;fs; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; xU ehl;by; eLj;ju msthd fhu;fspd; Nfs;tp> njhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; Vida eLj;ju tUkhdKila nghUl;fspd; Nfs;tp mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
2.14 Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; efu;T
,Jtiu ehq;fs; tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; Nfs;tpj; njhifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ij Nfs;tp tisapapD}lhd efu;tpD}lhf Nehf;fpNdhk;. vt;thwpUg;gpDk; Nfs;tp khw;w epge;jidfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; tpiy khwhjpUf;Fk; NghJk; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpj; njhifia khw;wkilar; nra;Ak;. ,e;epiyapy; NtWgl;l Nfs;tpj; njhif tpiy ml;ltiz fhzg;gLtNjhL NtWgl;l Nfs;tpf; NfhLfSk; fhzg;gLk;. ,j;jifa Nfs;tp khw;wj;jpid Nfs;tp Nfhl;bd; efu;T vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;Nwhk;.
tiuglk; 6.5 MdJ xt;nthU tpiy kl;lj;jpYk; Nfs;tp mjpfupg;gijAk; ,jdhy;
Nfs;tpf; NfhlhdJ D0 tpypUe;J D1 Mf ntsp Nehf;fp efu;tile;Js;sJ.
cjhuzkhf tpiy P1 ,y; Nfs;tpj; njhif X ypUe;J Y Mf mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
,e;efu;thdJ fPo;tUk; VjhtnjhU Nfs;tp epge;jidfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;glyhk;.
Normal good
Inferior good
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 399
• tPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhdk; mjpfupj;jy;. (Neu; tup Fiwg;G cl;gl)
• gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUl;fspd; tpiy cau;tiljy;
• epug;Gg; nghUl;fspd; tpiy Fiwtiljy;
• ,g;gz;lk; Nehf;fp Ritapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
• gz;lj;jpd; tpiy mjpfupf;Fk; vd;w vjpu;ghu;f;if
• rdj;njhifapNyw;gLk; mjpfupg;G
tiuglk; 6.5 Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; ntspNehf;fpa efu;itf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. kWGwkhf xt;nthU tpiy kl;lj;jpYk; Vw;gLk; Nfs;tpf; Fiwg;G Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; ,lJ gf;f efu;thy; fhl;lg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd efu;Tf;F fhuzkhf NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Nfs;tpiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; epge;jidfshy; vjpuhff; fhl;lg;gLk;.
2.15 Nfs;tp> ehfupfk; kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;f;iffs; Rit kw;Wk; ehfupfj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhdJ xU cw;gj;jpapdJ Nfs;tpia khw;Wk;. cjhuzkhf czTld; itd; mUe;JtJ tPl;Lj;JiwapdUf;F xU ehfupfkhf tupd; itDf;fhd nryT mjpfupf;Fk;.
rj;jpfs; my;yJ ];Nfl; gyiffs; kw;Wk; epuk;gyhsu;fs; jq;fsJ cw;gj;jpfSf;F Nfs;tpia cUthf;f KaYk; NghJ mJ Ritapidg; ghjpf;f KbAk;. vt;thnwdpDk; xU cw;gj;jpahdJ ehfuPfkhf tUk; NghJ tpiy Fiwf;fg;glhkNyNa mjdJ Nfs;tpahdJ mjpfupf;fg;gLk;.
Efu;Nthu; tpiy mjpfupf;Fk; vd ek;gpdhy; my;yJ gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLk; vd ek;gpdhy; ,it epfo;tjw;F Kd;ghf mtu;fs; nfhs;tdT nra;a Kaw;rpg;gu;. kPz;Lk; ,J tpiyfs; khwjpUf;f Nfs;tpapy; xU mjpfupg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
Price of the good
(Rs)
P1
Shift in demand
Expansion of demand
Contraction of demand
D1
D0
0 X Y
tiuglk; 13.5 Nfs;tpj; njhif khw;wKk; Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; ntspNehf;fpa efu;Tk ;
Quantity demanded
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 401
3 epuk;gy;
3.1 epuk;gy; vz;zf;fU epuk;gy; vd;gJ ,Uf;Fk; epuk;gyhsu;fshy; my;yJ epuk;gyhsu;fshy; Fwpg;gpl;l
tpiyapy; re;ijf;fhf cw;gj;jp nra;a tpUk;Gk; msthFk;.
Nfs;tpAld; epuk;gyhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyj;Jld; njhlu;G gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf ehq;fs; xU tUlj;jpw;fhd epuk;gy; tPjj;ij my;yJ khjj;jpw;fhd
tPjj;ijf; Fwpg;glyhk;.
gpd;tUk; ,U fhuzq;fspdhy; gz;lj;jpw;fhd re;ij epuk;gy; njhifahdJ Nky;
my;yJ fPohf NtWgLk;.
(a) ,Uf;fpd;w epuk;gyhsu;fs; mtu;fsJ ntspaPl;L msTfis $l;lyhk; my;yJFiwf;fyhk;.
(b) vy;yh epWtdq;fSk; xNu Neuj;jpy; cw;gj;jpia epWj;JtNjhL re;ijia tpl;LntspNawyhk; my;yJ Gjpa epWtdq;fs; re;ijapDs; Eioe;J cw;gj;jpiacw;gj;jp nra;a Muk;gpf;fyhk;.
Efu;Nthu; (tPl;Lj;Jiwapdu;) Nfs;tp Vw;gLj;Jk; msTf;F Nkyhf epWtdq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyapy; cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhz;lhy; mJ kpifepuk;gy; vdg;gLk;. epWtdk; mjid tpw;gid nra;J ntw;wp ngWtjw;F Nghl;bapLk;. Nkyjpf epuk;gy; kw;Wk; Nghl;bfshy; tpiy tPo;r;rpailtjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
Nfs;tpAld; xU NtWghl;ilr; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.
(a) jdpnahU epWtdj;jpDila epuk;gy; ml;ltizahdJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l gy;NtWre;ij tpiyspy; jdpnahU epWtdkhdJ epuk;gy; nra;a jahuhf cs;smsthFk;.
(b) re;ij epuk;gy; vd;gJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l re;ij tpiyapy; vy;yh epWtdq;fSk;epuk;gy; nra;aj; jahuhf cs;s msthFk;.
3.2 epuk;gy; tisap
epuk;gy; ml;ltiz epuk;gy; tisap vd;gd jdpegu; kw;Wk; vy;yh epWtdq;fSf;Fkhf cw;gj;jpf;fhf cUthf;fg;glyhk;.
Nfs;tp tisap ngwg;gLtJ Nghd;Nw epuk;gy; tisapAk; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. (NtWgl;l tpiyfspy; epuk;gy; njhif ml;ltiz) Mdhy; gy;NtW tpiyfspy; epuk;gyhsu;fshy; cw;gj;jp nra;a tpUk;Gk; msTfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J Nky; Nehf;fpa rupTila ,lkpUe;J tykhd xU tisapahf cau;e;j msthd tpiyapy; mjpfsthd njhif epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLtijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
toikahf ehq;fs; epuk;gyhsu;fspd; Nehf;fk; cr;r ,yhgj;ij miltNjhL Nky;Nehf;fpa rupTila epuk;gy; NfhlhdJ mtdJ ,yhgj; jPu;khdkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (cjhuzk;) mtu;fs; cau;e;jsT tpiy nrYj;jf; $batu;fSf;fhf cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;whu;fs;.
epuk;gy; tisapahdJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpiyapy; epuk;gyhsuhy; epuk;gy; nra;a jahuhf cs;s gz;lq;fspd; msitf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 401
3.3 FWq;fhy epuk;gy; tisap
epuk;gyhsu;fs; ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;Jgtu;fs; vd;w vLNfhspd; mbg;gilapy; mtu;fsJ vy;iy tUkhdk; vy;iyr; nryTf;F rkg;gLk; tiu cw;gj;jpapid Nkw;nfhs;tu;. Nkyjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xU nghUspd; cw;gj;jp nrythdJ mjid tpw;Wg; ngwg;gLk; tUkhdj;jpw;F rkdhff; fhzg;gLk;. xU epWtdj;jpd; vy;iy tUkhdk; vy;iyr; nryTf;F rkg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; ,yhgk; cr;r ,yhgg; Gs;spahf fhzg;gLk; NghJ me;j
,lj;jpNyNa ntspaPl;L kl;lKk; fhzg;gLk ;.
MfNt epWtdk; epuk;gy; nra;Ak; njhifahdJ cw;gj;jpr; nrytpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. (vy;iy kw;Wk; ruhrupr; nryTfs;)
ehq;fs; ePz;l kw;Wk; FWq;fhyq;fSf;fpilahd epuk;giy Nehf;FNthk;.
xU epWtdj;jpd; FWq;fhy ruhrup vy;iy tisapahdJ U tbtpy;
fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; NghJ vy;iyr; nryT mjpfupj;jy; kw;Wk; Fiwtiltjhy;
ruhrup nryTf; Nfhl;bid tpl (AC) nrq;Fj;jhff; fhzg;gLk ;.
jdpahd tpiyapd; tpw;gid tpiy vy;yh epWtdq;fSf;Fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
vd vLNfhs; nfhz;lhy; epWtdj;jpDila ruhrup tUkhdk; (AR) kw;Wk;
vy;iy tUkhdk; (MR) xd;whff; fhzg;gLk;. ehq;fs; ,jid tpiy =
ruhrup tUkhdk; = vy;iy tUkhdk; vdf; fhl;l KbAk;.
epWtdkhdJ vy;iyr; nryT vy;iy tUkhdj;jpw;F rkg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; epuk;gy; nra;Ak;. mjd; tpisthf tiuglj;jpy; fhl;baJ Nghd;W epWtdj;jpdJ ntspaPl;Lj; njupT fhzg;gLk;.
Price/ MC = supply AC cost
P3 D3= AR3= MR3
AVC
P2
P1
D2= AR2= MR2
D1= AR1= MR1
0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quantity
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 405
tiuglk; 13.6 FWq;fhy epuk;gy; tisap
tiuglj;jpd; gb P1 tpiyapy; epWtdk; Q1 msT ntspaPl;il epuk;gy;
nra;fpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ,q;F MC = MR MFk;. tpiy P2 Mf mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ
ntspaPlhdJ Q2 Mf mjpfupg;gNjhL mt;thNw epWtdj;jpdJ ,aysT
mjpfupj;J tpw;gid ntspaPl;ilAk; mjpfupf;Fk;. ,e;epge;jidfspy; epWtdj;jpdJ vy;iyr; nryT tisapahdJ mjdJ epuk;gy; tisapahff; fhzg;gLk;.
vt;thwpUg;gpDk; Fiwe;j tpiy kl;lj;jpw;F fPo; epWtdk; epuk;gy; nra;ahJ FWq;fhyj;jpy; epWtdk; epuk;gYf;F kl;Lk; njhlu;tjhy; tpw;gid tpiy vy;yh khWk; nryTfisAk; cs;slf;Fk;.
P2 kw;Wk; Q4 ,y; epuk;gyhsuJ ruhrup tUkhdk; (AR) vy;iyr; nryit tpl
(AC) Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;. Mdhy; ruhrup khWk; nryit tpl (AVC)
cau;thff; fhzg;gLk;. Vnddpy; AC> AR epWtdk; el;lj;ij vjpu;Nehf;Fk;.
Mdhy; mjDila rpy epiyahd nryTfs; ,d;dKk; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
Vnddpy; AR>AVC
vy;yh epWtdKk; cw;gj;jpia epWj;jp tpl;lhy; tpw;gid %ykhfr; nrYj;Jtjw;F ve;jnthU tUkhdKk; ,y;yhky; NghdhYk; epiyahd nryTfs; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. vdNt ,J epjpapay; epiyapy;
Nkhrkhdjhf AR>AVC fhzg;gLk;. ,Ue;Jk; ,e;epiyapy; el;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
MfNt FWq;fhyj;jpy; khWk; nryTf;F NkyhfTs;s epWtdj;jpdJ epuk;gy; NfhNl mjdJ vy;iyr; nryTf; NfhlhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. vy;iyr; nryTf; NghlhdJ ghuk;gupa Nfhl;ghl;by; epWtdj;jpdJ FWq;fhy epuk;gy; NfhlhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vt;thnwdpDk; kpfTk; mz;ikf;fhy Nfhl;ghLfspd; gb epWtdk; nryTfSld; tpiyaply; mZFKiwiaAk; ,izj;Js;sJ.
nryT kw;Wk; tpiyaply; mZFKiwapd; fPo; xU epWtdk; mjdJ tpw;gid tpiyia cUthf;Fk; Kfkhf xU epWtdk; mjdJ ruhrupr; nrytpy; ,yhg vy;iyia mjhtJ xU ntspaPl;L kl;lj;jpy; mikj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk;. ,k;khw;wPl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL fpilar;R epuk;gy; Nfhl;il cUthf;Fk ;.
Price/ cost AC
P2 D2= AR2
P1 D1= AR1
Q3 Q1 Q2 Q4 Quantity
Profit
Supply
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 405
tiuglk; 13.7 nryT kw;Wk; tpiyaply; mbg;gilapyhd FWq;fhy epuk;gy; NfhLfs;
xU gFj;jwpthd epWtdk; (,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; my;yJ nryT
,opTgLj;jy;) AR>AC vDk; ,lj;jpy; khj;jpuNk epuk;gy; nra;Ak;. vdNt
Fiwe;j kw;Wk; cr;r ntspaPl;L kllq;fshdit Q1 kw;Wk; Q2 Gs;spfspy;
KiwNa tpiy P1 ,y; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; AR AC Nfhl;il
ClWf;Fk;. AC = AR
re;ij tpiy khw;wkhdJ re;ij ntspaPl;L khw;wj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. (ehq;fs; ,d;Dk; epWtdj;jpYs;s ifj;njhopy;fs; vy;yhk; jdpahd epiyahd tpw;gid tpiyiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd vLNfhs;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ) (P2) Gjpa tpw;gid tpiyahdJ Gjpa epuk;gy; tis
Nfhl;Lf;F toptFg;gNjhL Q2 w;Fk; Q4 w;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;.
3.4 ePz;lfhy epuk;gy; tisap
ghuk;gupa Nfhl;ghl;by; vy;iyr; nryT tisapahdJ ePz;lfhyj;jpy; epuk;gy; tisapahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vt;thwpUg;gpDk; mJ Nky;Nehf;fpa rupTilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iyr; nryT tisapapd; tisT fhuzkhf FWq;fhyj;jpy; epuk;gy; tisap Nky;Nehf;fpa rupTilajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J xU FWq;fhy epfo;thFk;. Vnddpy; FWq;fhy epge;jidahf xU fhuzpNa epiyahf cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
ePz;l fhyj;jpy; epuk;gy; tisap Nky;Nehf;fpa rupTilajhfNt fhzg;gLk; (msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdkpd;ikapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy;). Mdhy; epWtdk; msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdq;fspypUe;J ed;ikfisg; ngWk; NghJ tyJ gf;fj;jpw;F fPo; Nehf;fpa rupTf;F rkKilajhff; fhzg;gLk;. tisap fpilar;Rf;F rkhe;jukhf fhzg;gbd; epWtdj;jpd; vy;iyr; nrythdJ vy;yh ntspaPl;L kl;lj;jpYk; epiyahdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
KO nryT kw;Wk; tpiyaply; Nfhl;ghL ePz;lfhyj;jpy; fpilar;Rf;F rkhe;jukhd epuk;gy; Nfhl;ilNa nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. FWq;fhyk; njhlu;ghd NfhlhdJ epWtd mDgtj;jpYs;s msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdk; kw;Wk; msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdkpd;ikfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ. vt;thnwdpDk; cr;r kw;Wk; ,opT
ntspaPl;L kl;lkhdJ ,d;dKk; AC = AR Mff; fhzg;gLk; ,lj;jpNyNa
mikAk;.
3.5 epuk;gy; njhifapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
xU gz;lj;jpdJ epuk;gy; njhifahdJ vjpu;ghu;f;if tpiy kw;Wk; nryTfspy; jq;fpWs;sJ. kpfTk; rpwg;ghf gpd;tUk; fhuzpfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(a) xU nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd nryT. ,J %yg;nghUl;fSf;fhdnryT. ,J g+uzkhf cw;gj;jpf;fhuzpfspd; tpiyapy; jq;fpAs;sJ. ($ypfs;>tl;b tPjq;fs;> ,yhg vjpu;ghu;f;iffs;)
(b) Vida gz;lq;fspd; tpiyfs;. epuk;gyhsu; xU nghUSf;fhf ,d;DnkhUnghUis thq;fj; jahuhf ,Ue;jhy; mg;nghUl;fs; epuk;gw; gpujpaPLfs;vdg;gLk;. mj;jifa nghUl;fSf;fhd tpiy mjpfupg;ghdJ VidanghUl;fSf;fhd epuk;giy Vw;gLj;Jk;. mtw;wpw;fhd tpiy mjpfupf;f khl;lhJ.epuk;gyhsu;fSf;fhd Fiwthd ftu;r;rp fhzg;gLk;. xU cw;gj;jpnraw;ghlbw;F ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l njspthd kw;Wk; jdpahdntapsPLfs; fhzg;gbd; mj;jifa nghUl;fs; ,ize;j epug;Gg; gz;lq;fs
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 405
; my;yJ epug;G cw;gj;jpfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,ize;j epuk;gy; nghUl;fs; cjhuzkhf ,iwr;rp kw;Wk; Njhy;fs;. khl;L ,iwr;rpapd; tpiy mjpfupj;jhy; mjpfsT epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLtNjhL mjDld; ,ize;j khl;Lf;fhd epuk;gYk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
(c) tpiykhw;w vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs;. epuk;gyhsu;fs; gz;lj;jpw;fhd tpiy mjpfupf;Fk;vd vjpu;ghu;j;jhy; mtu; epuk;gy; msitf; Fiwg;ghu;. tpiy Fiwthf,Uf;Fk; NghJ mtuJ cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritfis tpiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJgad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mjpfupg;ghu;.
(d) njhopy; El;gj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;. njhopy; El;g cw;gj;jpfshdit cw;gj;jpr;nryitf; Fiwg;gjpy; (cw;gj;jp jpwid mjpfupf;Fk;) Fwpg;gpl;nlhU tpiyapy;epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLk; msT mjpfupf;Fk;.
(e) Vida fhuzpfs; thdpiy. (cjhuzkhf tptrhag; nghUl;fs;) ,aw;ifmdu;j;jq;fs; my;yJ ifj;njhopy; ,ila+W
epuk;gy; tisapahdJ tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpd; %yk; epuk;gy; njhiffspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. epuk;gy; epge;jidfs; khwpdhy; NtWgl;l epuk;gy; tisap tiuag;gLk;. NtW thu;j;ijapy; tpiy khw;wk; epuk;gy; Nfhl;bd; topahf epuk;giy khw;Wk;. Vida epuk;gy; fhuzpfspd; khw;wk; epuk;gy; Nfhl;il efu;tilar; nra;Ak;.
3.6 re;ij epuk;gy; tisapapd; efu;T re;ij epuk;gy; tisapahdJ re;ijapYs;s xt;nthU jdpegupdJk; vy;yh epuk;gy; NfhLfisAk; nkhj;jkhff; $l;bg; ngwg;gLtjhFk;. re;ij epuk;gy; tisapapd; efu;thdJ epuk;gy; epge;jidfs; khw;wkilAk; NghJ (tpiy jtpu;e;j Vidait)
,lk;ngWk;. tiuglk; 6.8 S0 ypUe;J S1 f;F epuk;gy; NfhL efu;tiltijf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. tyJ Gwk; Nehf;fpa fPo; Nehf;fpa Nfhl;bd; efu;thdJ epuk;gy; ePl;lj;jpidf; fhl;LtNjhL gpd;tUk; fhuzpfs; fhuzkhf mikAk;.
(a) cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfspd; nryTfspy; Vw;gLk; tPo;r;rp. cjhuzkhf %yg;nghUs;cs;sPl;Lr; nryTf;fhd tpiyaplypy; Vw;gLk; Fiwg;G.
(b) Vida nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp rhu;gstpy; ftu;r;rpfukw;wjhff; fhzg;gl;lhy;mtw;wpDila tpiy tPo;r;rpailAk;. ,jdhy; epWtdq;fs; tpiy Fiwe;jcw;gj;jpapy; cs;s tsq;fis ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf tpiy $bacw;gj;jpf;F efu;j;Jk;. MfNt ehq;fs; Vida fhuzpfs; khwhj epiyapy; xUnghUspd; tpiy tPo;r;rpailAk; NghJ mg;nghUl;fspd; epuk;gyhdJmjpfupg;gij vjpu;ghu;f;f KbAk;. mNj Nghy; kWGwkhf tpiy mjpfupf;fepuk;gy; FiwtilAk;.
(c) njhopy; El;gr; nrad;Kiw. ,J myFf;fhd nryitf; Fiwg;gJld; cw;gj;jp,aYikAk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
(d) cw;gj;jp jpwd; tpUj;jp my;yJ ,Uf;fpd;w cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis tpidj;jpwdhfg; gad;gLj;jy;. ,J myFf;fhd nryitf; Fiwf;Fk;.
epuk;gy; Nfhl;bd; efu;thdJ KOikahf my;yJ rhu;gstpy; Vida cw;gj;jp
nryTfspy; nryT khw;wj;jpd; tpisthf Vw;gLfpd;wJ. gz;lj;jpd; tpiy P1
Mf ,Ue;jhy; epuk;gyhsu;fs; epuk;giy Gjpa epuk;gy; epiyikfspd; fPo; Q0 – Q1
Mf mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gtu;. khwhf ,lJ Gw my;yJ Nkw;Gw epuk;gy; Nfhl;bd; efu;thdJ epuk;gy; nryit mjpfupf;Fk;. ,jdJ fUj;J ,Uf;fpd;w tpiyapy; epWtd;jpdJ ntspaPlhdJ FiwtiltNjhL Fiwe;jsNt epuk;gy;
nra;ag;gLk ;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 405
S2 S0 S1
,J tiuglk; 6.8 ,y; tpiy P1 ,y; epuk;gy; njhifahdJ Q0 – Q2 Mf
Fiwtiltjdhy; epuk;gy; tisapahdJ S0 – S2 Mf efu;tilfpd;wJ.
epuk;gyhsu;fs; kPz;Lk; ntspaPl;L kl;lj;ij cw;gj;jp jhdk; my;yJ (Muk;g
epiyahd Q0 w;F nry;Yk; NghJ tpiyahdJ P2 Mf mjpfupf;Fk;. Nkw;Gw
(,lJGw) epuk;gy; Nfhl;bd; efu;T (S0 – S2 w;F) fhuzkhf>
(a) cw;gj;jpf;fhuzpfspd; nrytpy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;G
(b) Vida nghUspd; tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;G. ,J rhu;gsttpy; cw;gj;jpahsUf;F ftu;r;rp fukhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(c) Neu;Kf tupapy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;G my;yJ khdpaf;Fiwg;G. ,J Fiwe;j,yhgj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;w tpiyapy; epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLk;.
Price
P2
P1
Q2 Q0 Q1 Quantity supplied
Draft Version
406 CA Sri Lanka
tiuglk; 13.8 epuk;gy; Nfhl;bd; efu;T
epuk;gy; Nfs;tp gw;wpa FWq;fhy kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyq;fis NtWgLj;JNthk;. FWq;fhyj;jpy; ePz;l fhyj;Jld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ epuk;gy; kw;Wk; Nfs;tpahdJ rhu;gstpy; tpiyapy; khw;wk; ,y;yhjpUf;Fk;.
(a) epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLk; njhifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; mbf;fb gzpePf;fk; nra;ayhk; my;yJ Gjpa Ntiyahl;fis thliff;F mku;j;jyhk; my;yJ
Gjpa ,ae;jpuq;fis cs;thq;fy; ,itaidj;Jk; Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lkply ; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F vLf;fg;gLk; Neuk; vd;gtw;wpy; khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L tUk;.
(b) Nfs;tp epuk;gy; njhlu;ghf Nfs;tpahdJ mbf;fb kpf Ntfkhf gjpyspj;Jk;,jw;fhf Efu;NthUf;F fhyk; vLg;gJld; mtu;fs; thq;Fk; tbtj;jpidrPu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tu;.
rpy re;ijfspy; tpiy khw;wj;jpw;fhd gjpy;fs; rhu;gstpy; Jupjkhff; fhzg;gLk;. Vidatw;wpy; gjpYf;fhd fhyg;gFjp kpfTk; ePz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. gq;Fr;re;ijapy; cjhuzkhf fk;gdpg; gq;FfSf;fhd Nfs;tp epuk;gy; gq;fhdJ tpiy khw;wj;Jld; Jupjkhd gjpyhfTk; mq;F vupnghUs; vz;nza; my;yJ tptrha ,urhadj;Jf;fhd gjpy;fhyk; kpfTk; ePz;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;.
3.7 epuk;gy; tpiy nefpo;r;rp
epuk;gy; tpiy nefpo;r;rp vd;gJ tpiy khw;w tPjhrhuj;jpw;Fk; epuk;gy; njhif khw;w tPjhrhuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ
epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rp = epuk;gy; njhif khw;w tPjhrhuk; tpiy khw;w tPjhrhuk;
,q;F vd;d tpiy toq;fg;gl;lhYk; nghUl;fspw;fhd epuk;gy; khwhJ
fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf mUq;fiyg; nghUl;fs;. Vintage itd;
Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd epuk;gy; g+uz nefpo;tw;wJ. ,jw;fhd epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rp g+r;rpakhFk;. epuk;gy; tisapahdJ Fj;jr;Rf;F rkhe;jukhff; fhzg;gLk;.
gz;lj;jpw;fhd epuk;gy; tpiyAld; tPjhrhu mbg;gilapy; NtWgLk;. me;epiyapy; epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rp 1 f;F rkkhdjhff; fhzg;gLk;. epuk;gy; tisap Neu; Nfhlhf cw;gj;jpj; jhdj;ij ClWj;Jr; nry;Yk;. (myF nefpo;r;rp mjd; ePsk; topahf Neu;Nfhby;yhJ Mdhy; epuk;gy; tisapahdJ myF nefpo;r;rpAld; Neu;Nfhlhff; fhzg;gLk;).
cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpiyapy; VjhtJ njhifia epuk;gy; nra;tu;. Mdhy; xd;Wkpy;yhJ rw;W Fiwe;j tpiyapy; epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rpahdJ Kbtpypahf my;yJ g+uz nefpo;r;rpAilajhff; fhzg;gLk;. epuk;gy; NfhlhdJ fpilar;Rf;F Neuhdjhff; fhzg;gLk;. g+uz nefpo;r;rpaw;w epuk;gy>; myF nefpo;r;rp> g+uz epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rp vd;gd tiuglk; 13.9 ,y; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
fw;gjw;fhd #j;jpuk;
Draft Version
406 CA Sri Lanka
S S
Price
Perfectly inelastic supply
S Price
Unit elastic supply (two examples)
S Price
Perfectly elastic supply
S1
S
0 Quantity supplied
S S1
0 Quantity supplied 0 Quantity supplied
tiuglk; 13.9 epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rp (1)
myF nefpo;r;rp gy NtWghlhd rha;Tfisf; nfhz;bUf;f KbAk;. Kf;fpakhd tbtkhdJ myF nefpo;r;rpf; Nfhl;by; rha;itf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gij milahsk; fhz;gNjhL Mdhy; ,J cw;gj;jp jhdj;ij ClWj;Jr; nry;fpd;wJ.
epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rpAilanjdpd; (1f;F $baJ) cw;gj;jpahsd; epuk;gy; nra;Ak; njhifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhdJ tpiy khw;w tPjhrhuj;ij tpl mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
nefpo;tw;w epuk;gy; vd;gJ (1f;F Fiwe;jJ) cw;gj;jpahsu; cw;gj;jp nra;a tpUk;Gk; njhif tpiy khw;w tPjhrhuj;ij tpl rpwpa tPjkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 407
S
S
Inelastic supply Elastic supply
Price S
Price
S 0 Quantity supplied 0 Quantity supplied
tiuglk; 13.9 epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rp (2)
Fwpg;G: epuk;gy; tisap njhif mr;ir ntl;br; nrd;why;> epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rpaw;wjhFk; (< 1). epuk;gy; tisap tpiy mr;ir ntl;br; nrd;why;> epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rp tha;e;jjhFk; (> 1).
3.8 epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rp kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jf; fhuzpfs;
epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rpahdJ epWtdq;fs; mtu;fsJ epuk;gy; nra;Ak; njhifapd; ,aYikia mstpLtjhFk;. mit gy;tifahd fhuzpfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(a) KbTg; nghUl;fspd; ruf;F ,Ug;G. xU epWtdj;jplk; ,Wjpg;nghUl;fSf;fhdruf;fpUg;G mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; xU nghUspd; tpiy mjpfupg;ig njhlu;e;J epuk;gy;mjpfupg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. vdNt epuk;gyhdJ rhu;gstpy; nefpo;r;rpAilajhff;fhzg;gLk;. gOjilaf; $ba my;yJ ePz;l ehs; tho;f;ifAilait ,q;Fftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
(b) Copaf;fpilg;gdT. Ntiyapd;ik tPjk; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk; NghJ nghUj;jkhdjpwDld; Copau;fisf; fz;L gpbg;gJ fbdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
(c) cjpupg;ghfq;fspd; ,aysT. (cjhuzk; KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jg;glhj ,ae;jpuq;fs;)epWtdq;fs; cjpupg; ghfq;fspd; ,aysitf; nfhz;bUe;jhy; kpf tpiuthfTk;,yFthfTk; tpiy mjpfupg;igj; njhlu;e;J epuk;giy mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
(d) %yg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; ghfq;fspd; fpilg;gdTj; jd;ik. ,Ug;G kw;Wk; ruf;Ff;fhdmiktplk; vd;gd KbTg; nghUl;fSf;fhf fhzg;gLtjdhhy; mit Kf;fpakhff;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(e) cs;tUifj; jil. cs;tUifj; jil NkYk; tpgukhf ,f;fw;ifapy; njspTgLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F epWtdk; re;ijapDs; ,yFthf cs;Eiotjw;Fk; epuk;giy tpiuthf Muk;gpg;gjw;Fk; epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rpahdJ mjpfupg;gijAk; Fwpg;gpLjy; NghJkhdJ.
(f) fhy msT. ,J mLj;j gFjpapy; tpsf;fg;gLk;.
Draft Version
408 CA Sri Lanka
3.9 epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rpAk; fhyKk;
Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpiag; Nghy; xU cw;gj;jpf;fhd epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rpAk; mJ mstplg;gLk; fhy mstpw;Nfw;g NtWgLk;. gFj;jha;T Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf %d;W tifahd fhyg;gFjpfs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
(a) kpff; FWq;fhyk; (re;ij) vdNt gz;lj;jpw;fhd FWfpa epuk;gyhsu;fs;ruf;fpUg;Gf;fSld; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gLk; ,jdhy; epuk;gy;epiyahdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
(b) FWq;fhyk; - FWq;fhyk; vd;gJ gz;lj;jpid epuk;gy; nra;tjw;fhdfhyg;gFjpahff; fhzg;gLtNjhL ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ntspaPl;bid mjpfupf;fmy;yJ Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;. Mdhy; FWq;fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jpf;Fgad;gLj;jg;gLk; epiyahd cgfuzq;fspy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbahJ.(,ae;jpuq;fs;> nghwpfs; kw;Wk; Vidait). ,jdJ fUj;J epuk;gyhsu;fs;Kd;du; gad;gLj;jg;glhj KO ,aysitAk; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %ykhf ngupacw;gj;jp njhifia cw;gj;jp njhifia cw;gj;jp nra;tNjhL mtu;fs;cw;gj;jpapid kpfTk; tpiuthf Fiwf;f KbtJld; Copau;fisAk;NtiyapypUe;J gzpePf;fk; nra;a KbAk;.
(c) ePz;l fhyk; - ePz;l fhykhdJ midj;J cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfisAk; khw;wf;$ba fhyg;gFjpahFk;. ,q;F Gjpa Miyfis fl;LtNjhL ,ae;jpuq;fisAk;nfhs;tdT nra;a KbAk;. mj;Jld; gioaij %lTk; KbAk;.ifj;njhopypDs; Gjpa epWtdq;fs; ePz;l fhyj;jpy; cs;tUk;. nghJthfePz;l fhyg;gFjpapy; epuk;gyhdJ nefpo;r;rpAilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.
3.10 Nfs;tp khw;wj;jpd; gpujpgypg;G
tpiy rhu;e;j epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rpahdJ ifj;njhopypdJ Nfs;tp tisapapd; efu;Tf;F jahuhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
efupYs;s Xu; czT tpLjpapy; czTf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupg;gpd; Nfs;tp
tisapahdJ tiuglk; 6.11 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;lJ Nghd;W D1 ,ypUe;J D2 Mf
tyJ Gwk; Nehf;fp efu;tilAk;. FWq;fhyj;jpy; nraw;ghl;bYs;s czT tpLjpapYs;s vz;zpf;ifahdJ ifj;njhopypYs;s ,aysit tiuaWf;Fk;. czT tpLjpahdJ kpfTk; jPtpukhf Fwpg;gpl;lnthU vy;iy tiu gad;gLj;j
KbtNjhL epuk;gy; (S1) g+uz nefpo;tw;wjhf fhzg;gl khl;lhJ. Mdhy;
,q;F ,r; nraw;ghl;bw;F xU tiuaiw fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; tpisthff;
FWq;fhyj;jpy; P1 ,ypUe;J P2 msthd ghupa tpiy mjpfupg;G fhzg;gLk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 411
D1D2
S1
S2
Price
P2
P3
P1
Q1 Q2 Q3 Quantity
tiuglk; 13.11 Nfs;tp tisNfhl;bd; efu;tpd; gpujpgypg;G
FWq;fhyj;jpy; tpiy mjpfupg;ghdJ njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp Gjpa tpLjpfisj; jpwg;gjw;Fk; mjd; %yk; ,yhg ed;ikapid ciog;gjw;Fk; toptFf;Fk;. ePz;l fhyj;jpy; epuk;gyhdJ kpfTk;
nefpo;r;rpAilajhff; fhzg;gLtNjhL ,J epuk;gy; tisap (S2) My; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ifj;njhopypdJ ntspaPl;L tpupthf;fkhdJ Gjpa
rkdpiyapid P3 vDk; Fiwthd tpiyapYk; Gjpa ntsaPl;L kl;;lk; Q3
apYk; cUthf;Fk;.
4 rkepiy tpiy
4.1 tpiy El;gj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfs;
kf;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tUkhdj;ijNa nfhz;L fhzg;gLtNjhL mtu;fsplKs;s gzj;ijf; nfhz;L vtw;iw thq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; thq;f tpUk;Gk; gz;lj;jpdJ tpiyahdJ mtu;fsJ thq;Fk; jPu;khdj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;.
epWtdq;fspdJ ntspaPl;Lj; jPu;khdkhdJ Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; fhuzq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
Nghl;br; re;ij nrad; Kiwapy; rkdpiy tpiyahdJ mjhtJ re;ijf; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy;fs; rkg;gLk; ,lj;jpNyNa ngwg;gLk;. VjhtJ re;ijapy; re;ijf; Nfs;tp my;yJ re;ij epuk;gy; epge;jidfs; khw;wkile;jhy; rkdpiy tpiy khw;wkilAk;.
tpiy El;gkhdJ Nfs;tp epuk;giy rkdpiyf;F nfhz;L tUtJld; xU gz;lj;jpw;fhd rkdpiy tpiyahdJ Efu;Nthu;fshy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tp msTk; Efu;Nthu;fshy; Nfl;fg;gLk; njhifAk; xNuasthfTs;s NghJ fhzg;gLk; tpiyahFk;. ,J re;ij epytu tpiyahff; nfhs;sg;gLtNjhL ,t;tpiyapy; re;ijapy; kpifNah gw;whf;FiwNah fhzg;glkhl;lhJ.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 411
Market supply
A Excess supply
B
C
Excess demand
D
Market demand
(a) re;ij; Nfs;tp epge;jidfs; epWtdk; ngWk; mjdJ ntspaPl;by; tpiy %yk;nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. tpiy cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;F rkpf;iQahff;fhzg;gLtNjhL tpiy khw;wkhdJ xU epWtdj;jpdJ cw;gj;jp msTfiskhw;Wtjw;F J}z;Lk;.
(b) epuk;gy; cw;gj;jp nryT kw;Wk; ,yhgq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. ,yhgcr;rg;gLj;jypd; Nehf;fk; mtu;fspd; cw;gj;jp njhifapy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjD}lhf epWtdj;jpdJ tpiy my;yJ nrytpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F J}z;LtjhFk;.
(c) re;ij tpiy khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; mjdJ nryitf;fl;Lg;gLj;JtjD}lhfTk; xU re;ij tpidj;jpwdhf nraw;gLk; NghJ mjw;FntFkjpahf ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ.
epWtdj;jpy; vd;d ifj;njhopy; nraw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wpa jPu;khdk; kw;Wk; vd;d re;ijfs; ahUf;fhf cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ vd;git <l;lf; $ba tpiy %yk; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;. gy tUlfhykhf xU epWtdk; xU ifj;njhopyhf epu;tfpf;fg;gl;bUe;Jk; Vidait njhlu;r;rpahf jpwe;J %b my;yJ Gjpa ifj;njhopYf;F khwp my;yJ Gjpa re;ijfshff; fhzg;glyhk;. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; xU ifj;njhopypYs;s epWtdq;fs; mtu;fs; tpw;Fk; gz;lq;fspd; msitf; $l;lyhk; my;yJ Fiwf;fyhk;. vt;thnwdpDk; tpiyahdJ xU gz;lj;jpdJ my;yJ NritapdJ nghUshjhu nryit gpujpgypg;gjpy;iy. cjhuzkhf murpdhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; tupfs; fhuzkhf nryit tpl tpiy cau;thdjhff; fhzg;glyhk;. rpfnul;bdJ tpw;gid tpiy kw;Wk; kJghdk; tup kw;Wk; jPu;it tpjpg;Gf; fhuzkhf mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd nryit tpl tpiy mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
khwhf khdpakhdJ nraw;ifahf Fiwthd tpiyapidf; nfhz;L tUk;.
vt;thwpUg;gpDk; Kf;fpakhf re;ij rf;jpfshd Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gyhy; epu;zapf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fs; NritfSf;fhd gupkhw;wf; Fwpfhl;bahf tpiyahdJ fhzg;gLtij Nehf;FNthk;.
4.2 tpiy El;gq;fSk; rkdpiy tpiyAk;
tiuglj;jpy; fhl;baJ Nghd;W re;ijf; Nfs;tp tisapAk; re;ij epuk;gy; tisapAk; ,ilntl;Lk; Gs;spapy; rkdpiy tpiyahdJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Price
P1
P
P2
0 Q
tiuglk; 13.12 re;ijr; rkepiy
Quantity
Draft Version
412 CA Sri Lanka
tiuglk; 6.12 ,y; xU njhFjp tpiyapy; jpl;lkpl;l Nfs;tpiaAk; (Kd;dhs; Ke;jpa) jpl;lkpl;l epuk;giyAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
tiuglk; 6.12 ,y; P1 tpiyapy; epuk;gyhsu;fs; re;ijf; Nfs;tpapid tpl mjpfsT cw;gj;jp nra;a tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. ,jd; fUj;J mq;F kpif epuk;gy;
fhzg;gLtNjhL mJ AB vd;w msTf;Fr; rkkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
epuk;gyhsu;fs; tpw;fg;glhj xd;W Nru;f;fg;gl;l ,Ug;Gf;F Jyq;fiyf; fhl;Ltu;.
(a) Njitaw;w ,Ug;Gf;fis tpw;Fk; Kfkhf mtu;fs; eilKiw cw;gj;jpkl;lj;ij Fiwg;gu;.
(b) tpw;gidia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Kfkhf tpiyiaf; Fiwg;gu;.
tpiy P2 Mff; fhzg;gLk; epiyapy; vjpu;khwhf epfOk;. mq;F kpiff; Nfs;tp
epuk;gYf;F Nkyhf CD vDk; ,ilntspapdhy; fhl;lg;gLk;. epuk;gy; kw;Wk; tpiy
vd;gd mjpfupf;Fk; kpiff; Nfs;tpia vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhf jahupg;ghsu;fs; mtu;fsJtpiyfis mjpfupg;gu;. ,J epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; mjpf ,yhgj;ijjUtJld; epuk;gYk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
tpiy P apy; tpw;gid nra;a tpUk;Gk; njhif kw;Wk; epuk;gy; nra;a
,aYkhd njhif vd;gd Efu;Nthu; thq;Ftjw;F tpUk;Gk; msTf;Fk; thq;f
,aYkhd msTf;Fk; rkdhff; fhzg;gLk;. Efu;Nthu; Q myF cw;gj;jpfis
thq;Ftjw;F nryT nra;a tpUk;Gk; nkhj;j msT (P.Q) kw;Wk;
epuk;gyhsu;fs; tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf epuk;gy; nra;a tpUk;Gk;
Q myFk; (P.Q) Mff; fhzg;gL;. P ahdJ rkdpiy tpiyahFk;.
Ep`uk;gy; kw;Wk; Nfs;tpr; rf;jpfs; re;ijapid mjdJ rkdpiy tpiy kw;Wk; njhif Nehf;fp efu;j;Jfpd;wJ. gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa tplaq;fisf; ftdkhff; ftdpf;fTk;.
(a) Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; epge;jidfspy; khw;wk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; rkdpiytpiyahdJ re;ijapy; epyTtNjhL khwhjjhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
(b) tpiy rkdpiyapy; ,y;yhJ tpl;lhhy; re;ij rkdpiyapd;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk;. Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gyhdJ tpiyia rkdpiy tpiy Nehf;fpj; js;Sk;.
(c) VjhtJ re;ijapy; xU rkdpiy epiyik kl;Lk; fhzg;gl;lhhy; re;ij
mopf;fg;gLk ;.
(d) Nfs;tp tisap my;yJ epuk;gy; tisapapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhdJ rkdpiytpiyapid khw;Wk;.
4.3 cw;gj;jpahsd; kpifAk; Efu;Nthd; kpifAk;
xU nghUis thq;Ftjw;Fr; nrytpLk; tpiy xU nghUspdJ xU myif EfUk; gy;NtW Efu;Nthu;fspdhy; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; nfhLf;f tpUk;gpa tpiyia tpl cz;ikapy; nfhLj;j tpiy Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;. ePq;fs; cq;fsJ nrhe;j rpe;jidapy; ,Ue;J ,t; mDgtj;jpidg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. mjhtJ ePq;fs; xU tpLKiwf;F my;yJ tpNrrkhd xU Milf;F xU njhifiar; nrYj;j jahuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf ePq;fs; nrYj;j jahuhf ,Ue;j tpiyapid tpl Fiwthd tpiyapy; thq;f KbAk;. ,e;epiyikahdJ (Efu;Nthd; nrYj;j tpUk;gpa tpiyf;Fk; nrYj;jpa tpiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL) ,J Efu;Nthd; kpif vd
miof;fg;gLtNjhL ,e;epiyikahdJ tiuglk; 13.13 ,y; fhl;lg;Lfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
412 CA Sri Lanka
Market supply
Consumer surplus
Producer surplus
Market demand
Price
P
Q
tiuglk; 13.13 Efu;Nthd; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpahsd; kpif
Quantity
mNj Nghd;W Efu;Nthu; jhq;fs; nfhLf;fj; jahuhd tpiyapYk; ghu;f;f Fiwthd tpiyapy; xU nghUis thq;f $bajhf ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;l epiyapy; mtu;fsJ tpiyapYk; ghu;f;f cau;e;j tpiyapy; tpw;gid nra;af; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;epiyikapy; mq;F cw;gj;jpahsu; kpif fhzg;gLk;.
tiuglk; 6.13 MdJ ,jidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. cw;gj;jpahsu; kpifahdJ mtu;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F jahupj;j tpiyapid tpl cau;e;j tpiyapy; tpw;gid nra;tijf; Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; mtu;fs; re;ij tpiyapYk; ghu;f;f Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tpw;gid nra;tu;.
Draft Version
414 CA Sri Lanka
4.4 eyd; ,og;G
eyd; ,og;ghdJ xU gz;lj;jpw;fhd rkdpiyahdJ cj;jk epiyapy; ,y;yhj NghJ Vw;gLk; nghUshjhu tpidj;jpwd; ,og;ghFk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fshf jdpAupik tpiy> cr;r tpiy my;yJ jstpiy my;yJ tup my;yJ khdpak; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf ghjzpf;fhd re;ij. mq;F xU Nrhb ghjzpf;fhd tpiy &gh 1200 MfTk; mit ,ytrkhf ,Ue;jhy; xt;nthU Nrhbf;Fkhd Nfs;tp kpf cau;thfTk; kw;Wk; &gh 10>000 Mf ,Ue;jhy; g+r;rpakhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. J}a epiwNghl;br; re;ijapy; (mLj;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;)cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; &gh 1200 ia tpjpg;gNjhL Efu;Nthu; mtu;fsJ gad; 1200ia tpl cau;thf ,Ue;jhy; ghjzpfis thq;Ftu;. vt;thwpUg;gpDk; xUcw;gj;jpahsu; re;ijapy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp &gh 5000 ia tpjpj;jhy; mJEfu;Nthiu mtu;fsJ gad; 5000 ia tpl Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd; tpyf;fspg;gu;.eyd; ,og;G vd;gJ ghjzpfis Efu;Nthu; thq;f tpUk;ghikahy;,of;fg;gLk; nghUshjhu ed;ikahFk;.
cw;gj;jpg; gf;fj;jpy; murhq;fkhdJ xU Nrhbg; ghjzpf;fhd khdpakhf &gh 200 ia toq;fj; jPu;khdpj;jhy; jw;NghJ tpiyahdJ 1000 MfTk; Efu;NthuJ gadhdJ &gh 1000 kw;Wk; 1200 Mf nryit tpl Fiwthf ,Ug;gpDk; thq;Ftu;. ,q;F eyd; ,og;ghdJ tsq;fis tpidj;jpwdhfg;
gad;gLj;jhikapdhy; Vw;gl;l tsq;fSf;fhd nrythFk ;.
5.1 tpla cjhuzk; ,g;gFjpapy; ehq;fs; Nfs;tp epuk;gy; epge;jidfspy; cs;slq;Fk; tpla Ma;T gw;wp Nehf;FNthk;. ehq;fs; ,uz;lhk; epiyapy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; tpiy> njhif jhf;fq;fs; gw;wp gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfspy; guprPypg;Nghk;. (a) ngw;Nwhy; tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; ghupa mjpfupg;G
(b) Gjpa fhu;fspd; tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; ngupa mjpfupg;G
(c) nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ghupastpyhd KjyPL
5.2 gFg;gha;T ngw;NwhUk; fhUk; epug;Gg; gz;lq;fs;. vdNt ngw;NwhYf;fhd re;ijapy;
Vw;gLk; VjhtJ khw;wk; (cjhuzj;jpd; gb gFjp a) ,uz;lhk; epiyf;
fhu;fSf;fhd re;ijapy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. ngw;NwhYf;fhd Nfs;tpahdJ vt;thwpUg;gpDk; rhu;gstpy; tpiy khw;wj;Jld; njhlu;gw;w tifapy; mjhtJ tpiy khw;wkhdJ Nfs;tpj; njhifapy; rpwpasT kl;LNk ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. mjd; tpisthf mjdJ tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; ghupasT khw;wkhdJ VjhtJ epug;G cw;gj;jp kPjhd Nfs;tp kPJ Njitahd ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. tiuglk; 6.14 MdJ NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthW vupnghUSf;fhd tpiyapy; (ngw;Nwhy;) cau;e;jsT mjpfupg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
5 Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; gFg;gha;T
re;ijapd; kPjhd Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; epge;jidfspd; jhf;fkhdJ Nfs;tp
kw;Wk; epuk;gy; NfhLfspd; fw;if %ykhf Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
414 CA Sri Lanka
D S1
S
ce D D1
S
p
p1
D S1
S
q1 q Number
1
1
Price
p1
p
(i) Fuel market
Pri
(ii) Used vehicle market
0 q q Quantity 0 of fuel
q1 q Number of vehicles
tiuglk; 13.14 epug;Gg; gz;lq;fs;
,e;epiyapy; vupnghUspd; tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;gpd; tpisthf epuk;gy; epiyikfspy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtjhff; fUjpf; nfhs;Nthk;. ,J Gjpa epuk;gy; tisapahd S1 Muk;gf;Nfhl;by; ,Ue;J ,lJGwkhf efu;e;J nry;fpd;wJ. (tiuglk; 13.14i) vupnghUl;fSf;fhd tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;ghdJ fhu; XLtjw;fhf my;yJ cupikf;fhd nrytpy; mjpfupg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. MfNt ,uz;lhk; epiy fhu;fspd; tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; tPo;r;rp tpw;fg;gLk; njhifiaf; Fiwf;Fk; (tiuglk; 13.14 ii).
,t;Tjhuzj;jpy; gFjp (B) GJthfdq;fs; kw;Wk; ghtpf;fg;gl;l thfdq;fSf;fhd gpujpaPl;Lg;nghUl;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(i) New vehicles market (ii) Used vehicles market
Price
p1
p
Price D1
S D
p1
p
0
of vehicles
0 q q Number of vehicles
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 415
(i) Public transport
D S S 1
D
D S 1
1
tiuglk; 13.15 gjpyPl;Lg;gz;lq;fs;
Gjpa fhu;fSf;fhd tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;ghy; ghupasT epuk;gy; nryT mjpfupf;fpd;wJ vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpfupf;Fk; tpiyahdJ ,uz;lhk; epiyf;fhu;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpapid mjpfupf;Fk;. vdNt mtw;wpd; tpiy
tpw;fg;gLk; fhu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupg;Gf;F toptFf;Fk; [tiuglk;
6.15(ii)].
Gjpa thfdq;fSf;fhd tpiy mjpfupg;ghdJ khw;Wj;njupT tpisthf mtw;wpw;fhd Nfs;tpj;njhifia mjpfupg;gjhf fhzg;gLk;.
,t;Tjhuzj;jhy; gFjp (c) Vida cjhuzj;ij cs;slf;FtNjhL mJ ,uz;lhk; epiyf;fhuu;fSld; Nghl;bia Vw;gLj;Jk; nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritapd; tpiyf;Fiwg;ghy; epuk;gy; tisap gpd;tUkhW ,lk;Gwk; Nehf;fp efUk; (tiuglk; 6.16).
(ii) Used vehicles market
Price
p
p1
Price
p
p1
0 q q Number
0
of journeys q q Number
used vehicles
tiuglk; 13.16 gjpyPl;Lg; gz;lk; (2)
,q;F nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; tPo;r;rp nghJg;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhd Nfs;tp tpupthf;fj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. [tiuglk; 6.16
(i)] mNj Neuk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf;fhu;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp tpiy tPo;r;rpNahL
tPo;r;rpailAk;. [tiuglk; 6.16(ii)] Gjpa Nfs;tp tisap D vt;thwpUg;gpDk;
nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fhu;fSf;fhd re;ij rpf;fyhf kw;Wk; cWjpaw;w xd;whf njhlu;igf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;. MfNt nghJkf;fs; nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;ij ghupajhf gad;gLj;JtNjhL fhUf;fhd cupik njhlu;r;rpahf mjpfupf;f KbAk;. (,uz;lhk; epiyf; fhu;fs; cl;gl)
5.3 tpiy xU rkpQ;iQ
re;ijapy; thq;FNthu; kw;Wk; tpw;NghUf;fhf xU jfty; Kiwikahf nraw;gLtNjhL tpiy Cf;fkspf;Fk; xd;whfr; nraw;gLk;.
tpiyj; jftyhdJ thq;FgtdJ my;yJ tpw;gtdJ eltbf;ifapy; cldbahf khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. cjhuzkhf xU tpiy mjpfupg;ghdJ mtu;fsJ tsj;Jf;fhd rpwe;j ntFkjpiag; ngWk; Nehf;Fld; tpiy mjpfupf;Fk; nghUl;fs; Nehf;fp epWtdq;fs; mjdJ tsj;ij xU gz;lj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; jpir jpUg;gyhk;.
Draft Version
416 CA Sri Lanka
ehL X ,y; mz;ikapy; ,Wtl;Lf;fspy; Vw;gl;l tpiy tPo;r;rpahdJ Fwpg;gpl;lnthU mstpy; ,Wtl;Lf;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpj;njhifapy; mjpfupg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ vt;thwpUg;gpDk; rpdpkh nraw;gLj;Jgtu;fs; Efu;NthuJ vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwg;ig Vw;gLj;JkhW mwpf;if ,l;lhu;fs;;. rpdpkhTf;Fg; Nghtij tpl kf;fsJ Kd;Dupik fhuzkhf ,Wntl;Lf;fis thq;Ffpd;wdu;. ,Wntl;Lf;fSf;fhd tpiyfspd; tPo;r;rpahdJ Nfs;tp tisapapy; vd;d jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. (a) DVD ,af;fpfs;
(b) rpdpkh gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fs; (upf;fl;Lf;fs;)
(a) DVD player f;fhd Nfs;tp ntspg;Gwk; Nehf;fp efUk;. DVD player Mdit,Wntl;Lf;fSld; ,izg;Gf;nfhz;lJ. Vnddpy; ,Wntl;Lf;fspD}lhffhl;rpfisg; ghu;g;gjw;fhfNt DVD playerfis thq;Ffpd;wdu;. vdNt,Wntl;Lf;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupg;ghdJ mtw;wpd; tpiyfs; khwhjNghjpYk; mtw;wpw;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupg;gpw;F toptFf;Fk;. ,jd; tpisthfNfs;tpf;NfhL ntspg;Gwk; Nehf;fp efUk; (Nfs;tp ePl;lk;).
(b) rpdpkh gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpf;NfhL cs;Nehf;fp efUk; (Nfs;tpxLf;fk;). rpdpkh gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fspd; tpiyfs; khwhJ ,Ue;j NghJk; kf;fs;mtw;wpw;Fg; gjpyhf ,Wntl;Lf;fisg; gad;gLj;JtjD}lhf mtw;wpw;fhdNfs;tpia Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tu;. rpdpkh upf;fl;Lf;fs; ,Wntl;Lf;fSf;fhdgjpyPl;Lg; nghUl;fshFk;. gjpyPl;Lg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; tPo;r;rpahdJ xU gz;lj;jpdJ Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bid cl;Gwk; Nehf;fp efu;tilar;nra;Ak;.
tpdh DVD vs cinema
tpil
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 417
6.1 Nehpy; tupfs;
Nehpy; thpfshdit nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLtNjhL tUkhdj;jpy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; Neh;thpf;F vjpuhdjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. njhpT nra;ag;gl;l Nehpy; thpfshdit vy;yhg; nghUl;fspy; kl;Lkd;wp rpy nghUl;fspNy tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. my;yJ (Vida nghUl;fistpl rpy nghUl;fspy; mjpfsthd thp jpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd)
Nehpy; thpfshdit ntspthhpfs; tsq;fis ghjpf;Fk;NghJ Fiwthd jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; gz;lq;fis Nehf;fp rpwg;ghd my;yJ ts xJf;fPl;il tpUj;jp nra;aTk; cjtyhk;. (tpahghuq;fshy; #oYf;F Vw;gLk; vjph;kiw tpisTfs;)
xU gz;lj;jpd; kPj Nehpy; thpahdJ tpjpf;fg;gl;lhy; thp tpjpg;gpd; msT xt;nthU nghUspd; tpiyapYk; Nrh;f;fg;gLtjdhy; epuk;gy; tisapahdJ Nky; Nehf;fp(,lJGwk;) efUk;. Vnddpy; efh;Nthh; thpapid tpiyapy; cs;slf;fpapDk; epuk;gyhdh; Njwpa thp tpiyia khj;jpuNk tUkhdkhfg; ngWth;. Eg : tiuglk; 7.1:
thpapy;yhj epuk;gy; tisap So MFk;.
ts nryit cs;s cf;fpajhd epuk;gy; tisapy; S1
thpahdJP1– P2my;yJ AB ,ilntsp A – B
thptphpg;gpw;F Kd;dh; epuk;gy; msT kw;Wk; Nfs;tp ms Xo Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. thp tpjpf;fg;gl;l NghJ rkdpiyj; njhifahdJ X1 Mf kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;
(Nfs;tp = X1), Efh;Nthh; nrYj;Jk; tpiyahdJ P1 MFk;. Mdhy; epuk;gyhsh; ngWk; njhifahdJ P2 kl;LkhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ.
P1– P2 nrYj;jg;gLk; thpapd; msT
4 Nghl;br; re;ijapy; murpd; jiyaPL
Nfs;tp epuk;gy; Ma;thdJ re;ijapy; Nehpy;thp my;yJ khdpaq;fs; tpjpf;fg;gLk;NghJ gz;lq;fspd; ntspthhpfSld; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Efh;tpd; Vw;gLtJ jhf;fj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;a cjTfpd;wJ.
thp my;yJ khdpakhdJ ahuijg; ngWfpd;whh;fs; my;yJ ahuijr nrYj;Jfpd;whh;fs; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,J epuk;gy; kw;Wk; tpiy nefpo;r;rpfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
mjpfgl;r tpiyahdJ tpjpf;fg;gLk;NghJ mq;F tpiyf;Nfs;tp Vw;gLk;. ,q;F gq;fPl;L Kiw Njitg;gLtNjhL fWg;Gr; re;ijAk; nray;gl Muk;gpf;Fk;. Fiwe;jgl;r tpiyahdJ Fiwf;fg;gLk;NghJ cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; kpif epuk;giy Nkw;nfhs;th;.
Nghl;bf;nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fshtd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jilaWf;fg;gl;l tpahghu eilKiwfs;. re;ij mjpfhu J];gpuNahf jil kw;Wk; ,izg;Gf;fisAk; itafg;gLj;jiyAk; xOq;FgLj;jy;.
Draft Version
418 CA Sri Lanka
B
S1
S0
A
C T
D
Price
P1
P0
P2
0 X1 X0 Quantity
tiuglk; 13.2: Nehpy; thpapd; ghjpg;G
thpapy;yhJ ntspaPL X0 kw;Wk; tphpapy;yhjnghJ tpiy P0 MFk;.
nkhj;jr;nryT (thptpjpf;fKd;) nkhj;jr; nrythdJ. OP0TX0. vDk; nrt;tfj;jpdhy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
(a) thptpjpg;gpd; gpd;dh; ntspaPlhdJ X1 epiwtilAk; mNjNeuk; thpAldhd
tpiyajpfhpg;G P1 MfTk; nkhj;jr; nryT OP1AX1 ,jpy; P2P1 AB thp
tUkhdkhfTk; OP2PX1 cw;gj;jpahsuJ nkhj;j tUkhdkhfTk; fhzg;glhJ.
(b) Gjpa tpyr; rkepiyahdJ Gs;sp A apy; mikfpd;wJ.
(i) Efh;NthUf;fhd tpiy P0P1 mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
(ii) cw;gj;jpahsuhy; ngwg;gLk; ruhrhp tUkhdk; P0P2
(iii) Mf FiwtilfpwJ. thpr;RikahdJ cw;gj;jpahsh; Efh;NthUf;fpilNagq;fplg;gLtNjhL
CB vd;w njhlh;G epuk;gyhsUf;Fk; AC Efh;NthUf;FKilajhf fhzg;gLk;.
nkhj;j tUkhdj;jpy; Efh;Nthh; P0P1AC vd;wsit Efh;NthUk; P2P0CB vd;w msit cw;gj;jpahsUk; nrYj;Jth;.
6.2 nefpo;r;rp tpisTfs;
epuk;gyhsuhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; msittpl Efh;Nthh; kPJ flj;jg;gLk; thpasthdJ re;ijapdJ Nfs;tp epuk;gy; nefps;r;rpfspy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
tiuglk; 13.3(a) kw;Wk; 13.3(b) vd;gd KiwaNa KOikahd G+uz
nefpo;r;rpAs;s epyikfisAk; G+uz nefpo;r;rpaw;w Nfs;tp epiyikapidAk; fhl;LfpwJ.
Draft Version
420 CA Sri Lanka
BL4 | Chapter 13: Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium
demand demand
tiuglk; 13.18: Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp
xt;nthU epfo;tpYk; ahh; thpapdJ Rikia jhq;fpf;nfhs;thh; vd;gij ePq;fshfNt fz;Lnfhs;s Kaw;rpAq;fs; (nghJf; Nfhl;ghLfspypUe;J my;yJ glk; 7.3apypUe;J).
tiuglk; 7.3(a) apy; G+uz Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpapy; tpiyahdJ cah;tilAk;NghJ Nfs;tp G+r;rpaj;jpw;F tPo;r;rpAWfpd;wJ. epuk;gyhsh; thpr;Rik KOtijAk; jhNd jhq;fpf;nfhs;thh;. cz;ikapy; thptphpg;Gf;$l
re;ij tpiyahdJ mNj tpiyapy; fhzg;gbDk; epuk;gyhsuJ Q1- Q2 Mf
FiwtilAk;. epuk;gyhsh; thpapy; P1 – P2 msT nrYj;jpagpd;dh; P2ia khj;jpuNk ngwth;.
G+uz Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpaw;w epyikapy; (tiuglk;7.3(b)) epuk;gyhsh; thpapdJ
KO msitAk; Efh;Nthh;kPJ nrYj;j tpiyahdJ P1 – P2Mf mjpfhpf;Fk;. Nfs;tpahdJ mjpfhpf;Fk; tpiyapy; KO msthy; Fiwtilakhl;lhJ. Vnddpy; epuk;gyhshh; nghpastpyhd thpasit el;lj;jpw;fhf nrYj;Jtjdhy; epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLk; msT khw;wkpy;yhJ fhzg;gLk;.
epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rpAk; ,jDld; nghUj;jkhdJ. tiuglk; 7.4 Nfs;tpf;
Nfhl;bidf; fhl;LtNjhL mjpf nefpo;r;rpaw;w epuk;gy; NfhL epuk;gyhsh;
mjpfsT thptPjj;ij nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
(a) tiuglk; 7.4(a) apy; rhh;gstpy; nefpo;r;rpaw;w epuk;gy; Nfhl;il
fhl;Lfpd;wJ (S). thp tpjpg;ghdJ epuk;gy; Nfhl;bid ntspg;Gwk; Nehf;fp
S1efh;j;JtNjhL rkdpiy tpiyAk; P1 - P2. Mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. myFf;fhd
Efh;NthUf;fhd tpiy mjpfhpg;ghdJ AB ahf fhzg;gLtNjhL
epuk;gyhsuJ epuk;gy; epiyahdJ. myfpw;F BC ahy; FiwtilAk;.
P
P
Tpdh thpr; Rik
tpil
Draft Version
420 CA Sri Lanka
Price
S1
S Tax
P2
A
Consumer
P B 1
Producer C
Consumer
Producer B
C
S1
S
Tax A
MfNt ghhpasT thpr;Rik epuk;gyhsuhy; jhq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
(b) khwhf tiugl;k; 7.4 (b) xg;gPl;L hPjpay; epuk;gy; nefpo;r;pAs;s Nfs;tp
tisapiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. thptjpg;Gld; epuk;gy; tisapahdJ S1 mf
efh;tiltJld; rkepiy tpy p2 Mf cah;tilAk;. Efh;Nthh;
tpiyahdJ myFf;f AB ahy; mjpfhpg;gNjhL cw;gj;jpahduJ epuk;gy;
tpiyahdJ myFf;f BC ahy; FiwtilAk;. ghhpasT thpr;Rikapid
Efh;Nthh; jhq;Fth;. (BC ,ilntspahdJ AB ,ilntspiatpl
mjpfkhdjhFk;).
vdNt tiuglk; 7.4 Efh;Nthh; epuk;gy;NfhL mjf nefpo;r;rpAilajhff; fhzg;gl;lhy; Efh;Nthh; mjpfsT thpr;Rikapidj; jhq;fpf; nfhs;thh; vd;gijf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.mj;jld; tiuglk; 7.4 nfhLf;fg;gl;l VjhtJ Nfs;tp tisapapy; tpiy mjpfhpg;gNjhL FiwtilAk; rkepiynjhifahdJ epuk;gy; NfhlhdJ nefpo;r;rpaw;wij tpl nefpo;r;rpAilajhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ,uz;Lk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
tiuglk; 13.19 nefpo;r;rpapd; jhf;fk; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
Efh;Nthh; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpahsh; jhq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; thpapdT gw;wp kjpg;gPLnra;Ak;NghJ Nfs;tpnefpo;r;rp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; nefpo;r;rp vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlh;Gfis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhd tplakhFk;.
(i) Inelastic demand, elastic supply (ii) Elastic demand, inelastic supply
Price
P2
P1
Q2 Q1Quantity Q2 Q1
Quantity
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 421
tiuglk; 13.20 Nfs;tp> epuk;gypd;rhh;G nefpo;r;rpapd; jhf;fk; nefpo;r;rpapd; jhf;fk;
tiuglk; 13.20 (1) ,y; fhl;lg;gl;;lthW> Nfs;tpahdJ epuk;giy tplf; Fiwe;j nefpo;r;rpAs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> thpr; Rikapd; ngUk; gFjpia Efh;Nthh; Vw;gh;.
tiuglk; 13.20 (2) ,y; fhl;lg;gl;;lthW> Nfs;tpahdJ epuk;giy tplf; $ba nefpo;r;rpAs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> thpr; Rikapd; ngUk; gFjpia toq;Fdh; Vw;gh;.
6.3 khdpak; khdpak; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpdhy; epuk;gyhsUf;F toq;fg;gLk; nfhLg;gdthFk;. ,f;nfhLg;gdthdJ gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf nfhlf;fg;glyhk;
(a) Nkyjpf Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis epuk;gyhsh;fSf;F toq;FtjD}lhf
mjpfsT nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;F Cf;fg;gLj;jy;.
(b) r%f uPjpahd nghUl;fspd; tpiyfis Fiwthf itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf
mtw;iw Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F tpUk;Gk;
(c) tptrhak; Nghd;w Kf;fpa ifj;njhopy;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf>
FWq;fhyj;jpy; mtw;wpdJ Nfs;tp Fiwthf mjpf RUf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk;NghJ ifj;njhopYf;F mr;RWj;jyhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Price
P0
P2
P1
tiuglk; 13.21: khdpak;
Q0 Q2 Quantity
B
Subsidy
S0
A S1
D
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 423
khdpakhdJ Nehpy; thpf;F khwhdjhff; fhzg;gLk;. tiuglk; 7.6 y; epuk;gy; tisap S0 MdJ khdpak; ,y;yhjNghjhd
epuk;gy;Nfhl;il fhl;Lfpd;wJ. khdpaj;jpd; gpd;dh; epuk;gy; NfhlhdJ fPo;Nehf;fp (ntspg;Gwk;) Nehf;fp S1Mf
efUk;.
khdpak; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; Rje;jpu re;ij rkepiy tpiyafh P0ck; njhifahf Q0msT njhifapy; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; cw;gj;jp nra;thd; (P0 I tpl P1y;) kWGwkhf epuk;gy; tisap S0 ypUe;J S1Mf ntspg;Gwk; Nehf;fp efh;tilAk;. ,jd; tpisthf ,jdhy; rkepiyapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; msthdJ Q2 Q3
efh;tilAk; mjthJ ,JP2ngWk; tpiyapy; re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gLk;. MfNt khdpak; ,U tpisTfisf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
rkepiy epuk;gy; mjpfhpf;Fk; ( Q0 - Q2).
tpiy tPo;r;rpailAk; ( P0- P2), Mdhy; tPo;r;rpailAk; tpiyahdJkhdpaj;jpidtpl Fiwthf fhzg;gLk; (P0– P1).
tpdh khdpak;
tiuglk; 13.21 ,id gad;gLj;jp khdpaj;jpd; ed;ik ahiu nrd;wilAk;> khdpaj;jpd; nryit jhq;fpf;nfhs;gth; ahh; vd milahsk; fhz;f?
(a) Efh;Nthh;
(b) epuk;gyhsh;
khdpaj;jpd; ed;ikapid Efh;Nthh; kw;Wk; epuk;gyhshpilNa gq;fplg;gLk;.
(a) Efh;Nthh; Fiwe;jsT tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; P0 ,ypUe;J P2 tiuahd ed;ikapid ngw;Wf;nfhs;th;.
(b) toq;Fdh; ed;ikailth;. Vnddpy;> P2 vDk; Fiwthd tpiyapid mth;fs;ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk;> mynfhd;Wf;F mth;fs; AB vDk; khdpaj;jpidAk; ngw;W;nfhz;ldh;.
khdpaj;jpw;fhd nryit murhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; (thp nrYj;Jth; jhf;fj;jpy;)
6.4 Nfhl;lh (Quota)
Nfhl;lh vd;gJ gz;lj;jpw;fhd cw;gj;jp tiuaiw my;yJ tpw;gid tiuaiwiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J murhq;fj;jpdhy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gLtNjhL jdpegh; epWtdf; ifj;njhopy;fs; my;yJ KO ehl;Lf;FNk gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtjhff; fhzg;gLk; cw;gj;jp kPjhd nghUl;fspd; epuk;giy fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLtNjhL fwpg;gpl;l tpiy kl;lj;jpid NgzTk; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
tpil
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 423
6.5 tpiy xOq;FgLj;jy; (price regulation) tpiy xOq;FgLj;jy;> vt;thW Nfs;tp epuk;gy; gFg;gha;T gpuNahfpf;fg; gLfpd;wJ vd;gij fhl;Lfpd;wJ. murhq;fkhdJ ,U topfspy; tpiyfis fl;Lg;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fyhk;.
(a) mth;fs; gz;lj;jpw;fhd mjpfgl;r tpiyia tpjpf;fyhk; (my;yJ tpiy cr;rtuk;G)mNdfkhf ,J xU gztPf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhd nghUshjhu nfhs;ifapd;xU gFjpahf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(b) mth;fs; gz;lj;jpw;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r tpiy (my;yJ jstpiy) ia
tpjpf;fyhk;. INuhg;gpa xd;wpy; nghJ tptrhaf;nfhs;if (CAP) jstpiyf;F
cjhuzkhf fhzg;gLtJld; ,J tptrhapfs; mth;fsJ jahhpg;Gf;fhfFiwe;jJ Fiwe;jgl;r tpiyia ngWtij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
6.6 cah;e;j gl;r tpiy
murhq;fk; rkepiytpiyf;F fPohf tpiyia tpjpg;gjD}lhf gz;lq;fspd; tpiyfs; cah;itj; jilnra;tjw;F Kaw;rpf;fyhk;. (Fwpg;G tpiy cr;r tuk;G rkepiy tpiyf;F fPohf fhzg;gLk;). tpiy cr;r tuk;G rkepiy tpiyia tpl cah;thff; fhzg;gl;lhy; tpw;gidahsh;fs; rkepiy tpiyf;F Fiwe;j epiyapy; tpw;gid nra;tjpypUe;J cr;r tpiy jPh;khdkhdJ re;ij rf;jp nrawa;ghLfspy; vt;tpj tpisitAk; Vw;gLj;jkhl;lhJ.
cah;e;jgl;r tpiy M MdJ rkepiy tpiyiatplf; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; mq;F epuk;gYf;F Nkyhf xU kpiff; Nfs;tp fhzg;gLk; (tiuglk; 7.7 Fiwe;j tpiyahdJ Efh;Nthiu fth;tUk; Mdhy; epuk;gyhsh;fs; gpd;thq;fg;gLth;.
Vnddpy; tpiy cr;r tuk;G rkepiy tpiy P f;F fPohf fhzg;gLtjhy;
cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; re;ijapy; epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLk; njhifia Q ypUe;J A f;F
Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. vdpDk; Nfs;tpahdJ tpiyFiwtile;jjdhy; Q
ypUe;J B ahf mjpfhpf;Fk;. AB ahdJ kpif Nfs;tp msthff; fhzg;gLk;.
re;ij rkepiyapd;ikapy; ,Ug;gjdhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epuk;gy; xJf;fPlhdJ tpiyiatpl Vidatw;why; Nehf;fg;gLk;.
fpilf;fj;jf;f myFg;nghUl;fspd; epahakw;w xJf;fPl;il jLg;gjw;F murhq;fk; gq;fPl;L my;yJ fhj;jpUg;G gl;bay; (tPl;Lf;fhf) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gq;fPl;L kw;Wk; fWg;Gr; re;ijahsh;fs; xd;wpiza Ntz;Lk;. tiuglk; 7.7 y;
Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpapd; msT B ahfTk; Mdhy; epuk;gy; nra;a jahuhf cs;s
msT A f;F nrYj;j jahuhf cs;s tpiy Z MfTk; ,J cj;jpNahf G+h;t
tpiy M f;F NkyhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. fWg;Gr; re;ijahsh;fs; ,ilntspia Ruz;bf;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;ifapy; <LgLth;. gz;lkhW gq;fPl; mbg;gilapy;
cj;jpNahf G+h;t tpiy M y; tpw;fg;glyhk;. Mdhy; fWg;Gr; re;ijahsh;fs;
rl;l tpNuhj cw;gj;jpfis tpiy Z y; tpw;gid nra;ayhk;.
mjpfgl;r tpiyahdJ tsq;fspd; jtwhd xJf;fPl;Lf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk; vd;gjid ftdpf;fTk;. cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; tpiyf;fl;LghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp gz;lq;fspd; ntspaPLfis Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;th;. Vnddpy; tpiyf;fl;Lg;ghL fSf;Fl;glhj epiyia tpl jw;NghJ xg;gPl;lhsh; Fiwee;jsT ,yhgj;ijNa ngWfpd;wdh;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 423
Price
S
Z
Equilibrium price P
Maximum price M
D
A Q B
tiuglk; 13.22 rkepiy tpiyf;Ff; fPohd mjpfgl;r tpiy
Quantity
S
D
fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tiuglj;jpy; fhl;baJ Nghd;W gz;lk; Q f;fhd Nfs;tp epuk;gy; NfhLfshdJ Muk;g rkepiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
murhq;fk; mjpfgl;r tpiyahf P ia mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
nra;aNtz;baJ:
nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLk; gz;lk; Q tpd; Nfs;tpj;njhifapy; ,J Vw;gLj;Jk;
jhf;fk; ahJ
Price
P
tiuglk; 13.23: tpiy cr;r tuk;G
G E H Quantity
tpdh rkepiy
Draft Version
424 CA Sri Lanka
e
S
Z
P
M
D
Muk;g rkepiy njhif E MFk;. (Nfs;tpAk; epuk;gYk; ,iltUk; Gs;sp)
fl;Lg;ghl;L tpiy P apy; H Mf fhzg;gLk;. vt;thnwdpDk; G vd;wsT njhifahdJ epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLtNjhL nfhs;tdTk; ,j;njhiff;Fs;NsNa
tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. MfNt nfhs;tsT nra;ag;gLk; njhifahdJ E
apypUe;J fpilf;fj;jf;f epuk;gy; gw;whf;Fiwahf fhzg;gLtjhy; E apypUe;J
G Mf FiwtilAk;.
6.7 Fiwe;j gl;r tpiy
Fiwe;jgl;r tpiyr;rl;lkhdJ epuk;gyhsh;fs; jhq;fs; tpw;Fk; xt;nthU myF ntspaPl;Lf;Fkhd Fiwe;j gl;r tpiyapid (my;yJ jstpiy) ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Nehf;fhf nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
Rkepiy tpiyf;F fPohf Fiwe;jgl;r tpiy tpjpf;fg;gLkhapd; mq;F vt;tpj ghjpg;Gk; Vw;glkhl;lhJ. Mdhy; mJ rkepiy tpiyf;F Nkyhf
jPh;khpd;fg;gl;lhy; ,J kpif epuk;gYf;F fhuzkhf mikAk; (tiuglk; 7.9
y; 'AB' msT kpif epuk;gy; fhzg;gLk;).
tiuglk; 7.9 y; Fiwe;jgl;r tpiyahd Z MdJ rkepiytpiy P f;F
Nkyhf tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nfs;tpj; njhifahdJ Q ypUe;J A ahf
Fiwtilfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; cah;e;j
Mdhy; epuk;gy; njhifahdJ B Mf mjpfhpf;Fk;. tpiyahdJ epuk;gyhsiu mjpf epuk;gy; nra;a
Cf;Ftpf;Fk;. mq;F AB rkkhd kpif epuk;gy; fhzg;gLk;.
Pric
Minimum price
Equilibrium price
A Q B Quantity
tiuglk; 13.24: rkepiytpiyf;F Nkyhd Fiwe;jgl;r tpiy
jstpiyfSldhd gpur;rpidahdJ Fiwe;jgl;r tpiyapy; tpw;gid nra;tijtpl mjpfsT nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtNjhL kpifahd njhifahdJ mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;. ,j;jifa kpif Nrkpf;fg;gLk; my;yJ mopf;fg;gLk;. jstpiyfSlhdJ tsq;fspd; jtwhd xJf;fPl;Lf;Fk; toptFf;Fk;.
tpil
Draft Version
426 CA Sri Lanka
Fiwe;j tpiyapyhd kpifepuk;giy Ftpg;ig my;yJ kpif epuk;giy jLf;f Kaw;rpg;gjw;F cw;gj;jpf;Nfhl;lh KiwahdJ mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. ,J xt;nthU epuk;gyhsUk; mjpfsT ,t;thW Fiwe;jgl;rcw;gj;jp nra;ifia cw;gj;jp nra;a mDkjpf;fg;gLk;.
cah;e;jgl;r tpiyahdJ tpjpf;Fk;NghJ kpiff;Nfs;tp Vw;gLtjhy; gq;fPl;L Kiw mtrpakhdjhtNjhL fWg;Gr; re;ijahsh;fs; mjid nraw;gLj;jyhk;. mNjNeuk; Fiwe;j gl;r tpiy tpjpf;Fk;NghJ cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; kpif epuk;giy Vw;gLj;Jth;
mj;Jld; murhq;fk; my;yJ rl;l uPjpahf my;yJ fk;gdpfshy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; tpiyfshdJ nraw;ifahf cah;e;jtpiyfs; gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpiaf; Fiwj;jYf;F cjhuzkhFk;.
6.8 Fiwe;jgl;r $yp Fiwe;jgl;r $ypahdJ Copar; re;ijapy; jyh tpiyaply; gpuNahfkhFk;.
Fiwe;jgl;r $ypapd; Nehf;fkhdJ Fiwe;j Copah;fs; tho;f;ifj; juj;jpw;Nfw;g
$yp ngWk; NghJkhdsT ciof;ff; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
$baepiyikahFk;. Fiwe;jgl;rf;$yp rl;lq;fshy; (mDkjpf;fg;gl;l $yp) my;yJ th;j;jf rq;fj;jhy; xU ifj;njhopYf;F Fiwe;jgl;r
Njrpastpy; Ngrpj;jPh;f;fg;gl;ljhf> fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;lnjhpy;fSf;fhd $ypkl;lk; nghJthf elg;Gre;ij $ypkl;lj;jpw;FNkyhfff; fhzg;gLk;.,J ,UtpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
njhopyhsh;fSf;fhd Ntiy cah;Tkl;lkhdJ rkepiy $yp tpjj;jpw;FNkyhff; fhzg;gLk;.
Copaf;Nfs;tp Fiwg;ghdJ njhopy; ,og;Gf;F fhuzkhfyhk;.
Wage
M
W
0
tiuglk; 13.25: Fiwe;jgl;rf; $yp
Qm Qw Quantity of labour
D=MRPL Y S = MCL
in free labour market
X Minimum wage
Draft Version
426 CA Sri Lanka
Fiwe;j gl;r $yp ,y;yhtpl;lhy; Qw vd;wsT Ntiyahl;fs; w vd;w $yp kl;lj;jpy; mkh;j;j KbAk; vd;gij tiuglk; 7.10 fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
tiuglk; 7.10 mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Fiwe;jgl;r $yp m MdJ
,Uf;fpd; $yptPjk; w ittpl mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd; ahJ epfOk;?
,g;nghOJk; Copaj;jpw;fhd epuk;gy; tisap MXY.
njhopyhsh;fsplkpUe;J Copaj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp Qm f;F tPo;r;rpailAk;> Mdhy;
Qm Ntiyahsh;fs; Fiwe;jJ cah;e;j $ypia mjpy; ngWthh;fs;
vdpDk; Vida fhuzpfs; rkkrh fhzg;gLk; epiyapy; Fiwe;jgl;r
$yptfpg;ghdJ Qw– Qm. vd;wsT Ntiyapd;ikia cUthf;Fk;.
eilKiwapy; jstpiyia jtph;g;gjw;fhf xU jPh;khdkhf epWtdq;fSf;F fhzg;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf Kiwrhu xOq;FgLj;jy;fis Ntiyahl;fSld; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Fiwe;jgl;r $ypf;F fPohf Ntiy nra;ayhk;. vt;thnwdpDk; ,J Ntiyahsh;fSf;F Ntiy toq;fg;gLk;NghJ mth;fis cgrhpg;gjw;F gw;wpa xOf;f gpur;rpidfis mjpfhpf;Fk;.
2013y; ,yq;ifapDila Fiwe;jgl;r $yp xU khjj;jpw;F 6500/= MFk;.
6.9 Nghl;bf; nfhs;if
Nghl;bf; nfhs;ifahdJ epWtdj;jhy; Nghl;b elj;ijf;nfjpuhd rl;lthf;fq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. murhq;fk; my;yJ mth;fsJ rhh;ghf Ntiy nra;Ak; xOq;FgLj;Jdh;fs; ,j;jifa rl;lq;fis cilf;Fk; epWtdq;fs; kPJ my;yJ epWtdq;fshy; cilf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tp my;yJ mth;fsJ th;j;jf ,ufrpaq;fis Nghl;bia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf Vidath;fSld; gfph;e;J nfhs;sy; vd;gtw;Wf;F mguhjk; tpjpg;gjw;fhf ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;. Nghl;bapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Fiwg;ig cUthf;Fk; ,izj;jy; kw;Wk; .vd;gtw;iwAk; nfhs;iffs; jLf;fyhk;.
iff;nfhs;Sjy;,yq;ifapy; Efh;Nthh; tptfhu mjpfhurig Efh;Nthh;
ghJfhf;fTk;tpUg;Gf;fis epahakhd re;ijg;Nghl;bia cWjp nra;aTk; cj;jtpl;Ls;sJ.
rpy rl;l tuk;Gfspy; xU epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Fdh;fs; kw;Wk; mYtyh;fs; Nghl;b vjph;g;G eltbf;iffspy; gq;F gw;wpdhy; mguhjk; tpjpf;fyhk; my;yJ rpiwaplyhk;.
midj;J Nghl;bf; nfhs;iffSk; vLNfhs;fspypUe;J Muk;gpg;gNjhL nghpa epWtdq;fs; vq;fsJ re;ijr; rf;jpia gad;gLj;jp re;ijia Mjpf;fk; nra;af;$bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL ,J thbf;ifahsh; kw;Wk; KOg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;FNk jPq;F tpistpg;gjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
Vnddpy; rl;lq;fs; ehLfSf;F chpj;Jilajhf fhzg;gLk; (mjhtJ ,yq;if> mnkhpf;fh> [g;ghd; my;yJ gphpl;ld; my;yJ rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;l mZFKiwfs; ,lj;Jf;F ,lk; ghhpa msT NtWgLfpd;wJ. (INuhg;gpa A+dpad; Nghd;W)
tpdh epuk;gy; tiisap
tpil
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 429
rpy Kaw;rpfs; epANahf;fpy; 2001y; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;l rh;tNjr Nghlb;apd; Clhf xUq;fpize;j Nghl;br; rl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lNjhL xd;wpizf;Fk; eguhf 107 cyfj;jpd; cila Kf;fpa Nghl;b Kfth;fshfTk; fhzg;gl;ldh;.
kpfTk; Nghl;bkpf;f nfhs;ifahdJ 3 ,yf;Ffis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(a) th;j;jf eilKiw tiuaiwfis jilnra;jy;. ,it Rje;jpu th;j;jfeilKiwfs; epWtdq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd cld;ghlhffhzg;gLtNjhL tpahghuk; re;ijapy; ,Ue;jhd xJf;fg;gl;l GjpatuTfSf;F ,ilapyhd Nghl;bahfTk; fhzg;gLk;. ,f;Fwpg;gpl;lxd;wpizg;G Kaw;rpfs; njhlh;ghd ,yf;F Nfs;tp ntspaPLfSf;fhdNkhrbahf mjhtJ fl;Lkhd nghJr; Nritfs; xg;ge;jk; vd;gtw;wpy;fhzg;glyhk;.
(b) re;ij Kd;dzp epWtdq;fshy; J\;gpuNahf epiyia jil nra;jy; :Nghl;bahsh;fis jpthyhf;Fk; nghWg;gw;w ,J cw;gj;jpr; nryTf;FfPohd epyapy; nghUis tpw;gid nra;Ak; epiyapidg;gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Nghl;bahy; mjpfstpy; t#ypj;jy; Njitg;gl;lJ
epuk;gy; nra;jy; Rje;jpu Nrit epiyaq;fSf;F fhh; cjpupg;ghfq;fs; Nghd;w Nghl;bahsh;fSf;F rkhspg;gjw;F kWj;jy;.
(c) xd;wpizg;Gf;fisAk; ifafg;gLj;jiyAk; Nkw;ghh;it nra;jy; : jilxUq;fpizg;ig rl;l mjpfhuq;fspd;fPo; gad;gLj;jp mq;F gads;s
tzPf gFjpfspy; Nfs;tpia mfw;wy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; xUq;fpize;j rpynjhlh;e;J Nfs;tpfis Vw;gLj;jp tpw;gid nra;tjd;%yk; tpidj;jpwdhd Nghl;bia njhlh;e;Jk; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;.
6.10 Nghl;bf;nfhs;if mZFKiw
kw;Wk; Nghl;bf;nfhs;if vd;w ,uz;L
mZFKiwfs; gue;Jgl;l ,U
tpjp rhh;e;j mZFKiwfspd; fPo;
ngUk;ghyhd tpUg;Ghpik fhzg;gLfpwJ.
6.10.1 tpjprhh; Nghl;bf;nfhs;if mZFKiw ,itfs; re;ijapd; Nkyhjpf;fg;gq;F vDk; vLNfhspypUe;J Muk;gpg;gNjhL
eilKiwapy; 25% mjpfkhd vd tiuaWf;fg;gLtNjhL eilKiwf;Fk; jiyikjhq;Fk;. ,J ep&gpf;f KbahJtpl;lhy; epWtdk; cWjpahd Fw;wthspahf Nehf;fg;gLk;. ,t;tZFKiwahdJ 19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapYk;Muk;gj;jpYk; N[h;kd; kw;Wk; fpNshl;ld;
20k; rl;lq;fisj;
E}w;whz;bd;njhlh;e;J
mnkhpf;fhtpd; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ. ,J jukhd vz;zhf kw;Wk; AT & T Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mnkhpf;f ,Uk;G Nghd;w Kaw;rpfis cilj;jJ.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 429
,t;tZFKiwapDila gpur;rpidfshtd:
(a) FWfpa ftdk;.,J Efh;Nthh; re;ijapy; epWtdj;jpDila jh;f;fj;jpdy;kl;Lk; ftdk; nrYj;JtNjhL gykw;w epuk;gyhsh; kPjhd Ruz;ly;kw;Wk; Copak; my;yJ cs;Sh; r%fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwGwf;fzpf;fpd;wd. nghpa epWtdq;fs; Nritahw;wg;gLk; ghhpasTNjrpa Mh;tk; vd;gtw;iwAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;stpy;iy.
(b) re;ij tiuaWj;jy; gpur;rpid: ngUk;ghyhd epWtdq;fs; xd;wf;FNkw;gl;l nghUl;fis toq;FtNjhL xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;lgpuhe;jpaq;fspYk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ. xU ehL jOtpa epWtdk; xUehl;bd; xl;L nkhj;j rhh; thlif re;ijapd; nghpajhd gq;ifnfhz;bUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; cz;ikapy; xt;nthU tpuhe;jpaj;jpYk;cs;Sh; jiyth;fs; ,uz;lhtJ my;yJ %d;whtJ ,lj;jpypUf;fyhk;.
(c) Nghl;b mD$ykpd;ik. tpjprhh; Nghl;b Ml;rpapypUe;J epWtdq;fs;msTj;jpl;l nrytpd;ikfs; kw;Wk; tpUg;Ghpik Ml;rpapypUe;JNghl;bahsh;fshy; mDgtpf;fg;gLk; Ma;Tfs; jil nra;ag;glyhk;. ,Jmnkhpf;fhtpd; rpf;fhNfh ghlrhiyapd; tpthjkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L 1980fspd; gpd;dh; ,t;tZFKiwapy; kj;jpa murhq;fk; khw;wq;fisAk;Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jJ.
(d) epWtdq;fs; kPjhd Rik. Fw;w vLNfhs; vd;gJ fUj;J epWtdq;fs;jq;fs; epiy jtW vd;gjw;F nrYj;jg;gLk; nrythFk;. ,J nryT$bajhf fhzg;gLtNjhL fl;Lg;ghl;lhsh;fsplkpUe;J murpay; e;dikngWtjw;fhf nghWg;gjw;F jhf;Fjy; Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. my;yJKk;Kukhf fhzg;gLjYf;F tpUg;gKilatuhf fhzg;gLth;.
6.10.2 tpUg;Ghpik mZFKiw
,t;tZFKiw nghpa epWtdq;fspd; Nghl;bf;F jPq;F tpistpf;ff;$ba gue;Jgl;l tpthjq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. Mdhy; ePjpgjpfs; xt;nthU tof;fpYk; tpahghuj;jpd; mstpidtpl mjd;kPjhd tpisTfs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
re;ijr; rf;jp tpisTfis jPh;khdpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fwpfhl;bfshf gpd;tUtd cs;slf;fg;Lfpd;wJ.
(a) rhh;G tpiyfs; nghpa epWtdq;fs; rpwpa epWtdq;fistpl nryTr;Nrkpg;Gf;fspD}lhf Fiwe;j tpiy fhzg;gl;lhy; ,J njhlh;e;jpUg;gjw;FmDkjpf;f KbAk;.
(b) ,yhgk; Vida ifj;njhopy;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ epWtdk;; %yjdj;jpd;kPjhd tUkhdk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; jtwhd gad;ghL epiyf;fhdmilahskhf fhzg;glyhk;.
(c) Nritj;juk; epWtdk; ,opthd Nritia toq;Ftjd; %yk; re;ijrf;jpiag; gad;gLj;jp nryTr; Nrkpg;ig Nkw;nfhs;tij fUJfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 429
(d) cWjpj;jd;ik rpy re;ijfspy; rpwpa re;ijfistpl nghpa epWtdq;fspy; mjpf ek;gpf;ifAila epuk;gyhsh;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
(e) eLk;gyhsh; kw;Wk; r%fk; kPjhd jhf;fk; nghpa epWtdq;fs;gytpdkhd epuk;gyhsh;fis Ruz;ly; my;yJ J];gpuNahfk; nra;jy;.,J r%fj;jpD}lhf khRgLj;jy; my;yJ mrpq;fkhd fl;llq;fs; ,itkhw;W njhopyhsh; Fiwghl;bd; rhuzkhf rfpj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;bAs;sJ.
(f) nghJ Mh;tk; tpahghu Muhr;rpf;fhd ghhpa gq;fspg;G> Vw;Wkjp tUtha;>r%f MjuT kw;Wk; Vidatw;iwAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
,t;tifg;ghLfs; rpNtis Eiothapy;fs; vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; mit xd;wpizf;f my;yJ mguhjk; tpjpg;gjpypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;s epWtdq;fSf;fhd xU Eiothapyhf mDkjpf;fg;glyhk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 429
fl;lw;w re;ijnahd;wpy;> tpiyg; nghwpKiwahdJ Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; epiyikfs; njhlh;ghf Efh;Nthh; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;F rkpf;if toq;FfpwJ. MfNt mJ nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; Nfs;tp eouk;gy;fspy; jhf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L ,U jug;gpduJk; eltbf;iffspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;.
Efu;Nthu; Rit> Kd;Dupik kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fs; Nghd;w Nfs;tp epge;jidfshy; Nfs;tp tisapapd; epiyik jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nghJthf nefpo;r;rp vd;gJ ,UkhwpfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;igf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.tpiyrhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpahdJ tpiykhw;w tPjhrhuj;jpw;Fk; njhif khw;wtPjhrhuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
tUkhdk; rhu; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpahdJ tPl;Lj;JiwapdJ tUkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J Nfs;tpkhw;w tPjhrhuq;fis mstpLfpd;wJ. FWf;Ff; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp vd;gJ gpujpaPl;Lg;nghUl;fspd; fpilg;gdTfspdhy; (Nghl;bahsu;fs;) jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
xUgz;lj;jpid epuk;gy; tisapahdJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpiyapy;cw;gj;jpahsu;fshy; epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLk; msitf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
Nghl;br;re;ijr; nrad;Kiwapy; rkepiy tpiyahdJ re;ij epuk;gy; njhifre;ijf;Nfs;tpj; njhiff;F rkg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; ngwg;gLk; epiyahFk;. VjhtJre;ijapy; re;ijf;Nfs;tp my;yJ re;ij epuk;gy; epge;jidfs;khw;wkile;jhy; rkepiy tpiy khw;wkilAk;.
tpiy El;gkhdJ Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gypid rkepiyf;Ff; nfhz;LtUk;NghJ xU gz;lj;jpw;fhd rkepiy tpiyahdJ Efu;Nthuhy; Nfl;fg;gLk;njhifAk; epWtdq;fshy; epuk;gy; nra;a tpUk;Gk; njhifAk; rkkhff;fhzg;gLk;. ,J re;ij epytu tpiy vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;tpyapy;kpifNah gw;whf;FiwNah re;ijapy; fhzg;glkhl;lhJ.
re;ijapy; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; epyikfspd; jhf;fkhdJ Nfs;tp epuk;gy;tisapfspd; elj;ijfisf; fw;gjD}lhf Muhag;gLk;.
ntspthhpfspd; %yk; nghUl;fspd; Efu;T my;yJ cw;gj;jpia ghjpf;fj;jf;fxU Nehpy; tupia tpjpj;J my;yJ khdpaj;ij toq;fp> re;ijapy; Vw;gLk;tpisTfis Muha;tjw;F Nfs;tp kw;Wk; toq;fy; gFg;gha;Tgad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
tup my;yJ khdpaj;jpd; epfo;T ahu; mij nrYj;Jfpwhu;fs; my;yJngWfpwhu;fs; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J Nfs;tp nefo;r;rpapy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
mjpfgl;r tpiyfs; tpjpf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fspy;> kpiff; Nfs;tp fhzg;gl>gq;fPL mtrpakhfyhk;. mj;Jld;> fWg;G re;ijg;gLj;Jgtu;fs; nray;glKw;glyhk;. Fiwe;jgl;r tpiyfs; tpjpf;fg;gLk; ,lj;jpy;> kpiftoq;fy;,Uf;Fk;.
mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;
Draft Version
430 CA Sri Lanka
1 xU gz;lj;jpdJ Nfs;tpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; vit?
2 gpujpaPLfs; kw;Wk; epug;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d?
3 epuk;gy; njhifiag; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; vit?
4 Nfs;tp tisapahdJ gpd;tUk; vLNfhs;fspd; vy;yhk; jtpu;e;jjhf
tiuag;gLfpd;wJ. A
B
C
D
tUkhdk; khwtpy;iy gpujpaPLfspd; tpiy epiyahdJ gz;lj;jpdJ tpiy epiyahdJ RitapYk; Kd;DupikapYk; khw;wkpy;iy
5 tiuglkhdJ ];fhl;r; (scotch) tp];fpapdJ Nfs;tp epuk;gy; tisapfis
njhlu;G gLj;Jfpd;wJ. re;ijapdJ Muk;gr; rkepiy Gs;sp x ,y;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. murhq;fkhdJ ,t;tp];fpapy; tpNrl tup tpjpf;Fk; mNjNeuk; Iup]; tp];fpapd; tpiy mjpfupf;Fk;. (];fhl;rp tp];fpapd;
gpujpaPL) A, B, C kw;Wk; D Gs;spfspy; vg;Gs;sp Gjpa re;ij
rkdpiyahFk;?
P
Q/t
6 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ rhjhuz gz;lkhf Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; tyJ Gw efu;Tf;F fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ?
A gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; tPo;r;rp B tUkhdj;jpd; kPjhd Neub tupapy; Vw;gLk; Fiwg;G C gz;lj;jpdJ tpiyapNyw;gLk; Fiwg;G D epug;Gg; gz;lj;jpd; tpiyapNyw;gLk; mjpfupg;G
7 ghuk;gupa Nfhl;ghl;by; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ epWtdj;jpdJ FWq;fhy epuk;gy; tisapia tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
A ruhrup khWk; nryit tpl tpiy FiwthfTs;s mjdJ vy;iy nryT tisap B ruhrup khWk; nryit tpl tpiy mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; mjdJ vy;iy nryT tisap C vy;iyr; nryit tpl tpiy FiwthfTs;s mjdJ ruhrupr; nryT tisap D vy;iyr; nryit tpl tpiy mjpfkhfTs;s mjdJ ruhrupr; nryT tisap
S1
S0
A
B C X
D D1
D0
D2
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;ir
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 431
1
2
3
gz;lj;jpdJ tpiy Vida nghUl;fspd; tpiy
tPl;Lj;Jiw tUkhdk;
RitAk; ehfuPfKk;
gpujpaPl;Lg; gz;lq;fshdit 1f;F gjpyhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kw;WnkhU gz;;lkhFk;. (cjhuzk; ngg;rp> nfhf;NfhNfhyh)
epug;Gg; gz;lq;fshdit xd;Wld; xd;W ,izj;Jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fshFk;. (cjhuzk; fhu;> ngw;Nwhy;)
xU gz;lj;jpw;fhf ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba tpiy. Vida gz;lj;jpw;fhf ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba tpiy Fwpg;ghf ,izg;Gg; gz;lq;fspd; tpiy gz;lj;jpid re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nryT. mrhjhuz fhyepiy kw;Wk; Ntiy epWj;jq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; jlq;fy;fs;
4 rupahd tpil C. Nfs;tp tisapahdJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l
xt;nthU re;ij tpiyapYk; Nfl;fg;gLk; mstpid tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. tpiyaw;w jPu;khdpg;gitfshf mjhtJ tpiy efu;tpd; jhf;fj;ij Nehf;Fk; NghJ tUkhdkhdJ khwhJ fhzg;gLk;.
5 tpil A. myFf;fhd tupapd; gpujpgypg;ghdJ epuk;gy; Nfhl;il S0 – S1
w;F efu;j;Jk; gpujpaPl;Lg; gz;lq;fspd; tpiy (Iup];f; tp];fp)
6
mjpfupg;gjhy; Nfs;tp tisapahdJ D0 – D1 w;F efUk;.
rupahd tpil B. tUkhd tupapd; Fiwg;ghdJ tPl;Lj; Jiwapdupd; nka;tUkhdj;ij Fiwg;gNjhL rhjhuz gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp tyJ Gwk; Nehf;fp efUk;. cjhuzk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpiyapy; Nfs;tpj; njhif mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; tPo;r;rpahdJ Efu;Nthiu
Muk;g gz;lj;jpypUe;J Cf;Ftpf;Fk;. ,J Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; ,lJ Gw
efu;Tf;F fhuzkhf mikAk;.
xU gz;lj;jpdJ tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhdJ Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd;
efu;Tf;F toptFf;fhJ. Mdhy; Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bD}lhd efu;Tf;F
fhuzkhf mikAk;.
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;irf;fhd tpilfs;
Draft Version
432 CA Sri Lanka
epug;Gg; gz;lq;fshdit xUkpj;Jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fshFk;. xU
gz;lj;jpdJ tpiy mjpfupg;ghdJ kw;wa gz;lj;jpdJ Nfs;tpf;
Fiwg;Gf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tNjhL Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; ,lg;Gwk; Nehf;fpa
efu;tpidg; gpujpgypf;Fk;.
7 tpil B. ruhrup nryT tisapahdJ epWtdj;jpdJ tisapiag; gpujp
vy;iyr;epuk;gy;
epjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;. epWtdk; FWq;fhyj;jpy; tpw;gid tpiy khWk; nrytpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;lhy; khj;jpuk; epWtdk; njhlu;r;rpahf epuk;gy; nra;tNjhL ,J epiyahd nryT gq;fPl;Lf;Fk; mDkjpf;Fk;.
Draft Version
432 CA Sri Lanka
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka
fpuaf; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; elj;ij mwpKfk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehk; nryTfs; kw;Wk; FWfpa kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F cw;gj;jp ntspaPl;by; mtw;wpd; jhf;fk; Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;JfpNwhk;. gpupT 1 vOk; gy;NtW tifahd nryTfs;> mit vt;thW vOfpd;wd kw;Wk; mit ntspaPl;il vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wd vd;gijg; ghu;f;fpwJ.
gpupT 2 FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F XusT tUkhdk; kw;Wk; ntspaPl;ilf; Fiwf;Fk; fUj;ij ghu;f;fpwJ.
gpupT 3 xU ePz;l fhy mbthdj;jpy; ntspaPl;ilg; ghu;f;fpwJ kw;Wk; mstpyhd nghUshjhuq;fs;> Nehf;fk; nfhz;l nghUshjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; mstpyhd nghUshjhuq;fs; Mfpa vz;zf;fUf;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.
mwpTf; $W 6 cw;gj;jp> nryT> tpiy kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj; jPh;kdq;fs; 6.1 cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; nryTj;
njhopw;ghLfs; 7.1.1 nghUshjhu nryTfs; kw;Wkp epjpapay; nryTfspilNaahd
NtWghl;il milahsk; fhZjy; 7.1.2 FWq;fhy nkhj;jf; fpuak;> vy;iyf; fpuak;> ruhrhp khWk; nryT>
ruhrhp nkhj;j nryT> ruhrhp epiyahd nryT> Kjypatw;iw FWq;fhy nryTj; njhopw;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; tiutpyf;fzk; nra;J. mstpl;L> mit vtt;hW tzpfj; jPh;khdq;fSld; njhlh;GgLk; vd Muha;jy;
7.1.3 ePz;lfhy tzpfj; jPh;khdj;jpy; ePz;lfhy nkhj;jf; fpuaj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fjy;(jpl;lkply; tisap)
7.1.4 msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdq;fs; kw;Wk; gug;ngy;iyr; rpf;fdq;fs; Mfpa vz;zf;fUf;fis fye;JiuahLjy;
6.2 7.1.5 nkhj;j cw;gj;jp> vy;iy cw;gj;jp> ruhrhp cw;gj;jp Kjypatw;iw FWq;fhy cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; tiutpyf;fzk; nra;J> fzpg;gply;
7.1.6 FWq;fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jpapd; %d;W fl;lq;fis milahsk; fz;L> FWq;fhy tzpf njhopw;ghl;byhd gFj;jwpT nrhh; nrad;Kiwia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;
7.1.7 Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisT tpjpapd; gpuNahfj;ij FWq;fhy tzpfj; jPh;khdq;fspy; fye;JiuahLjy;
7.1.8 NtWgl;l re;ijhfspy; tzpfq;fs; cj;jk ntspaPL> tpiy kw;Wk; ,yhgk; Kjypatw;iw FWq;fhyk; kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyq;fspy; jPh;khdpf;Fk; Kiwia fye;JiuahLjy;
mj;jpaha
k;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 437
1 cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;
1.1 FWq;fhy kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy nryTfs;
cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp epWtdq;fshy; cw;gj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ> mtw;wpd; gad;ghl;bw;fhd nfhLg;gdT nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ntFkjp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cw;gj;jp nryT vd;gJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fhuzpfspd; tpiy MFk;.
cw;gj;jpf; fhuzp nryT
epyk; thlif
Copak; $ypfs;
%yjdk; tl;b
Kaw;rpahz;ik rhjhuz ,yhgk;
nryTf; Nfhl;ghl;by; rhjhuz ,yhgk; xU nrythf fUjg;gLfpwJ. xU njhopy;KidNthiu mtuJ jw;Nghija nray;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;f Njitahd ,yhgj;jpd; msNt ,JthFk;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> rhjhuz ,yhgk; vd;gJ njhopy;KidNthiu NtW ,lq;fspy; KjyPL nra;tijj; jLg;gjw;fhd re;jh;g;gr; nryT MFk;.
rhjhuz ,yhgk; vd;gJ xU njhopy;KidNthiu mtuJ jw;Nghija nraw;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;f Njitahd ,yhgj;jpd; msT MFk;.
,e;j rhjhuz ,yhgj;jpw;F Nkyhf rk;ghjpf;Fk; ve;j ,yhgKk; kpif> mrhjhuz my;yJ mjpf ,yhgk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,yhgj; jd;ikf;fhd mbg;gil epge;jidahdJ xl;Lnkhj;j tUkhdkhdJ xl;Lnkhj;j nryTfistpl mjpfhpj;jhff; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. epWtdq;fs; vt;thW ,yhgj;ij ciof;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsq;fpf;; nfhs;tjw;fhf> ntspaPL khw;wkilAk; NghJ fpuaq;fs; vt;thW khw;wkilAk; vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; mtrpakhFk;.
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgW
7.1.1, 7.1.2
7.1.2, 7.1.5
to 7.1.7
7.1.3, 7.1.4,
7.1.8
1 cw;gj;jpr; nryT
2 rnruhry;Yhpfr; nrk; vy;iy
yTfst;> pisv Ty;iy t
rpjp ; nryTfs;> kw;Wk; Fiwe;j
3 nghUshjhu rpf;fdq;fs; kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy nryTfs;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 439
xU epWtdj;jhy; ,e;j ,yhgq;fis ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F guhkupf;f KbAkh vd;gJ mJ nray;gLk; njhopy;Jiwapd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;jjhFk;.
FWfpa fhyk; vd;gJ cw;gj;jpapd; Fiwe;jJ xU fhuzpapd; (epyk;> njhopyhsu;> %yjdk; my;yJ epWtd) msNtDk; epiyahdjhd fhykhFk;.
cw;gj;jpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l midj;J fhuzpfspYk; KO nefpo;Tj;jd;ikia mDkjpf;f ePz;l fhyk; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
FWfpa fhyk; kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyk; vd;gd Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mtfhrq;fs; my;y> Mdhy; njhopy;fspilNa NtWgLfpd;wd.
1.2 epiyahd nryTfs; kw;Wk; khwp nryTfs;
Kfhikj; jPh;khdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; cs;sPLfs; khWgLk;. cjhuzkhf> Kfhik mjpf %yg;nghUl;fis nfhs;tdT nra;a> mjpf Copaj;jijg; gzf;fkh;j;j> $Ljyhd Nkyjpf Neuk; Ntiy nra;a Muk;gpf;fj; ciog;ig jPh;khdpf;fyhk;.
(a) Copak; nghJthf FWfpa fhyj;jpy; khWgLk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.FWfpa fhyj;jpy; epiyahdjhff; fUjg;gLk; cs;sPLfspy; fl;blq;fs;kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w %yjdg; nghUl;fs; mlq;Fk;> mtw;wpd;msTfs; khw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kjd;ikf; fhyk;Njitg;glyhk;. cw;gj;jpiar; Rw;wpAs;s gpw fhuzpfspd;cw;gj;jpj;jpwidf; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba njhopy;El;gj;ijr; Rw;wp jilfSk;,Uf;fyhk;.
(b) midj;J cs;sPLfSk; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F khWgitahFk;. FWfpafhyj;jpy; epiyahdjhfTs;s cs;sPl;L khwpapd; msit khw;Wtjw;fhdKbT> cw;gj;jpapd; mstpyhd khw;wj;ij cs;slf;Fk;.
1.3 FWq;fhy nryTfs;: nkhj;j nryTfs;> ruhrup nryTfs; kw;Wk; vy;iyr; nryTfs;
FWq; fhyk; vd milahsk; fhzg;gLk; xU fhyfl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa epu;zaf; fhuzp vd;dntd;why;> cw;gj;jpapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU fhuzpahtJ epiyj;jpUj;jy; MFk;.
nkhj;j nryT: nkhj;j nryT vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l mstpyhd ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp nra;a Njitahd midj;J tsq;fspd; nryT MFk;. nkhj;j nryT nkhj;j epiyahd nryT kw;Wk; nkhj;j khWk; nryT Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;.
epiyahd nryTfs; vd;gJ cw;gj;jp epiyfs; khWk;NghJk; khwhj nryTfshFk;. Cjhuzkhf> fl;ll thlif.
khWk; nryTfs; vd;gJ ntspaPl;bd; epiyf;F Vw;g khWgLk; nryTfs; MFk;. cjhuzkhf> %yg;nghUs; nryTfs;.
ruhrup nryT: xU Fwpg;gpl;l mstpyhd ntspaPl;bw;fhd ruhrup nryT vd;gJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nkhj;j msthy; tFf;fg;gl;l nkhj;j nryT MFk;.
ruhrup nryT xU myFf;fhd ruhrup epiyahd nryT kw;Wk; xU myFf;fhd ruhrup khWk; nryT Mfpatw;wpd; Nrh;f;ifahFk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 439
AC = TC
= TFC
+ TVC
N N N
AC = AFC + AVC
xU myFf;fhd ruhrup epiyahd nryT: nkhj;j epiyahd nryTfs; myFfspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; tFf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; myFfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ,J rpwpajhfptpLk;. Vndd;why;> ntspaPl;bd; msitg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; nkhj;j epiyahd nryT msthfNt ,Uf;Fk;> vdNt cw;gj;jp msT ngupjhFk;NghJ> ruhrhp epiyahd nryT rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
xU myFf;fhd ruhrup khWk; nryTfs;: nkhj;j khWk; nryTfs; myFfspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; tFf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ntspaPl;L msT mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ,J khWk;> Mdhy; cauf;$Lk;.
vy;iy nryT: NkYk; xU myF ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd $Ljy; nryT (mjpfupf;Fk; nryT). vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> 50tJ A+dpl; cw;gj;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xU epWtdj;jpw;fhd vy;iy nryT 50 myFfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nkhj;j nrytpy; Kjy; 49 A+dpl;Lfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nkhj;j nryT fopj;j njhif MFk;.
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s %d;W tiutpyf;fzq;fisf; ftdpAq;fs;. mtw;wpy; vJ (xd;W)> xU $Ljy; myF ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd XusT nryit rupahf tptupf;fpwJ?
(a) MC = nkhj;j cw;gj;jp nrytpy; mjpfupg;G
(b) MC = khWk; cw;gj;jp nrytpy; mjpfupg;G
(c) MC = ruhrup cw;gj;jp nrytpy; mjpfupg;G
(a) kw;Wk; (b) Mfpad rhpahFk;. (c) jtwhdjhFk;. Xh; cjhuzk; %yk;,jid tpsf;fyhk;. Xh; epWtdk; 100 myFfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; NghJjw;nghJ NkYnkhU myif cw;gj;jp nra;a tpUk;GfpwJ. nryTfs; gpd;tUkhW:
100 myFf;fhd nryT 101 myFf;fhd nryT &gh &gh
nkhj;j khWk; nryT 200,000 202,000
nkhj;j epiyahd nryT 100,000 100,000
nkhj;j nryT 300,000 302,000
ruhrhp nryT Rs 3,000 Rs 299,000
vy;iyr; nryT = &gh 302,000 – &gh 300,000 = &gh 2,000
epiyahd nryTfs; khwtpy;iy Mifahy;> nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak; kw;Wk; khWk; fpuaj;jpd; mjpfhpg;G ,uz;LNk vy;iyf; fpuaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
tpdh nryT tiutpyf;fzq;fs;
tpil
Draft Version
440 CA Sri Lanka
tiuglk; 14.1 ntspaPl;L khw;wj;jf;F Vw;g nryT cUg;gbfs; vt;thW khw;wkiklAk; vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
Costs
tiuglk; 14.1 epWtdk; cd;wpd; FWq;fhy nryTfspd; $Wfs;
Output
1.4 vz;%y tpsf;fk;
xU epWtdk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT %yjdj;ijg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ vd;W itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;> ,J FWfpa fhyj;jpy; xU epiyahd (khwhj) cs;sPlhFk;. epWtdk; ,e;j %yjdj;Jld; ntt;NtW msT ciog;ig ,izf;ff;$Lk;> ,J FWfpa fhyj;jpy; khWgLk; xU cs;sPlhf ehq;fs; fUJfpNwhk;. vdNt> epiyahd %yjdk; kw;Wk; khwf;$ba ciog;G Mfpait ntt;NtW epiyfspy; cw;gj;jpia cUthf;f KbAk;.
epWtdj;jpd; nryTfspd; ntt;NtW tiuaiwfSf;F ,ilapyhd cwtpd; tpsf;fk; ,q;Nf. (gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Gs;sptptuq;fs; fw;gidahdit).
ntspaPl;L
myFfs;
nkhj;j epiyahd
nryT
nkhj;j khWk; nryT
nkhj;j nryT
ruhrhpepiyahd
nryT
ruhrhp khWk; nryT
ruhrhp; nryT
vy;iyr; nryT
n TFC TVC TC AFC AVC AC MC Rs'000 Rs'000 Rs'000 Rs'000 Rs'000 Rs'000 Rs'000
1 0.80 0.30 1.10 0.80 o.30 1.10 1.10 2 0.80 0.80 1.60 0.40 0.40 0.80 0.50 (1.60 – 1.10) 3 0.80 0.95 1.75 0.26 0.32 0.58 0.15 (1.75 – 1.60) 4 0.80 1.20 2.00 0.20 0.30 0.50 0.25 (2.00 – 1.75) 5 0.80 1.70 2.50 0.16 0.34 0.50 0.50 (2.50 – 2.00) 6 0.80 2.32 3.12 0.13 0.39 0.52 0.62 (3.12 – 2.50) 7 0.80 3.19 3.99 0.11 0.46 0.57 0.87 (3.99 – 3.12) 8 0.80 4.32 5.12 0.10 0.54 0.64 1.13 (5.12 – 3.99) 9 0.80 5.50 6.30 0.09 0.61 0.70 1.18 (6.30 – 5.12)
10 0.80 7.20 8.00 0.08 0.72 0.80 1.70 (8.00 – 6.30)
MC
AC
AFC AVC
AFC
Draft Version
(a) nkhj;j nryT: %yjdr; nryTfs; (epiyahd nryTfs;) kw;Wk; CopanryTfs; (khWk; nryTfs;) Mfpatw;wpd; $l;Lj;njhif MFk; Vnddpy; ,e;j vLj;Jf;fhl;by; ,uz;L cs;sPLfs; kl;LNk cs;sd.
(b) ruhrup epiyahd nryT: nkhj;j epiyahd nryTfs; ntspaPl;lhy;tFf;fg;gLfpd;wd> mjhtJ AFC = TFC/n
(c) ruhrup khWk; nryT: nkhj;j khWk; nryit ntspaPl;lhy; tFf;fg;gLfpwJ> mjhtJ AVC = TVC/n
(d) ruhrup nryT: ntspaPl;bd; xU myFf;fhd nryT> mjhtJ AC = TC/n or AC = AFC + AVC
(e) vy;iyr; nryT: n myFfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd nkhj;jnrytpypUe;J (n – 1) myFfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd nkhj;jnryitf; fopj;jy;>
,e;j Gs;sptptuq;fspd; njhFg;gpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdpAq;fs;.
(a) nkhj;j nryT. NkYk; mjpfkhd myFfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; NghJcw;gj;jpapd; nkhj;j nryTfs; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wd.
(b) ruhrup nryT. ntspaPL mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ,J khWfpwJ. ,JMuk;gj;jpy; tPo;r;rpaile;J> kpff; Fiwe;j epiyia milfpwJ> gpd;du;kPz;Lk; cauj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
(c) vy;iy nryT. xt;nthU $Ljy; myF ntspaPl;bd; khWk; nryTk;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; xt;nthU myFf;Fk; khWfpwJ. ,JTk;Muk;gj;jpy; tPo;r;rpaile;j kpf tpiuthf kpff; Fiwe;j msit vl;b>gpd;du; cauj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
(d) khWk; nryT kw;Wk; vy;iy nryT xg;gPL;. kpff; Fiwe;j mstpyhd
ntspaPl;by;> MC I tpl Fiwthf cs;sJ. ntspaPl;bd; kpf cau;e;j
kl;lj;jpy;> MC I tpl AC mjpfkhf cs;sJ. xU FWf;F Xtu; Gs;sp
cs;sJ> mq;F MC rupahf AC f;F rkk;. ,e;j vLj;Jf;fhl;by;> ,J 5
myFfs; ntspaPl;by; cs;sJ. MC tisap AC tisapapd;
Fiwe;jgl;r Gs;spapy; AC tisapia ntl;LfpwJ vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.
1.5 nghUspayhsh;fs; kw;Wk; fzf;fhsu;fspd; nryT gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs;
nghUshjhu nryTfs; fzf;fpay; nryTfspypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wd> NkYk; mit gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cw;gj;jp fhuzpfspd; re;jh;g;g nryTfis Fwpf;fpd;wd.
Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb> xU nghUshjhu epGzu; nrytpy; rhjhuz ,yhgj;jpw;fhd xU njhif mlq;Fk;> ,J njhopy;KidNthUf;fhd ntFkjpahFk;. rhjhuz ,yhgk; vd;gJ njhopy;KidNthupd; tha;g;G nryT MFk;.
njhopy;KidNthupd; re;jh;g;g nryT vd;gJ xU njhopy;KidNthu; mNj tsq;fis NtW ,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jp rk;ghjpf;ff;$ba ,yhgj;jpd; msT> vdNt jw;Nghija tzpfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s jpahfk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j NtWghL nghUshjhu ty;Yeu;fs; ep[ cyf tzpfq;fspd; elj;ij tpsf;f cjTfpwJ. xU epWtdk; xU ,yhgfukhd tzpfj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L kw;nwhd;wpy; mikf;fyhk;. Vndd;why;> Gjpa njhopy; my;yJ re;ijapy; ,yhg tpfpjk; mry; xd;iw tpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ. kw;w ,lq;fspy; xU rpW tzpfu; my;yJ njhopy;KidNthu; xU njhopw;Jiwapy; Fiwe;j ,yhg tpfpjq;fis <l;bf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;> Vndd;why; rpwe;j khw;W vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
Draft Version
fzf;fpay; ,yhgq;fs; tpw;gid tUthiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd> mit tzpfj;jpd; ntspg;gilahd nryTfisf; Fiwf;fpd;wd. ntspg;gilahd nryTfs; njspthff; $wg;gl;L gjpT nra;ag;gl;lit. mjd;gb> epWtdj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd cs;sPl;il thq;f my;yJ thliff;F vLg;gjw;fhd cz;ikahd nryTfs; ,it. cjhuzj;jpw;F:
%yg;nghUl;fspd; nryTfs;: toq;Fdh;fSf;F nrYj;jg;gLk; tpiyfs;
njhopyhsu; nryTfs;: Cjpak;
eilKiway;yh nrhj;Jfspd; Nja;khd nryTfs;
gpw nryTfs;: thpfs; kw;Wk; fl;bl thlif
nghUshjhu ,yhgk; tpw;gid tUthia ntspg;gilahd nryTfs; kw;Wk; tzpfj;jpd; cs;shh;e;j nryTfs; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cw;gj;jpapd; fhuzpfis mtw;wpd; mLj;j kpf ,yhgfukhd topapy; (re;jh;g;g nryTfs;) gad;gLj;jhky; ,Ug;gjd; %yk; tpl:f; nfhLf;fg;gLk; ed;ikfs; kiwKf nryTfs;.
1.6 cjhuzk;: nghUshjhu ,yhgq;fs; kw;Wk; re;jh;g;g nryTfs;
xU tu;j;jfu; &. 200>000>000 kjpg;Gs;s nghUl;fis tpw;fpwhu; vd;W itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;.
mtu; &. 70>000>000 Md %yg;nghus; fpuaq;fisAk; gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l njhopyhsu; nryTfs; &. 85>000>000> kw;Wk; gpw nryTfs; &. 20>000>000 Mfpatw;iwj; jhq;Ffpwhh;. mtu; tu;j;jfk; nra;Ak; fl;blj;ijj; jtpu NtW ve;j eilKiway;yh nrhj;Jf;fSk; ,y;iy> mjpy; Nja;khdk; tR+ypf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. fzf;fpay; mbg;gilapy;> mtuJ ,yhgk; gpd;tUkhW ,Uf;Fk;.
Rs'000 Rs'000
tpw;gid 200,000
%yg;nghUs;fs; 70,000
Copak; 85,000
Vida nryTfs; 20,000
(175,000)
,yhgk; 25,000
Mdhy; mtu; jdJ tpahghuj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; fl;blq;fis &. 15>000>000 rk;ghjpf;Fk; NtW gad;ghl;bw;F nfhz;L te;jpUf;fyhk; vd;Wk;> xU tzpf Kfhikahsuhf mtuJ nrhe;j ciog;G mtUf;F &. 20>000 rk;gsj;Jld; Ntiy fpilf;ff;$Lk; vd;Wk; itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy; tzpfj;jpd; epiy gpd;tUkhW:
Rs'000
tpw;gid – ntspg;gil;ahd nryTfs; 25,000
cs;shh;e;j nryTfs; (Rs 15,000,000 + Rs e0,000,000)
(35,000) el;lk; (10,000)
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 443
nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy;> tzpfk; e\;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. tu;j;jfu; jdJ fl;blq;fisAk; %yjdj;ijAk; khw;W gad;ghl;bw;F nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk;> jdJ nrhe;j ciog;ig NtW topapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> NtnwhUtUf;F rk;gsj;jpw;fhf Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; jPh;khdpg;gpd; khj;jpuNk ,J ,yhgk; ciof;Fk;.
tpy;gu; g;nuhgpl; xU tUlj;jpw;F Kd;G jdJ njhopiy mikj;jhh;.
me;j Neuj;jpy;> mtuJ epWtdk; nkhj;j tUkhdk; &.160>000 cioj;jJld;> mtuJ nrhe;j rk;gsk; &. 12>000 cl;gl &. 125>000 nryT Vw;gl;lJ. ,jw;F Kd;G> mtu; nll; vz;l; ntd;r;ru;]; epWtdj;jpy; rk;gsk; ngWk; Copauhf ,Ue;J> Mz;Lf;F rk;gsk; &. 20>000 rk;ghjpj;jhu;.
tzpfj;jpw;F epjpaspf;f> tpy;gu; jdJ KjyPl;il &. 200>000 muR
gj;jpuq;fspy; tpw;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ> ,J 10% Mz;L tl;b <l;baJ. ,tw;wpy;
&. 80>000 I xU fsQ;rpaj;ijf; nfhs;tdT nra;ag; gad;gLj;jpdhu;> mjd; tUlhe;j tzpf thlif kjpg;G &. 11>000. kPjKs;s &. 20>000 tzpf eltbf;iffSf;F epjpaspf;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ntz;lg;gLtJ: gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fzf;fpLq;fs;:
(a) fle;j Mz;by; tpy;gu; rk;ghjpj;j fzf;fPl;L ,yhgk;
(b) rk;ghjpj;j nghUshjhu ,yhgk; my;yJ ,og;G
(a) fzf;fPl;L ,yhgk;
Rs'000 tUkhdk; 160,000
fpuaq;fs; 125,000
,yhgk; 35,000
(b) nghUshjhu ,yhgk;
Rs'000 Rs'000 tUkhdk; 160,000
fzf;fPl;L nryTfs; 125,000
chpikahsuJ Neuj;jpd; mikar; nryT –khw;W njhopypyUe;J ,of;fg;gll Nkyjpf rk;gsk; (20,000 – 12,000) 8,000
njhopw;rhiy thlif (&gh 80>000 mikar; nryT) 11,000 tzpfj;jpy; <LgLj;jpa gpw %yjd tplaw;fspd; mikar;
nryT (10% * 120,000) 12,000
156,000
nghUshjhu ,yhgk; 4,000
tpdh fzf;fpay; vjph; mika nryTfs;
tpil
Draft Version
444 CA Sri Lanka
Ou
tpu
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per
iod
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tim
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xU epWtdj;jpd; ntspaPl;L KbTfis FWfpa fhyj;jpy;> (cw;gj;jpapd; rpy fhuzpfs; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; NghJ) kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F (cw;gj;jpapd; midj;J fhuzpfSk; khWgLk; NghJ) Muhag;glyhk;. nkhj;j nryTfis epiyahd kw;Wk; khwf;$ba $Wfshf gpupf;fyhk;. ntspaPL mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ,e;j $Wfs; nkhj;j nrytpy; ntt;NtW tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. nghUshjhu nryTfs; fzf;fpay; nryTfspypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wd> NkYk; mit gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cw;gj;jp fhuzpfspd; mika nryTfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
2.1 nkhj;j> ruhrhp kw;Wk; vy;iy cw;gj;jpfs;
2.1.1 nkhj;j cw;gj;jp
xU cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpapdJ nkhj;j cw;gj;jp (my;yJ nkhj;j cly; cw;gj;jp) rhj;jpakhd ntspaPl;L kl;lq;fis milahsk; fhz;fpd;wJ.
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpahdJ fPo;tUk; tiugj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ntspaPlhdJ
Gs;sp A tiu mjpfhpj;Jr;nry;tNjhL rhj;jpakhd cr;r cw;gj;jp msthf
Qm fhzg;gLk;.
Qm
cU 14.2: nkhj;j cw;gj;jp tisap
Units of input used per period
of time
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisT tpjpahdJ xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;FNkw;gl;l cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; epiyahd ,Ue;jhy;> Mdhy; Vida fhuzpfsJ cs;sPL mjpfhpj;jhy;> xt;nthU Nkyjpf cs;sPl;L njhlh;r;rpahf tPo;r;rpailaj; njhlq;Ftjd;%yk; Nkyjpf ntspaPL cUthf;fg;gLk;.
2 ruhrhp nryTfs;> vy;iyr; nryTfs; kw;Wk; Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisTtpjp
A
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 445
2.1.2 ruhrhp cw;gj;jp
Ruhrhp cw;gj;jp my;yJ ruhrhp ngsjPf cw;gj;jp vd;gJ nkhj;j cw;gj;jpahdJ cw;gj;jpfhuzpfspd; vz;zpif myFfspdhy; gphpj;Jg; ngwg;gLtjhFk;.ruhrhp cw;gj;jpahdJ mjpfsthd cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfis cs;sPl;by; <LgLj;Jtjw;Nfw;g khWgLk;.
2.1.3 vy;iy cw;gj;jp
vy;iy cw;gj;jp my;yJ vy;iy ngsjPf cw;gj;jp vd;gJ xU myF cs;sPl;L fhuzpkhw;wk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ntspaPl;Lkhw;wj;jpid my;yJ cs;sPl;Lf;fhuzpapd; vz;zw;w rpwpa khw;wk; fhuzkhf nkhj;j ntspaPl;by; Vw;gLk;khw;wj;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. vy;iy cw;gj;jp tisapahdJ ngsjPfcw;gj;jp tisapapypUe;j ngwg;gLk;;.
ruhrhp cw;gj;jpahdJ tPo;r;rpailAk; NghJ vy;iy cw;gj;jpahdJ ruhrhp cw;gj;jpia tpl Fiwthff; fhzg;gLtNjhL ruhrhp cw;gj;jpahdJ mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ ruhrhp cw;gj;jpia tpl mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,J ruhrhp cw;gj;jp cr;r ntspaPl;L Gs;spapy; ,ilntl;Lk; Gs;spapy; fhzg;gLk;.
nghJthf ruhrhp kw;Wk; vy;iy cw;gj;jpf; NfhLfs; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
APP
MPP
Units of inputs used per period
of time
AP
P a
nd
MP
P
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 447
cU 14.3. ruhrhp kw;Wk; vy;iy cw;gj;jpr; nryTf; NfhLfs;
2.2 FWq;fhy kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;ghLfs;
2.2.1 FWq;fhy cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;ghL
FWq;fhyj;jy; Fiwe;jJ xU fhuzpahtJ epiyahff; fhzg;gLk;. MfNt cz;ikahd cw;gj;jpj; njhif gy;NtW cs;sPl;L khwpfis khw;Wtjd; %yk; khw;wf; $bajhf ,Ue;Jk; tzpfj;jpdJ Fwpg;gpl;l xUmsT cw;gj;jp kl;lj;jpw;Fs;NsNa itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mNdfkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy;> nghwpAk; ,ae;jpu msT epiyahdjhfTk; Cjpa kw;Wk; %yg;nghUl;fspd; msT khWgl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;.
2.2.2 ePz;lfhy cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;ghL
ePz;lfhyj;jpy;> vy;yhf;fhuzpfisAk; khw;wpf;nfhs;s KbAk;. cs;sPL khw;wj;Jld; vt;thW ntspaPL khw;wkilfpd;wnd;gij msTj;jpl;lr; rpf;fdq;fs; %yk; mstplKbAk;. mjpfhpf;Fk; msTj;jpl;l tpisT tpjp vd;gJ (cs;sPl;L khw;w tPjj;ij tpl ntspaPl;L khw;wtPjk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;) ehq;fs; Kd;dh; fye;JiuahbaJ Nghd;W tpahghuk; msTj;jpl;lr; rpf;fdq;fspypUe;J ed;ikngWk;.Fiwe;J nry;Yk;msTj;jpl;l tpisT tpjp vd;gJ (cs;sPl;L khw;w tPjj;ij tpl ntspaPl;L khw;wtPjk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;) msTr;jpl;lr; rpf;fdkpd;ikfs; epiyj;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;. ePz;lfhyj;jpy;> ehq;fs; Kd;dh; fye;JiuahbaJ Nghd;W tpahghuq;fs; cj;jk fhuzpr;Nrh;f;ifiaf; fz;lwpa Kaw;rpg;gNjhL mJ Fiwe;ejsT myFr; nryTfisf; Fiwf;fpd;Wj. ,J Copaj;jpw;Fg;gjpyhf ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopDl;gq;fis <LgLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;fyhk;.
2.3 Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisT tpjp
ntspaPL mjpfhpf;ifapy; ruhrhpr;nryT mjpfhpf;f njhlq;Ffpd;WJ. Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisT tpjpahdJ xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;FNkw;gl;l cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; epiyahd ,Ue;jhy; (FWq;fhyj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;)> Mdhy; Vida fhuzpfsJ cs;sPL mjpfhpj;jhy;> xt;nthU Nkyjpf cs;sPl;bYk; ,Ue;J ngWk; njhlh;r;rpahf ntspaPL njhlh;r;rpahd tPo;r;rpailaj; njhlq;Fk;.
cw;gj;jpapd; %d;W epiyfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> Fiww;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisT tpjp gFjpahf;fg;gl cilf;f KbAk;.
1. Kjyhk; epiy cw;gj;jpapy; kpf cau;e;j tsu;r;rpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,e;jfl;lj;jpy; xt;nthU Nkyjpf khWk; cs;sPLk; $Ljyhd ntspaPLfs;my;yJ jahupg;Gfspd; cw;gj;jpapy; tpisfpwJ. XusT tUkhdk;mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. %d;W nryT tisTfSk; (nkhj;j cw;gj;jp>ruhrup cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; vy;iy cw;gj;jp) Neu;f;fzpakhfTk;mjpfhpg;gjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
2. ,uz;lhk; epiy fl;lj;jpy; vy;iy tpisT Fiwaj; njhlq;Fk;. ,jd;nghUs; xt;nthU Nkyjpf khWk; cs;sPLk; Nkyjpfkhd myFfs;ntspaPl;bw;F toptFf;Fk; tPjk; nkJthff; Fiwaj; njhlq;Fk;.xt;nthU cs;sPl;bw;fhd ntspaPLfspd; mjpfupg;G FiwAk; tpfpjj;jpy;,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j fl;lj;jpy;> nkhj;j cw;gj;jp tisap njhlu;e;Jk; caUk;>,Ug;gpDk; ruhrup cw;gj;jp tisap kw;Wk; vy;iy cw;gj;jp tisap,uz;Lk; tPo;r;rpailAk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 447
3. %d;whk; epiyapy; vy;iy tpisT vjpu;kiwahfpwJ. ,jd; nghUs; ve;j$Ljy; cs;sPl;L cs;sPLfSk; ,g;NghJ xl;Lnkhj;j cw;gj;jpiaf;Fiwf;fpd;wd. ,e;j ,Wjp fl;lj;jpy;> nkhj;j cw;gj;jp tisapAk;,g;NghJ tPo;r;rpailaj; njhlq;Fk;. ruhrup cw;gj;jp tisap njhlu;e;JtPo;r;rpailAk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; vy;iy cw;gj;jp tisap vjpu;kiwahfkhWk;.
Fiwe;J nry;Tk; vy;iy tpisT tpjp MdJ Vd; FWq;fhy nryTf;NfhL Fwpg;gpl;l kl;lk; tiu mjpfhpf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJld; ntspaPL mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ xU myFf;fhd ruhrhpr; nryT Vd; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. vq;fSila Miyapy;> Copah;fisr; Nrh;g;gjhy; ehk; ,awe;jpuq;fs; cUthf;Fk; thpiriaf;
ghh;f;fyhk;; ,J Ntiyfis xd;wpizg;gw;F NkYk; fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk;;;;
,ae;jpuq;fspd; kpjkpQ;rpa ghtidapD}lhf mit ciltilaj;njhlq;FtNjhL ntWkNd jpwikahf Ntiynra;a NghJkhd ,ilntsp fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. Fiwe;J nry;Yk; tpisthdJ mikf;fg;gLk; tPjj;jpy; Nkyjpfkhf xU myF cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpapypUe;J cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mjpfhpj;jy; tpo;r;rpailaj;njhlq;Fk; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdJk; ghuhl;lg;glNtz;baJnkhd;whFk;. ,J mtrpakhd fUj;jhf ,y;yhtpbDk; $l y;y> vdpDk; nkhj;j ntspaPl;lsT tPo;r;rpaila Muk;gpf;Fk;. ehq;fs; ,jid vspa cjhuzj;jpd; %yk; fhl;lyhk;.
gzpf;;fkh;j;jg;gl;l Copah;fspd;
vz;zpf;if (N)
MiyapypUe;jhdnkhj;j cw;gj;jp
Vy;iy cw;gj;jp (Ntiyahs;) MP
ruhrhp cw;gj;jp (egUf;F) AP
1 5 5 5.0 2 11 6 5.5 3 18 7 6. 4 24 6 6.0 5 29 5 5.8 6 32 3 5.3 7 33 1 4.7 8 32 -1 4.0
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 449
MC AC Short run
average cost curve
Lowest point on
AC curve
(optimum output)
Below Z:
improving marginal returns
Above Z:
diminishing marginal returns
,t; cjhuzj;ijf; ftdpf;f:
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; tpisT ehd;fhtJ njhopyhsp mikf;fg;gLjpy; mikf;fg;gLk; ( Vnddpy; ehd;fhtJ Ntiyahisr; Nrh;gg;jw;fhd vy;iy cw;gj;jp (6) %d;whtJ (7) Ntiyahis Nrh;g;gjpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; vy;iy cw;gj;jpiatplf; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;).
ruhrhp cw;gj;jpahdJ Muk;gj;jpy; njhopw;gphpg;G>kw;Wk; rpwg;Gj;Njhh;r;rp vd;git fhuzkhf mjpfhpg;gNjhL ehd;fhtJ njhopyhh; cl;gl (4) ,jd; gpd;dh; ruhrhp cw;gj;jpahdJ tPo;r;rpailaj; njhlq;Fk;. Vnddpy; Ie;jhtjpypUe;J (5) vy;iy cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; mLj;jLj;J tUk; njhopyhsh;fsJ ruhrhpcw;gj;jp fhzg;gLtNjhL ruhrhp fPNo rhpAk;;.
nkhj;j cw;gj;jp ehd;F njhlf;fk; V* tiu njhlh;r;rpahf mjpfhpg;gNjhL> vl;lhtJ Ntiyahis Nrh;f;fj; njhlq;FtjpypUe;J tPo;r;rpailaj; njhlq;Fk;. Vnddpy; vl;lhtJ Ntiyahs; vjph;f;fzpa vy;iy cw;gj;jpapidf; nfhz;bUg;ghh;: mth;fsJ tUif cz;ikapy; rpy topfspy; cw;gj;jpiaj; jLf;fpd;wJ.
Costs
(Rs)
0 Z Output
cU 14.4: U tbt FWq;fhy nryT tisap kw;Wk; FWq;fhy ruhrhp kw;Wk; vy;iyr; nryTfSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;G
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; tpisT tpjp cw;gj;jpasTfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ Mdhy; ,J ntspg;gilahf FWq;fhy ruhrhp kw;Wk; vy;iyr;nryTf;fhd Neub jhf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. gz ts nryT> kw;Wk; ntspaPl;bd; ruhrhp kw;Wk; vy;iyr;nryTfs; Fwpg;gpl;lsT ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F Njitahd tsq;fspd; mstpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
vkJ cjhuzj;jpy;> Nkyjpfkhf xU Ntiyahis Nrh;g;gjd;%yk; xd;W njhlf;fk; %d;W tiuf;Fkhf vy;iy cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;Fk;> Vnddpy; rpy Ntisfspy; xt;nthU NtiyahSk; xt;nthU gzpfspy;; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wpUf;fKbAk;.
Mjpfhpf;Fk; cw;gj;jpjpwd; vd;gJ Nkyjpf xU myF ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jpnra;tjw;fhd nryT Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjhFk;> MfNt Nkyjpf myF ntspaPl;Lf;fhd vy;iyr; nryT tPo;r;pailAk;.
vt;thnwdpDk; Fiwe;J nry;Yk; tpisT mikf;fg;gLtJ Nkyjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Nkyjpf myF ntspaPl;Lf;fhd cw;gj;jpapd; vy;iyr; nryT mjpfhpf;Fk;> Vnddpy; Nkyjpf Ntiyhl;fis Nrh;f;f Kaw;;rpg;gJ tpfpjhrhuhPahf ntspaPl;by; Fiwe;j jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;: cjhuzkhf njhopw;rhiy nehpry; kw;Wk; Ntiyahl;fs; jq;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tiu mt;tpae;jpuq;fSf;Ff; fhj;jpUf;fNtz;ba epiy fhzg;gLk;.
xU epWtdk; ruhrhp nryT ,opthff; fhzg;gLk; NghJ cr;r tpidj;jpwdpy; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. cr;r ntspaPl;Lg;Gs;spahdJ (rurhp nryTf;Nfhl;bd; fPo;g;Gs;spapy;)
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 449
vg;nghOJk; vy;iyr; nryTk; ruhrhpr;nryTk; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;spapy; ngwg;gLk; vd;gij Qgfj;jpypUj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2.3.1 Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisT njhlh;ghd tpkh;rdq;fs; Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisT njhlh;ghd vz;zf;fU rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju mstpyhd tpiuthf Nkyjpf tsq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sKbahj tpahghuq;fSf;Nf ngUk;ghYk; nghUj;jKilajhff; fhzg;gLk;. vt;thnwdpDk; mz;ikf;fhy tpUj;jpfs; nghpa epWtdq;fSf;Fk;> Fiwe;jstpy; Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisT gpuNahfpf;fg;glyhk; vdf; fUJfpd;wJ.
(a) nghpa epWtdq;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nghUshjhuj;jpypUe;J midj;J
cs;sPl;Lf;fhuzpfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sKbAk;.
(b) gy nghpa tpahghuq;fs; gyghhpa nghwpj;njhFjpfisf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL
nghwpj;njhFjpfSf;fpilNa ntspaPl;il J}z;bf; nfhs;sTk; KbAk;.
(c) njhopDl;gkhw;wk; JhpjkhfTk; ,lk;ngw KbAk;.
2.4 Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; FWq;fhyr; nryTfSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;G
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; tpisT tpjp cw;gj;jpasTfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ Mdhy; ,J ntspg;gilahf FWq;fhy ruhrhp kw;Wk; vy;iyr;nryTf;fhd Neub jhf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. gz ts nryT> kw;Wk; ntspaPl;bd; ruhrhp kw;Wk; vy;iyr;nryTfs; Fwpg;gpl;lsT ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F Njitahd tsq;fspd; mstpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
‘cw;;gj;jp tpidj;jpwd;’ kw;Wk; ‘myFr; nryT’vd;gd xd;Wld; xd;whd fz;zhb
gpujptpk;gq;fshFk;.
mjpfhpf;Fk; cw;gj;jp tpidj;jpwd; myFr; nryit mjpfhpf;fj;J}z;Lk;.
mbg;gilapy;>Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisT tpjp cw;gj;jp tpidj;jpwd; Muk;gj;jpy; mjpfhpg;gNjhL gpd;dh; FWq;fhyj;jpy; tPo;rpailAk; vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.FWq;fhy nryTf; NfhLfs; Mukgj;jpy; ruhrhpr; nryT tPo;r;rpaile;J gpd;dh; mjpfhpf;Fk; vd;gijf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
FWq;fhy nryTf;NfhLfs; NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l gphpT 2.5y; cs;s cjhuzj;ijg;Nghd;W vy;iy cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; ruhrhp cw;gj;jpfspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. vy;iy nryT tisap kw;Wk; ruhrhpnryT tisap fPNo
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s MP kw;Wk; AP juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sKbAk;.
Costs
cU 14.5: FWq;fhy nryTf; NfhLfs;
Output
MC
AC
AFC AVC
AFC
Draft Version
454 CA Sri Lanka
Long run average cost
Economies of scale
Constant Diseconomies returns to scale of scale
3 nghUspay; rpf;fdq;fs; kw;Wk; ePz;lfhyf; fpuaq;fs;
3.1 nghUspay; rpf;fdk;
nghUspay; rpf;fdk;: ePz;lfhyj;jpy; ntspaPl;L mjpfhpg;Gwld; myFr; nryT Fiwtilaf; fhuzkhf mikAk;.
cU 14.6 ePz;lfhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp msTfs; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ myFr;nryT Fiwtiltjidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
Rs
QMES Q MAX
cU 14.6 ePz;lfhy ruhrhp nryT tisap
ruhrhp nryT: nfhLf;fg;gl;l xU myF ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nryT.
,J nkhj;jnryT / nkhj;j ntspaPL vd;gjd; %yk; fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
cU 14.6 xU epWtdj;jpd; ePz;lfhy ruhrhp nryT elj;ijiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
QMES I Nehf;fp cw;gj;jpasT mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ (Fiwe;jgl;r rpf;fd miltpyhd msT)gbg;gbahf ruhrhpr;nryT FiwtilAk;. ,t;tpisNt nghUshjhuj;jpd; msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdq;fshFk;.
epWtdk; QMES Nky; QMAX (Mff; $ba tpidj;jpwd; msT milag;gLk; kl;lk;) Nehf;fp NkYk; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;jhy; ruhrhpnryT mjw;FNky; Fiwtilakhl;lhJ. Nkyjpfkhd nghUshjhu msTj;jpl;lr; rpf;fdq;fs; gadw;Wg;Nghjy; ,jw;Ff;fhuzkhFk;. ,J khwh msTj;;jpl;lkhFk;.
epWtdj;jpdJ ntspaPL QMAX gpd;dh; ntspaPL mjpfhpg;gpd;tpidj;jpwdpd;ikapidAk; ruhrhpr;nryT mjpfhpg;gpidAk; epWtdk; vjph;Nehf;fNtz;bNaw;gLk;. ,it msTj;jpl;lr;rpf;fdkpd;ikfshFk;.
mfr;rpf;fdq;fs; njhopDl;gk;> re;ijg;gLj;jy;> epWtd kw;Wk;
epjpf;fhuzq;fshy; Vw;glKbAk;.
Gwr;rpf;fdq;fs; gapw;rp ngw;w njhopw;Nris kw;Wk; Jizr;Nrit kw;Wk;
murhq;f cjtpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
rpf;fdkpd;ik rpf;fy;kpf;f cw;gjp nraw;ghL kw;Wk; Fiwe;j tpidj;jpwDs;s
epWtd mikg;G vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
Draft Version
454 CA Sri Lanka
3.1.1 ePz;lfhy ruhrhp nryT kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lkply;
xU epWtdk; mjd; ruhrup nryTfis ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F Fiwf;f Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;> ,ijr; nra;a ePz;lfhy ruhrhrp nryT tisap mjd; kpff; Fiwe;j fl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; mstpy; ntspaPl;il cUthf;f Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J mjd; Fiwe;jgl;r jpwikahd cw;gj;jp msit Fwpf;Fk;
MES mstpyhd nghUshjhuq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> xU epWtdk; mjd;
Fiwe;jgl;r jpwikahd cw;gj;jp msit milAk; tiu vg;NghJk; tsu Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU epWtdk; mstpyhd nghUshjhukw;w jd;ikahy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwnjd;why;> Nfhl;ghl;by; mJ cw;gj;jp msitf; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ mjd; cw;gj;jp fhuzpfspd; jpwikahd fyitia ehl Ntz;Lk;.
3.2 msTj;jpl;lr;rpf;fdq;fspd; %yq;fs; ghhpastpyhd cw;gj;jpapd; msTj;jpl;lr; rpf;fdq;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;.
(a) mfr;rpf;fdk;: cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspdh; epWtdj;jpw;F cs;vOfpd;witrpf;fdq;fs;
(b) Gwr;rpf;fdq;fs;: ifj;njhopy; KOtJkhd tsh;r;rpapd; %yk epWtdk;ngw;Wf;nfhs;srf;$ba rpf;fdq;fs;.
3.3 mfr;rpf;fdq;fs;
vjph;ghh;f;ff;$ba rhj;jpakhd nghUshjhu rpf;fdq;fs; gy;NtW fhzg;gLtNjhL ePq;fs; mit vy;yhtw;iwAk; fw;wpUg;gPh;fs;vd vjph;ghh;f;f KbahJ. khzth; kjpg;gPl;by;> tpdhf;fs; cq;fSf;F mfr;rpf;fdq;fs; kw;Wk; Gwr;rpf;fdq;fis NtWgLj;jKbAkh kw;Wk; fPNo tpsf;fg;gLk; nghUshjhuj;jpYs;s Kf;fpa ehd;F tifahd mfr;rpf;fdq;fis milahsq;fhz KbAkh Nghd;wit njhlh;ghd mwpit ghpNrhjpg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
3.3.1 njhopDl;gr;rpf;fdq;fs;
njhopDl;gr;rpf;fdq;fs; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwfspdhy; vOfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ifj;njhopypd; mstpy; my;yJ fUtpfspd; tpiyapy; jq;fpapUg;gjhdhy;
mit nghwpKiwr; rpf;fdq;fs; (plant economies of scale) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
(a) ghhpa epWtdq;fs; ghhpa kw;Wk; rpwg;G ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jKbAk;.
Vnddpy; mth;fsJ mNjasT nghUspy; mjpfsT nghUl;fis
thq;Fk; rpwg;G ,ae;jpuq;fs; ,jid epahag;gLj;Jk;. cjhuzkhf xU
nghpa gphpd;bq; epWtdk; Gj;jfq;fis mr;rpLk; ,ae;jpuq;fisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy; mtrpakhFk;. xU rpwpa nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
mr;rpLk; ,ae;jpuj;jpid thq;Ftij epahag;gLj;jKbahJ.
(b) xU ghhpa epWtdk; gphpglhj;jd;ikfspd;wp Nritfis toq;fKbAk;.
cjhuzkhf rpwpa cgfuz toq;fy; fk;gdp xU Nritia
toq;Ftjw;Fg; gz;lfrhiy kw;Wk; thfdq;fis Fiwe;jgl;r
tiyaikg;G Njitg;gLk;. Mdhy; mLf;FfSk; thfdq;fSk;
Draft Version
454 CA Sri Lanka
miuKO tifapNyNa nraw;gLk;. mjdJ tiyaikg;ig ghjpf;Fk;
vd;gjhy; epWtdk; gz;lfrhiy kw;Wk; thfdq;fis ghjpahf
itj;jpUf;fKbahJ. xU ghhpa jsghl epWtdk; rpy tiyg;gpd;diyf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; Mdhy; KO ,aystpy; gad;gLj;jpf; Nkyjpf nryT
,y;iy.
(c) ghpzhk nghUshjhur;rpf;fdq;fs; ntspaPl;Lj; njhFjp kw;Wk;
nrwy;gLj;jj; Njitahd cgfuz msT (cjhuzk; Nrkpg;Gj;
njhl;bfs;) vd;gtw;Wfpilapyhd njhlh;gpypUe;J vOfpd;wJ. 10000 fyd;
cw;gj;jpf;fhd nfhs;fyd; nryT ntWk; 10000 fyd;fs; xU nfhs;fyd;
gj;J klq;F nryit tpl kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
3.3.2 th;j;jf my;yJ re;ijg;gLj;jy; rpf;fdq;fs;
(a) nfhs;tdT rpf;fdq;fs; vd;gJ ghhpasT nfhs;tdT fopTfSlhfnfhs;Kjy; tpiyia Fiwg;gjD}lhf fpilg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(b) ruf;fpUg;ig itj;jpUj;jy; kpfTk; tpidj;jpwdhfpd;wJ. mjhtJ cw;gj;jpastpYk; Fiwe;jstpNy ifapUg;G mjpfhpg;G fhzg;gLk; (cjhuzkhf tpw;gid msT ,ul;bj;jhy; Mdhy; ruf;fpUg;G kl;Lk; 1.5 klq;F kl;Lk; mjpfhpf;Fk;).
(c) ghhpasT tpw;gid tpepNahf nryTfs; kw;Wk; tpsk;gur;nryTfspYk; rpf;fdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
(d) gug;Gr;rpf;fdq;fs; vd;gJ gue;jstpy; nghUl;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk;cUthFk; nryTr; rpf;fdq;fshFk;. cjhuzkhf gy;nghUs; mq;fhbfs; mtw;wpd; vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l Milfs;> ,ir kw;Wk; jpiug;glq;fs; kw;Wk;; kpd;nghUl;fs; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;sd. Mdhy; ,tw;Wld; nraw;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;mq;fhbfs; kw;Wk; ,Ug;gpl Kiwikfs;; Nrh;g;gjd;%yk; mth;fs; ,e;j nghUl;fSf;F rpwg;G tpw;gidahsh;fspdhy; nryTfis tpl toq;fg;gLjy; kpfTk; Fiwthd Nkyjpf nrytpidr; nrYj;jpAs;shh;fs;;.
3.3.3 epWtdr; rpf;fdq;fs; ,it tzpfj;ij elj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhd nryTfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(a) eph;thfk; Muha;r;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk;> kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gdjdpegh; nraw;ghl;L miktplq;fspy; (cjhuzk; kiwKf cw;gj;jpr;nryT) nryT Rikfisf; Fiwf;Fk;.
(b) Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; mjpf jpwd; gad;ghL>Kfhikj;Jt vz;zpf;ifkw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;it Coph;fs; ntspaPl;il mNjasT tPjj;jpy; mjpfhpf;fKbahJ. cjhuzkhf> 100 gLf;ifaiwfisf; nfhz;l N`hl;ly; kw;Wk; 1000 gLf;ifaiwfisf; nfhz;l N`hl;ly; vd;gd xNunahU nghJ Kfhikapdh;> jiyik rkay;fhuh; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
(c) rpwg;G Copah; gzj;ijr; Nrkpg;gh; Vnddpy; nghpa epWtdq;fs;jfty;njhopDl;gk; kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk; fzf;Fg;gjptpay; Nghd;wJiwfspy; rpwe;j Copah;fis mkh;j;Jtjd;%yk; mth;fsJ jpwd;fs;KOikahf gad;gLj;jKbAk;.
3.3.4 epjpr;rpf;fdq;fs;
Draft Version
454 CA Sri Lanka
ngUk;ghyhd epWtdq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; tq;fpf; $Wfspy; tl;bf;nfhLg;gdthdJ ngUQ;nrythff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ghhpa epWtdq;fs; nghJthf gpd;TUk; epjpapay; rpf;fdq;fis mDgtpf;fpd;wd.
(a) rpwe;j nrhj;J/Gus;T tpfpjk; ghhpa epWtdq;fs; NkNy tpghpf;fg;gl;lnjhopDl;gr;r;f;fdq;fs; fhuzkhf mth;fsJ tpw;gid tUkhdk; rhh;gstpy; Fiwthd nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. MfNt Fiwe;jsthf fld; Njitahifahy; Gus;ittpl Fiwe;j tl;btPjj;ij mit nrYj;jNtz;baNjitapUe;jJ.
(b) kypthd epjp KjyPl;lhsh;fs; cah; el;lmr;rj;jpw;F cah;,yhgj;ijNatpUk;Gth;. ghhpa epWtdq;fs; ghjfhg;Gf;F cj;juthjkhf
tpiykjpg;gw;w nrhj;Jf’fis nfhz;bUj;jy;> re;ijg;gq;if cWjpahff;
nfhz;bUj;jy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; el;lmr;rj;ij Fiwthff; nfhz;bUg;gijNa tpUk;Gth;.gl;bayplg;gl;l epWtdq;fSk; gq;Fg;ghpth;j;jidr; re;ijapy; gq;Ffis tpw;gjD}lhf epjpia jpul;bf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l msTj;jpl;ll rpf;fd %yq;fs; G+uzkhditay;y.
cq;fshy; rpe;jpf;ff;$ba NtW Vtw;iwNaDk; thpirg;gLj;Jf.
(a) Copah;fs; rpwpa epWtdq;fist tpl ghhpa epWtdq;fspNy rpwe;j njhopy;
Kd;Ndw;wq;fis vjph;ghh;g;gjhy; ghhpa epWtdq;fs; rpwe;j Copah;fis
Ntiyf;fkh;j;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa Copah;fs; tpisj;jpwDlDk;
tpidj;jpwDlDk; nraw;gLtjhy; Ntiy toq;Fgthpd;
gzj;ijNrkpf;fpd;wdh;. kw;Wk; gaDs;sth;fshf ,Ug;gjy; Kjyhsp
gzj;ijr; Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
(b) Kfhik njhlh;ghd njhopy; rpwg;Gj;Njh;r;rp fhuzkhf Kfhikj;Jtr;
rpf;fdq;fs; Vw;gLtJld; ntspaPl;L mjpfhpg;Gld; myFf;fhd
Kfhikj;Jtr;nryT FiwtilAk;.
(c) epWtdk; jpwd;kpF tpsk;guq;fspD}lhfTk; kw;Wk; njhopy; thz;ikkpf;f
tpepNahf];j;jh;fs; kw;Wk; rpwe;j tpepNahf topKiwfspD}lhfTk;
re;ijg;gLj;jy; rpf;fdq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.
(d) ghhpa epWtdq;fs; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;nfd ngUksT tsq;fis
xJf;fPL nra;aKbAk;. Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp epWtdq;fspd;
ePz;lfhy epiyj;jpUg;Gf;F mtrpakhdJld; nghpa epWtdq;fs;
tpUj;jpailaTk; tha;g;ghf mikfpd;wJ.
tpdh msTj;jpl;l rpf;fdq;fs;
tpil
Draft Version
454 CA Sri Lanka
3.4 Gwr;rpf;fdq;fs;
mfr;rpf;fdq;fs; xU jdpepWtdj;jpw;F ed;ikaspg;gJ Nghd;W xU ifj;njhopypYs;s midj;J epWtdq;fs;%yk; rhj;jpakhd nghJ ed;ikfisAk; mDgtpf;Fk;.,J Gwr;rpf;fdq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
msTj;jpl;lr; rpf;fdq;fs; ifj;njhopy; msT tsh;rpailAk;NghJ Vw;gLfp;dwJ. ,q;Nf %d;W cjhuzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(a) nghpastpyhd jpwd; Copag;gil cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; (ntspthhp)fy;tpr;Nritfs; Gjpa gapw;rp tUiffs;Clhf Vw;ggLj;jKbAk;. ,JepWtdqlfspd; gapw;rpr;nryTfisf;Fiwf;fKbAk;.
(b) tpNrl Jizf;ifj;njhopy;fs; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjD}lhf $Wfistoq;fy;. ,Wjpg;nghUl;fis nfhz;Lnry;yy;> cg nghUs; tpahhuk;> tpNrlNrit toq;fy; Nghd;wit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. cjhuzkhf rl;l epWtdq;fs; ifj;njhopy; tptfhuq;fspy; epGzj;Jtk; kw;Wk; cs;sfr; rl;lf;FOf;fis guhkhpg;gjw;fhd nryit Nrkpf;fKbAk;.
(c) murhq;f cjtp ngUksT njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;f my;yJVw;Wkjp tUkhdq;fis ciog;gjw;F toq;fg;glyhk;.mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; jfty;njhopDl;gk;> gRikr;rf;jp> kw;Wk;caphpay;njhopDl;g ifj;njhopy;fs; Nghd;wd ,jpypUe;J ed;ikiag;ngWfpd;wd.
3.5 msTj;jpl;lr; rpf;fdkpd;ikfs;
epWtdk; jdJ msTf;fg;ghy; cw;gj;jpapyPLgLifapy; ePz;lfhyj;jpy; msTj;jpl;lr;rpf;fdq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk; vd nghUspay; Nfhl;ghLfs; vjph;T $Wfpd;wJ. rhj;jpakhd rpf;fdkpd;ikfSf;Ff; fhuzq;fshf nghpa epWtdqlfspd; Kfhikj;Jt> khdpl kw;Wk; elj;ijhPjpahd gpur;rpidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.ghhpa epWtdj;jpy; Kfhikj;Jt gbepiyapy; gy;NtW epiyfspy; tpUk;gj;jhfhj gy tpisTfs; fhzg;glyhk;.
(a) jfty; kw;Wk; mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Fjy; Nghd;wit fbdkhditahfkhwpAs;sJ.
(b) fl;lisr; rq;fpyp kpf ePz;ljhfTk; Kfhikj;Jtk; $l njhiytpy;,Ug;gjhy; eltbf;ifs; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;il ,of;Fk;.
(c) CopAh;fSf;fpilapy; kdcWjp kw;Wk; Cf;fk; Nkrkhfp NtWgl;l,yf;Ffd; %yk; NtWgl;l jpisf;fsq;fSf;fpilNa Nkhjy;fs;Vw;glyhk;.
(d) rpNu];u Kfhikj;Jtk; jukhd KbTfis vLf;f NghJkhdsTNjitahd midj;J jfty;fis cs;thq;f rpukkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
(e) mjpfhuj;jpd; epiyfs; mjpfhpf;fyhk;.
xU epWtdk; njhopDl;gr; rpf;fdkpd;ikapidAk; mDgtpf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf mjpfhpf;Fk;; nghwpj;njhFjpapd; msT kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs; ghhpa eph;thfr;nryit Vw;gLj;JtNjhL Neub cw;gj;jpr; nryTfs; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjdhy; nkhj;jr;ruhrhpr; nrytpid mjpfhpf;fr;nra;Ak;.
Draft Version
454 CA Sri Lanka
,itnay;yhk; mfr;rpf;fdkpd;ikfshFk;. vt;thnwdpDk; Gwr;rpf;fdkpd;ikfSk; fhzg;gLtNjhL ifj;njhopy; tsh;r;rpailtjdhy; ifj;njhoypYs;s vy;yh epWtdq;fisAk; ghjpf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fshd vz;nza; my;yJ thA Kjyhdtw;iw msTf;F kPwp gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ tsg;gw;whf;Fiwia Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,J ruhrhp cw;gj;jpr; nrytpid mjpfhpf;Fk;.
rpf;fdkpd;ik eilKiwj;jhf;fkhdJ fk;gdpfs; rpf;fdq;fspypUe;J Fwpg;gpl;lsT KOed;ikiaAk;ngWk;. Mdhy; mit nghpjhf Vw;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. mt;thW nra;jhy; nryTf;fl;Lg;ghL tYtpog;gJld; mJ epWtd tpidj;jpwdpd;ikf;F VJthfTk; mikAk;.
3.6 Fiwe;jgl;r tpidj;jpwdsT (MES)
nfhLf;fg;gl;l nghUshjhur;rpf;fd vz;zf;fUtpy; xU epWtdk; mile;J nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd KOrhj;jpar; nghUshjhu msTj;jpl;lr; rpf;fdq;fs; ,opTkl;ltpidj;jpwdhFk;.
,opT tpidj;jpwd; msT kl;lnkd;gJ epWtdk; mile;J nfhs;sf;$ba ,opTr;ruhrhpr; nryTf;fhd ,opT ntspaPl;L kl;lkhFk;. epWtdk; ,opTr;rpf;fdq;fSf;Ff; fPo; cw;gj;jpnra;Akhdhy; myFf;fhd cw;gj;jpr;nrytdJ nghpa Nghl;bahsh;fis tpl cah;thff; fhzg;glyhk;.,jd;fUj;J epWtdk; ntw;wpfukhfNghl;baplKbahnjd;gJld; ,J Fiwe;j ,yhgj;ij my;yT el;lj;ijf;$l Vw;gLj;Jk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 455
Rs
C A
PO Market price
C B Long run average cost
Q A Q MES Q B Quantity
cU 14.7 epWtdq;fsJ ,yhgj;jpy; MES jhf;fk;
cU 14.7y; Fwpg;gpl;l ifj;njhopy; <Lgl;Ls;s epWtdq;fspd; ePz;lfhy ruhrhpr; nryTf; Nfhl;ilf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
epWtdk; AMdJ QA apy; cw;gj;jpy; nra;jhy; myFf;fhd nryT CA
MFk;. ,J ,opT kl;ltpidj;jpwdhff; fhzg;glkhl;lhJ.epWtdk; BQB apy;
cw;gj;jpy; nra;jhy; myFf;fhd nryT CB MFk;. mJ ifj;njhopYf;F rhj;jpakhd ,opTr;nrythff; fhzg;gLk;.
epWtdk; BMdJPotpy; re;ijtpiyapid tpjpg;gpd;> epWtdk; A apy;, CA-
PomsT ,og;ig Rkj;Jk; tifapy; Po – CB vd;wsT jdJ,yhgj;jpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. ,e;epiyikahdJ ifj;njhopypypUe;J A epWtdj;jpw;fhd
Gwk; ePf;fyhFk;.
,opT msTj;jpl;lrpf;fdkhdJ (MES) ifj;njhopYf;F ifj;njhopy; NtWgLk;. th;zjahhpg;G ifj;njhopypy; cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;>
cr;r nghUshjhu msTj;jpl;lr; rpf;fdq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjwF 15%
j;ij nfhz;bUg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. ,JNghy; ciwAzT cw;gj;jpfspy; 25%
re;ijg;gq;F mtrpakhdjhFk;.
rpy ifj;njhopy;fspy; ,opTtpidj;jpwd; msTj;jpl;lkhdJ nkhj;jjahhpg;Gj;
ifj;;njhopy; tpw;gisapy; 50% kpifntspaPl;L kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;glyhk;. ,J
,aw;ifj;jdpAhpikj;jd;ikf;F toptFg;gNjhL xd;wpypUe;njhd;W vy;yhf; ifj;njhopYf;Fk; Nghl;biaj; J}z;Lk;. cjhuzkhf nghJtoq;fy; Nritfs; (thA rpypz;lh;fs;> gpujhd kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; ePh;> kw;Wk; epiyahd njhiyNgrpfs;) kw;Wk; Gifapuj;Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gtw;wpy; fl;llr;nryT kw;Wk; tiyg;gpd;dy; guhkhpg;G vd;gdtw;wpf;F kPsr;nrYj;Jtjw;F Fwpg;gplg;l;lsTtpw;gid re;ijg;gq;iff; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;.
Draft Version
456 CA Sri Lanka
,yhgj; jd;ikf;fhd mbg;gil epge;jidahdJ xl;Lnkhj;j tUkhdkhdJxl;Lnkhj;j nryTfistpl mjpfhpj;jhff; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.epWtdq;fs; vt;thW ,yhgj;ij ciof;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsq;fpf;;nfhs;tjw;fhf> ntspaPL khw;wkilAk; NghJ fpuaq;fs; vt;thW khw;wkilAk;vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; mtrpakhFk;.
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; vy;iy tpisT tpjpahdJ xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;FNkw;gl;lcw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; epiyahd ,Ue;jhy;> Mdhy; Vida fhuzpfsJ cs;sPLmjpfhpj;jhy;> xt;nthU Nkyjpf cs;sPl;L njhlh;r;rpahf tPo;r;rpailaj;njhlq;Ftjd;%yk; Nkyjpf ntspaPL cUthf;fg;gLk;.
mfr;rpf;fdq;fs; njhopy;El;gk;> re;ijg;gLj;jy;> epWtd kw;Wk; epjpf;fhuzq;fshy; Vw;glKbAk;.
Gwr;rpf;fdq;fs; gapw;rp ngw;w njhopw;Nrid kw;Wk; Jizr;Nrit kw;Wk;murhq;f cjtpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
rpf;fdkpd;ik rpf;fy;kpf;f cw;gjp nraw;ghL kw;Wk; Fiwe;j tpidj;jpwDs;sepWtd mikg;G vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
mj;jpaha RUf;fk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 457
1 Vd; nghUspay; rpf;fdkpd;ikfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd?
2 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vg;gjkhdJ gue;jstpyhd cw;gj;jp njhpTfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; epWtdq;fs; nryitf;Fiwf;Fk; re;jh;g;gq;fis tpghpf;fpd;wJ?
A Gwr;rpf;fdk; B mjpfhpf;Fk; nghUshjhu ghpzhkk; C epjpr;rpf;fdk; D gug;Gr;rpf;fdk;
3 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ gwr;rpf;fdq;ff;F cjhuzkhFk;?
A. gpuNjrj;jpd; Ntiyapd;ik Fiwtiltjd; fhuzkhf $ypr;nryTmjpfhpj;jy;
B. epWtdk; cah;e;jsthd ntspaPl;L mstpd;%yk; jpwikahd Kfhikahsh; Copaj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;
C. Fiwe;jsthd nryTldhd njhiyj;njhlh;G tphpthf;f ,izg;G,t;tpizg;ghdJ Kd;dh; ,t;tpizg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;buhj ehl;bd;gpuNjrq;fis ,izf;Fk;;
D. epWtdj;jpDila kypthd milahsk; epWtdj;jpdJ re;ijg;gq;ifmjpfhpg;gJld; cWjpj;jd;ikiaAk; nfhz;bUg;gjid mq;fPfhpg;gjw;fhdkypthd epjpaply;.
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;ir
Draft Version
458 CA Sri Lanka
1 rpf;fdkpd;ikfs; gpur;rpidfshtJld; epWtdq;fs; ghhpastpy; tsh;r;rpailAk;NghJ ,J tpidj;jpwdhf Kfhiknra;aKbahjpUf;Fk;.
njhlh;ghly; fbdkhfyhk;. Vnddpy; alienation Cf;Ftpg;G ghjpf;fg;g;gLtNjhL
rpNu];u Kfhikahsh; fpilf;fj;jf;fjd ghhpaT njhifapy; mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis milahsk; fhz;gJ fbdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
2 tpilD. gue;jstpyhd cw;gj;jpfSlhf epiyahd nryTfis itj;jpUg;gjd; fhuzkhf gug;Gj;jd;ik Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
3 tpilC.,J xU mfr;rpf;dkhFk A rpf;fdkpd;ik
B mfr;rpf;fdk;
D mfr;rpf;fdk;
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;irf;fhdf tpilfs;
Draft Version
253
M3
15 mj;jpahak;
fpuaq;fs;> tUkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; mwpKfk; :
,t; mj;jpahakhdJ fpuag;gFgha;thdJ vt;thW tpahghuq;fspdJ ntspaPL> tpiykl;lk;> kw;Wk; ,yhgk; vd;gtw;wpid mile;J nfhs;s mDkjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gjid ghPl;rpg;gJld; tpahghur;#oy; fye;Jilahlypid epiwTWj;Jfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
254 CA Sri Lanka 254
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fq;fs;
1 nkhj;jnryTfs; (TC) kw;Wk; vy;iy nryTfs; (MC)
2 cj;jk ntspaPL tpiy kw;Wk; ,yhgj;ij fzpg;gply;
1 nkhj;jnryT (TC) kw;Wk; vy;iy nryTfs; (MC)
nkhj;j nryTfs; (TC) kw;Wk; vy;iy nryTfshsit njhlh;gpy; (MC)
nkhj;j nryT Nfhl;bd; rhpthdJ ntspaPL mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ nryT
mjpfhpg;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. MfNt nkhj;j epiyahd nryTf;NfhL G+r;rpa
rhpitf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Vnddpy; epiyahd nryTfs; ntspaPl;Lld;
mjpfhpf;fkhl;lhJ. nkhj;j khWk; nryT tisapahdJ Neh;fzpa rhpitf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; Vnddpy; ntspaPL mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ nkhj;j khWk; nryTfs;
mjpfhpf;Fk;. epiyFj;jhd rha;T tisapfs; XuyFf;fhd mjpfhpj;j khWk;
nryTfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
vy;iyr;nryT vd;gJ Nkyjpfkhf xU myfpid cw;gj;jp nra;tjd;
tpisthf nkhj;jr; nrytpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J khWk;
nryTfs; mjpfhpg;ig xj;jjhf fhzg;gLk; Vnddpy; epiyahd nryTfs;
ntspaPl;Lld; mjpfhpf;fkhl;lhJ. vy;iyr; nrythdJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l
ntspaPl;L kl;lq;fspy; nkhj;j nryTf; Nfhl;il njhl;Lr; nry;Yk;
Gs;spfshy; fhl;l KbAk;.
1.1. nkhj;jr;nryTfs;
ngUk;ghyhd Kaw;rpfs; mjpfsT nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
jPh;khdkhdJ nkhj;j cw;gj;jpr; nryT mjpfhpg;Gf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tjhf
fhzg;gLk;.
nkhj;jr; nryTfs; ,U$Wfis nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. Mit
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 255
epiyahd nryTfs; kw;Wk; khWk; nryTfs; MFk;.
epiyahd nryTfs; : ntspaPl;Lld; mjpfhpf;fkhl;lhJ.
khWk; nryTfs;: ntspaPl;bw;Nfw;g khw;wkilAk; Nghf;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
cU 8.1 MdJ xU czT tpLjpapd; nkhj;j nrytpid vspa cjhuzkhf fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cU 8.1 nkhj;j nryT tisapapfs;
cU 8.1y; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp ftdpf;f.
(a) G+r;rpa njhifapy; khWk; nryT G+r;rpakhf fhzg;gl nkhj;jr; nryT
&gh 20/= Mf fhzg;gLk;.
(b) &gh 20/= Md fpilar;Rf;F rkhe;jukhd nkhj;j epiyahd nryT
nry;fpd;wJ. ,f;NfhlhdJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; cztpd; msT
mjpfhpf;fg;gLk;NghJ mjpfhpf;fkhl;lhJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
(c) xU myF czT cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lhy; nkhj;j khWk; &gh 10/=
MFk;. ,J epiyahd nryT 20/= cld; Nrh;f;fg;gl nkhj;jr; nryT
&gh 30/= Mf mikfpd;wJ.
(d) nkhj;j khWk; nryT Nfhl;bd; rhpthdJ czTf;fhf khWk; nrytpdhy;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
(e) nkhj;j nryTf;NfhlhdJ khWk; nryTf; Nfhl;Lf;F rkhe;jukhf
fhzg;gLtJld; epiyahd nryTf;F NkyhdjhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. ,jd;
fUj;J nkhj;j khWk; nryT tisap ,t;tiuglj;jpy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtkw;wJ. Vnddpy; ,J vg;nghOJk; nkhj;j nryT
tisapia gpujpgypj;J epw;fpd;wJ
kzpj;jpahynkhd;wpw;;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; cztpd; msT
nkhj;j khWk; nryTfs;
nkhj;j nryTfs;
nkhj;jepiyahdnryTfs;
Draft Version
256 CA Sri Lanka 256
cU 8.2 czT myFf;fhd khWk;nryT &gh 10 ypUe;J &.15 Mf mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; tpisTfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cU 8.2 myFf;fhd khWk; nryT mjpfhpg;gpd; jhf;fk;
cU 8.2 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis gw;wp mtjhdpf;Ff.
(a) nkhj;j epiyahd nryT tisap ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vnddpy; ,J
epiyahdyTfs; nrq;Fj;J mr;rpy; nkhj;j nryT NfhL
,ilntl;Lk;NghJ cz;lhd epiyiaf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. G+r;rpa
ntspaPl;by; & 20/= I fhl;LtNjhL ,J epiyahd nryTfs; vdTk;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
(b) nkhj;j khWk; nryTfs; ePf;fg;gl;lJ. Vnddpy; nkhj;j nryT
NfhlhdJ khWk; nryT kl;lj;ij njspthf fhl;Lfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf
%d;W myF czTfSf;F kzpj;jpahynkhd;wpw;F cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;lhy; nkhj;j nryT & 50/=fhzg;gLtNjhL epiyahd nryT
& 20/= MfTk; nkhj;j khWk; nryT & 30/= MfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
(cjhuzk; &gh 50)
(c) myFf;fhd khWk;nryT mjpfhpg;G tpisthdJ nkhj;j nryT
tisapia nrq;Fj;jhf itj;jpUf;Fk;.
1.2 nkhj;j nryTf; Nfhl;bd; rhpT
tiuglk; 8.1 kw;Wk; 8.2 nryTf; NfhLfs; Neh; NfhLfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
(cjhuzk; Neh;NfhL) Neh;NfhL nryTf; NfhLfshdJ epiyahd nryT
mjpfhpf;Fk; tpfpjj;jpw;fhd vLNfhs;fis gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. NkYs;s
cjhuzj;jpy; xt;nthU Nkyjpf kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;Fkhd czTf;fhd mry;
tpiy & 10/= Mf fhzg;gLtNjhL epiyahd nryTfSk; G+r;rpakhf xU
epiyahd tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
(a) nkhj;jr; nryT vztpd; ngWkjp&gh 15 Mf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
kzpj;jpahynkhd;wpw;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; cztpd; msT
(b) nkhj;jr; nryT vztpd; ngWkjp&gh 10 Mf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
Rs
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 257
nryTfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhdJ nryTf; Nfhl;bd; efh;Tfs;%yk;
fhl;lg;gLk;.
tpdh nryT tisap
fPo;tUk; tiuglj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthwhd nkhj;j Nfs;tp tisapapy; TC
apypUe;J TC f;fhd nryT khw;wq;fis milahsk; fhz;f.
cU 8.3 cw;gj;jpapy; NtWgl;l fpua khw;wq;fs;
tpil
tpil cU 8.3 (A) epiyahd nryT mjpfhpg;gpd; tpisitf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,J G+r;rpa ntspaPl;by; nkhj;jr; nryT mjpfhpg;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Vnddpy;
TC1MdJ TC apid xj;jjhf ,Ug;gNjhL ,J myFf;fhd khWk; nrythdJ
mjpfhpf;ftpy;iy vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cU 8.3(b) ahdJ ,U nryTfSk; khWtijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. epiyahd
nrytpd; tPo;r;rpahdJ G+r;rpa ntspaPl;by; nkhj;jr; nrythdJ Fiwtijf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; myFf;fhd khWk; nrytpy; Vw;gLk; tPo;r;rpahdJ
nkhj;jr; nryT tisapapd; rhpthdJ NkYk; rhptiltjd; %yk;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
1.3 vy;iyr; nryT (MC)
vy;iyr; nrythdJ xU myFf;fhd ntspaPl;il mjpfhpg;gjd; tpisthf
nkhj;jr; nrytpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ijf; fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ. Nkyjpf myif
cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd khWk; nrythdJ vy;iyr; nryT vd
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp tisapd; Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spapd; rhpthdJ vy;iyr; nrytpidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
258 CA Sri Lanka 258
cU 8.4 vy;iyr; nryT
tiuglk; 8.4 MdJ nkhj;jr; nryTf; Nfhl;il ntspaPl;L ,lk; 3>13>23 vd;gdtw;wpy; njhl;Lr; nry;tijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
(a) rhpTj; njhLk; Gs;sp mc3MdJ %d;W myFfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd
nkhj;jr; nrythdJ mjpfhpg;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J&gh 3 Mf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(b) mc13 apd; njhLifr; rhpTg; Gs;spahdJ 12 myFfis cw;gj;jpr; nryT
mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhpg;Gr; nryitf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J &gh 1 w;fhd
nryitf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
(c) mc23 njhLifr; rhpTg;Gs;spapid 23 myif cw;gj;jpr; nryT
mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhpg;Gr; nryit fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,J Kd;G %d;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
epiyf;Fj;jhd rhpT njhLifahdJ cah;e;j vy;iyr; nrytpidf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
2 cj;jk ntspaPL> tpiy kw;Wk; ,yhg fzpg;gPL
nkhj;j tUkhdf; NfhL kw;Wk; nkhj;jr; nryTf;NfhL vd;gtw;Wf;fhd
tiugl uPjpahd ,yhgg; gFg;gha;T mZFKiw tisNfhl;L tbtpidf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. nkhj;j tUkhd tisNfhl;bd; tisT gz;lj;jpdJ
tpiyrhh; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpapd; %yk; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nkhj;jr; nryT
Nfhl;bd; tisthdJ cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; Vw;gLk; tpidj;jpwd;
khw;wj;jpidg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 259
2.1. nkhj;j tUkhd tisap
Nfs;tp tpjpapd; gb tpiy FiwAk;NghJ Nfs;tp njhif mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
,J xU epWtdkhdJ gz;lq;fspd; mjpfhpj;j njhifapid tpw;gid
nra;tjw;fhf mjdJ tpiyapidf; Fiwj;J thbf;ifahsh;fis ftu
Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
cU 8.5 MdJ xU epWtdk; vjph;Nehf;Fk; Nfs;tp tisapahdJ vt;thW
nkhj;j tUkhd tisapia jPh;khdpf;fpd;wJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cU 8.5 epWtdj;jpdJ rhpitf; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; nkhj;j tUkhd tisap
tiuglk; 8.5 MdJ epWtdk; vjph;Nehf;Fk; vjph;f;fzpa njhlu;Gila
Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;ilf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. epWtdk; tpiy Mf;Fgtuhf fhzg;gLth;.
Vnddpy; re;ijtpiy tPo;r;rpaile;jhy; epWtdk; mjpfsT nghUl;fis
tpw;gid nra;tjw;F KaYk;.
epWtdk; xU myFf;fhd tpiy &gh 10 Mf epu;zapj;jhy; xU thuj;jpy;
Mapuk; myFfis tpw;gid nra;aKbAk;. mj;Jld; tUkhdkhf &gh
10>000 ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
ntspaPlhdJ 1000 myfpypUe;J 5000 myfhf mjpfhpf;ifapy; tpiy
tPo;r;rpailAk;. Mdhy; nkhj;j tUkhdk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. ,J Nfs;tp
tisapahdJ tpiy nefpo;r;rp cilaJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
epWtdkhdJ tpw;gidia 6000 myFfspy; ,Ue;J 7000 myfhf
mjpfhpf;ifapy; nkhj;j tUkhdkhdJ &gh 30>000 ,Ue;J &gh 28Mf
Draft Version
260 CA Sri Lanka 260
tPo;r;rpailAk;. ,J Nfs;tp tisapahdJ 6000 myFfSf;Fg;gpd;dh; tpiy
nefpo;r;rp mw;wJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
epWtdj;jpdJ tUkhdk; 1000 ,w;F Nkyjpfkhd myFfis myFf;fhd
tpiy &gh 4 ,y; tpw;gid nra;Ak;NghJ (&gh 4000) &gha;f;F 6000
myFfis xU &gha;f;F tpw;gid nra;tjhy; tUkhd ,og;Gfis <L
nra;ahikahy; nkhj;j tUkhdj;jpy; tPo;r;rp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
epWtdq;fs; tpw;gidia 5000 ,ypUe;J 6000 Mf mjpfhpj;jhy; nkhj;j
tUkhdk; &gh 30>000 MFk;. ,jd; fUj;J 5000 w;Fk; 6000 w;Fkpilahd
Vw;gLk; myFfspy; myF tpiyrhh; Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
2.2 ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; Gs;sp
2.2.1 cUtg;glk;
cU 8.6 MdJ tUkhdk; kw;Wk; Nfs;tp tisNfhLfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ
cU 8.6 ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; Gs;sp
cU 8.6 MdJ S tbTila nkhj;jr; nryTf; Nfhl;ilf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,J NtWgl;l ntspaPl;L mjpfhpg;G nray;jpwd; kl;lq;fis gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
mj;Jld; ,J tisNfhl;L tbtpyhd nkhj;j tUkhdf; Nfhl;ilf;
fhl;LtNjhL ghhpasT ntspaPLfs; tpw;gid nra;Ak;NghJ tpiy
Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Njit fhzg;gLtijAk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. nkhj;j
tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nkhj;j NfhLfs; rkg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; ,U tifahd
rkepiyj; njhiffs; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. mitahtd Q1Q2 Gs;spfs; MFk;.
,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; ntspaPl;L kl;lg;Gs;sp Qpm MFk;. ,q;F nkhj;j
tUkhdk; RpmCpm ,ilntspapyhd nghpasT njhifahy; nkhj;jr; nryit
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. nkhj;j tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nkhj;j nryTfspy;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 261
fpilar;Rf;fpilahd ,ilntspahdJ nkhj;j msT tpiyia
kjpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
2.2.2 ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; Gs;spf;fhd tiugl uPjpahd tpsf;fk;.
,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; Gs;spahdJ vt;thW ngwg;gLk; vd;gij
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;F nkhj;jr; nryT kw;Wk; nkhj;j tUkhd NfhLfis
ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
ntspaPlhdJ Q1 w;F Nkyhf mjpfhpg;gpd; nkhj;jr; nryTf;NfhL kw;Wk;
nkhj;j tUkhdf; NfhLfs; gphpgLtNjhL xt;nthd;Wk; ntspaPl;L kl;lk; Qpm
milAk; tiu NkYk; fhzg;gLk;. ntspaPl;L kl;lk; Qpm w;F Nkyhf
mjpfhpj;jhy; nkhj;jr; nryTf;NfhL kw;Wk; nkhj;j tUkhdf; NfhLfs;
xd;wpiztJld; xd;wpw;nfhd;W neUf;fkhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
MfNt Gs;sp PqQp ,y; mth;fsJ Gs;spfSf;fpilapy; ,ilntsp fhzg;gLk;.
Qpm ,w;F fPohd ntspaPl;L kl;lj;jpy; NfhLfs; NkYk; ,ilntspfSld;
fhzg;gLtJld;> ,yhgj;ij mjpfhpf;f Ntz;bd; ntspaPl;L mjpfhpg;G ,lk;
khw Ntz;Lk;. Gs;sp Qpm apw;F Nkyhd ntspaPl;L kl;lq;fspy; NfhLfs;
neUq;fp xd;wpiztNjhL ,jdJ fUj;J nkhj;j ,yhgk; FiwtilAk;
vd;gjhFk;. ,t; vLNfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; epWtdk; ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy;
Nehf;fj;Jld; epWtdq;fs; Qpm y; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2.2.3 ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; Gs;spapy; vy;iyr; nryT vy;iy tUkhdj;jpw;F
rkkhf fhzg;gLk;.
vy;iy tUkhdk; vd;gJ(MR) Nkyjpfkhf xU myfpid tpw;gjd;%yk;
nkhj;j tUkhdf; Nfhl;by; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cU 8.6y; nkhj;j tUkhd tisapahdJ Qpm ntspaPl;L kl;lj;jpy;
njhLtijf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,j;njhLiff;F rhpthdJ ,g;Gs;spapy; nkhj;j
tUkhdf; Nfhl;bd; rhptpid xj;jjhf fhzg;gLk;. ,r;rhpthdJ vy;iy
tUkhdkhdJ nghUspd; ,Wjp myF tpw;gidapypUe;J ngwg;gLtjhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Draft Version
262 CA Sri Lanka 262
nkhj;jr; nryTf; Nfhl;bd; rhpthdJ Nkyjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
myFf;fhd nryT mjpfhpg;gpid fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J vy;iyr; nrythFk;.
cU 8.6y; ,uz;L njhiffSk; xNu rhpitf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. NtWtifapy;
$wpd; thpr; nrythdJ vy;iy tUkhdj;jpy; rkkhff; fhzg;gLk;. Vnddpy;
nkhj;j tUkhdk; nkhj;j tuTf; nfhLfs; gphpgLtjw;Fk; xd;wpiza
Muk;gpg;gjw;Fkhd tpNrl Gs;spahFk;. ,J ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; Gs;spahff;
fhzg;gLtJld; ,q;F vy;iy tUkhdk; vy;iyr; nryT Gs;spfs; rkkhf
fhzg;gLk;.
ntspaPl;L kl;lk; Qpm y; kpf rkPgj;jpa myF tpw;gidapypUe;J ngwg;gLk;
nkhj;j tUkhdj;Jld; vy;iy tUkhdk; mjpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; nkhj;jr;
nrytpd; tpisthf mjw;Fr; nrythf vy;iyr; nryT fhzg;gLk;.
(a) Qpm ntspaPl;L kl;;lj;jpw;fhd Gs;spapy; Nkyjpf myF tpw;gid %yk;
ngwg;gLk; tUkhdk; mjid cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nkhj;jr; nryittpl
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLtJld; (MR>MC) epWtdk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; msit
mjpfhpg;gjd;%yk; ,yhgj;jpid mjpfhpf;f KbAk;.
(b) Qpm w;F fPohd ntspaPL kl;lj;jpy; Nkyjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
myfpw;fhd nrythdJ mjpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; tUkhdj;ijtpl mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLtNjhL ,J cw;gj;jp msitf; Fiwg;gjd;%yk; ,yhgk;
mjpfhpg;gijf; Fiwf;Fk;.
(c) vdNt gpd;tUk; epiyikfs;; fhzg;gl KbAk;. Q-Qpm y; Nkyjpf myF
cw;gj;jpapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; nkhj;jr; nrythdJ mjid tpw;gid
nra;Ak; nkhj;jr; nrytpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; tUkhdj;jpw;Fr; rkdhf
fhzg;gLk;.
2.3 gy;NtWgl;l re;ijfspy; ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy;
ehq;fs; mbg;gil ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; gw;wpNa ftdk; nrYj;jpNdhk;.
Mdhy; filrp mj;jpahaj;jpy; gy;NtWgl;l re;ijfspy; vt;thW cs;sJ vd
Nehf;FNthk;
2.4. J}a epiwNghl;b – FWq;fhyr; rkepiy
cU 8.7 MdJ FWq;fhyj;jpy; epWtdk; Mf;Ffpd;w mrhjhuz ,yhg
Nfs;tpr; nryTf; NfhLfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. tpiyP1 y; Nfs;tpf;NfhlhdJ
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 263
fpilahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fpilar;Rf; NfhlhdJ re;ij KOtjw;Fkhd
epiyahd tpiyia epWtdk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. epWtdk;
cah;e;j tpiyia epu;zapf;Fkhapd; mJ mjdJ epuk;gy; midj;ijAk;
,of;f NehpLk;. Vnddpy; Efh;Nthh; J}a epiwNghl;b re;ij gw;wpa
jfty;fis mwpe;jpUg;gNjhL gFj;jwpthd Kiwapy; nraw;gLtjdhy; xj;j
nghUl;fis kw;WnkhU epuk;gyhshplkpUe;J Fiwe;j tpiyapy;
thq;fpf;nfhs;th;. re;ij tpiyiatpl Fiwthd tpiyg;Gs;sp
fhzg;glkhl;lhJ. Vnddpy; epWtdkhdJ mjDila vy;yh
ntspaPLfisAk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpiyapNyNa tpw;gid nra;a KbAk;.
MfNt epWtdj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp tisapahdJ tpiy P1 G+uz
nefpo;r;rpAilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.
Nfs;tp tisapadhJ vy;iy tUkhd tisap G+uz nefpo;r;rpAilajhff;
fhzg;gLtjhy; tpiy P1 y; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; xt;nthU Gjpa myFk;
nkhj;j tUkhdj;ij mNj njhif P1 My; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
cU 8.7 FWq;fhy mrhjhuz ,yhgk;.
cU 8.7 ruhrhp nkhj;jr; nryT tisap (ATC) kw;Wk; vy;iyr; nryT
tisap vd;gtw;iwAk; MCtisapahdJ (ATC) tisapia ATC apd; ,opTg;
Gs;spapy; ntl;Ltijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,e;j Nfs;tp tisapfs;
kw;Wk; D1 Nfs;tp tisapapy; epWtdk; Q1vd;wsTntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; mq;F MC tisapahdJ fpilf;NfhL MR I C Gs;spapy;
ntl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; ntspaPl;L kl;lk; MFk;. (MC = MR)
Fwpg;G – vt;thnwdpDk; ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; ntspaPl;L kl;lkhdJ
njhopDl;g tpidj;jpwd; kl;lj;jpw;F rkdhf fhzg;glkhl;lhJ. ,J Gs;sp E
Draft Version
264 CA Sri Lanka 264
apy; ,lk;ngWk;. ,J ruhrhpr; nryT (ATC) OR ,opT kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
tiutpyf;fzj;jpy; njhopDl;g tpidj;jpwdhdJ epWtdj;jpdJ ntsaPl;L
kl;lk; mjdJ ruhrhpr; nryT ,opTgLj;jg;gLk; epiyapy; milag;gLfpd;wJ.
cU 8.7y; Gs;sp Q1y; ruhrhp tUkhdk; ruhrhp tpiyiatpl cah;thff;
fhzg;gLk;. vdNt epWtdk; mrhjhuz ,yhgj;ij cioj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.
nrt;tfk; ABCD ahy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; mrhjhuz yhgk; Gjpa
epWtdq;fis njhopYf;Fs; fth;tNjhL tpiyia Fiwtilar; nra;Ak;.
,g;Gjpa epiyikahdJ 8.8y; fhl;lg;gLtNjhL mq;F Gjpatpiy P2MfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,q;F ,yhgj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg;gjpyhf epWtdq;fs; mDgtpf;Fk;
el;lkhdJ nrt;tfk; W,X,Y,Z My; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. kPz;Lk; epWtdkhdJ
MC = MR MFkplj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. MC = MR MFkplj;jpy; Q2vd;w
ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. xU epWtdk; FWq;fhyj;jpw;F ,ij njhpT
nra;tNjhL ePz;lfhyj;jpy; tUkhdkhdJ mjdJ khWk; nrytpdhy;
ngwg;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; MC = MR MdJ ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy;
tpiyapidtpl ,og;G ,opTgLj;jg;gLk; tpiyapy; fhzg;gLk;.
cU 8.8 FWq;fhy ,og;G
ePz;l fhyj;jpy; vt;thwhd ,yhgq;fs; Vw;gbDk; epWtdq;fs; njhopYf;F
epuk;gy; mjpfhpg;gNjhL mJ epuk;gy; tPo;r;rpf;Fk; toptFf;Fk;. mNjNghd;W
,og;Gf;fs; Vw;gLkplj;J epWtdq;fs; njhopiytpl;L ntspNaw tpiy
mjpfhpf;Fk;. rhjhuz ,yhgkhf ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mth;fs; tsq;fis
ifj;njhopYf;F cs;NsNah my;yJ ntspNaNah khw;Wtjw;fhd
rkpf;i[ahf mJ fhzg;gLk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 265
Kf;fpakhf me;epWtdj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpf; NfhL fpilahf ,Uf;Fk; Vnddpy;
epWtdj;jpDila tpiy Vw;ghsuhfNt fhzg;gLk;. xU epWtdk;
vjph;Nehf;Fk; Nfs;tp tisapahdJ fpilf;NfhL ,y;yhkYk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
ifj;njhopiyg; nghWj;J mjdJ nefpo;r;rp NtWgLk;. Mdhy; ,J
toikahf rhjhuz vjph;fzpa rhpTila Nfs;tpf; Nfhlhff; fhzg;gLk;.
mNjNghy; re;ij epuk;gy; NfhlhdJ ghuk;ghpa Kiwapy; Nky;Nehf;fp
nry;tjDila tisapahf fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
fpNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s cU 8.9y; njhopYf;fhd Nfs;tp epuk;gy; tisapfis fhl;Lk;.
cU 8.9 G+uz epiwNghl;b njhopYf;fhd Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy;
ifj;njhopypy; Nfs;tp epuk;gy; khjphpahdJ J}a epiwNghl;b ifj;njhopy;
epWtdkhdJ el;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mrhjhuz ,yhgj;jpypUe;J
nry;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ Gjpa ifj;njhopy; epWtdq;fspy; tUif vd;gtw;iw
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
Gjpa nghUl;fspd; mwpKfkhdJ ifj;njhopypdJ epuk;gy; Nfhl;bid S
ypUe;J S1Mf ntspg;Gwk; Nehf;fp efh;tilAk; (tiuglk; 8.10) ,t;
efh;thdJ tpiyapid P1,Ue;J P1Mf tPo;r;rpailar; nra;tNjhL jdpnahU
epWtdk; re;ij tpiyapid mrhjhuz ,yhgj;jpypUe;J el;lj;jpid Nehf;fp
efh;j;jpr; nry;Yk;.
Draft Version
266 CA Sri Lanka 266
cU 8.10 Gjpa tUifapdhy; ifj;njhopy; epuk;gypd; epiy jhf;fk;
2.5 G+uz epiwNghl;b– ePz;lfhyr; rkepiy
G+uz epiwNghl;b re;ijapy; epWtdk; re;ij tpiyapy; jiyaPL nra;a
KbahJs;sJld; ruhrhp tUkhd tisapahdJ fpilahff; fhzg;gLk;.
epWtdj;jpDila U tisapahdJ ,yhgj;ijf; Fiwg;gNjhL el;lk; Vw;gl;l
Ntisapy; ifj;njhopiy tpl;L ntspNawpa epiyia ehk; ghh;j;Njhk;.
vt;thnwdpDk; ePz;lfhyj;jpy; ,e;efh;Tfs; ePf;fg;gl;lNjhL xU ePz;lfhyr;
rkepiyapy; ifj;njhopy; epWtdq;fs; epiyj;jpUf;ff;$bajhd ,yhgj;ij
kl;LNk cioj;Js;sJ.
mq;F epWtdq;fs; cs;Eiotjw;Nfh/ntspNaWtjw;Nfh Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;
,y;iy.
(a) re;ijtpiy p – ahdJ re;ijapYs;s midj;J jdpg;gl;l epWtdq;fSk;
fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tpiyahFk;.
(b) epWtdkhdJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l vy;iy tUkhdj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy; c
(G+uz epiwNghl;br; re;ijapd; fl;lha epge;jid) kw;Wk; G+uz
epiwNghl;b re;ij epuk;gy; tisap mJ MR = MC apy; jPh;khdpf;Fk;.
gpd;dh; MC tisap jdpg;gl;l epuk;gy; tisapia ghjpg;gilar; nra;Ak;
(cU 8.11 (ii)) MdJ re;ij epuk;gy; tisapiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. cU
8.11(ii) y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ftdj;jpw;nfhs;f.
(c) Efh;Nthh; kpifahdJ P f;F Nkyhd Nfs;tpf;Nfhl;bd; ,lJ gug;gpdhy;
gpujpgypf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
(d) epWtdkhdJ mjDila nryT tpidj;jpwd; Gs;spapNyNa nraw;gLk;.
(ruhrhpr; nryTf; Nfhl;bd; ,opTg;Gs;sp)
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 267
cU 8.11 J}a epiw Nghl;br; re;ijapy; ePz;l fhy rkepiy
cU 8.11 (ii) MdJ tpiyapdJ vy;iyr; nrytpw;F rkg;gLk; epiyapy;
jdpepWtdq;fSila eLepiyg;Gs;sp ,lk;ngWtijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
Efh;NthUf;fhd nghUspd; ngWkjpahdJ tpiyahy; mstplg;gLtNjhL
vy;iyr; nrythdJ cw;gj;jpahsh; kw;Wk; gad;ghLila tsq;fspypUe;J
fth;tij mstpLfpd;wJ. mJ ,WjpasT ntspaPl;Lf;fhd tpiy mjdJ
cw;gj;jp nryTf;fhd re;jh;g;gr; nryTf;F rkg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,J xJf;fg;gl;l
tpidj;jpwd; milag;glhikia Rl;bf; fhl;Lk;.
G+uz epiwNghl;bapd; fPo; ePz;lfhy rkepiy epiyikahdJ jdpj;Jtkhff;
fhzg;gLk;. Vnddpy; xJf;fg;gl;l tpidj;jpwid mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd
xNunahU re;ij epiyikahFk;.
ePz;lfhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopypYs;s vy;yh epWtdq;fSk; MR = MC = AC = AR =
tpiy vd;gjhfNth fhzg;gLtNjhL tiuglk; 8.11 (ii) fhl;lg;gl;lJ Nghd;W
Q2 vt;tsT ntspaPl;ilAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Vnddpy; ,e;epiyapy; njhopy;
Kaw;rpahsh; mth;fsJ KjYf;fhd jpl;ltl;lkhd tpisit
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL (rhjhuz ,yhgk;) cj;jkhd Kiwapy; tsq;fspd;
xJf;fPl;il cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tNjhL (xJf;fPl;Lr; nraw;wpwd;) epWtdk;
mth;fSila nryT tpidj;jpwd; Gs;spapy; nraw;gLj;Jk;. G+uz
epiwNghl;b re;ijapd;fPo; nraw;gLk; ePz;lfhy rkepiyahdJ xU
nghUshjhuj;jpw;F rhj;jpakhd xU khjphpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
ii. G+uz epiwNghl;br;re;ijapYs;s jdpepWtdk;
Draft Version
268 CA Sri Lanka 268
2.6 jdpAhpikapy; ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy;
rkepiy Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;ijf;fhd xU epuk;gyhsuhf ,Ug;gjhy;
jdpAhpikahdJ re;ij Nfs;tp tsh;r;rpia vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wJ. ,J
vjph;fzpa rhpTilajhf ,Ug;gNjhL> Nfs;tptpjpia gpujpgypg;gNjhL
tpiyahdJ tpw;gid myF mjpfhpf;fg;gLk;NghJ Fiwf;fg;gLk;.
cU 8.12 MdJ FWq;fhyj;jpy; jdpAhpik epWtdk; vjph;Nehf;Fk; mrhjhuz
,yhgr; rkepiyapidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cU 8.12 jdpAhpikapdJ FWq;fhy rkepiy.
cU 8.12y; Q1y; jdpAhpikapdJ ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;JtNjhL mq;F vy;iy
nryT (MC) vy;iy tUkhdj;jpw;F (MR) rkkhf fhzg;gLk; mj;NjhL ruhrhp
tUkhdk; P1 d; tpiy mstplg;gLk;. jdpAhpik cioj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
mrhjhuz ,yhg nrythd gpuNjrkhd P1 Zy ,d; fPo;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
jdpAhpikahsh; J}aepiw Nghl;biatpl mjpftpiy eph;zapg;gNjhL
Fiwe;jsthd ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp nra;th;. jdpAhpikapdJ ntspaPl;L
kl;lkhdJ ruhrhp nryT ,opT kl;lkpy;yh ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. MfNt
jdpAhpik epiwNghl;br; re;ijiatpl tpidj;jpwd; Fiwe;jjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 269
2.7 jdpAhpikg; Nghl;bapd; ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; rkepiy.
jdpAhpikg; Nghl;b epge;jidfspd; fPo; nraw;gLk; xU epWtdkhdJ
FWq;fhyj;jpy; rkepiyahf mrhjhuz ,yhgj;ij cioj;Jf; nfhs;tNjhL
ePz;l fhy rkepiy mt;thwpUf;f KbahJ. ePz;lfhyj;jpy; jdpAhpikg;
Nghl;bahshpd; cs;tUif jil ,y;yhjpUg;gjhy; mrhjhuz ,yhgj;ij
cioj;Jf;nfhs;s KbahJ. FWq;fhyj;jpy; Gjpa tUiffshy; mrhjhuz
,yhgk; G+uzkhf ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLk;. Nghl;bapd; tpisthf> Nfs;tp
tisapahdJ ,lg;Gwk; Nehf;fp efh;tJld; epWtdkhdJ ,Wjpahf rhjhuz
,yhgj;ij kl;LNk mile;Jnfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
vt;thnwdpDk; FWq;fhyj;jpy; jdpAhpikg; Nghl;b epWtdkhdJ
jdpAhpikia xj;jjhf fhzg;gLk;.
jdpAhpikg; Nghl;br; re;ijapd; FWq;fhy rkepiy fPOs;s tiuglk; 8.13y;
fhl;lg;gLs;sJ. ,J jdpAhpik epWtdk; cioj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mrhjhuz
,yhgj;ij xj;j rkepiyahff; fhzg;gLk;. epWtdk; mrhjhuz ,yhgkhd
(P - A) XQ myfpid tiuglj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLk; gpuNjrkhd PQBA
nrt;tfj;jpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.
cU 8.13 jdpAhpik Nghl;br; re;ijapd; FWq;fhy rkepiy
Fwpg;G epiwNghl;br; re;ij epWtdj;jpd; FWq;fhyr; rkepiyahdJ
jdpAhpikapd; rkepiyia xj;jpUe;Jk; jdpAhpik Nghl;b epWtdj;jpw;fhd
tisapahdJ (ruhrhp tUkhdf; NfhL) mjpf nefpo;r;rpAilajhff;
fhzg;gLk;. Vnddpy; ,J re;ijapYs;s thbf;ifahsh;fs;
nghUl;fSf;fpilapy; njhpit Nkw;nfhs;tNjhL tpsk;gu gpur;rhuq;fspd;
fth;rpfshy; gz;lq;fSf;fpilNa efh;TfSk; fhzg;gl KbAk;. (,J
,t;tifahd re;ij mikg;Gf;fspd; gz;GfshFk;).
Draft Version
270 CA Sri Lanka 270
jdpAhpik Nghl;b epWtdj;jpw;fhd ePz;lfhy rkepiyahdJ tiuglk; 8.14d;
%yk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jdpAhpik epWtdj;jpdJ rkepiy Nghd;W
mrhjhuz ,yhgj;ij ciog;gjpy;iiy. Mdhy; rhjhuz ,yhgj;ij
kl;Lk; cioj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. FWq;fhyj;jpy; cioj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;
mrhjhuzyhgk; Gjpa tUifia fth;tNjhL Nghl;bAk; tpyf;fg;gLk;.
cU 8.14 jdpAhpikNghl;b epWtdnkhd;wpdJ ePz;lfhy rkepiy
re;ijapDs; Gjpjhf Eiogth;fspd; tpisthf Nghl;bj; jd;ikapd;
Nghl;bahd epWtdk; midj;J thbf;ifahsh;fisAk; my;yJ rk
thbf;ifahsh;fis ,of;f NehpLk;. ,J xU Kf;fpakhd Gs;spahFk;.
Vnddpy; epWtdk; gz;lf; Fwp tpRthrj;ij fl;bnaOg;GtjD}lhf Gjpa
Nghl;bahsh;fs; re;ijapDs; Eioe;jNghjpYk; mjDila rpy
thbf;ifahsh;fis jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;s ,aYkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
vt;thnwdpDk;> thbf;ifahsh;fs; ,og;ghdJ Nfs;tpf;Nfhl;bd; ,lJgf;f
efh;tpid gpujpgypg;gNjhL ,yhgkl;l Fiwg;G rhjhuz ,yhgj;ij kl;LNk
gpujpgypf;Fk;.
vt;thnwdpDk; jdpAhpikg;Nghl;b J}aepiwNghl;b Nghy; ePz;lfhyj;jpy;
rhjhuz ,yhgj;ij cUthf;fpapUe;Jk; J}aepiwNghl;bia Nghyd;wp ,J
xJf;fPl;L militNah my;yJ njhopDl;g tpidj;jpwidNah
milaKbahJ.
xJf;fPl;L tpidj;jpwdhdJ tpiy vy;iy nryTf;F rkg;gLk; ,lj;jpy;
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. vdpDk; tiuglk; 8.14 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;lJ Nghd;W tpiy
(P1) ntspaPl;L kl;lk; Q1,y; vy;iy nryittpl cah;thf cs;sJ. (MC =
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 271
MR) ,jd; fUj;J ntspaPL mjpfhpf;Fk; vdNt kf;fs; VidNahh;fis
ghjpf;fhj tifapy; rpwe;j epiyapid mile;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. xJf;fPl;L
nraw;wpwdhdJ tpiy kl;lk; A apYk; QA ve;jsT njhifapYk; milag;gLk;.
rkdpiy ntspaPl;L kl;lj;jpy; ruhrhpr; nryTf; NfhL ,opT kl;lj;jpy;
,y;iy vd;gjhy; njhopDl;g tpidj;jpwd; milag;glkhl;lhJ. ,J
ntspaPl;L njhif QT,y; fhzg;gbd; ,e;epiy milag;gLk;. tiuglk; 8.14
MdJ epWtdk; kpif ,aysitf; nfhz;Ls;sij fhl;LfpwJ. Vnddpy;
njhopDl;g jpwd; kl;lj;jpy; (QT) eilKiw ntspaPl;L kl;lk; Q1vd I tpl
mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk;.
,jd; tpisthf xJf;fPL kw;Wk; njhopDl;g tpidjpwd; ,d;ikahdJ
jdpAhpik Nghl;bapy; ,d;Dk; tpiy mjpfhpg;gjw;F kw;Wk; epiwNghl;b
re;ijiatpl Fiwthf ntspaPl;L kl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
2.8 rpyUhpik kw;Wk; fpd;f;l; Nfs;tp tisap
rpyUhpikr; re;ijapd; mk;rk; xt;nthU epWtdj;jpdJk; tpiyaply; kw;Wk;
ntspaPl;Lj;jPh;khdq;fspy; Nghl;bahsh;fs; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;
nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Nfs;tp epge;jidfs; epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
rpyUhpikahshd; vjph;nfhs;Sk; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf mth; jPh;khdpf;Fk;
tpiy kw;Wk; ntspaPlhdJ mth;fsJ Nghl;bahsh;fs; jPh;khdpf;Fk;
tpiyAld; mike;JtpLfpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;.
xU rpyUhpikahshfs;; vjph;f;fzpa rhpTila Nfs;tpf;Nfhl;il
vjph;Nehf;Fth;. Mdhy; Nfs;tpf;Nfhl;bd; jd;ikahdJ mtdJ
Nghl;bahsh;fspy; vjph;tpisTfspy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;. Nghl;b gpujpgypg;ghy;
Vw;gLk; tpiykhw;wq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,e;epiyikahdJ tiuglk;
8.15y; fhl;lg;gl;lJ Nghd;W fpd;f;l; rpyUhpik Nfs;tp tisap vd
tpghpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
272 CA Sri Lanka 272
cU 8.15 fpd;f;l; rpyUhpik Nfs;tp tisap
fpd;f;;l; Nfs;tp tisapahdJ vt;thW rpyUhpikahsh;fs; re;ijapy; tpiy
];jpuj;jd;ikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gij tpsf;Ftjw;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
jw;NghJ rpyUhpik tpiy P ia eph;zapf;fpd;wJ vdf;nfhs;tNjhL Q msT
ntspaPl;ilAk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ. ,jdJ fUj;J mth; Nfs;tpf;
Nfhl;bd; tpistpy; cw;gj;jpia nra;fpd;whh; vd;gjhFk;.
(a) rpyUhpik mtUila tpiyia P f;F Nkyhf mjpfhpj;jhy; mtdJ
Nghl;bahsh;fs; mth;fsJ tpiyia Fiwthf itj;jpUg;gh; vdJ gy
vz;zpf;ifahd Efh;NthUf;Fg; gjpyhf Nghl;bahsh;fsplkpUe;J
thq;Fth;. cjhuzkhf jdpg;gl;;l ngw;Nwhy; epug;G epiyaq;fs;
vhpnghUs; epug;G epiyaq;fspy; ngw;Nwhypd; tpiyia cah;j;jpf;nfhs;tJ
fbdkhdjhFk;. Nghl;bahsh;fs; mth;fsJ tpiyia
cah;j;jpf;nfhs;shtpl;lhy;> epWtdq;fs; toikahf epWtdq;fs; jq;fsJ
Kd;ida tpiyia kPz;Lk; ngWth;. NtWthh;j;ijapy; $wpd;> Nfs;tp
tisapahdJ mjpfhpf;Fk; ,t;tpiyfspy; nefpo;r;rpAilajhf fhzg;gLk;.
Vnddpy; Efh;Nthh; khw;W epuk;gyhsUf;F khwptpLth;.
(b)kWGwkhf> rpyUhpikahsh; P f;F fPohf mth;fsJ tpiyia Fiwj;jhy;
Nghl;bahsh;fs; mNdfkhf mt;thNw nra;Jnfhs;th;. nkhj;j re;ijf;
Nfs;tp mjpfhpf;Fk;> Mdhy; jdpg;gl;l rpyUhpik cw;gj;jpfspd; mjpfhpg;G
ngUk;ghYk; FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk;. MfNt Nfs;tp fzprkhd tifapy;
tpiy P f;F fPo; nefpo;r;rp Fiwthf fhzg;gLk;. vdNt Nfs;tp
tisapapd; tisT tpiy P f;F Nky; nefpo;r;rpAilajhfTk; tpiy P
f;F fPo; nefpo;r;rpaw;wjhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 273
vy;iy tUkhd tisapahdJ (MC) Nfs;tpf; Nfhl;bd; tisT
fhzg;gLkplj;jpy; ntspaPl;lstpy; njhlh;r;rpaw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk; Nfs;tpf;
Nfhl;bd; tisT vy;iy tUkhd tisapapd; (MR) jd;ikia
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. tpiy P apd; ntspaPL OQ Mf fhzg;gLk; epiyapy; vy;iy
tUkhd tisap epiyf;Fj;jhf tPo;r;rpailAk;; cah;tpiyfspy; vy;iy
tUkhd tisapahdJ mjpf Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk;
tpiy P f;F Fiwthf fhzg;gbd; vy;iy tUkhd tisapahdJ Fiwe;j
Nfs;tp nefpo;r;rpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
2.9 rpyUhpikr; re;ijapd; ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy;.
xU epWtdk; mjdJ ,yhgj;ij MR = MC Mf fhzg;gLk; Gs;spapy;
cr;rg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;fpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; vy;iy tUkhdf; Nfhl;bd;
njhlh;r;rpaw;w epiyikahdJ MR = MC vDk; epiy gy;NtW vz;zpf;ifapy;
fhzg;gLtijf; fUJk;. (cU 8.15 ,y; xy vy;iyahdJ ,jidg;
gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.) vdNt gue;j mstpyhd rhj;jpakhd epiyfs; vy;iyr;
nryTf; Nfhl;by; fhzg;gLtJld; mJ xNuasT ntspaPl;L kl;lj;jpy; xNu
msT ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; ntspaPlhf fhzg;gLk;.
rpyUupikahshpd; nryTf; fl;likg;ghdJ Nkhrkhd my;yJ
Kd;Ndw;wfuhkhd nraw;jpwd;fSld; khw;wkila KbAk;. Mdhy; vy;iyr;
nryTf; NfhlhdJ vy;iy tUkhdf; Nfhl;il mjdJ epiyf;Fj;jhd xy
gFjpapDs; ntl;Ljy; rpyUhpikahsUila tpiy kw;Wk; ntspaPl;Lj;
jPh;khdq;fs; khw;wKbahJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lk;.
cU 8.15y; fhl;lg;gl;lJ Nghd;W vy;iyr;nryT NfhlhdJ MC y; ,Ue;J
MC2Mf efh;tile;jhy; tpiy (P) kw;Wk; njhif (Q) khw;wkilahJ
fhzg;gLk;. ,jDila Kf;fpakhd eilKiwahdJ rpyUhpikapDila
vy;iyr; nryTf; NfhlhdJ nryT khw;wj;ijg; ghjpf;fpDk; tpiy ntspaPl;L
kl;lq;fspy; ghjpg;G fhzg;glkhl;lhJ. mjhtJ mq;F tpiy kw;Wk;
ntspaPl;by; cWjpj;jd;ik fhzg;gLk;. vy;iy tUkhdf; Nfhl;bd;
njhlh;r;rpaw;w jd;ikahdJ Nfs;tp tisapapd; tpisthf tpiy
];jpuj;jd;ikf;F fhuzkhf mikAk;. Vnddpy; mq;FMC = MR vy;iyg;
Gs;spfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;epiyahdJ rpyUhpikapy; xj;j jd;ikiaf;
fhl;Lk;.
cU 8.15y; vy;iyr; nryTf; NfhlhdJ MC Nfhl;bd; J}uj;jpypUe;J
mjpfhpj;J MR Nfhl;il ClWj;J Gs;sp X y; re;jpf;Fk; epiyik tpiy
Draft Version
274 CA Sri Lanka 274
cah;Tf;fhd epiyikahf fhzg;gLk;. vy;iyr; nryT tPo;r;rp mile;jhy;
kl;Lk; vy;iy tUkhdf; Nfhl;bD}lhf ClWj;J y f;F fPohf Fiwthd
tpiyia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
nghJthf rpyUhpik tpiyfs; mjDila tpiy mjpfhpg;G Nghl;b
Kd;Dhpikapd; mbg;gilapy; vy;yh epWtdq;fSk; gpd;gw;wpdhy; kl;Lk;
mjpfhpf;Fk;. vdNt ruhrhp tUkhdf; NfhL ntspg;Gwk; Nehf;fp efh;tilAk;.
tisT Gjpa nghJthd tpiyf;F mjpfhpf;f kPz;Lk; cWjpailAk;. tpiy
tPo;r;rpahdJ vy;yh tpiyfSk; xU Gjpa kl;lj;ijf; Fiwg;gJld;
mNdfkhf njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf ifj;njhopypd; nryT
FiwtilAk;.
tpdh jdpAhpikg;Nghl;b
tiuglj;jpd; cjtpAld; vt;thW xU epWtdk; jdpAhpikg;Nghl;b
epge;jidfspy; FWq;fhyk; kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyq;fspy; mjd; ntspaPl;L
msitj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; vdf; fhl;Lf? mjdJ ,yhg mstPl;il njspthff;
Fwpg;gpLf.
tpil
jdpAhpikg; Nghl;bahdJ gpd;tUk; vLNfhs;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
(a) ifj;njhopypYs;s Vida epWtdq;fSld; Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLk; gy;
vz;zpf;ifahd rpwpa epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(b) ePz;l fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopypUe;jhd Rje;jpu ntspNaw;wk; kw;Wk;
cs;tUif fhzg;gLk;.
Rje;jpukhd cs;tUif vd;gJ ifj;njhopypy; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs;
%yk; mrhjhuz ,yhgk; ciof;fg;gLk;NghJ cs;tUif jilia
vjph;Nehf;fhj epWtdq;fis ifj;njhopypDs; cs;tUk; khwhf
cUthf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; el;lj;ij vjph;Nehf;Fk;NghJ ntspNaw;w jil
,y;yhjjhy; ifj;njhopiy tpl;L ntspNaWk;.
jdpAhpik Nghl;bapd;fPo; xt;nthU epWtdKk; vjph; fzpa rupTila Nfs;tpf;
Nfhl;bid vjph;nfhs;Sk;. ,jd; fUj;J xt;nthU epWtdKk; mjDila
re;ijg; gq;fpy; rpy msTfspy; mjDila Nghl;bahsh;fspd; rhh;G tpiy
khw;wq;fspD}lhf nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;j KbAk;. xt;nthU epWtdKk;
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 8 : fpuaq;fs;> tUkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj ;jpwd;
CA Sri Lanka 275
fPo;Nehf;fpa rupTila Nfs;tp tisapia nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Vnddpy;
xt;nthU epWtdj;jpdhYk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; ifj;njhopypy;
Vida epWtdq;fshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gz;lq;fSf;F G+uz
gjpyPLilajhf fhzg;glkhl;lhJ. epWtdq;fs; nghUl;fis tpw;gid
nra;tjd; %yk; Vida epWtdq;fSld; Nghl;bapLk; gz;lq;fs; xj;j
jd;ikAilajhf fhzg;gl;lhYk; G+uz Xupdj; jd;ik mw;wjhf fhzg;gLk;.
fPohd epWtdj;jpd re;ij epiyik tiuglk; 8.16,y; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
FWq;fhyj;jpy; ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; kl;lj;jpy; ntspaPL jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
mjhtJ vy;iy nryT vy;iy tUkhdj;jpw;F rkg;gLk; ,lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
vy;iy tUkhd tisap MR ,y; epWtdk; QO vd;w msT ntspaPl;L
kl;lj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. tiuglkhdJ OQomsT epWtdk; cw;gj;jp
nra;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk; tpiy ARo MfTk; epWtdj;jpdJ ruhrhp nryT
ACo vd;gijAk; fhl;LfpwJ. epWtdk; FWq;fhyj;jpy; Mf;ff;$ba
,yhgkhdJ epow;wg;gl;l gFjpahd QOx(ARo-ACo) MFk;.
cU 8.16 jdpAhpik Nghl;b
vdNt epWtdk; ciof;Fk; mrhjhuz ,yhgk; nrt;tfg; gFjpahd ARoXYCo
cU 8.16 ,y; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,t; mrhjhuz ,yhgk; ifj;njhopYf;F Gjpa
epWtdq;fis ftUk;. gy vz;zpf;ifahd epWtdq;fspd; cs; tUif
jhf;fkhdJ ifj;njhopy; cs;s xt;nthU epWtdj;jpdJk; re;ij gq;if
Fiwj;J xt;nthU epWtdj;jpdJk; mrhjhuz epiyik ePf;fg;gLk; tiu
xt;nthU epWtdj;jpdJk; Nfs;tp NfhL ,lJ Gwk; Nehf;fp efUk;.
,t;tpisT xt;nthU epWtdj;jpdJk; Nfs;tp NfhL ,lJ Gwk; Nehf;fp
efh;j;jg;gl;L ruhrhp tUkhdk;/tpiy ruhrhpr; nryTf;F rkg;gLk; tiu
Draft Version
276 CA Sri Lanka 276
,lk;ngWk;. vdNt me;j epWtdq;fs; ,il epWj;jg;gl;L rhjhuz
,yhgj;ij kl;Lk; cioj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
ePz;l fhy rkdpiyahdJ cU 8.17 ,dhy; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ePz;l fhyj;jpy;
epWtdj;jpd; Nfs;tp NfhlhdJ ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; ntspaPl;L kl;lj;jpy;
ruhrhp Nfhl;il njhLk;. kPz;Lk; epWtdk; vy;iy nryit vy;iy
tUkhdj;jpw;F rkg;gLj;Jk; cU 8.17 ,y; fhl;baJ Nghd;W ,yhg
cr;rg;gLj;jy; ntspaPl;L tl;lkhdQ1 I ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. epWtdk;
,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;jpapUe;Jk; mrhjhuz ,yhgk; ciof;fg;glkhl;lhJ.
Vnddpy; ruhrhp tUkhdk; AR1 ruhrhp nryT (AC) f;F ntspaPl;L kl;lk; Q1
,y; rkkhf fhzg;gLk;. MfNt ifj;njhopypy; Gjpa epWtdq;fs; tu
Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;glhjNjhL ePz;lfhy rkepiy epiyapid fhl;LfpwJ.
cU 8.17 jdpAhpik Nghl;bapd; ePz;lfhy rkdpiy
,J ePz;lfhy rkepiyapy; epWtdk; Fiwe;j ruhrhp nrytpy; cw;gj;jp
nra;ahJ. Mdhy; kpif ,aysTld; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ntspaPl;il Q1 f;F
gpd;dhy; mjpfhpg;gjd;%yk; ruhrhp nryit Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
vt;thnwdpDk; ruhrhp tUkhdk; ruhrhp nryittpl tpiuthf tPo;r;rpailAk;.
vdNt ,J epWtdj;jpw;F ,yhgfukhdjhf mika khl;lhJ. mj;Jld;
epWtdk; rpy jdpAhpik mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Vnddpy; mJ
epuk;gy; nra;Ak; gz;lq;fspd; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; epWtdk; tpw;gid nra;Ak;
tpiy vy;iyr; nryittpl mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjdhyhFk;.
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 277
nkhj;j nryTf; Nfhl;bd; rhpthdJ ntspaPl;L mjpfhpg;Gld; nryT
mjpfhpg;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. MfNt nkhj;j epiyahd nryT tisapahdJ
G+r;rpa rhpitf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Vnddpy; epiyahd nryTfs; ntspaPl;L
kl;lj;Jld; mjpfhpf;fkhl;lhJ. nkhj;j khWk; nryT tisapahdJ Neuhd
rhpitf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; Vnddpy; nkhj;j khWk; nrythdJ ntspaPl;L
kl;lj;Jld; mjpfhpg;gjhff; fhzg;gLk; epiyf;Fj;jhd rha;Tf;NfhLfs;
XuyFf;fhd mjpfhpj;j khWk; nryTfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
vy;iyr; nryT vd;gJ Nkyjpfkhd xU myif cw;gj;jp nra;tjd;
tpisthf nkhj;jr; nrytpy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;ghFk;. ,J mjpfhpf;Fk; khWk;
nryit xj;jjhf fhzg;gLk;. Vnddpy; epiyahd nryTfs; ntspaPl;Lld;
mjpfhpf;fkhl;lhJ. vy;iy nryT nfhLf;fg;gl;l ntspaPl;L kl;lj;jpy;
nkhj;j nryTf; Nfhl;bd; rhpit njhl;Lr; nry;tijf; fhl;l KbAk;.
nkhj;j tUkhd NfhL kw;Wk; nkhj;j nryTf;NfhL vd;gtw;Wf;fhd tiugl
uPjpahd ,yhg;gFg;gha;T mZFKiw tpisNfhl;L tbtpidf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
nkhj;j tUkhd tisNfhl;bd; tpisT gz;lj;jpdJ tpiyrhh; Nfs;tp
nefpo;r;rpapd; %yk; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nkhj;j nryTf;Nfhlb;d;
tisthdJ cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwapy; Vw;gLk; tpidj;jpwd; khw;wj;ijg;
gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
mj;jpaha
r; RUf;fk
Draft Version
278 CA Sri Lanka 278
1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ epiyahd nryTf;fhd rpwe;j
tiutpyf;fzkhFk;.
A. tUlj;jpw;F tUlk; khw;wkilahj xU nryT
B. ntspaPl;L mjpfhpg;Gld; khw;wkilAk; xU nryT
C. xU ntspaPl;L khw;wj;Jld; khw;wkilahj xU nryT
D. xg;ge;jj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l xU nryT
2. nkhj;j nryTf;Nfhl;Lf;F Nkyhf epiyahd nryT epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;
vd fUjg;gly; kw;Wk; myFf;fhd khWk; nryT khwhj njhifia
nfhz;bUj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ngah; vd;d?
3. vy;iyr; nrytpid tiuaWf;Ff.
4. ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; Gs;sp gw;wpa gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fspy; vJ jtwhdJ?
A. vy;iy nryT vy;iy tUkhdj;jpw;F rkg;gLk;.
B. ,WjpayF cw;gj;jpapdhy; epWtdk; ,yhgk; ngw khl;lhJ.
C. nkhj;j nryT Nfhl;Lf;F nkhj;j tUkhdf; Nfhl;Lf;Fk;
,ilapyhd J}uk; nghpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
D. epiyahd nryT Fiwg;ghdJ gy;NtW ntspaPl;L kl;lq;fspy;
,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; Gs;spia efh;j;Jk;.
5. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vf;$w;whdJ Fiwthf Njly; nryTfspy; kpd;tzpf
re;ij tpiyia Fiwg;gjd; %yk; nray;gLj;Jtij tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
A. rpy gz;lq;fSf;fhd cw;gj;jp nryTfis kpd;tzpfk;
Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
B. filfis ,izaj;jsq;fSf;F ,lkhw;Wtjd;%yk; epWtdq;fs;
Fiwthd epiyahd nryTfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
C. cah; nryTfs; vJTky;yhky; Efh;Nthh;fs; Fiwe;j epiyfis
epWt KbAk;.
D. mwpTrhh; nrhj;J epuk;gyhsh;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;ir
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 279
6. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s cUtpy; ,ir toq;Fdh; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Wntl;L
cw;gj;jp nra;J Gs;sp Bapy; tpw;gid nra;jhh;. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy;
vg;Gs;sp me;epiyia Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ?
,Wntl;Lf;fs; tpw;gid epWj;j jPh;khdkhdj;jpw;F khw;wPlhf
Nfhitfis jutpwf;fk; nra;Ak; epiyikf;F <lhFkh?
cU 8.18 ,ir toq;Fdh;
A.
B.
C.
D.
Draft Version
280 CA Sri Lanka 280
1. tpilC B rhpahdJ. vt;thnwdpDk; C ahdJ Fiwe;jJ Vnddpy;
ntspaPl;L mjpfhpg;G kw;Wk; tPo;r;rp ,uz;bYk; epiyahd nryT
epiyahfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
2. nghUj;jkhd vy;iy
3. vy;iyr; nryntd;gJ xU myFf;fhd ntspaPl;L mjpfhpg;gpd; tpisthf
nkhj;j nryTld; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; nrythFk;.
4. tpil D epiyahd nryTfs; nkhj;j nryTf;Nfhl;il fPo;Nehf;fp
efh;j;Jk; Mdhy; mjdJ rhpit khw;w KbahJ. MfNt kpFjp %d;W
gpujpgypg;Gf;fSk; msTfis khw;whJ ,d;Dk; nghUj;jkhdjhf
,Uf;Fk;.
nkhj;j ,yhgk; epiyahd nryT tPo;r;rpailAk; njhifahy;
mjpfhpf;Fk;.
5. tpilC apd; tzpfkhdJ Nghl;b tpiy Njly; nryTfis
Fiwf;fpd;wJ. MfNt mij mjpfkhf Efh;Nthh; kypthd
jahhpg;Gf;fis fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F Kaw;rpg;gh;. Vida $w;Wf;fs;
cz;ikahdit. Mdhy; mit Njly; nryT kw;Wk;
tpiyfSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;Gfis tpsf;ftpy;iy.
6. tpilC. Gs;sp C apy; epWtdk; jkJ ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;Jk;.
Vnddpy; mJ nkhj;j tUkhd tisNfhl;by; cr;r epiyapy; tpw;gid
nra;Ak;.
NtW topapy; ,jid Nehf;fpdhy; Gs;sp Bapy; epWtdk; ,yhgj;ij
cr;rg;gLj;JtNjhL mq;F mjdJ vy;iy tUkhdk; (mjdJ nkhj;j
tUkhd Nfhl;bd; rupT %yk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ) vy;iyr; nryTf;F
(mjdJ nkhj;j nryT Nfhl;bd; rupT %yk; fhl;lg;gLk;) rkkhf
fhzg;gLk;. mjdJ Gjpa nkhj;j epuk;gy; NfhlhdJ vy;iy nryit
G+r;rpakhf nfhz;bUg;gJld; mJ vy;iy tUkhdkhdJ G+r;rpa
epiyia milAk;tiu ntspaPl;il mjpfupf;Fk;. (Ex) nkhj;j
tUkhd Nfhl;bd; cah;e;j Gs;spapy;
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;irf;fhd
tpilfs;
Draft Version
329
Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
16 mj;jpaha
k;
Draft Version
330 CA Sri Lanka
mwpKfk;
,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehq;fs; Nghpdg; nghUshjhu nfhs;iffspd; ,yf;F>
Nghpd nghUshjhu nfhs;iffspd; Nehf;F> epjpf;nfhs;if kw;Wk; ehzaf;
nfhs;if vd;gtw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtij Kd;itf;fpd;Nwhk;.
gphpT 1 nghUshjhuj;jpd; tUkhd tl;lg;gha;r;riy ftdj;jpw; nfhs;tNjhL
,J Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; tpsf;fq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;tJ gphpT 2y;
fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
Nghpdg; nghUspaypy; ehk; nryT> KjyPL> tpiykl;lq;fs;> Ntiytha;g;G
kw;Wk; KOg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fkhd ntspaPL vd;git gw;wpf; ftdk;
nrYj;JfpNwhk; (gFjp 3).
gue;jstpy; ghh;g;Nghkhapd; Nghpdg; nghUspayhdJ nfapd;rpayhsh; kw;Wk;
gztpahyhsh; vd ,U gphpthfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpU gphpTfSk;
Njrpa tUkhdk; vt;thW tsh;rpaila KbAk;> vt;thW epiw njhopy; kl;lk;
milag;gl KbAk; kw;Wk; vt;thW G+hpg;G kw;Wk; th;j;jf rfl Xl;l rhpTfs;
mj;jpaha cs;slf;fk;
1 nghUshjhuj;jpd; fl;likg;Gk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;
2 nghUshjhuj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;
3 NjrpatUkhdk;
4 th;j;jf rfl Xl;lk;
5 gztPf;fKk; mjd; tpisTfSk;
6 Ntiyapd;ik
7 nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
8 nghUshjhuj;ij Kfhik nra;tjw;fhd
murhq;ff; nfhs;iffs;
9 ,iwtupf; nfhs;if
10 ehzaf; nfhs;if
11 nrd;kjp epYit
12 th;j;jfj;jpd; kPjhd ehzakhw;W tPjj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
13 gzKk; epjpr; re;ijfSk;
Draft Version
CA Sri Lanka 331
rhpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;git gw;wp khWgl;l fUj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sth;fs; (gFjp 4). mj;Jld; gztPf;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhuj;ij J}z;Ltjw;fhd murhq;f mstpfspd; tpidj;jpwd; gw;wpa
NtWgl;l Nehf;FfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
ehk; nghUshjhuj;ij Kfhik nra;tjw;fhd murhq;ff; nfhs;iffs; (gFjp
8) kw;Wk; thptpjpg;G nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; Nfs;tpia ghjpg;gjpy;
epjpf;nfhs;ifapd; gq;fspg;Gfs; kw;Wk; rYiffis toq;Ftjpy; my;yJ
cUthf;Ftjpy; thp tpjpg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;gdtw;wpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;JfpwJ (gFjp 9). ,jidj; njhlh;e;J ehzaf; nfhs;if elj;ij
gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly; ,lk;ngWfpwJ (gFjp 10).
nrd;kjp epYit (gFjp 11) vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU ehL Fwpg;gpl;l xU
fhyg;gFjpapy; Vida ehLfSlhd rh;tNjr th;j;jff; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;
(nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; nfhs;if Nrit) kw;Wk; %yjdf; nfhLg;gdT
(nrhj;Jf;fs; nfhs;tdT) kw;Wk; tpyf;fy; nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fs;
thq;fy; vd;gtw;iw fhl;Lfpd;w xU fzf;fPl;Lg;gjpyhFk;. gFjp (12)y; ehk;
th;j;jfj;jpd; kPjhd ehzakhw;W tPjq;fspy; jhf;fq;fis Nehf;FtNjhL
tpahghuk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w epjpr; re;ijia gad;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; ,t;
mj;jpahak; Kbtilfpd;wJ.
1 nghUshjhuj;jpd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
nghUshjhuj;jpd; tUkhd tl;lg;gha;r;ry; fhzg;gLtNjhL nryT> ntspaPL
kw;Wk; tUkhdk; Mfpait rkkhd nkhj;jg; ngWkjpiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
vd;gjhFk;.
1.1. Nghpdg; nghUspaypd; jd;ik
Nghpdg; nghUspay; vd;gJ jdpg;gl;l nghUshjhu myFfspd; (tPl;Lj;Jiw
kw;Wk; tpahghuj;Jiw) KbTfs; %yk; jpul;lg;gLk; nkhj;j tpisTfs; gw;wpa
xU fw;ifahFk;. ,J xU G+uz Njrpa nghUshjhuk; my;yJ xl;L nkhj;j
rh;tNjr nghUshjhu Kiwia Nehf;Ffpd;wJ.
Nghpdg; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp gztPf;fk;
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; th;j;jf nraw;ghL Nghd;w nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfis
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; vLf;Fk; eltbf;iffis tpghpf;fpd;wJ. ehk;
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
332 CA Sri Lanka
,t; mj;jpahaj;jpd; Nghpdg; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;if kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; gw;wp
,Wjpapy; tpgukhf Nehf;FNthk;. Kjypy; tUkhdg;gha;r;ry; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhuj;jpd; nryT vd;git gw;wp ghprPyid nra;Nthk;.
1.2. tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nryTg; gha;r;ry;fs;
epWtdq;fs; cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpf;fhf tPl;Lj;JiwapdUf;F nfhLg;gdTfisr;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf ,jd; fUj;J tPl;Lj;Jiw mq;fj;jth;fSf;F
epWtdq;fs; $ypia toq;f Ntz;Lk;. tPl;Lj;Jiwapdh; nghUl;fs;
NritfSf;fhf epWtdq;fspw;F nfhLg;gdTfisr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
epWtdj;jpw;fhd tUkhdkhdJ nghUl;fs; Ntiyfis tpw;gid
nra;tjpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; tUkhdk; %yk; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
,J tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nryT tl;lg;gha;riy tiuglk; 10.1y; fhl;baJ
Nghd;W cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,J ntspehl;L th;j;jfkw;w mbg;gilahd
%lg;gl;l nghUshjhukhFk;. nghUshjhuj;jpy; mur jiyaPLfNsh my;yJ
Vw;WkjpNah ,wf;FkjpNah ,y;yhj ,U Jiwfs; kl;LNk fhzg;gLtjhf
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ (epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; tPl;Lj;Jiw). ,k;khjphpapy;
ehk; tPl;Lj;Jiw mth;fs; ciof;Fk; midj;J tUkhdj;ijAk;
nrytpLfpd;wJ vdTk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ (nghUspaypy; ,r;nryTfshdJ
Efh;T vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ)> kw;Wk; midj;J epWtdq;fspdJk;
nghUl;fs; Nritfs; tPl;Lj; JiwapdUf;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wd
vdTk; vLNfhs; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
cU 10.1 tUkhdr; Rw;Nwhl;lk;
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 333
tPl;Lj;JiwahdJ tUkhdj;ij ciof;fpd;wJ> Vnddpy; mth;fs;
epWtdq;fs; nghUl;fs; Nrit cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd Copaj;ij
toq;Ffpd;wJ. rpy ciof;fg;gl;l tUkhdkhdJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l
nghUl;fs; Nritfs; kPJ nrytpl gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
a. cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl gz;lq;fspd; nkhj;j tUkhdkhdJ gz;lq;fs;
kPJ nra;ag;gl;l nkhj;jr; nrytpw;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,q;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l midj;Jg; nghUl;fSk; tpw;gid
nra;ag;gLk; vdf;nfhs;f.
b. nryTj; njhifahdJ tPl;Lj;Jiwapd; nkhj;j tUkhdj;jpw;F
rkkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; tPl;Lj;Jiw nghUl;fis
Efh;tNjhL mth;fSf;F nrYj;Jtjw;Fk; Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;epiyapy; tUkhdr; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpw;Fs;Ns cl;gha;r;ry;fNsh
ntspg;gha;r;ry;fNsh ,y;iy vd ehk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
1.3. tUkhd tl;lg;gha;r;rypDs; cl;gha;r;ry; kw;Wk; ntspg;gha;r;ry;.
jw;NghJ tUkhd Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; ntspg;gha;r;ry;fs; (Nrkpg;G> thp> Vw;Wkjpr;
nryT) cl;gha;r;ry;fs; (KjyPL> murhq;fr; nrytPdk;> Vw;Wkjpr; nrytPdk;)
fhzg;gLfpwd vdf; fUjpf; nfhs;Nthk;.
cU 10.1y; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghd;W vq;fsJ vspa tUkhd Rw;Nwhl;l khjphpapy;
,t; ,uz;L tplaq;fs; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd Njit fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
„Nrkpg;G‟ „KjyPl;bypUe;J‟ NtWgl;lJ vd;gjidf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;f.
„Nrkpg;G‟ vd;gJ Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l gzkhFk;. tq;fpapy; tl;b
ciog;gjw;fhf gzj;ij NghLtijtpl gz ngl;bapy; mij itj;jpUg;gjhf
rpe;jpj;Jf; nfhs;f. ,q;F „KjyPL‟ vd;gJ ,ae;jpuq;fs;> fUtpfs;> njUf;fs;>
kw;Wk; tPLfs; Nghd;w %yjd nghUl;fs; kPjhd KjyPl;il
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
334 CA Sri Lanka
cU 10.2 cl;gha;r;ry; ntspg;gha;r;riyf; fhl;Lk; tUkhdr; Rw;Nwhl;lk;
xU $Wfspd; Vw;gLk; elj;ij khw;wkhdJ (cjhuzkhf KjyPL) xl;L
nkhj;jg; nghUshjhur; nraw;ghLfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;
nry;Yk; vd;gJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.
2 nghUshjhuj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;
gy;NtW khw;w fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;fpdhy; nghUshjhukhdJ mhpjhfNt
cWjpahd epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,J KjyPl;L kl;lk;> „ngUf;fp tpisT>‟
gztPf;fk;> Nrkpg;G> ek;gpf;if> tl;btPjk; kw;Wk; ehza khw;WtPjq;fs;
vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
2.1 fhuzpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nghUshjhukhdJ mjidg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; gytw;why;
tpghpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mitahtd KjyPl;L kl;lk;> „ngUf;fp tpisT‟>
gztPf;fk;> Nrkpg;G> ek;gpf;if> tl;btPjk; kw;Wk; ehza khw;W tPjk; Nghd;w
gy;NtW fhuzpfshFk;. ,f;fhuzpfspd; khw;wk; nghUshjhuk; mupjhfNt
cWjpahd epiyapy; ,Ug;gijf; fUJfpd;wJ. nghUspayhsh;fs; th;j;jf
rfl Xl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; (gpd;dh; ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpy;
tpsf;fg;gLk;) nghUshjhuj;jpd; nraw;ghl;bd; Vw;wj; jho;Tfis
tpghpf;fpd;wdh;.
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2.2 Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpd; ngUf;fp
Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpy; tUkhd Rw;Nwhl;l nraw;ghl;by; ngUf;fp
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JtNjhL Fwpg;gpl;l xU msT cl;gha;r;ry;fshdJ Njrpa
tUkhdj;jpy; mjpfhpg;gpw;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ. Muk;gr; nryT
mjpfhpg;ghdJ gdpg;ge;J tpisitf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL nghUshjhuj;jpy;
NkYk; mjpfkhd nrytPl;Lf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. Vnddpy; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
nkhj;j nrythdJ Njrpa tUkhdj;ij mstpLk; xU topahf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; Muk;gr; nryT mjfphpg;ghdJ Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy;
nghpanjhU mjpfhpg;gpw;F fhuzkhdjhf mikAk;. mjpfhpf;Fk; Njrpa
tUkhdkhdJ Muk;gr; nryT mjpfhpg;gpd; ngUf;fkhf VjhtJ nrytplg;gLk;
Gjpa KjyPl;Lg; gFjp my;yJ mjpfhpf;Fk; Njrpa tUkhdk; Muk;g nryT
mjpfhpg;gpd; ngUf;fkhf nrytplg;gl;l VjhtJ Gjpa tpfpjhrhuk; my;yJ
Nrkpf;fg;gl;l tpfpjhrhuk; Nghd;w gy;NtW fhuzpfspd; msTfspy;
jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
,ij ePq;fs; ghh;g;gjw;F fbdkhf ,Ue;jhy;> njUf;fs; NghLtjw;fhd
mjpfhpf;fg;gLk; murhq;fr; nrytpid ftdj;jpw;nfhs;f. murhq;fk;
njUf;fs; fl;Ltjw;fhd gzj;jpid njUf;fs; fl;Lk; xg;ge;jf;fhuh;fsplk;
gzj;jpidf; nfhLf;f> mth;fs; epuk;gyhsh;fsplk; %yk; nghUl;fis
nfhs;tdT nra;Jk; Vida Ntiyfspd; cg xg;ge;jf;fhuh;fsplk; nfhLg;gh;.
,t; midj;J epWtdq;fSk; rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopyhsh;fis
Ntiyf;fkh;j;Jk;> mth;fs; $ypia nghUl;fs; Vida epWtdq;fs;
Nritfs; kPJ nghUl;fis nrytpLk;. ,ij xl;b Gjpa njUf;fs; Gjpa
nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis Cf;Ftpf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf Xuplj;jpypUe;J
kw;WnkhU ,lj;jpw;F nghUl;fis Vw;wpr;nry;Yk; Ch;jpfis itj;jpUg;gth;>
tPL fl;Lkhdth;fs;> my;yJ Njhl;l Kfth;fs; ngUf;fpapd; misitg;
nghWj;J mjpfhpf;Fk;.
ngUf;fpapd; mstpidg; nghWj;J KjyPlhdJ nghUshjhuk; KOtjw;Fkhd
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;JtNjhL cz;ikahd KjyPl;L mjpfhpg;gpd; gy
msTfs;%yk; Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; msthdJ mjpfhpf;Fk;.
2.3 nkhj;j epuk;gy; kw;Wk; Nfs;tp
nghUshjhuj;jpd; Kf;fpa xU gpur;ridahf gztPf;fk; kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik
fhzg;gLfpwJ. vt;thW ,g;gpur;ridfs; epfo;fpwJ vd mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk;
tifapy; Kjypy; nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; nkhj;j epuk;gy; kw;Wk; vt;thW
,uz;Lk; Nrh;e;J nghUshjhuj;jpd; Njrpa tUkhd kl;lk; kw;Wk;
tpiyapidj; jPh;khdpf;fpwJ vd;gij Kjypy; mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpakhdJ.
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2.3.1. nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp (aggregate demand)
nghUshjhuj;jpy; cs;s gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; NritfSf;fhd Nfs;tpahdJ
nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp (AD) vd miof;fg;gLtNjhL ,J tUkhd
Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpYs;s gy;NtW $Wfshy; Mf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;$Wfs; Efh;T>
KjyPL> murhq;f nrytPdk; kw;Wk; Vw;WkjpapypUe;J ,wf;Fkjpiaf; fopj;jy;
vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. vspjhff; $wpd; nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp
tisapahdJ vy;yhj; jdp egh;fsJ Nfs;tp tisapiaAk; kw;Wk; ehl;bdJ
njhopy;fisAk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
cU 10.3 nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; khjphp
tiuglk; 10.3 MdJ nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp tisapapd; rhpthdJ ,lkpUe;J
tykhfTs;sJ (mjhtJ Nfs;tp mjpfhpj;jhy; tpiy tPo;r;rpailAk; Vnddpy;
kf;fs; mjpfk; Kaw;rp vLg;ghh;fs;) Mdhy; NkNy fhl;lg;gl;lJ Nghy
efuyhk;. efh;thdJ Efh;NthuJ mjpfhpf;Fk; my;yJ FiwtilAk;
ek;gpf;iff; fhuzpfshy; Vw;gl KbAk;. ,J fPo;tUkhW tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2.3.2. nkhj;j epuk;gy; (aggregate supply)
nkhj;j epuk;gy; (AS) xU nghUshjhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba nghUl;fs;
Nritfspd; ,aysthFk;. nkhj;j epuk;gyhdJ tpiykl;lj;Jld;
Neh;fzpaj; njhlh;Gnfhz;lJ. ,J Vnddpy; tpiyAah;thdJ mjpfhpj;j
,yhg tpw;gidf;F toptFg;gNjhL epWtdk; mjpf ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp
nra;a J}z;Lk;. nkhj;j epuk;gy; Nfhl;bd; efh;thdJ ,lkpUe;J tykhf
Nky;Nehf;fpa rhpit nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLtNjhL cU 10.3y; fhl;baJ
Nghd;W FWq;fhyj;jpy; efh;tilakhl;lhJ.
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nkhj;j Nfs;tp tisap nkhj;j epuk;gy; tisapapid ntl;Lk; ,lj;jpy;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; gz;lq;fs; NritfSf;fhd nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp kw;Wk;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; gz;lq;fs; Nritfspy; nkhj;j epuk;gYf;F rkkhf
fhzg;gLk; (,J rkepiykl;l Njrpa tUkhdk; vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ).
cUtpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;baJNghd;W nkhj;j Nfs;tp my;yJ nkhj;j epuk;gypy;
Vw;gLk; khw;wkhdJ tpiy kw;Wk; Njrpa tUkhdkl;lj;jpy; ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jk;. Ntiy tha;g;Gkl;lk; Njrpa tUkhd kl;lj;Jld; njhlh;Gs;sJ
vdf; nfhz;lhy;> khjphp vt;thW Ntiyapd;ik kw;Wk; gztPf;fk;
Vw;glKbAk; (tpiykl;l khw;wk;) vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
2.3.3. nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp tisapapd; xU efh;T.
cjhuzkhf jw;Nghija rkepiy kl;lj;jpy; Njrpa tUkhdk; = Yo MfTk;
tpiy = Po MfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Efh;Nthh; ek;gpf;ifapy; tPo;r;rp
fhzg;gLk; vdf; nfhz;lhy;> Efh;Nthh;fs; nrytPdj;ij
epWj;jpf;nfhs;thh;fs; (mjhtJ Nfs;tp tPo;r;rpailAk;). Gjpa rkepiyahdJ
Njrpa tUkhdk; = Y1k; tpiy = P2k; fhzg;gLk;. kWGwkhf> Efh;NthuJ
ek;gpf;if mjpfhpj;jhy; (cjhuzkhf> fpilf;fj;jf;f fld;fs; mjpfhpg;G
fhuzkhf) Efh;Nthh; mjpfkhf thq;f tpUk;GtNjhL (Nfs;tp mjpfhpf;Fk;)
mj;Jld; Gjpa rkepiyj; Njrpa tUkhdk; = y2 kw;Wk; tpiy = P2y;
Mf;fg;gLk;.
2.4. nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; rkepiy
nghUshjhuj;jpy; Efh;Tg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; NritfSf;fhd nkhj;j
jpl;lkplg;gl;l my;yJ jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;l Efh;Nthh; Nfs;tpNa nkhj;jf;
Nfs;tpapLtNjhL %yjdg; nghUl;fs;> thq;Fgth;fs; tPl;Lj;JiwapdNuh>
epWtdNkh my;yJ murhq;fkhfNth ,Uf;f KbAk;.
2.5. epiwj; njhopy; kl;l NjrpatUkhdk;
xU ehl;bDila nghUshjhu nfhs;iffspy; xd;whf epiwj; njhopy;kl;lk;
fhzg;gLkhf ,Ue;jhy; rhpahd Njrpa tUkhd rkepiy kl;lkhdJ nkhj;jf;
Nfs;tp kw;Wk; nkhj;j epuk;gy;fs; epiwnjhopy;kl;l Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy;
rkkhff; fhzg;gLk;. gztPf;f ,ilntspfs; VJkpd;wp rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
NtW thh;j;ijapy; $wpd; eilKiw tpiykl;lk;> nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpapy; rhpahf
NghJkhd mstpy; ehl;bDila KO tsq;fSk; G+uzkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
epWtdq;fSf;F ,aysT ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,lkhff;
fhzg;gLk;.
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2.6. gztPf;fk; ,ilntsp
tsq;fs; Kd;dNu G+uzkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU epiyapy; Nfs;tp mjpfhpg;gjd; Clhf tpiykhw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkhf gztPf;f ,ilntsp Vw;glyhk;. Mdhy; nka; ntspaPly; NtWghL fhzg;glkhl;lhJ.
Nfs;tp my;yJ epuk;gypy; Vw;gLk; efh;thdJ Njrpa tUkhdj;ij kl;Lk; khw;wilar; nra;ahJ tpiykl;lj;ijAk; khw;Wk;.
2.7. cjhuzk;
,J rhpahfg; Ghpahtpbd;> fzpj uPjpahd cjhuzk; ,jidr; rpwg;ghf tpsf;f
cjtp GhpAk;. Uw;whdpahtpy; epiwnjhopy; kl;lk; kw;Wk; vy;yh mizj;J
nghUshjhu kl;lq;fSk; epiw njhopy; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLkhapd;> ,t;
toq;fisg; gd;gLj;jp ehL 1>000 myF ntspaPLfis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.
,g;nghUshjhuj;jpd; myFf;fhd nkhj;jr; nryT 100>000/= Uw;Nwspad;
nlhyh;fs; my;yJ 100 nlhyh;fs; MFk;. ehl;by; ve;j ntsp th;j;jfq;fSk;
,y;yhjjhy; mtw;iw ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjd;%yk; ve;jnthU Nkyjpf
nghUl;fisAk; ngw KbahJ. nfhLg;gdT mjpfhpg;G kw;Wk;
thbf;ifahsUf;fhd ,yF fld;fs; vd;gtw;wpdhy; jw;nghOJ nkhj;jr;
nrytPdkhd 120>000/= Uw;Nwspad; nlhyh;fshy; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
nghUshjhuk; epiwnjhopy; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLtNjhL 1>000 myFfSf;F
Nky; cw;gj;jp nra;a KbahJ. mNjasT vz;zpf;ifahd myffis
thq;Ftjw;F nryTfs; 20% My; mjpfhpj;jhy;> tpiyAk; 20%My;
mjpfhpf;Fk;. NtW tpjkhff; $wpdhy; xU nghUshjhuk; epiw
njhopy;kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;NghJ> nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpapy; Vw;gLk; VjhtJ xU
mjpfhpg;G gztPf;fj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk;.
2.8. gzr;RUf;f ,ilntsp
tsq;fspd; Ntiyapd;ik fhzg;gLk; epiyapy; mq;F gzr;RUf;f ,ilntsp
fhzg;gLtjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. tpiyahdJ nghJthf epiyahdjhff;
fhzg;gLtJld; nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ntspaPLk; khw;wkilAk;.
gzr;RUf;f ,ilntspahdJ nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp njhopw;ghL epiw njhopy;kl;l
Njrpa tUkhdj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F Nky; Nehf;fp efh;tij tpghpf;f
KbAk;.
2.9. Njf;f epiy
1970fspy; gy;NtWehLfspd; Njf;fepiyg; gpur;rid fhzg;gl;lJ.
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj cah; Ntiyapd;ik> Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj cah;
gztPf;fk;> kw;Wk; Fiwe;j/vjph;kiwahd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp vd;gd
fhzg;gl;ld. fr;rh vz;iz tpiyapy; Vw;gl;l tpiy mjpfhpg;G Kf;fpa
Draft Version
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fhuzkhf fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. rf;jpf;fhd tpiy mjpfhpg;ghdJ rpy
cw;gj;jpfspdJ ,yhg tpiyiag; ghjpj;jJ.
Njrpa tUkhdk; tPo;r;rpaile;jNjhL tpiyfs; kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik vd;gd
mjpfhpj;jJ. ePz;lfhyj;jpy; ghhpa msT nryT mjpfhpg;ghdJ (xU tpiy
mjph;r;rp) ,j;jifa tpiy tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
2.10 njhFg;G
nkhj;j Njrpa tUkhd rkepiyahdJ nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; nkhj;j
epuk;gy; rkg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F ,uz;L rhj;jpakhd
rkepiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(a) nghUshjhuj;jpy; epiw njhopy;kl;l epiyapy; cw;gj;jp ,aysit
kpQ;Rk; Nfs;tp kl;lj;jpy;> kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpy; eilKiwtpiyapy;
nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpia re;jpg;gjw;fhd NghJkw;w gw;whf;Fiwahd
ntspaPl;bd; ,aysT. vdNt gpd;dh; mq;F gztPf;f ,ilntsp
fhzg;gLk;.
(b) mLj;jJ Njrpa tUkhd kl;lj;jpw;F fPohd kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
Ntiytha;g;G kl;lk;. cz;ikahd Njrpa tUkhdk; Efh;Tkl;l
NjrpatUkhdk; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd NtWghL Njf;f ,ilntsp kl;lk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. epiwnjhopy; kl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F nkhj;j
Njrpa tUkhdk; (nryT) Njf;f ,ilntspapd; msthy; mjpfhpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
3 Njrpa tUkhdk;
nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP) nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp (GNP) kw;Wk;
Njrpa cw;gj;jp (NNP) cl;gl Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy; gy;NtWgl;l vz;zf;fUf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3.1 Njrpa tUkhdj;jpw;fhd tiutpyf;fzk;
Njrpa tUkhdj;ij Mf;Fk; tUkhdkhdJ thlif> Ntiytha;g;G
tUkhdk;> tl;b kw;Wk; yhgk; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fp ,Ug;gNjhL cw;gj;jpf;
fhuzpfs; %yk; mit ciof;fg;gLtjdhy; fhuzp tUkhdq;fs; vdTk;
mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
epyk; thlifia ciof;fpd;wJ
Copak; $ypia ciof;fpd;wJ
Draft Version
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340 CA Sri Lanka
%yjdk; tl;bia ciof;fpd;wJ
Kaw;rpahd;ik ,yhgj;ij ciof;fpd;wJ
Njrpa tUkhdkhdJ Njwpa Njrpa cw;gj;jp vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
(a) tUkhdk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp vDk; gjq;fshdJ tUkhd tl;lg;gha;r;rypy;
,U NtWgl;l mk;rq;fs;.
(b) Njwpa vDk; gjkhdJ %yjd Efh;tpw;fhd xU njhifiaf; fopj;j
gpd;dh; my;yJ epiyahd nrhj;jpw;fhd ngahpyhd fUJfpd;wJ.
(ehq;fs; ,jw;Fg; gpd;dh; jpUk;GNthk;)
3.2. nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP)
ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa tUkhdk; ,yq;;iff;Fs;shd nghUshjhu
eltbf;ifapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. nghUshjhu nraw;ghlhdJ nkhj;j
cs;ehl;L tUkhdk; my;yJ nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpfshf
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J nkhj;jkhf mstplg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ %yjd
Efh;Tf;fhd fopf;fg;gLk; njhiff;F Kd;dh; my;yJ epiyahd nrhj;Jf;fs;
kPjhd Njh;T vd;gtw;NwhL nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpahdJ gpd;dh;
tUkhdj;jpy; nkhj;jg;ngWkjp/nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfSlhd cw;gj;jp
vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
3.3. nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jp (GNP)
Rpy Njrpa tUkhdk; ntspehl;L KjyPLfspypue;J ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
mNjNtis rpy tUkhdq;fs; jha;ehl;bDs;NsNa ehl;bw;F
ntspNaAs;sth;fs; %yk; cs;thq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; ,uz;bw;Fkpilahd
NtWghL ntspehl;by; ,Ue;jhd Njwpa nrhj;Jg; ngWkhdkhFk;.
nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp(GNP)ahdJ nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp(GDP)Ald;
ntspehl;bYs;s nrhj;J tUkhdj;ij $l;Ltjd; %yk; my;yJ ,J
vjph;fhdpag; ngWkjpahf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;> ntspehl;bypUe;jhd Njwpa
nrhj;J tUkhdj;jpid fopj;j gpd;dh; ngwg;gLtjhFk;.
GNP kw;Wk; GDP vd;gd ,yq;if murhq;f Gs;sp tpguq;fspy;
cz;ikg;gjq;fshf epiyahd (2002) tpiykl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwr;
re;ij tpiyfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
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3.4. GDP, GNP kw;Wk; NNPvd;gtw;wpw;fpilahd njhlh;G
GDP,GNP,NNP vd;gtw;wpw;fpilahd njhlh;G gpd;tUkhW fhl;Lfpd;wJ:
GDP
+ ntspehl;bypUe;jhd Njwpa nrhj;J tUkhdk;
= GNP
- epiyahd %yjd Efh;T kw;Wk; Njrpa toq;fypd; rPuopT
= NNP
3.5. NgusT kw;Wk; cz;ik nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jp/ nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp
,t;tUl tpiyfspy; midj;J Njrpa tUkhdq;fspd; ngWkjpAk; GNP
MFk;. nka; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpahdJ mbahz;L epiyg;
ngWkjpahFk;. nka; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpahdJ Njrpa tUkhd
kl;lj;jpy; gztPf;f tpisTfis ntspg;gLj;JtNjhL Njrpa tUkhdj;jpid
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mjpfhpj;j Nghf;FfisAk; fhl;Lk;. mjhtJ nghUshjhuk;
cz;ikapy; vtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ciof;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ gw;wpf; fz;lwpaNtz;Lk;.
4 tpahghur; rflXl;lk;
tpahghur; rfl Xl;lk; my;yJ th;j;jf Xl;lk; vd;gJ njhlh;r;rpahd Njrpa
tUkhdj;jpd; Jhpj mjpfhpg;G Kiw mjidj; njhlh;e;J tsh;r;rpapnyhU
FiwT kw;Wk; gpd;dh; Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy; tPo;r;rp (ke;jk;). ke;jj;jpd; gpd;dh;
kPz;Lk; tsh;r;rp Vw;gLtNjhL cr;rj;ij milAk;NghJ ke;jj;jpDs; kPz;Lk;
jpUk;Gk;.
4.1. th;j;jf rfl Xl;lj;jpd; fl;lq;fs;
4 tifahd rl;lq;fs; %yk; th;j;jf rfl Xl;lj;ij NtWgLj;j KbAk;.
* ke;jk; * kPz;nlOjy;
* Nja;T * G+hpg;G
ke;jk; tpiuthf mZFk;@ kPz;nlLjy; nghJthf nkJthd nraw;ghlhFk;.
Draft Version
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342 CA Sri Lanka
4.2. thpg;glj;jpD}lhd tpsf;fk;
cU 10.4 ,y; Gs;sp A apy; nghUshjhuk; ke;jj;jpDs; Eiofpd;wJ. ke;j
fhyfl;lj;jpy;> Efh;Nthh; Nfs;tp tPo;r;rpailtNjhL Kd;dNu Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
gy KjyPl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; ,yhgfukw;w epiyia Muk;gpf;Fk;. Xlh;fs;
Fiwf;fg;gLk;> ruf;fpUg;G FiwtilAk;> epWtdq;fs; jq;fsJ nghUl;fis
tpw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahjsT th;j;jfj; Njhy;tpfs; Vw;gLk;. cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;
Ntiytha;g;G vd;gd FiwtilAk;. nghJtpiykl;lk; tPo;r;rpaila
Muk;gpf;Fk;. tpahghu kw;Wk; Efh;Nthh; ek;gpf;if Fiwtile;J KjyPL
njhlh;e;J Fiwtile;J> nghUshjhuk; Nkhrkhd epiyiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
,Wjpapy; nkhj;j Nfs;tpapy; ve;jnthU Cf;Ftpg;Gk; ,y;yhj epiyapy;> KO
ke;jf; fhyg;gFjp cUthf;fg;gl;L nghUshjhuk; Gs;sp B ia milAk;.
cU 10.4: tpahghur; rfl Xl;lk;
Gs;sp C apy; nghUshjhuk; rflNthl;lj;jpy; kPz;nlOk; fl;lj;ij milAk;.
kPz;nlOk; fhyj;jpw;F xU Kiw thpd; mJ tUkhdk; mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd
ek;gpf;ifia mjpfhpf;Fk;. ntspaPL> Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; tUkhdk;
midj;Jk; mjpfhpf;fj; njhlq;Fk;. cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;G> tpw;gid kw;Wk;
,yhg kl;l mjpfhpg;Gf;F toptFj;J tpahghu vjph;ghh;f;if kw;Wk; Gjpa
KjyPfis cldbahf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F toptFf;Fk;. mjpfhpf;Fk; Nfs;tp
mjpfhpg;ghdJ ,Uf;fpd;w ,aysit gad;ghl;Lf;F nfhz;L tUjy; kw;Wk;
Ntiyaw;w Copaj;ij Ntiyf;fkh;j;jy; vd;gtw;wpd;%yk; cw;gj;jpia
mjpfhpf;f KbAk;. ruhrhptpiy njhlh;e;J ePbj;jpUf;Fk; my;yJ nkJthf
cauj;njhlq;Fk;.
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CA Sri Lanka 343
kPz;nlOk; fhyg;gFjpapy;> Gjpa njhopDl;gj;jpypUe;J Gjpa %yg;nghUs;
kw;Wk; ,ae;jpu nfhs;tdTf;fhd jPh;khdk; kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwd; %ykhd
ed;ikf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yyhk;. ,J kPz;Lk; rhh;G tpfpjg; nghUshjhu
tsh;r;rpf;F ,l;Lr;nry;y toptFf;Fk;.
kPz;nloy; njhlh;e;jhy;> ntspaPl;L kl;lk; mjd; Nghf;Fg; ghijapd; Nky;
nry;Yk; Gs;sp D ia rfl Xl;lg; G+hpg;Gg; gFjpapy; milAk;. G+hpg;G
fhyg;gFjpapy; ,aysT kw;Wk; Copak; G+uz gad;ghl;by; fhzg;gLk;. ,J
mjpfhpf;Fk; Nfs;tpia G+h;j;jp nra;a Kbah rpy ifj;njhopy;fSf;F
rpf;fy;fis Vw;gLj;jyhk;. cjhuzkhf mth;fsplk; Nkyjpf ,aysT
,y;yhik my;yJ Fiwe;jsthd Fwpg;gpl;l jpwikia Copah;fs; my;yJ
Kf;fpa %yg;nghUl;fspd; cs;sPLfspd; gw;whf;Fiwia mth;fs;
vjph;Nehf;fyhk;. NkYk; Nfs;tp mjpfhpg;ghdJ> cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;gpid tpl
tpiy mjpfhpg;gpd;%yk; re;jpf;f Kidfpd;wJ. nghJthf tpahghuq;fs;
,yhgfukhdjhf fhzg;gl> rpy epWtdq;fs; el;lq;fis vjph;Nehf;Fk;.
vjph;fhyk; gw;wpa vjph;ghh;f;ifahdJ kpfTk; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; cah;
KjyPl;Lr; nryitAk; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; gue;Jgl;l jsh;TfshdJ r%fj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j
nghUshjhu eyidg; ghjpg;gjhf thjplg;gLfpd;wJ. gztPf;fk; kw;Wk; G+hpg;G
fhyg;gFjpapy; fk;gdpfspd; gy;NtW gphpTfspYs;s rdj;njhif kPJ
NghJkw;w jhf;fj;ij nfhz;bUe;jik> rflNthl;lj;jpd; G+hpg;G
cah;e;jdthd Ntiyapd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ltuyhk;. murhq;fq;fs; nghJthf
rfuNthl;l jsh;Tfspd; ,irTfis jtph;f;f Kaw;rpg;gjD}lhf nghUshjhu
Kiwia cWjpg;gLj;j Kidfpd;wd.
5 gztPf;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; tpisTfs;
cah; gztPf;f tPjq;fs; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F jPq;fhdJ. gztPf;fk; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nry;tk; vd;gtw;iw kPs;gq;fPL nra;Ak;. gzk; ngWky; gw;wpa epr;rakw;w jd;ik tpahghu jpl;lq;fis nra;tjw;F fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk;. njhlh;r;rpahf khw;wkilfpd;w tpiyahdJ Nkyjpfr; nryTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
Nfs;tpj;J}z;ly; gztPf;fkhdJ nghUshjhuj;jpy; ,aysT cw;gj;jpf;F Nkyhf vOk; kpif Nfs;tpapypUe;J vOfpd;wJ.
nryTj; J}z;ly; cw;gj;jp nryT mjpfhpg;gjpypUe;J vOfpd;wJ.
5.1. gztPf;fk;
nghJthf tpiykl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; njhlh;r;rpahd mjpfhpg;Gf;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; ngah; gztPf;fkhFk;. ,J NkYk; gzj;jpdJ nfhs;tdT rf;jp Fiwtile;J nry;tijAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
Draft Version
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tuyhw;W uPjpahf> kpfr;rpwpa fhyg;gFjpapy; gztPf;fkhdJ fhzg;gltpy;iy.
ehq;fs; Vd; cah;gztPf;fkhdJ jPq;Ftpistpf;Fk; vdf; fUjg;gLtij
fye;JiuahLfpd;Nwhk;. vdpDk;> gzr; RUf;fkhdJ (tpiy tPo;r;rp)
nghJthf Fiwthd tsh;r;rptPjk; kw;Wk; ke;jk; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ
vd;gijAk; Kf;fpakhf Qhgfj;jpypUj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,J xU
MNuhf;fpakhd gztPf;fk; rpwpjsT gztPf;fj;ij Ntz;b epw;Fk;. epr;rakhf
xU nghUshjhuk; tsu Ntz;Lnkd;why;> gzepuk;gyhdJ tphpTgLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk; Fiwe;jsthd gztPf;ftPjk; fhzg;gLtJ Fiwe;jsthd
jputj;jpd;%yk; tsh;r;rpf;F jPq;F tpistpf;fg;glkhl;lhJ vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. (jputj;Njh;T vd;gJ nrhj;Jf;fis ,yFthd
Kiwapy; gzkhf khw;wpf;nfhs;s $ba jd;ik.)
5.2. Vd; gztPf;fk; xU gpur;rpid?
jw;NghJ gy tsh;r;rpaile;j ehLfspd; murhq;f nfhs;if mZFKiwfspy;
Kf;fpa ,lkhf xU nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if ,yf;Ffspy; fhzg;gLtJ
tpiy cWjpahFk;. Vd; cah;tiy tPj gztPf;fk; jPq;F tpistpg;gjhf
my;yJ tpUg;gj;jfhjjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
5.2.1. tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nry;tk; vd;gtw;wpd; kPs;gq;fPL
gztPf;fk; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nryT topfspy; kpd; gq;fPl;Lf;F ,l;Lr;
nry;tNjhL tpUg;gj;jfhj xd;whfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nry;t kpd;gq;fPL
vd;gJ nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba fzf;FfspypUe;J ngwg;gl Jz;ba
fzf;Ffshf ,Uf;fyhk;. Vnddpy; ,J fld;fs; gztPf;fj;jpdhy;>„cz;ik‟
ngWkjpia ,of;Fk;. cjhuzkhf ePq;fs; &gh 100>000f;f nrhe;jf;fhuuhf
,Ue;jhy; kw;Wk; tpiy ,ul;bg;ghFk;NghJ ePq;fs; ,d;Dk; &gh 100>000 f;F
nrhe;jf;fhuh;. Mdhy; cq;fsJ fldpd; cz;ikahd kjpg;G
FiwtilAk;. nghJthf gztPf;f fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu rf;jp Fwpg;ghf
epue;ju tUkhdq;fs; gytPdkhd ,og;gpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
5.2.2. nrd;kjp epYit jhf;fk;
xU ehL mjdJ Kf;fpa th;j;j ghq;fhsiutpl cah;e;j gztPf;f tPjj;ijf;
nfhz;bUe;jhy;> mjdJ Vw;Wkjp xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; tpiy $bajhfTk;
,wf;Fkjp xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; kypthdjhfTk; njhpAk;. ,jd; tpisthf th;j;jf
epYit ghjpg;G> Vw;Wkjp ifj;njhopy;fspd; Ntiytha;g;G ghjpf;fg;gLk;
kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy;fs; ,wf;Fkjp gpujpaPLfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. ,Wjpapy;
th;j;jf khw;W tPjk; ghjPf;fg;gLk;.
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5.2.3. gzg; ngWkjpapdJ epr;rakw;w jd;ikAk; tpiyAk;
gztPf;f tPjk; G+uzkhf vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jhy;> cz;ikahd
gztPf;f tpjk; gw;wp xUtUk; Fwpg;gpl;l mwptpidf; nfhz;bUf;f khl;lhh;fs;.
,jd;tpisthf mtUf;Fk; gzg;ngWkjp gw;wpa mwpNth my;yJ tpiyapd;
cz;ikahd fUj;Jg; gw;wpNah njhpe;jpUf;f KbahJ. gztPf;ftPjk;
kpifahf fhzg;gl;lhy; kw;Wk; „fl;l epw gztPf;fk;‟ fhzg;gLtNjhL
,g;gpur;rpid kpifg;gLj;jg;gl;L gzk; kjpg;gw;wjhfpd;wJ. kf;fs; mij
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F tpUg;gkw;wth;fshf fhzg;gLtNjhL gz;lkhw;iw
ehlNtz;ba fl;lhaj;Jf;F js;sg;gLfpd;wdh;. kpff; Fiwthd
re;jh;g;gq;fspy;> KbTfs; tpaf;fj;jf;f mstpy; fhzg;gLk;> Mdhy; mNj
gpur;rpid epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. tpiy Fiwthd jfty;fis njhptpf;ifapy;>
ts xJf;fPl;L nrad;Kiw tpidj;jpwd; Fiwe;jjhf fhzg;gLtNjhL
gFj;jwpthd KbntLf;Fk; jd;ikak; rhj;jpakw;wJ.
5.2.4. tpiy khw;wq;fspd; tsq;fspd; fpuak;
tpiy cWjp Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd kw;nwhU fhuzk; tpiykhw;wj;jpdhy; mbf;fb
tsq;fs; tpiykhw;wk; miltjhFk;. cah;gztPf;f fhyj;jpy;> nghJthf
Copa Neuj; jpl;lkplypy; nrytplg;gLtNjhL tpiy khw;wq;fshy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. thbf;ifahsh;fs; mjpfNeuj;ij tpiy
xg;gPLfspy; nrytpltjhy; mtw;iw Fiwe;j nryTila tsq;fspypUe;J
toq;Ftjw;F Nehf;fyhk;.
5.2.5. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; KjyPL
rpy Neuq;fspy; gztPf;fk; xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; KjyPl;L
kl;lq;fspy; jPq;F tpistpg;gjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nuhgh;l; ghNuh
vd;gtuJ Ma;T (Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, May 1995) fpilf;fj;jf;f
Mjhuq;fs; ,e;Nehf;Ff;F Mjutspf;fpd;wJ vd;gij ghpNrhjid
nra;Js;shh;. ghNu (1960 njhlf;fk; 1990 fhyq;fSf;fpilapyhd 100
ehLfis cs;slf;fpa juTfspypUe;J) ruhrhpahf Mz;L xd;Wf;F gj;J
rjtPj Gs;spfs; gztPf;f mjpfhpg;G tUlj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp
tsh;r;rp tPjj;jpid 0.2 njhlf;fk; 0.3 tpfpjk; Fiwf;Fk; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L
cw;gj;jpapd; KjyPl;L KjyPl;L tpJk; 0.4 gf;fk; 0.6 tiu Fiwe;jJ vdTk;
fzpj;Js;shh;. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; KjyPL vd;gtw;wpd; kPjhd
gztPf;fj;jpd; ghjfkhd jhf;fk; rpwpjhapDk; ePz;lfhyj;jpy; ,J xU
ehl;bDila tho;f;ifj;juj;ij Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; ghjpf;Fk;.
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5.3. Efh;Nthh; tpiy Rl;nlz;fs;
ehk; Vw;fdNt gzj;jpd; cz;ikahd kjpg;G Fiwf;fg;gLk; topfis
Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. xU jdpeguhf> gzj;jpd; cz;ik ngWkjp khw;wq;fis
mstpLtjw;F> midj;J nghUl;fs; Nritfisak; xd;wpizj;J xU vspa
tpiy Rl;nlz;zhf;f Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; ,yq;if
Efh;Nthh; tpiyr;Rl;nlz; gue;stpy; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Efh;Nthh; tpiyr; Rl;nlz; Efh;Nthh; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; xU njhpTf;
“$ilia” mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. Efh;Nthuhy; gz;lq;fs; kPjhd ruhrhp
nryTfspd; mbg;gilapy; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; epiwgzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Efh;Nthd; tpiyr;Rl;nlz;fs; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf nghUshjhuj;jpdJ xU gztPf;f
mKf;ff; Fwpfhl;bfs;; rk;gsg; Ngr;R thh;j;ijapy; xU kw;Wk; tUlhe;j
murhq;f gad; nfhLg;gdtpd; mjpfhpg;gpid jPh;khdpg;gjw;F gad;gLfpd;wJ.
ehLfs;> nghJthf xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l Efh;Nthd; tpiyr; Rl;bfisf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. Vnddpy; xU vspa $l;L Rl;nlz; gy;NtW
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf xU kpfTk; gue;Jgl;ljhff; fUjg;glyhk;.
5.4 gztPf;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
gpd;tUtd gztPf;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzkhf mikayhk;:
* Nfs;tpj;J}z;ly; fhuzpfs; * vjph;ghh;f;iffs;
* nryTj; J}z;ly; fhuzpfs; * gzepuk;gypdJ kpif tsh;r;rp
* ,wf;Fkjp nryT J}z;ly; fhuzpfs;
5.4.1. Nfs;tpj;J}z;ly; gztPf;fk; Nfs;tpj;J}z;ly; gztPf;fk;: nkhj;j epuk;giytpl nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpapy; Vw;gLk;
mjpfhpg;gpd; tpisthf ,g;gztPf;fk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. epuk;gyhdJ epiwnjhopy;
kl;lj;jpy; ,aysT vy;iyapy; xU epiyia milfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
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Nfs;tpj; J}z;ly; gztPf;fkhdJ> nghUshjhuj;jpy; kPjhdJ kw;Wk;
cah;jstpyhd nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpapd;NghJ epuk;gy; nra;tjw;fhd kpif
,aYikapd; NghJ Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
a) Vnddpy; nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpahdJ epuk;gy; kw;Wk; tpiyAah;tpidtpl
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
b) mjpfhpj;j Nfs;tpahy; epuk;fyhdJ mjpfhpf;f Ntz;bAs;sjhy;>
mq;F cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfSf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfspf;fpd;wJ> kw;Wk;
mjdhy; fhuzpfSf;fhd ntFkjp (Cjpak;> tl;btPjk; Nghd;wit)
cah;fpd;wJ.
c) nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpahdJ nghUshjhuj;jpd; ntspaPl;Lf;
nfhs;ssittpl mjpfhpg;gjhy;> mJ Nfs;tpj; J}z;ly;
gztPf;fjpidg; gpd;gw;wp Ntiyapd;ik FiwAk; tiuapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
5.4.2 nryTj;J}z;ly; gztPf;fk;
nryTj;J}z;ly; gztPf;fk;: nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; cw;gj;jpr; nryT
mjpfhpg;gjd; tpisthf Vw;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk;
%yg;nghUl;fspd; tpiy mjpfhpg;gjD}lhf my;yJ $ypfs; mjpfhpg;gjD}lhf
Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
nryTj;; J}z;ly; gztPf;fkhdJ cw;gj;jp fhuzpfspd; nryTfs;
mjpfhpg;gjhy; my;yJ mth;fs; FWfpa epuk;gy; ,y;yhj epiyapy;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,J Fwpg;ghf $ypAld; vw;gLfpd;wJ.
5.4.3. ,wf;Fkjp nryTf; fhuzpfs;
,wf;Fkjp nryT J}z;ly; gztPf;fkhdJ Kf;fpa ,wf;Fkjp nryTfs;
mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ my;yJ FWfpa epuk;gypd;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,J fle;j
1970y; Vw;gl;l vz;nza; tpiyAah;tld; Vw;gl;lJ. NkYk; ehl;bdJ
ehzag; ngWkjpapy; Vw;gLk; xU tPo;r;rp Vw;Wkjp nryT J}z;ly;
tpisTfis nfhz;Ls;sjpypUe;J ehzag; ngWkjp tPo;r;rp ,wf;Fkjp
nghUl;fspd; tpiyia mjpfhpf;Fk;.
5.4.4. vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gztPf;fk;
NkYk; gztPf;f tPjkhdJ mjpfhpf;f Muk;gpg;gpd; kpfTk; Mgj;jhd
vjph;ghh;g;G gztPf;fk; Vw;gLk;. ,jd; fUj;J ve;jf; fhuzpfSk; ,d;Dk;
njhlh;e;J/,y;yhky; ,Uf;f tha;g;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. nghJthd gztPf;fk;
gw;wpa Nehf;F vjph;fhy tUkhdj;ij ghJfhf;f> vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;l vjph;fhy
gztPf;f njhifahy; jw;nghOJ $yp kw;Wk; tpiyfs; mjpfhpf;Fk;. ,J
Draft Version
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348 CA Sri Lanka
ew;rpr; Rotl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;nry;tNjhL $yptpiy cah;T Nghd;W> gztPf;fk;
rhh;gstpy; xU epue;ju mk;rj;ijf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;. Vnddpy;
kf;fSila vjph;ghh;f;ifahdJ mJ nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
5.4.5. gzepuk;gypd; tsh;r;rp
gztpayhsh;fs; gzepuk;gypd; mjpfhpg;Gf; fhuzkhfNt gztPf;fk;
Vw;gLtjhfNt thjpl;ldh;. mq;F mjpfhpf;Fk; gz epuk;gyhdJ
gztPf;fj;jpw;F xU fhuzk; my;yJ mjpfhpf;Fk; gzepuk;gy;
gztPf;fj;jpw;fhd mwpFwpNah vd;gJgw;wpf; fzprkhd tpthjq;fs; cs;sd.
gztpayhsh;fs; gzepuk;gypy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;Ng gztPf;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;
vdTk; gzepuk;gy; tsh;r;rp tPjj;jpid Fiwg;gjd;%yk; fl;lg;ghl;bd;fPo;
nfhz;Ltu KbAk; vd thjpl;ldh;.
5.5.gztPf;fk; Nehf;fpa murhq;ff; nfhs;iffs;
gztPf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rpwe;j top mjdJ fhuzq;fspNyNa
jq;fpapUf;Fk;. eilKiwapy; gztPf;fj;jpw;fhd kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ve;jf;
fhuzq;fisAk; fz;lwptJ kpfTk; fbdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. fPNo cs;s
ml;ltizapy; gztPf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gy;NtW nfhs;iffs;
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sij fhl;LfpwJ:
gztPf;fj;jpw;F fhuzkhf czug;gl;lik
gztPf;fj;jpw;fhd nfhs;if fl;Lg;ghL
Nfs;tpj;J}z;ly;
(cah;e;j Efh;Nthh;
Nfs;tp)
nghUshjhuj;jpd; Nfs;tpia Fiwg;gjw;fhd
eltbf;iffs; mNdfkhf cah;e;j thpfs; %yk;
efh;NthhpdJ nrytpid Fiwf;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;>
Fiwe;jstpyhd murhq;f nryT tPjq;fs; (epjpaPl;L
nryTf;fhd Fiwe;j fld;ngwy;)> cah;e;j tl;b
tPjq;fs;.
nryTj;J}z;lw;
fhuzpfs; (cah;thd
$ypr; nryT kw;Wk;
Vida cah;
tpiyfSkhd
nraw;gLk; nryTfs;)
Copar; re;ij fl;Lg;ghLfis jtph;j;jy;>
ifj;njhopy;fspd; ghhpasT cw;gj;jp jpwid
Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; $yp kw;Wk; tpiy mjpfhpg;Gf;fs;
kPJ fl;Lg;ghLfis gpuNahfpj;jy; cl;gl cw;gj;jp
nryT kw;Wk; tpiy cah;itf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd
eltbf;iffs; vLj;jy;.
,wf;Fkjp nryTf;
fhuzpfs;
ehzakhw;WtPj khw;wq;fis mila
Kaw;rpg;gjd;%yk; ,wf;Fkjp njhifia my;yJ
tpiyia Fiwg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 349
gzepuk;gypy; kpj
kpQ;rpa mjpfsthd
tsh;r;rp
mur fld;fis Fiwj;jy;> tq;fpf; fliyf;
Fiwj;jy; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;j Kaw;rpj;jy;> rkepiy
th;j;jf kpifia mila Kaw;rpj;jy; my;yJ
guhkhpg;gjd; %yk; gzepuk;gypd; tsh;r;rpia
Fiwg;gjw;fhd eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
gztPf;f
vjph;ghh;f;if
gztPf;fj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd murhq;f jPh;khdj;ijf;
fhl;Lfpd;w njspthdnfhs;iffs;.
5.6. gztPf;fk; kw;Wk; tl;btPjq;fs;
xU murhq;fkhdJ Efh;Nthh; Nfs;tpapy; xU mjpfhpg;G Vw;gLk;NghJ
gztPf;f tPjj;ij Fiwg;gjw;F xU topahf cah;e;j tl;b tPjf;
nfhs;ifia Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;syhk; (Nfs;tpahdJ ifj;njhopyhdJ mjd;
ntspaPl;il Nfs;tpia rkhspg;gjw;F mjpfhpg;ig tpl kpf Ntfkhf
cah;e;Jnfhz;L nry;Yk;).
(a) tl;btPjk; mjpfhpf;Fk;nghJ gztPf;ftPjj;jpy; xU Muk;g mjpfhpg;Gf;
fhzg;gLk;.
(b) tl;b tPjq;fs; NghJkhdsT mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; Efh;NthuJ nryT
tsh;r;rp tPjj;jpy; xU Fiwg;G ,Wjpapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,f;Fiwg;ghdJ
gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk;:
(i) kf;fs; $Wf;fhf jq;fsJ tUkhdj;jpypUe;J mjpfsT tl;b nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ,J tl;b nrYj;jpa gpd;dh; Vidatw;Wf;F
nrytpLtjw;fhd tUkhdj;ij Fiwj;JtpLk;> (murhq;fk; $ypia
mjpfhpf;f tpUk;ghjpUf;Fk; Vnddpy; kf;fs; kPz;Lk; cah;e;j
$ypAld; jq;fsJ tUkhdj;ij cUthf;f tpUk;gpdhy; Efh;NthuJ
nryT mjpfhpg;G njhlu KbAk;).
(ii) cah; tl;btPjq;fs; kf;fs; fld;ngWtjpypUe;J jLg;gJld; mjdhy;
fld;ngw;Wk; gzk; Fiwe;j nryitf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(iii) cah; tl;btPjq;fs; Nrkpg;ig Cf;fg;gLj;JtJld;> vdNt jdpegh;fs;
jq;fsJ tUkhdj;jpw;fhd Fiwe;jsitNa Efh;Tf;fhf nrytpLth;.
(iv) cah; tl;btpJkhdJ ehzaky;yh nrhj;Jf;fspd; ngWkjpia
Fiwj;jy;> mjhtJ tPLfs;> kw;Wk; kf;fspd; nryT czh;T Fiwg;G
kf;fs; „Viofs; vd czur; nra;jy; kw;Wk; mjd; tpisthf
Efh;Tg; nghUl;fs; kPjhd mth;fsJ nryT Fiwf;fg;gLk;.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
350 CA Sri Lanka
tl;b tPjf;nfhs;if gzepuk;gypy; Vw;gLk; tsh;r;rpapy; ,ize;j fl;Lg;ghLfis nfhz;Ls;sik NkNy tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
6 Ntiyapd;ik
VjhtJ fhyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; Ntiyaw;Nwhh; vz;zpf;if murhq;f
Gs;sp tpguq;fs; %yk; mstplg;gLfpd;wJ. nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; nkhj;j
epuk;gy;fs; nfhs;iffs; %yk; murhq;fq;fs; Ntiyapd;ikia rhpnra;a
Kaw;rp nra;a KbAk;.
6.1. Ntiyapd;ik tPjk;
xU nghUshjhuj;jpdJ Ntiyapd;ik tPjkhdJ gpd;tUkhW
fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ:
Ntiyaw;wth;fspd; vz;zpf;if
nkhj;j Ntiyg;gil
Ntiyapd;ikapD}lhf njhopyhsh;fs; Xl;lk; epiyahf ,Ue;jhy;> Ntiyaw;w njhopyhsh; gilapd; msTk; epiyahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Ntiyapd;ikf;Fs;shd Xl;lq;fshtd:
(a) NtiyAs;s njhopyhsh;gilapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Ntiyapy;yhky; Nghjy;
* Ntiy ePf;fk; * RatpUg;gj;Jld; NtiyapypUe;J ntspNawy;
* Ntiyf;Fiwg;G
(b) Copag; gilf;F ntspNaAs;s kf;fs; Ntiyapd;ikg;gilapy;
,ize;Jnfhs;sy;.
njhopyw;w ghlrhiy tpl;L tpyfpNahh;
Copag;gilapy; ,ize;Jnfhz;l VidNahh;fs; Mdhy; ,d;dKk;
njhopy; ,y;yhjth;fs; (cjhuzkhf guhkhpg;gth;fs;)
Ntiyapd;ikf;F ntspahd Xl;lq;fs;
Ntiyaw;wkf;fs; njhopy;fis fz;Lgpbj;jy;
gzpePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l njhopy;fis kPz;Lk; njhopy;tha;g;G ngwy;
Ntiyaw;w kf;fs; njhopy; NjLk; Ntiyia epWj;jpf;nfhs;sy;
x 100%
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 351
6.2. Ntiyapd;ikapd; tpisTfs;
gpd;tUk; gpur;ridfSf;F Ntiyapd;ik ,l;Lr;nry;Yk;:
(a) ntspaPl;L ,og;G. Copak; Ntiyaw;wpUe;jhy;> nghUshjhuk; ,ad;wT
cw;gjjpfis nra;a KbahjpUf;Fk;. mjdhy; nkhj;jj; Njrpa tUkhdk;
mjdhy; KbAkhdijtplf; FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
(b) kdpj %yjd ,og;G. Ntiyapd;ik fhzg;gl;lhy; Ntiyaw;w Copak;
njhlh;r;rpahf jq;fsJ jpwd;fis ,of;Fk; Vnddpy; Ntiynra;Ak;
NghJ khj;jpuNk jpwd;fs; Ngzg;gl KbAk;.
(c) tUkhdg; gq;fPl;bd; rkj;Jtkpd;ik mjpfhpf;Fk;. Ntiyaw;w kf;fs;
Ntiy nra;Ak; kf;fistpl Fiwe;jdNt ciog;gh;> Ntiyapd;ik
mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ Viofs; NkYk; Viofshf;fg;gLth;.
(d) r%fr; nryTfs;. Ntiyapd;ikahdJ jdpegh; r%fg; gpur;rpid kw;Wk;
Jd;gk; kw;Wk; jpUl;L kw;Wk; fhypj;jdk; Nghd;w rhj;jpakhd jPa
eltbf;iffSf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;Yk;.
(e) r%f eyf; nfhLg;gdT kPjhd Rik mjpfhpf;Fk;. ,J murhq;f
epjpf;nfhs;if kPJ ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.
6.3. Ntiyapd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
Ntiyapd;ikahdJ mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fisg; nghWj;J gpd;tUk; gy;NtW
fhuzq;fshf tifg;gLj;j KbAk;:
tifg;ghL fUj;Jf;fs; nka;f;$yp Ntiyapd;ik
,t;tifahd Ntiyapd;ik Copau; epuk;gy;>
Copau; Nfs;tpia tpQ;Rk;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
Mdhy; nka;f;$ypfs; copau; re;ij
njspthf;Ftjw;F Fiwtilakhl;lhJ.
,t;tifahd Ntiyapd;ik nghJthf gykhd
th;j;jf rq;fq;fspd; mth;fsJ $ypf;Fiwg;Gf;fhd
eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tif
Ntiyapd;ikf;F kw;WnkhU fhuzkhf Fiwe;j
gl;rf; $yp tPjf; fUj;Jf;fspd;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
352 CA Sri Lanka
cuha;T Ntiyapd;ik NghJkhdjhf Ntiyfs; ,y;yhikapy; ,J
jtph;f;f Kbahjjhf rpyNtiyapd;ik kpfTk;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; Copar; re;ijapd; cuha;T
fhuzkhf (njhopy;fhud; Ntiyahsh;fis
nghUj;jpf;nfhs;tJ fbdk;) njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs;
gw;wpa mwpTf;Fiwtpdhy; mNdfkhf Vw;gLtjhff;
fhzg;gLk;. nghJthf> ,J njhopy;
toq;Fzh;fSld; rhj;jpaKs;s Copah;fis
nghUj;Jtjw;F fhyk; vLg;gNjhL jdpegh;fs; Gjpa
njhopy;fis Njbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fhyg;gFjpfspy;
njhopyw;wth;fshff; fhzg;gLth;. cuha;T
Ntiyapd;ikahdJ jw;fhypfkhdJ> mJ xU
njhopypUe;J mLj;j njhopYf;FkhWk; fhyg;gFjp
tiuNa fhzg;gLtjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
gUtfhyk; ,J rpy ifj;njhopy;fspy; Vw;gLtjhff; fhzg;gLk;
cjhuzkhf fl;llk;> cy;yhrk; kw;Wk;
gaph;r;nra;if ,g;gFjpfspy; Copaj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp
gUtfhy NtWghLfSf;Nfw;g jsk;gyilAk;
mikg;G ifj;njhopy; gq;fspg;gpy; ePz;lfhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wq;fspy; ,J Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mikg;G hPjpahd
gz;ghdJ cah;thd gpuhe;jpa Ntiyapd;ikahf
ghjpf;fg;gl;l ifj;njhopy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kf;fpa fhuzkhf Nfs;tp kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
Kf;fpa Fiwg;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
njhopEl;g uPjpahdJ ,JnthU mikg;G uPjpahd Ntiyapd;ik
tbtkhd Gjpa njhopEl;gk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
(a) gioa jpwd;fs; Njitg;glkhl;lhJ.
(b) Copa Nrkpg;G vz;zf;fU mjhtJ kdpjh;fs;
nra;Ak; Ntiyfis ,ae;jpuq;fs; nra;tjhf
fhzg;gLk;.
ifj;njhopyhdJ nkhj;j ntspaPL
mjpfhpj;jNghJk;$l jd;dpr;nraYld;
ifj;njhopyhdJ Ntiyapd;ik kl;lk;
tPo;r;rpailAk;.
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 353
Row;rp uPjpahd my;yJ
Nfs;tp
,J fle;jfhy cs;sehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L
th;j;jfj;jpD}lhd Row;rp uPjpahd G+hpg;G> Fiwg;G>
kw;Wk; kPz;nloy; kw;Wk; gpd;dh; kPz;Lk; G+hpg;G
mt;thwhd mDgtkhf ,J fhzg;Lk;.
(a) kPz;nlOk; kw;Wk; G+hpg;G Mz;Lfspy;
ntspaPl;Lf;fhd Nfs;tp kw;Wk; njhopy;
cah;tilAk; kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik
FiwthfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
(b) Fiwg;G kw;Wk; ke;j tUlq;fspy;
ntspaPl;Lf;fhd Nfs;tp kw;Wk; njhopy;fs;
tPo;r;rpailAk; kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik cah;e;j
kl;lj;jpy; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
Row;rp uPjpahd Ntiyapd;ik ePz;lfhyj;jpy;
KbAk;> kw;Wk; xU murhq;fk; xU ke;j Fiwg;G
my;yJ Jhpj nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;
vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; ,izg;gjw;F Kaw;rpf;fyhk;.
gUtfhy kw;Wk; cuha;T Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik FWfpafhykhFk;. mikg;G
hPjpahd> njhopEl;g uPjpahd> kw;Wk; Row;rp uPjpahd Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikfs;
epiyj;J epw;ff;$baitahFk;> kw;Wk; Mgj;jhdJq;$l.
6.4. murhq;f Ntiytha;g;Gf; nfhs;if
Ntiytha;g;G cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ikf; Fiwg;G xNu tplaj;ijNa
fUJfpd;wJ. Mdhy; Ntiyapd;ikapidf; Fiwf;fhJ mjpf Ntiyfs;
cUthf;FtJ rhj;jpakhdJ.
(a) Gjpa Ntiyfs; cUthf;fg;gLtijtpl nghpasT vz;zpf;ifahd kf;fs;
njhopw; re;ijf;Fs; EioAk;NghJ ,J ,lk;ngw KbAk;. cjhuzkhf
xUtUl fhyg;gFjpapy; 500>000 Gjpa njhopy;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lhy;>
Mdhy; 750>000 ghlrhiy tpLifahsh;fs; njhopy; NjLfpd;whh;fs;>
mq;F Ntiyapd;ik mjpfhpg;G 250>000 Mff; fhzg;gLk;.
(b) njhopy;fis cUthf;fhky; mtw;wpd; Ntiyapd;ikg; gz;Gfis
Fiwj;Jf; fhl;LtJk; rhj;jpakhdJ. cjhuzkhf> mur Jiwf;F
mDkjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegh;fs;> mth;fs; KONeu Ntiyia
nfhz;bUe;jNghJk; Ntiyapd;ik gjpypypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk;.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
354 CA Sri Lanka
xU murhq;fk; njhopy;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F my;yJ Ntiyapd;ikia
Fiwg;gjw;F gy;NtW njhpTfis nra;a KbAk;. ,it nghUshjhuj;jpd;
Nfs;tpkl;lj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; copa epuk;giy
mjpfsT jahh;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfis kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
(a) mjpfkhd gzj;jpid Neubahfj; njhopy;fs; kPJ nrytpLjy;
(cjhuzkhf mjpfsT cs;ehl;L Ntiyahl;fis thliff;fkh;j;jy;).
(b) nghUshjhuj;jpd; jdpahh;Jiw tsh;r;rpia Nkk;gLj;jy;. nkhj;jf;Nfs;tp
tsh;r;rpailAk;NghJ nghJthf mjpfhpf;Fk; Nfs;tpia rkhspg;gjw;fhf
epWtdk; jdJ ntspaPl;il mjpfhpg;gJ mjpfsT copaj;ij
thliff;fkh;j;Jk;.
(c) njhopwwppwd; gapw;r;rpfis Nkk;gLj;jy;. jpwdw;w Ntiyahsh;fspilNa
cah;e;jdthd Ntiyapd;ik fhzg;gLtNjhL mNjNeuk; jpwDs;s
Ntiyahsh;fSf;fhd gw;whf;FiwAk; fhzg;glyhk;. murhq;fk;
gapw;rpfSf;fhd epjpAjtpfis xU jpwDs;s Ntiyahsh; FOit
cUthf;f cjtpGhpa KbAk;.
(d) Kf;fpa gpuhe;jpa gpuNjrq;fspd; ed;nfhil cjtpfis Copah;fSf;F
toq;fy;.
(e) kPs; ,ltkh;T nryTfSld; jdpegh; epjpAjtpfis toq;Ftjd;%yk;
Copah; efh;T Cf;fg;gLj;JtJld; ntw;wpaplq;fSf;fhd jfty;
Xl;lq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
re;ij njspTgLj;jy; kl;lq;fspy; nka;f;$ypfis Fiwg;gjw;fhd Vida
nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk;.
(a) %bafil cld;gbf;iffs;> ,J th;j;jf rq;f mq;fj;jth;fSf;F
Fwpg;gpl;l njhopy;fis tiuaWf;Fk;.
(b) Fiwe;j gl;rf; $ypr;rl;lq;fs; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; mtw;iw
xOq;FgLj;jp tiuaWj;jy;.
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 355
7 nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpahdJ xU jiyf;Fhpa rdj;njhifapdJ nka; nkhj;j
Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; (GNP) Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;gpd;%yk; mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.
murhq;fnfhs;iffs; tsh;r;rpapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jyhk;. Mdhy; Vida
gyfhuzpfSk; Kf;fpaj;JtkhFk;.
7.1. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp
gztPf;fk; kw;Wk; rdj;njhif khw;w msT vd;gtw;iwg; gadgLj;jp nkhj;j
cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;ig mstpl;L rdj;njhif rpwpjhf
khw;wkila ,t;tZFKiw jpUg;jpaspf;fg;gLk;.
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpahdJ rkkhdjhf my;yJ rkdw;wjhff; fhzg;glyhk;.
(vy;yh JiwfSk; xd;whf tp];jhpf;fg;gLk; NghJ). FiwtpUj;jp ehLfs;>
Fwpg;ghf nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia miltjpy; gy f\;lq;fis fz;Ls;sJ.
Vnddpy; ,e;ehLfspy; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F Njitahd gy fhuzq;fs;
,y;yhjpUf;fpd;wJ.
cz;ikahd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp nghUshjhuj;jpd; rfl Xl;lj;Jld;
jsk;gyilAk; Njrpa tUkhd tpj mjpfhpg;G tpjkhf fhzg;gLk;.
rhj;jpakhd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp vd;gJ nghUshjhuj;jpYs;s vy;yh
tsq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gly; (kf;fSk; ,ae;jpuq;fSk;) Vw;gLk; tsh;r;rpahFk;.
,yq;if 2011y; 8% tpj nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpiag; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. ,J
%d;W jrhg;jq;fspy; cah;e;j tsh;r;rptPjkhFk;.
ehq;fs; mLj;j gphptpy; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia Cf;Ftpg;gjhy; murhq;f
nfhs;if Nehf;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp fye;JiuahLNthk;. Mdhy;
,g;gphptpy; ehq;fs; tsh;r;rp kl;lj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; Vida fhuzpfisg; gw;wpg;
ghprPyid nra;Nthk;.
7.2. cz;ik tsh;r;rp
ePz;lfhy cz;ik tsh;r;rpahdJ ,U fhuzpfshy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
rhj;jpats ntspaPl;L tsh;r;rp (NtWth;j;ijapy; nkhj;j epuk;gy;)
nkhj;j Nfs;tpapd; tsh;r;rp
,f;fhuzpfs; gphpT 2 kw;Wk; cU 10.3,y; ehk; tpsf;fpaJ Nghd;W
xd;wpypUe;J mLj;jjpw;F gbKiwahf efh;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Draft Version
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356 CA Sri Lanka
7.3. rhj;jpa tsh;r;rp
rhj;jpats ntspaPl;L tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fshf cz;ikahd nrytpid
(nryTg;gf;fk;) tpl nghUshjhuj;jpd; ,aystpd; (epuk;gy; gf;fk;) jPh;khdk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ gpd;tUkhW:
(a) fpilf;fpd;w tsq;fspd; njhifia mjpfhpf;fyhk;.
(i) epyk; kw;Wk; %yg;nghUl;fs;. epykhdJ cz;ikapy; epiyahd
epuk;gy;> Mdhy; Gjpa ,aw;if tsq;fshdJ njhlh;r;rpahf
fz;Lgpbf;fg;glyhk;.
(ii) Copak; (Ntiy nra;Ak; rdj;njhifapd; msT). jiyf;Fhpa
ntspaPL Ntiynra;ahj rdj;njhif tpjj;jpd; %yk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
(iii) %yjdk; (c-k; ,ae;jpuq;fs;)
(b) cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; tsq;fspd; mjpfhpg;G cjhuzkhf njhopDl;g nraw;wpwd;
my;yJ Copag;gapw;rpfspd; khw;wk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpisthf Vw;gLk;.
7.4. epiyj;jpUf;Fk; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd
fhuzpfs;.
epiyj;jpUf;Fk; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpahdJ NghJkhdsT Gjpa KjyPl;L
kl;lk; mJ vjph;fhy Nfs;tp tsh;r;rpahf mjpfhpg;G vjph;ghh;f;if ,Ue;jhy;
vLf;fg;gLtjpy; ghhpasT jq;fpapUf;Fk;. vjph;ghf;ifapd; gpd;duhf KjyPL
ngUf;fp nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; tUkhd mjpfhpg;ig vw;gLj;Jk;. Mdhy; Vd;
cz;ik tUkhdkl;lk; Vd; KjyPl;lhsh;fs; epidg;gJNghy; ,Wjpapy;
mjpfhpg;gjhf Kbtjpy;iy? ,J KjyPl;il njhlh;jy;/fhuzp tsh;r;rp
vjph;fhy tpahghu ek;gpf;ifapy; jq;fpapUg;gNjhL ,J Efh;T tsh;r;rpapd;
vjph;ghh;f;ifapidAk; gpujpgypf;Fk;.
7.5. ,aw;if tsq;fs;
,aw;if tsq;fspd; gphpg;G tpjk; tsh;r;rpf;fhd vy;iyfs; tpjpf;Fk;.
cw;gj;jp ehl;bDila vz;nza; epyf;fhp kw;Wk; fdpAg;Gf;fs;
gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fiwg;gNjhL fpilf;fj;jf;f tsq;fspd; ,Ug;igAk;
Fiwf;Fk;. MfNt ,J xU tifapy; KjyPbd;ikahff; fhzg;gLk;.
7.6. njhopDl;g uPjpahd tsh;r;rp
Jhpj nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F njhopDl;g uPjpahd nraw;wpwd;
Kf;fpakhd xU tskhFk;.
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 357
xNuasthd cw;gj;jpf;fhuzpfs; cah; ntspaPl;il cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;.
Gjpa jahhpg;Gf;fs; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; vdJ ntspaPl;L tsh;r;rpAld;
Nrh;f;fg;gLk;.
Copag;gilapy; njhopDl;g nraw;wpwd; fhzg;glKbAk;. Ntiyahl;fs;
rpwe;j fy;tpawpTilath;fs; kw;Wk; rpwe;j gapw;r;rpailath;fshapd;
mth;fspd; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp nra;af;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf
cw;gj;jp nrad;kiwapy; jtWfhzg;gly; jpwd; njhopyhsh; mjid tpiuthf
ifahsf;$batuhf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis jpwdw;w njhopyhsh; ePz;lNeuk;
my;yJ Nkyjpf gpur;rpidf;f fhuzkhfyhk;.
njhopDl;g uPjpahd nrad;Kiw 3 gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl KbAk;.
(a) %yjd Nrkpg;G: njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wk; fhuzkhf Fiwthd %yjdk;
kw;Wk; xU myF ntspaPl;Lf;fhf Copak; mNjasthfTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
(b) eLepiyik: njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wk; Kd;diug;Nghy Copak; kw;Wk;
%yjdk; rkhf xt;nthU myF ntspaPl;Lf;Fk; Fiwthf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
(c) Copa Nrkpg;G: njhopDl;g Kd;ndw;wk; Fiwthd Copaj;ij mNjasT
njhif %yjdj;ijAk; xU myF ntspaPl;Lf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
njhopDl;g nraw;wpwd; (C) tifahf ,Ue;jhy; Gjpa njhopDl;gk; copa
Nrkpg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. gpd;dh; xNu Neuj;jpy; Nfs;tpg; gphpthf;fk; my;yJ
xt;nthU eguhYk; Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; kzpj;jpahyf; Fiwg;G jtpu
Ntiyapd;ik mjpfhpj;jy; Gjpa njhopDl;gk; %yk; Copa Nrkpg;G Njhd;Wk;.
gpd;dh; njhopDl;g nrad;KiwAld; ,ize;J cw;gj;jpj;jpwid
mjpfhpf;fkhl;lhJ.
Fiwg;G jtpu Ntiyapd;ik mjpfhpj;jy; Gjpa njhopDl;gk; %yk; Copa
Nrkpg;G Njhd;Wk;. gpd;dh; njhopDl;g nrad;KiwAld; ,ize;J
cw;gj;jpjpwid mjpfhpf;fkhl;lhJ. vdNt njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wk;
tsh;r;rpia J}z;Lfpd;wjh Mdhy; mNjNeuk; epiwnjhopy;kl;l ,yf;Fld;
Kuz;ghL cilajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; kw;nwhU tpisT
NtiyapYs;s kf;fs; cah; $yp tbtpyhd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapd;%yk;
ed;ikailth;. Mdhy; Gjpa njhopDl;gk; %ykhf ,k;kf;fs;
NtiyapypUe;J ntspNaw;wk; Fiwe;jtuhf tUkhdj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk;.
vdNt ,q;F nry;te;jh; NkYk; Nkhrkhd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapy;
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
358 CA Sri Lanka
nry;te;juhtJld; Viofs; NkYk; ViofshfNt fhzg;gLthh;fs;. ,J
kf;fshy; tpUk;gj;jfhj xU nghushjhu tsh;r;rpahfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
7.7. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapd; kPjhd ntspthhp tzpfr; nry;thf;F
th;j;jf khw;W tPjj;jpd; tpUj;jp vd;gJ (nfhLf;fg;gl;l Vw;Wkjp mstpd;%yk;
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; msT) mjpf ,wf;Fkjpfis thq;f KbAk; my;yJ
khwhf Fwpg;gpl;l xU njhFjp Vw;WkjpapD}lhf cah;e;j ,yhgj;ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gjhFk;. ,J KjyPl;il mjpfhpj;J nghUshjhu
tsh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;. Vida cyf ehLfSldhd tsh;r;rp tPjkhdJ
nghpasT ntspehl;L th;j;jfj;Jiw xU nghUshjhuk; nfhz;bUj;jy;
Kf;fpakhdJ. th;j;jf gq;fhsh;fs; nkJthd tsh;r;rpiaf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;
xU ehl;bd; mth;fSf;F Vw;Wkjp njhif nkJthf khj;jpuNk tsh;r;rp
milAk;. ,J ehl;bDila KjyPL kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpf;fhd nrhe;j
tha;g;Gf;fis kl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
7.8. nghUshjhu tsh;;r;rpapd; ed;ikfSk; jPikfSk;
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpahdJ cah;e;j jyhtUkhdj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;nry;tNjhL
mJ cah;e;j kl;l Efh;Tf;Fk; rpwe;j tho;ifj;ju epiyikf;Fk;
,l;Lr;nry;Yk;.
xU ehL nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp xU ehl;bd; r%fk; kPJ rfpf;f Kbahj thpr;
Rikfis Vw;gLj;jhJ ,yFthf r%f ey Nritfis toq;f KbAk;.
vt;thnwdpDk; tsh;r;rpapy; rhj;jpakhd jPikfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(a) tsh;r;rp ,aw;if tsq;fis Ntfkhf gad;gLj;Jtij Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
tsh;r;rp ,y;yhtpl;lhy; ,t;tsq;fs; ePbj;jpUf;Fk;.
(b) mjpfsT nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; mkpykio kw;Wk; mZfopT Nghd;w
khRgLj;jy;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,J „gr;irtPl;L tpisTfis‟
mjpfhpg;gjD}lhf rPh;Fiyf;Fk; fhyepiy khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
mghaj;ij Vw;gLj;jp ,J mjpf njUf;fspy;> Gjpa kw;Wk; nghpa
efuq;fspy; kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
(c) tpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspy; ,g;gFjp rdj;njhif> Gjpa jpwd; kw;Wk;
gapw;rpf; Nfhy tiffSf;Nfw;g ,izj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahik
njhopy;fis fz;Lgpbf;f Kbahik vd Mgj;jhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mikg;G uPjpahd gztPf;fk; r%fj;jpd; nghpasT gFjpapy;
cUthf;fg;gLtNjhL Njrpa tUkhd mjpfhpg;gpypUe;J ve;jg; gaidAk;
ngw KbahJ.
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 359
(d) tsh;r;rpia miltjw;fhf epWtdq;fs; mjpf KjyPL nra;a Ntz;b
Vw;gLtNjhL ,jw;fhd epjp Njitg;gLk;. ,J cah;e;j Nrkpg;Gf;fspypUe;J
khj;jpuNk tuKbtNjhL kf;fsJ Fiwthd Efh;Tf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;Yk;.
MfNt FWq;fhyj;jpy; cah;e;j tsh;r;rpahdJ Efh;T Fiwg;Gf;F
toptFf;Fk;.
8 nghUshjhuj;ijr; rkhspg;gjw;fhd mur nfhs;;iffs;
Nghpdg; nghUshjhu nfhs;if ,yf;Ffs; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp> gztPf;fk;>
Ntiyapd;ik kw;Wk; nrd;kjp epYit rkepiy vd;gtw;Wld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
8.1. murhq;ff; nfhs;iffs;
midj;J etPd murhq;fq;fSk; jq;fsJ Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F
Xustpw;F Kfhik nra;tjw;F vjph;ghh;f;fpd;whh;fs;. Njh;jy; nghJthf
murhq;f eltbf;iff;F Mjuthf my;yJ tskhd tsh;r;rpf;F jilahf
kw;Wk; gaDs;s Nghpd nghUshjhu nfhs;iffshf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mth;fsJ rhh;gsT Kd;Dhpik gw;wp tpthjq;fs; njhlhpDk; nghUshjhuf;
nfhs;if 4 tifahf Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(a) nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpiaaila rdj;njhifapy; jiyf;fhf Njrpa
tUkhd tsh;r;rp> tsh;r;rp cz;ikahd tifapy; Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy;
Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;ig Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. fle;j rpy Mz;Lfshf
njUf;fs;> tpkhd epiyaq;fs;> JiwKfq;fs; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G
Nghd;wit cs;slf;fg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAila nghJ KjyPl;L
jpl;lq;fs; ,yq;if ehl;L murhq;fj;jpdJ Kf;fpa Nehf;fhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(b) gztPf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; (cWjpahd tpiyia mile;J nfhs;sy;).
(c) epiwnjhopy;kl;lj;ij miljy;. epiwnjhopy; kl;lk; vd;gJ njhopy;
Njitg;gLk; xt;nthUtUk; vg;nghOJk; njhopiyf; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fUj;jy;y. Mdhy; Ntiyapd;ik msT Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk; vd;gNjhL jd;dpr;iraw;w Ntiyapd;ik msT Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk; vd;gNjhL jd;dpr;iraw;w Ntiyapd;ik xU FWq;fhy
nraw;ghlhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
(d) Fwpg;gpl;l xU Mz;Lfhyg;gFjpapy; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;FkjpfSf;fpilNa
rkepiyia miljy; (ehl;bDila nrd;kjp epYit fzf;F) xU
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
360 CA Sri Lanka
ehl;bDila nry;tk; Vida thpfSld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ. xU fldhsp xU
ehl;bd; fld;> kw;Wk; ehLfSf;fpilNaahd ey;nyz;z rh;tNjr cwT
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ntspthhp rkepiyapy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
,e;Nehf;fq;fis G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F Kaw;rpg;gjw;fhd gpur;rpid
Vjhtnjhd;iw jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk;NghJ mij jtph;f;f Vida gpur;rpidfs;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf epiwnjhopy; cUthf;fk; gztPf;f tPj
mjpfhpg;Gf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk;. murhq;fk; epjpf;nfhs;if my;yJ
gzf;nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;jp ,jid Kfhik nra;fpd;wJ.
8.1.1. ,iwtup kw;Wk; ehzaf;nfhs;if
murhq;f nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa ftdk; epjp kw;Wk; ehzaf; nfhs;ifahfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,iwtupf; nfhs;if thptpjpg;Gfs; nghJf;fld; kw;Wk; nryTfSld;
njhlh;Ggl;lJ. ehzaf;nfhs;if gzepuk;gy;> tl;btPjk;> ehzakhw;W tPjk;
kw;Wk; fld; fpilg;gdTj;jd;ik Nghd;w murhq;f nfhs;iffSld;
njhlh;Ggl;lJ. “epjp kw;Wk; ehzaf;nfhs;ifapd; ftdk; xU
nghUshjhuj;jpdJ nkhj;j Nfs;tp kl;lj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
mNjNtis epuk;gy; gf;f nfhs;if xU nghUshjhuj;jpd; epuk;gy; nra;Ak;
njhifapYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jfpd;wJ.
8.2. murhq;f nrytpdq;fs;
murhq;fq;fs; gzj;jpid nrytpLfpd;wJ. nrytpdq;fs; Rfhjhuk;> r%f
Nritfs;. fy;tp> Nghf;Ftuj;J> ghJfhg;G> njhopy; khdpaq;fs; kw;Wk;
mJNghd;w nrytpdq;fSf;F jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk;
njhopw;ghLfSf;fpilNa xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Njhopyhsh;fSf;fhd $ypfSk; rk;gsq;fSk;
%yg;nghUl;fs;. epuk;gy;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs;
%yjd cgfuzq;fs;
fld;kPjhd tl;b kw;Wk; %yjd kPs; nfhLg;gdT
mj;jifa jFjpAilath;fSf;fhd ed;ikfSk; Xa;T+jpaq;fSk;
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 361
8.3. murhq;f thpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; fk;gdpfspd; nryT
jPh;khdk;
(a) murhq;fj;jpdJ nryT jPh;khdkhdJ ghJfhg;G cgfuzq;fs;
jahhpg;ghsh;> kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt cgfuzq;fs;> ghlrhiy
Gj;jfq;fs; Nghd;w murhq;f epuk;gyhsh;fis ghjpf;Fk;.
(b) nghUshjhuj;jpy; mur nrytpD}lhd “ntspj;js;Sif” jhf;fk;
fhzg;gLk;. mjhtJ fk;gdpfs; fk;gdpfSf;F epuk;gy; nra;a ,J
murhq;fj;jpdJ epuk;gyhf mikAk;.
(c) thptpjpg;ghdJ Efh;NthuJ nfhs;tdT rf;jpiag; ghjpf;Fk;.
(d) fk;gdp ,yhgk; kPjhd thp kw;Wk; fk;gdpfs; milaf;$ba KjyPl;bd;
kPjhd thpf;Fg; gpd;duhd thpr;rYif ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
(e) nghJj;Jiw KjyPL nghJj;Jiw <LghL my;yJ r%f Njitfs; G+h;j;jp
nra;jy; kPjhd mjd; eltbf;iffs; Nehf;fp ,af;f Ntz;Lk;. vdJ
,j;JiwfspYs;s ifj;njhopy;fs;
(f) nghJj;Jiw KjyPL xU ePz;l fhymstpy; gadilthh;fs; (cjhuzk;
Rfhjhuk;) my;yJ jdpahh; Jiw rkhspg;gjw;F ,aYkhdijtpl
Fiwthf mstplf;$ba nghUshjhu ed;ikfs; (cjhuzk; fy;tp)
fhzg;gLk;.
8.4. nghUshjhuj; jpl;lkply;
xNu Neuj;jpy; mjpf kf;fs; murhq;fk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; gw;wp
tpgukhf jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk; vd ek;Gfpd;whh;fs;. jw;NghJ ,J rhjfkhf
ntspNa> ngUk;ghYk; fpof;F kz;ly fk;G+dpr Njhy;tpapd; tpisthf
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; khj;jphpa murhq;fk; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd;
,af;Fduhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jdpahh; Jiw eltbf;if nray;gLj;Jfpd;w kw;Wk; re;ij FiwghLfs;
rhpnra;ag;gl;l murhq;fk; re;ij G+uzj;Jtkpd;ik nghUshjhu
jpl;lkply;fspy; jw;NghJ kpf nghUj;jkhdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(a) murhq;fj;jpdJ kpf Kf;fpa nghUshjhu gq;F tpahghuk; njhlh;ghf rl;l
KiwfshFk;. Nrhj;J njhlh;ghd rl;lk;> $l;Lj;jhgdq;fspd; xg;ge;jk;>
Nghl;b> njhopy; kw;Wk; Vidait ek;gpf;ifAld; tpahghuj;ij
nra;tjw;fhd fl;likg;ig toq;Ffpd;wJ.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
362 CA Sri Lanka
(b) Nghpd nghUshjhu Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; murhq;fNk nghWg;Gkpf;fjhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa Kfhikj;Jtk; rl;l uPjpahd fl;likg;G
Nghd;W tpahghuk; ek;gpf;ifAld; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epiyahd
epge;jidfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
(c) jilfs; Nghd;W Nghf;Ffs; Fiwthf ,Ue;jNghJk; murhq;fk;
cs;ehl;L ifj;njhopiy ghJfhg;gpw;fhf th;j;jfj; jilfis mjpfhpf;f
KbAk;.
(d) murhq;fk; Vw;Wkjp khdpak; my;yJ Vw;Wkjp Cf;Ftpg;G %yk; Vida
topfspy; nra;a KbAk;. (cjhuzk; Vw;Wkjp ,yf;Ffs;> Vw;Wkjp fld;
fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; Vidait %yk;)
(e) murhq;fq;fs; ntspehl;L ehLfs; %yk; cs;sf KjyPl;il Cf;Ftpf;f
KbAk;.
(f) gpuhe;jpaf; nfhs;iffs; rpwpastpyhd nghUshjhu jpl;lkply;fSf;F
cjhuzkhFk;.
(i) Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gFjpfSf;fhd thp Cf;Ftpg;G my;yJ
KjyPl;Lf;fhd ed;nfhil
(ii) efu my;yJ khtl;l jpl;lkply; fl;Lg;ghLfis jsh;j;jy; my;yJ
nraw;gLj;jy;
(iii) ,f;nfhs;if nghJthf fle;jfhy rpe;jidahf ,Ue;Jk; ghhpa
efuq;fpy; rdj;njhif mKf;fj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;F Gjpa efuq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
(v) cl;fl;likg;G tpUj;jp Cf;Ftpg;G (cjhuzk; njUf;fs;>Gifapujk;>
tpkhdepiyak;)
Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;ghLfshd J}z;ly; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; %yk; murhq;fk;
tpahghuj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjw;Fk; Kaw;rpf;Fk;.
Draft Version
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8.5. epWtdq;fs; kPjhd mur nry;thf;F
fPo;tUk; tiuglkhdJ murhq;f nry;thf;fpid ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ:
tiuglk; 10.5 epWtdq;fs; kPjhd murhq;f nry;thf;F
8.6. th;j;jf jPh;khdq;fs; kPjhd murhq;f nry;thf;F
jPh;khdk; fUj;J ntspaPl;L ,aysT KjyPl;Lf;fhd ed;nfhil my;yJ
thp Cf;ftpg;G
Nghl;b jil my;yJ mDkjp
ngwy;/,izj;jy;
rl;ltpNuhj Nghl;b vjph;g;G
eilKiwfs;
Gjpa tUiffSf;fhd jpwe;j
re;ijfs; (c-k;) vhpthA
jdpAhpikfs; mth;fis Kwpabf;f; mth;fis
xOq;FgLj;j.
tpw;gid Nfs;tp murhq;f nfhs;if Nfs;tpia
fl;Lg;gLj;j ghjpf;Fk;.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
364 CA Sri Lanka
8.7. nraw;ghl;L jPh;khdk; kPjhd murhq;f nry;thf;F
jPh;khdk; fUj;J RfhjhuKk; ghJfhg;Gk; rl;lthf;fk;> xOq;FKiwfs; Ntiy tha;g;G rkkhd rl;lthf;f re;jh;g;gq;fs; thbf;ifahsh;fs; cw;gj;jp ghJfhg;G thp jUk; tpw;gid thp tpjpKiwfs;
tUkhdthp fzf;fPl;L fl;Lg;ghL
9 ,iwtupf; nfhs;if
epjpf;nfhs;ifahdJ nghushjhuj;jpd; nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpapid Kfhik nra;Ak; Kiwapid toq;Ffpd;wJ.
murhq;fk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Nfs;tpapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjw;F epjpf;nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jj; jPh;khdpj;jhy; mJ nryT khw;whk; my;yJ thpkhw;wq;fis mjdJ nfhs;if fUtpfshf njhpT nra;a KbAk;.
xU murhq;fk; Neh; kw;Wk; kiwKf thpfs; %yk; vt;thW tUkhdj;ij cah;jpf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gij jPh;khdpg;gNjhL xt;nthU tsq;fspYkpUe;J vd;d tpj;jpy; thp tUkhdq;fis Rj;jpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; jPh;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
9.1. epjpf;nfhs;ifapd; tiutpyf;fzk;
epjpf;nfhs;if : thptpjpg;G kPjhd murhq;fnfhs;if> nghjf;fld; kw;Wk; nghJr; nrytpdq;fs;.
9.2. ,iwtupf; nfhs;ifAk; tuT nryTj; jpl;lKk;
xU epjpf;nfhs;if gz;ghdJ murhq;fk; nryTf;fhd Njit kw;Wk; tUkhd
cUthf;f Njitapd; msT my;yJ fld;%yk; vd;gijj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;.
vt;tsT thptpjpg;G fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;> vtw;wpypUe;J thp ngwg;glNtz;Lk;
kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; vg;gFjpapypUe;J gzk; ngwg;glNtz;Lk;. (epWtdk;
my;yJ tPl;Lj;Jiw> cah;tUkhd ciog;ghsh;fs; my;yJ FiwtUkhd
ciog;ghsh;fs;) vd;gtw;iw jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhf xU jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,J Kiwrhh; epjpf;nfhs;ifapid jpl;lkply; nghJthf xU
tUlj;jpw;F fhzg;gLtNjhL ,J tUlhe;j tuTr; nryTj;jpl;lkhfTk;
mikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
murhq;fj;jpdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk; ,U $Wfs; tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;Jf;F
fhzg;gLtNjhL mJ epjpf;nfhs;ifapD}lhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
(a) nrytpdk;. Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;Sh;kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; xU murhq;f
Rfhjhu Nrit> nghJfy;tp> xU nghyp];gil> njUf;fs;> nghJfl;lq;fs;
Draft Version
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CA Sri Lanka 365
kw;Wk; ,J Nghd;w nghUl;fs; Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F gzj;jpid
nrytpLtNjhL mjdJ eph;thf Ntiyg;gilf;fk; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. ,J
nghJthf jdpahh; njhopy;Jiw%yk; KjyPl;il Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ed;nfhilfs; tbtpy; epjp toq;fyhk;.
(b) tUkhdk;. nrytpLfs; epjpaplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL murhq;fk;
tUkhdj;ij nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngUk;ghyhd murhq;f
tUkhdq;fs; thptpjpg;gpypUe;J ngw;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; rpy tUkhdk;
murhq;f Nritfis gad;gLj;Jgth;fSf;F Neubahf tpjpf;fg;gLk;
ngWtdTfspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
epjpf;nfhs;ifapd; %d;whtJ $W
(c) fld;. Murhq;f nrytpdk; mjdJ tUkhdj;ijtpl mjpfkhf fhzg;gbd;
me;jstpw;F NtWghl;il epug;g fld; ngw Ntz;Lk;. murhq;f
fld;fspypUe;J epjpf;nfhs;if tpidj;jpwd; kPJ
jhf;fj;ijf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
9.3 tuTnryTj; jpl;l kpifAk; tuT nryTj;jpl;l gw;whf;FiwAk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf murhq;fk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Nfs;tpia Cf;ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
murhq;fk; mNjastpy; mjd; nrhe;j nryTfis itj;jpUf;Fkhdhy;>
Mdhy; mJ thptpjpg;G kl;lj;ijf; Fiwj;J nghUshjhuj;jpy; Nfs;tpia
Cf;Ftpf;Fk;: epWtdq;fs; tPl;Lj;Jiw thpf;Fg; gpd;dh; Efh;T my;yJ
Nrkpg;G/KjyPl;Lf;fhd mjpf gzj;ij itj;jpUf;Fk;.
(a) nrytPLfs; jhdhfNt NkYk; mjpfhpg;gjd;%yk; Neubahf Nfs;tpia
mjpfhpf;f KbAk; - cjhuzk; Rfhjhu Nritfs; kPJ my;yJ fy;tp
kw;Wk; mjpf kf;fis jhdhfNt Ntiyf;F mkh;j;;Jtjd; %yk;
mjpfhpf;fKbAk;.
(i) ,t; Nkyjpf nrytPdk; cah;e;j thpfs; %yk; epjpaplg;gl KbAk;.
Mdhy; nghushjhuj;jpd; jdpahh; Jiwahd nryTfisf;
Fiwf;Fk;. Vnddpy; thpf;Fg; gpd;duhf jdpahh; JiwapduJ
tUkhdk; Fiwthdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(ii) murpd; Nkyjpf nryTfshdJ murhq;fj;jpd; Nkyjpf fld;fs; %yk;
epjpaplg;gLk;. jdpegh;fs; nryTf;F gzj;ij fld; thq;FtJ Nghy;
murhq;fKk; nra;a KbAk;.
(b) ,J thptpjpg;G Fiwg;G kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpegh;fs;
thptFg;gpdh; NkYk; tUkhdj;ij nrytpl (my;yJ Nrkpg;G)
mDkjpg;gpd; %yk; kiwKfkhf Nfs;tpia mjpfhpf;f KbAk;.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
366 CA Sri Lanka
(i) thptpjpg;G ntl;Lf;fs;. murhq;f nryTfis Fiwg;gjd;%yk;
nghUj;jg;gl KbAk;. ,e;epiyapy; nghUshjhuj;jpd; nkhj;jf;Nfs;tp
midj;Jk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; J}z;lg;gl KbahJ.
(ii) khw;whf> thpntl;Lf;fs; mjpfhpj;j murhq;f fld;fs;%yk;
epjpaplg;gl KbAk;.
nghUshjhuj;jpd; nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpahdJ murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhur; nryT
my;yJ thpntl;Lf;fs;%yk; mjpfhpf;f KbAk;. mNjNghy; nghUshjhuj;jpd;
Nfs;tp murhq;fr; nrytpdq;fis Fiwg;gjd; my;yJ thpfis
mjpfhpg;gjd;%yk; Fiwf;f KbtNjhL Nrkpg;ig gad;gLj;jp my;yJ
murhq;f fld;fis Fiwg;gjw;F cah;e;j tUkhdq;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;.
nryT khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; thp khw;wq;fs; cz;ikapy; gu];guk;
xd;iwnahd;W tpyf;Ftjpy;iy. murhq;fk; gy njhpTfisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(a) nryTfis mjpfhpj;jy; kw;Wk; thpf;Fiwg;G> cah;e;j nghJj;Jiw epfu
gz Njitfs;%yk; ,k;khw;wq;fs; epjpaplg;gLfpd;wJ. (PSNCR) (fPNo
ghh;f;fTk;)
(b) nryTf;Fiwg;G kw;Wk; thp mjpfhpg;G: ,k;khw;wq;fs; PSNCR msitf;
Fiwf;Fk;.
(c) mjpfhpf;Fk; nryT kw;Wk; gFjpahf my;yJ KOikahf cah; thpfs;
%yk; ,t; Nkyjpf nrytpdk; epjpaplg;gLk;.
(d) nryTf;Fiwg;G kw;Wk; Nrkpg;G thpiaf; Fiwf;Fk;.
murhq;f tUkhdk; mjdJ nryit tpQ;Rk;NghJ ehq;fs; murhq;fk;
tuTnryTj;jpl;l kpifapy; XLfpd;wJ vdyhk;. ,J nghUshjhuj;jpy;
ntspNa vLg;gjd;%yk; gzepuk;giy Fiwg;gjw;fhd xU Kf;fpakhd
nfhs;ifahFk;. (RUf;ff; nfhs;if vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ).
murhq;fj;jpDila nryTfs; mjdJ tUkhdj;ij ePf;Ftjw;F fld; ngw
J}z;Lk;> mq;F PSNCR kw;Wk; ehk; ,e;epiyia murhq;fk; tuT nryTj;jpl;l
gw;whf;Fiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vdTk; nrhy;yyhk;. murhq;fk;
nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fs; gzj;jpid cl;ghr;Rk;NghJ mJ tphpthf;fw; nfhs;if
vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
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9.4. thptpjpg;Gj; njhopw;ghLfs;
thptpjpg;G gy;NtW njhopw;ghLfis nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. mJ
gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ:
(a) murhq;fj;jpdJ tUkhdj;ij cah;j;JtNjhL cs;Sh; mjpfhu
rigfspdJk; mijnahj;j nghJ epWtdq;fsJk; tUkhdj;ij
cah;j;Jk;.
(b) rpy gz;lq;fSf;F mtw;wpdJ r%fr; nryTfis ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L
tpiyaplg;glTk; fhuzkhf mikAk; (itj;jparhiy ftdpg;G Nghd;w
cjhuzk; Gijj;jy; rpy r%f nryTfis nfhz;LtUk;)
(c) tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nry;tj;ij kPs; gq;fPL nra;tjw;F.
(d) ntspehl;Lg; Nghl;bapypUe;J ifj;njhopiy ghJfhg;gjw;F. ,wf;Fkjp
nra;ag;gLk; midj;Jg; nghUl;fSf;Fk; muR thpapid tpjpj;jhy;>
mNdfkhd ,t;thpfs; Efh;Nthhpd;Nky; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;l tpiyahfr;
Rkj;jg;gLk;> mj;Jld; ,wf;FkjpahFk; nghUl;fs; kpfTk;
nryTilajhFk;.
9.5. Neh; kw;Wk; Nehpy; thpfs;
Neh; thpahdJ tUkhd mjpfhurigf;F xU eguhy; Neubahf nrYj;jg;gLk;
thpahFk;. Neh;thpahdJ tUkhdk; kw;Wk; ,yhgq;fs; my;yJ nry;tk;kPJ
tpjpf;fg;gl KbAk;. Neh;thpfshdJ tpUj;jp Kiw my;yJ tpfpjhrhu
mZFKiwAilajhf toikahf mth;fshy; jtph;f;f KbahjjhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; fUj;J mit xt;nthUtuhYk; fl;lhak; nrYj;jg;gl
Ntz;bajhYk;.
Nehpy; thpfshdit tUkhd mjpfhurigfspdhy; ,ilj;jhf;fq;fspypUe;J
(xU epuk;gyhsh;) gpd;dh; mth; thbf;ifahsUf;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk;
nghUl;fspd; tpiyfs;%yk; flj;jg;gl;L Nrfhpf;fg;gLk; thpahFk;. ,U
tifahd Nehpy; thpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
xU myF tpw;gidf;fhd epiyahd ngWkjpahf tpjpf;fg;gLk; tpNrl
thpahFk;.
nghUspdJ tpiyapd; kPJ epiyahd tPjkhf tpjpf;fg;gLk; thp ngWkhd
thpahFk;.
Draft Version
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9.6. thp kw;Wk; tUkhd kl;lq;fs;
gpd;tUk; NtWghLfisf; ftdpf;fTk;:
(a) Nja;T thpahdJ nry;te;jh;fspd; tUkhdj;jpidtpl Viofspd;
tUkhdj;jpy; cah;e;jsT tPjj;ij vLf;Fk;. njUthpahdJ
vy;NyhUf;Fk; xj;jjhf ,Ue;Jk; Nja;Tthpf;F cjhuzkhFk;.
(b) tpfpjrkthp vy;yh tUkhdkl;l kf;fSf;Fk; rk tpfpjkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
(c) tpUj;jpKiw thp tUkhdk; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ cah;e;jsthd
tUkhdj;ij thpahf ngWtij Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
10 ehzaf;nfhs;if
ehzaf;nfhs;ifahdJ gzepuk;gy;> tl;btPjk; my;yJ nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpapy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fld;fl;Lg;ghLfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
10.1. ehzaf; nfhs;ifapd; jd;ik
ehzaf; nfhs;if: gzepuk;gy; kPjhd murhq;ff; nfhs;if> ehzaKiw>
tl;btPjk;> ehzakhw;W tPjk; kw;Wk; fld; fpilg;gdT.
ehzaf;nfhs;if kw;Wk; epjpf;nfhs;if nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpapy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;JtjD}lhf Nghpdg;nghUshjhu nfhs;if ,yf;Ffis mila
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapy;> ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp ehzaf;nfhs;ifia elj;Jtjpy;
ngWg;G tha;e;j epWtdkhf fhzg;gLtNjhL cah;e;j mjpfhuKs;s epjp
KiwahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
10.2. ehzaf;nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
ehzaf;nfhs;ifahdJ nghUshjhu ,Wjpf; nfhs;iffshd gztPf;fk;>
nrd;kjp epYit> epiwnjhopy; kl;lk; kw;Wk; nka; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rptPjk;
vd;gtw;iw mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl Kbfpd;wJ. ,t; ,Wjp
,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf tl;btPj kl;lk; gzepuk;y; tsh;r;rp>
];Nuypq;ff;fhd ehzakhw;WtPjk; fld; tphpthf;fk; kw;Wk; Njrpa tUkhd
tsh;r;rp Nghd;w ehzaf;nfhs;iff;fhd ,ilepiy ,yf;Ffis mjpfhurig
jPh;khdpf;Fk;.
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
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10.3. ehzaf;nfhs;ifapd; ,yf;fhf gz epuk;gy;
gztpay; nghUspayhsh;fSf;F gztPf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
mbg;gilahf nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifapd; njspthd ,ilepiy
Fwpf;Nfhshf gz epuk;gy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; gzepuk;gy;
mjpfhpg;ghdJ tpiy kw;Wk; tUkhdk; mjpfhpj;J gpd;dh; gzj;jpid
nrytspg;gjw;fhf Nfs;tpia mjpfhpf;Fk;. eilKiw Nghf;fhd mstPl;L
,yFgLj;jyhd ,f;nfhs;if jsh;j;jy; nghUshjhuj;ij J}z;Lk; nghUl;L
murhq;fk; mjpfsT gzj;jpid mr;rpLk;.
gzepuk;gy; fl;Lg;ghl;lhdJ Kjd;Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJ FWq;fhy
tpisthdJ %d;W fhuzq;fshy; vjph;ghuhj fhuzq;fshf ,Ue;jJ.
(a) tl;btPj tpisT epiyaw;wjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
(b) vijAk; nra;J Kbg;gjw;F Kd; fhyg;gpd;dilT ,Uf;fyhk;.
cjhuzkhf murhq;f nrytpid Fiwg;gjw;F fhyk; vLg;gNjhL xU
gztpay; nfhs;iff; fUtpahf murhq;f fld; Fiwg;G
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
(c) gztPf;fk; gw;wpa vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; rk;gs Nfhhpf;iffs;
gzepuk;giy fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;duhd xU fhyg; gpd;dilthf
,Uf;fyhk;.
gz epuk;gy; tsh;r;rp> ,J gztpay; nfhs;if ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jhy;> mJ xU
eLj;ju fhy ,yf;fhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10.4. ehzaf; nfhs;ifapd; ,yf;fhf tl;btPjk;
gzj;jpdJ „tpiy‟ahd tl;btPjj;ij gztpay; Nfhpf;if ,yf;fhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; tl;btPjj;ij mjpfhurig jPh;khdpf;fyhk;. ,J tl;b
tPjj;jpw;Fk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; nryT kl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Neub njhlh;G
my;yJ tl;b tPjj;jpw;Fk; gz tPf;f tPjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlh;G cs;sJ
vd fUjpdhy; ,J nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
tl;b tPjq;fspd; cah;thdJ fk;gdpfs; kw;Wk; jdp egh;fsJ cs;sf
nghUshjhuj;jpy; flDf;fhd tpiyia cah;j;Jk;. fk;gdpfs; rhh;gstpy;
cah;T epue;jukhdJ vd Nehf;fpd;> KjyPl;bw;fhd %yjdj;jpd; ntFkjp
tPjk; epiwthd fth;r;rpfukhf khWtNjhL tpahghuj;jpdJ %yjd KjyPl;L
jpl;lq;fs; jil nra;ag;glyhk;. $l;Lj; jhgdq;fsJ ,yhgq;fs; cah;e;j
tl;btPj nfhLg;gdTfshy; tPo;r;rpailAk;. fk;gdpfs; ruf;fpUg;Gf;fspd; gzr;
nryT mjpfhpg;gjhy; ruf;fpUg;G kl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. jdp egh;fs; fld;fis
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
370 CA Sri Lanka
Fiwf;Fk; Kfkhf Efh;it Fiwf;f my;yJ gpw;Nghl vjph;ghh;g;gNjhL tPl;Lf;
nfhs;tdTf;fhd fld; thq;Fk; tpUg;gKk; FiwtilAk;.
nghJthf tl;b tPjj;jpw;Fk; KjyPl;bw;Fk; (fk;gdpfshy;) ,ilNa njhlh;G
fhzg;gLtnjd;gJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l NghJk; Efh;Nthh; nryT ,izg;G
epiyaw;wjhfTk; vjph;T $wf;$bajhfTk; tl;btPj khw;wq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy
gpd;diltpw;Fg; gpd;dNu nryT kl;lj;ij ghjpf;Fk; tha;g;G cs;sJ.
10.4.1 tl;btPj cah;tpd; Vida tpisTfs;
(a) cah; tl;b tPjk; ehzaj;jpd; ngWkjpapid mJ ,y;iy vd;gijtpl
itj;jpUf;Fk;. ,J Vw;Wkjpr; nryTfis cah;thf itj;jpUg;gJld;
mtw;iw thq;Fk; Vida ehLfspy; ,Ue;J mtw;iwf; nfhs;tdT
nra;a Efh;Nthiu mr;RWj;Jk;.
(b) cah; tl;b tPjk; cs;ehl;L ehza KjyPLfspy; ntspehl;L
KjyPl;lhsh;fis <u;g;gNjhL> KjyPl;L cl;gha;r;ry; fhuzkhf nrd;kjp
epYit gw;whf;Fiwf;F epjpapl cjtp GhpAk;.
tl;b tPj nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa fhuzk; gz epuk;gy; my;yJ fld; msT
Nghd;w Vida nfhs;if ,yf;Ffspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;j KbAk;
vd;gijtpl mjpfhhpfshy; kpfTk; tpidjpwdhf kw;Wk; tpiuthf
tl;btPjq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;j ,aYkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
10.5. ehzaf;nfhs;if ,yf;fhf ehza khw;W tPjk;
Vd; tl;btPjf; nfhs;if ,yf;fhfpd;wJ.
(a) tl;btPjk; tPo;r;rpaile;jhy; ntspehl;by; thq;Fgth;fSf;F Vw;Wkjp
kypthf njhptNjhL Vw;Wkjpr; re;ijapy; mjpf Nghl;biaAk;
nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLk;. ,wf;Fkjp kpfTk; tpiy $bajhf njhptNjhL
cs;ehl;by; jahhpf;fg;gLk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F vjpuhf kpftk;
Fiwthf Ngl;b fhzg;gLk;. ehza khw;W tPjj;jpd; tPo;r;rp Vw;Wkjpia
Cf;Ftpj;J ,wf;Fkjpf;fhd Nfs;tpia Fiwtilar; nra;tjd;%yk;
rpy topfspy; cs;ehl;L nghUshjhuj;jpw;f rpwe;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
(b) ehza khw;W tPjj;jpd; mjpfupg;ghdJ Vw;Wkjp tpiy kw;Wk; kypthd
,wf;FkjpfSld; vjpuhd tpisitf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ehza khw;W
tPjk; mjpfhpj;jhy; ,wf;Fkjp kypthdjhf cs;ehl;Lg; gztPf;fj;jpy; xU
Fiwg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; kypthd ,wf;Fkjp cs;ehl;L
Nfs;tp kw;Wk; Ntiy epWj;jq;fSf;F tsptFj;J vjph;f;fzpa
tpisTfSf;F tsptFf;fyhk;. ehza khw;W tPj tPo;r;rpahdJ
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kWGwkhf ,wf;Fkjp nryit mjpfhpg;gJld; cs;ehl;L gztPf;fj;Jld;
,izf;fg;gLk;.
xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk; ghhpastpy; ntspehl;L th;j;jfj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;
NghJ cs;ehl;L ehzaj;jpw;fhd ehza ,yf;Fg; ngWkjpia cUthf;f
murhq;ff; nfhs;if nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. vt;thnwdpDk; ehza khw;W
tPjkhdJ cs;ehl;L gztPf;f tPjk; kw;Wk; tl;btPj kl;lk; Mfpa ,uz;bYk;
jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. cs;ehl;L gztPf;f tPjk; Kjypy; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs;
nfhz;L tug;glhjtplj;J ehza khw;W tPj ,yf;F milag;gl KbahJ.
10.6. ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Fwpfhl;bfs;
xU nghUshjhuf; Fwpfhl;bahdJ nghUshjhu epiyikfs; kw;Wk; murhq;f
nraw;wpwid MuhAk; xU top gw;wpa jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
(a) xU Kd;dzpf; Fwpfhl;bahdJ nghUshjhuj;jpy; vjph; fhyj;jpy;
vt;tifahd nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWk; vd;gij Kd;$l;bNa milahsk;
jUk; xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J vjph;fhy ed;ikfis vjph;T$wg;
gad;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf> ];Nuypq;fpd; kjpg;G 2% Mf tPo;r;rp
milapd; nrd;kjp epYit rkepiy kw;Wk; gztPf;fk; vd;gtw;wpw;F
vd;d epfOk; vd;gij vjph;T $wyhk;.
(b) xU ,ize;j Fwpfhl;bahdJ epfo;Tfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ mNj Neuj;jpy;
nghUshjhu epiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis toq;Fk; Fwpfhl;bahff;
fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzk;> xLq;fpa gz epuk;gy; 5% My; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ
mNj fhyg;gFjpapy; GDPahdJ 5%My; mjpfhpf;Fk; vdg; „gz‟
mbg;gilapy; cWjp nra;ayhk;.
(c) xU gpd;dilTf; Fwpfhl;b nghUshjhu rflNthl;lj;ij „gpd;jq;f
itf;Fk;‟ xd;whFk;. xU cjhuzkhf Ntiyapd;ikia
vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; ngUk;ghYk; ke;jk; Kbe;jgpwF njhlh;r;rpahf
mjpfhpg;ig nfhz;bUg;gNjhL kPz;nlOk; epiy njhlq;fpa gpd;dh;jhd;
kPz;Lk; tpo;r;rpaila Muk;gpf;Fk;.
,q;F gy vz;zpf;ifahd ehzaf; Fwpfhl;bfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(a) gz ,Ug;Gf;fspd; msT
(b) tl;b tPjq;fs; mjhtJ tq;fpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tl;b tPjq;fs;> jpiwNrhp cz;bay; tPjk;> kw;Wk; ePz;l jpfjpaplg;gl;l murhq;fg; gpizfs;
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(c) Vida ehzaq;fSf;nfjpuhd ehzakhw;W tPjk; cjhuzkhf mnkhpf;f nlhyh;> my;yJ th;j;jf epiwaplg;gl;l ehzakhw;WtPj Rl;nlz;
(d) murhq;fj;jpdJ fld; ngWk; msT
(e) nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp tPjj;jpy; fld;ngWk; msT
10.7. ehzaf;nfhs;ifAk; ,iwtupf;nfhs;ifAk;
ehzaf; nfhs;if ,iwtupf;nfhs;if kw;Wk; Nfs;tp Kfhikf;F xU Jiz
Mjhukhf nraw;gl KbAk;. Vnddpy; tuT nryTj;jpl;lk; xU murhq;fk;
nghUshjhuj;jpidf; fl;lg;gLj;Jtjw;F tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;jpw;fpilNa
epjpapy;yh mstPLfis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(a) Fiwe;j tl;btPjf; nfhs;if my;yJ VjhtJ fld; fl;Lg;ghLfs; mw;w
epiy vd;gd tq;fpf;flid Cf;Ftpf;f> ,J nghUshjhuj;jpd;
nrytpdq;fis (Nfs;tp) mjpfhpf;Fk;.
(b) cah;e;j tl;b tPjk; fld; jLg;G fUtpahf fhzg;gLtJld; vdNt
nghUshjhuj;jpd; nrytpdq;fisAk; Fiwtilar; nra;ayhk;.
(c) fLikahd fld; fl;Lg;ghLfs; (cjhuzkhkf tq;fpf;fld;
fl;Lg;ghLfs;) flidf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLtJld;
nghUshjhuj;jpd; Nfs;tpiaAk; Fiwtilar; nra;ayhk;.
khwhf> gzf;nfhs;if mjd; Kf;fpa nghUshjhu ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F
xU murhq;fk; kpfTk; gaDs;s mZFKiwfs; %yk; epjpf;nfhs;iffs;kPJ
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
10.8 ehzaf;nfhs;if gztPf;f fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
tsh;r;rp
gztpayhsh;fs; ehzaf;fl;Lg;ghL: gztPf;fk; kPJ jiltpjpj;Js;sJ vd
thjpLfpd;wdh;. Mdhy; vg;gb ,J nghUshjhuj;jpw;F cjtp nra;fpd;wJ?
ehq;fs; ,t;thW tpthjpf;fyhk;?
(a) cah; gztPf;fk; nghUshjhu epr;rakw;w jd;ikia mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
gztPf;fj;ij fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L tUtjd;%yk; tzpf
ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; ehzakhw;W tPjj;ij
];jpug;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; rh;tNjr th;j;jfj;jpw;F cjt KbAk;.
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(b) Fiwe;jsthd tl;btPjk; (Fiwe;j epr;rakw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; Fiwthd
gztPf;fk; fhuzkhf) KjyPl;il kw;Wk; nka; ntspaPl;il
J}z;LtjD}lhf tzpfk; kPjhd ek;gpf;ifia Gj;Japh;g;G ngwr;nra;Ak;.
(c) gzepuk;gy; tsh;r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL jdpegh;fs; cah;e;j ntspaPl;il nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhd cah;e;j tUkhdj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk;.
11 nrd;kjp epYit
nrd;kjp epYitf; fzf;fhdJ th;j;jfj;Jldhd eilKiwf; fzf;F>
tUkhdk; kw;Wk; Nritfs; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L gphpTfspypUe;jhd Njwpa
ngWiffs; kw;Wk; %yjdf; fzf;F vd;gtw;iw (ntspehl;L Neub KjyPL
kw;Wk; fld;fs;) cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
11.1 nrd;kjp epYitapd; jd;ik
,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija ntspg;ghl;bd;fPo; nrd;kjp epYit
Gs;sptpgutpayhdJ> eilKiwf; fzf;F nfhLg;gdTfs; gpd;tUk;
cggphpTfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ:
th;j;jf epYit (Vw;Wkjp kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjp)
tUkhdk; kw;Wk; Nritfs; fzf;F
ntspehl;bypUe;j Njwpa ngWiffs;
%yjdf; fzf;F epYit ntspehl;L Neub KjyPL kw;Wk; rh;tNjr fld;fs;
vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
gj;jphpifahsh;fs; my;yJ nghUspayhsh;fs; nrd;kjp epYit gw;wpg; NgRk;
NghJ mth;fs; toikahf eilKiwf; fzf;fpd; gw;whf;Fiw my;yJ kpif
gw;wp> my;yJ gz;lq;fs; kl;Lk; kPjhd th;j;jfj;jpd; rhj;jpakhf kpif
my;yJ gw;whf;Fiwapid gw;wpNa (,J th;j;jfr; rkepiy vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ) NgRfpd;wdh;.
,yq;if 2012y; th;jjf epYitahf nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapd; 15% I
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,yq;ifapDila vz;nza; ,wf;Fkjp nkhj;j ,wf;Fkjpapy;
fpl;lj;jl;l 27% Mf fhzg;gl;lNghJ mjd; rhh;G tsh;r;rpf;F nfhs;iffs;
nkhj;j ,wf;Fkjpapy; KjyPl;L nghUs; ,wf;Fkjp $Wfs; 24%I
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. cy;yhr gpuahzj;Jiw tUkhdk; kw;Wk;
ntspehLfspy; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,yq;ifah;fSila ngWtdTfs;
ghuk;ghpakhf vjph;f;fzpa th;j;jf fzf;F epYitapid jzpj;jpUe;jJ.
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11.2. nrd;kjp epYitapd; rkepiy
xU tUl fhyj;jpw;F Nkyhf nrd;kjp epYit rkepiyapy; ,Ue;jhy;
ehzakhw;WtPjk; epiyahf ,Ug;gNjhL jd;dpr;irahd fld; kw;Wk;
gw;Wf;fs; ngWkjpapy; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; (tUlhe;j nghUl;fs; Nritfs;
th;j;jfk; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;). vt;thnwdpDk;> ,t;tplaq;fs;
murhq;f Ntiyapd;ikia cUthf;Fk; my;yJ cah;e;j tpiyfs;>
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp jpahfk; my;yJ th;j;jf jilfis tpjpj;jy; Nghd;w
mstPLfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fj;jpw;F Njitg;gbd; rkepiy
fhzg;gl KbahJ.
11.3. eilKiwf;fzf;fpd; kpif my;yJ gw;whf;Fiw
xU ehl;bDila nrd;kjp epYit gpur;rpid Vw;gLk;NghJ xU ehL
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; eilKiwf; fzf;F gw;whf;Fiwiaf;
nfhz;bUf;FnkdpDk; njhlh;r;rpahf eilKiwf;fzf;F kpifapid
mDgtpf;Fk; xUehL gpur;rpidfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
eilKiwf; fzf;F gw;whf;Fiwg; gpur;rpidahdJ ngUk;ghYk; kpfTk;
ntspg;gilahdnjhd;whFk;. xU ehL njhlh;r;rpahf gw;whf;Fiwapy;
,Uf;Fk;NghJ Vw;Wkjp nry;tijtpl mjpfsT nghUl;fs; Nritfis
,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak;. ,J rhj;jpakhd ,U tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
(a) eilKiwf; fzf;F gw;whf;FiwAld; nghUe;JksTf;F
ntspehl;Lfld;fis cUthf;f ntspehLfspypUe;J NkYk; NkYk;
fld;ngwyhk;. cjhuzkhf ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsh;fis
murhq;fj;jpdJ gpizfis toq;Ftjd;%yk; mjp$ba fld;ngw
Cf;Ftpj;jy;
(b) mjd; nrhj;Jf;fs; NkYk; NkYk; tpw;gid nra;ag;glyhk;. ,J
mz;ikapy; mnkhpf;fhtpy; ele;J tUfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf mnkhpf;f
eilKiwf;fzf;fpd; ghhpa gw;whf;FiwahdJ ntspehl;L epWtdq;fs;
%yk; mnkhpf;f fk;gdpfs; mjpfsT gq;Ffis nfhs;tdT
nra;tjd;%yk; Vw;gl;ljhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
mt;thW me;epa nryhtzp re;ijfspy; ehl;bDila ehzaj;ij
thq;Ftjw;fhd Nfs;tp ehl;bDila ehza tpw;gidf;fhd epuk;giytpl
gytPdkhdjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; tpisthf ehzakhw;W tPjj;jpy; ehzag;
ngWkjp ,wf;fk; mOj;jk; nfhz;bjhf fhzg;gLk;.
mLj;jLj;j Mz;Lfspy; xU ehL eilKiwf;fzf;F kpifapidf;
nfhz;bUe;jhy; mJ kpifia ntspehl;by; KjyPL nra;Ak; my;yJ
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cj;jpNahfG+h;t xJf;Ffspy; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. nrd;kjp epYit tYthd
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> xU ehL nghpastpyhd th;j;jf ehlhf
,Ue;jhy; ([g;ghidg;Nghy) njhlh;r;rpahd nrd;kjp epYitapd; eilKiwf;
fzf;fpy; kpifapidf; nfhz;bUf;f Vida ehLfs; njhlh;r;rpahd
gw;whf;Fiwapidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,t; Vida ehLfs; cj;jpNahfG+h;t
xJf;Ffspd; fPo; ,aq;f KbtNjhL> ngUk;ghYk; kw;Wk; ntspehLfspypUe;J
fld; ngwf;$basT tiuAk; fld; ngWk;> Mdhy; ,Wjpapy; mth; gzk;
KOtJk; jPh;e;j epiyapy; mth;fs; jq;fsJ flidf;$l nrYj;j Kbahj
epiy fhzg;gLk;.
11.4. vt;thW murhq;fk; eilKiwf; fzf;F gw;whf;Fiwia
epth;j;jp nra;ayhk;?
nrd;kjp epYit gw;whf;FiAila xU ehl;L murhq;fk; nghJthf
gw;whf;Fiwia Fiwg;gjw;fhf my;y mfw;Wtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis vLf;f
Ntz;Kl vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. eilKiwf;fzf;F gw;whf;Fiw
gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; xd;W my;yJ gy mstPLfs; %yk; rhp nra;ag;glyhk;:
(a) ehzag; ngWkjp Ma;T (kjpg;gpwf;fk; vd;gJ murhq;fk; jpl;lkpl;L
J}l;btply; MFk;. cjhuzkhf ehzakhw;WtPj fl;Lg;ghl;Lld;
ehzaj;jpdJ ngWkjpia khw;wk; nra;jy;).
(b) jPh;itfs; my;yJ ,wf;Fkjp Nfhl;lhf;fs; my;yJ nryhtzp fl;Lg;ghl;L
tpjpKiwfs; Nghd;w ,wf;Fkjpfs;.
(c) cs;ehl;L gzr;RUf;fk; cs;ehl;L nghUshjhuj;jpd; nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpia
Fiwf;Fk;.
Kjypuz;L nryT khw;wy; nfhs;iffs; ,wf;FkjpapypUe;J cs;ehl;L
jahhpg;Gf;fis Nehf;fp tsq;fs; kw;Wk; nryTfis khw;WtNjhL ,Wjpaf
nryT Fiwf;Fk; nfhs;ifahfpd;wJ.
12 th;j;jfj;jpd; kPjhd ehza khw;W tPj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ehza khw;W tpfpjkhdJ epiyahd ehza khw;WtPj Kiwapy; $l
,Wjpapy; Nfs;tp epuk;gy; msTfshy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
tpahghukhdJ ehza khw;W tpfpjq;fspy; ghjpg;Gf;fis tiuaiw
nra;tjw;F gy;NtW mstPLfis vLf;f KbAk;.
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12.1. ehza khw;W tpfpjq;fs;
ehza khw;W tpfpjk; xU ehl;L ehzakhdJ Vida ehl;L ehzaq;fspd;
th;j;jf gupkhw;wj;jpw;F KbAk; vd;gjhFk;. md;dpa nryhtdp tpepNahf];jh;
xU ehzakhw;W tpfpjj;jpy; ehzaj;ij thq;fp gy;NtWgl;l tpfpjj;jpy;
tpw;gid nra;tjd;%yk; ,yhgj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jd; fUj;J
mq;F xU ehzaj;jpw;fhd tpw;gid tpfpjk; kw;Wk; nfhs;Kjy; tpfpjk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;.
12.2. xU ehzaj;jpd; ehza khw;W tpfpjj;jpy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
,U ehzq;fSf;fpilapyhd ehza khw;W tpfpjk; gpujhdkhf ntspehl;L
ehzakhw;W re;ijapd; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy;fs; %yk; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nfs;tpahdJ ehzaj;ij thq;f tpUk;Gk; jdpegh;fs; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;
murhq;fq;fs; vd;gth;fsplk; ,Ue;J tUk; mNjNtis; epuk;gyhdJ mtw;iw
tpw;f tpUk;Ggth;fsplkpUe;J tUfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; gy
jhf;fq;fis nfhz;Ls;sd.
gztPf;f tpfpjk;> Vida ehLfSld; gztPf;f tpfpjj;ij xg;gply;
tl;b tPjk; Vida ehLfSld; xg;gpLk; tl;b tPjk;
nrd;kjp epYit
Cfk;
ehza khw;W tPj nry;thf;fpy; jiyapLk; murhq;f nfhs;if
ehza khw;W tpfpjj;jpy; mtw;wpdJ njhlh;GfSlhf nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
Vida fhuzpfs; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
(a) cs;ehl;Lg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpia jPh;khdpf;Fk;
nkhj;j tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nkhj;j nryTfs; ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; cs;ehl;by; Nfs;tpia nfhz;buhjtw;Wf;fhd Nfs;tpahy;
Vw;Wkjp nra;ahJ nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehl;bd; Nfs;tp
vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;FfpwJ.
(b) ntspaPl;L ,aysT kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L nghUshjhu njhopy; tha;g;G
kl;lk; nrd;kjp epYitaplj;jpd; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jyhk;. Vnddpy;
Vw;fdNt cs;ehl;L nghUshjhuk; epiw njhopy; kl;lj;ij
nfhz;bUe;jhy; Vw;Wkjpf;fhd mjdJ mstpid mjpfhpf;f ,ayhJ
fhzg;gLk;.
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(c) gz epuk;gypd; tsh;r;rpahdJ tl;b tpfpjk; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L gztPf;fk;
vd;gtw;wpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;.
(d) ntspehl;L %yjd KjyPLfspy; KjyPL nra;tjw;fhd ehzaj;jpw;fhd
Nfs;tp kw;Wk; ntspehl;L ehzq;fspd; KjyPL nra;ag;glhj
epWtdq;fspd; ehza epuk;gy; Fiwe;jJ FWfpa fhyj;jpy; gz;lq;fs;
NritfSf;fhd Nfs;tp epuk;giytpl mjpfsT nry;thf;fpid
ehzakhw;W tpfpjj;jpd;%yk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
vt;thnwdpDk; xU ehL nrd;kjp epYitapy; eilKiw fzf;fpy; xU
epiyahd gw;whf;Fiwia nfhz;bUe;jhy; md;ehl;bDila ehzj;jpd;
rh;tNjr ek;gpf;if ,Wjpapy; ,of;fg;gl;LtpLk;. ePz;lfhyj;jpy; ,jdJ
ehza khw;W tpfpjk; %yjd tpopg;gha;r;ry;fs; Nghd;W Fiwtila
ehl;bdJ th;j;jf gw;whf;Fiwf;F vjpuhf NghJkhd msT
fhzg;glkhl;lhJ.
12.3. xU ehzakhw;W tpfpjf; nfhs;ifapd; tpisTfs;
ehzakhw;W tpfpjj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nfhs;iff;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
(a) ehza khw;W tPjj;jpy; tPo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;Ltu Kaw;rpg;gjd;%yk; th;j;jf
epYit gw;whf;Fiwia rhp nra;jy;.
(b) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhpg;ig ehza khw;W tpfpjj;jpy; nfhz;Ltu
Kaw;rpg;gjd;%yk; tu;j;jf kpif ghupasT nghpjhtjpypUe;J jLj;jy;.
(c) mjdJ ehzaj;jpdJ ehza khw;W tpfpjj;ij epiyg;gLj;jy;.
Vw;Wkjpahsh;fs;> ,wf;Fkjp Msh;fs; gpd;dh; ehzkhw;W efu;tpd; Clhf
Fiwe;jsthd ,yhgj;ij vjph;Nehf;FtJld; mth;fspd; ,yhgj;ijAk;
Fiwj;JtpLk;. xU ];jpukhd ehzak; kw;Wk; th;j;jfj;ij
Cf;Ftpg;gjpy; ek;gpf;ifia mjpfhpj;jdh;.
12.4. epiyahd ehzakhw;W tPjk;
murhq;fk; epiyahd kl;lj;jpy; mjdJ ehzakhw;WtPjj;ij itj;jpUf;f
Kaw;rpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; gztPf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahtpl;lhy;
ehzaj;jpdJ cz;ikahd ngWkjpapid epiyahf itj;jpUf;f KbahJ.
xU ehl;bdJ gztPf;f tPjk; Vida ehLfistpl cah;thf ,Ue;jhy;
mjdJ Vw;Wkjp tpiyfs; ntspehl;L re;ijfspy; Nghl;baw;wjhf
fhzg;gLtJld; ehl;bDila th;j;jf epYitAk; tsh;r;rpailAk;.
ehzaj;jpd; ngWkjp ,wf;fk; xU kPsikg;Gf;F mtrpakhdJ.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
378 CA Sri Lanka
ehzakw;Wk; tpjk; epiyahf ,Ue;jhy; xU ehl;bdJ cz;ikahd
tl;btPjj;jpy; Vw;gLk; VjhtJ khw;wkhdJ ehl;bw;Fs;shd %yjd efh;T
my;yJ ehl;Lf;F ntspahd %yjd efh;tpy; mOj;jq;fis cUthf;Fk;.
%yjd efh;thdJ ehl;bdJ ehzakhw;W tPjj;jpy; khw;Wtjw;F
mOj;jq;fis nfhLf;Fk;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J ehzakhw;WtPjq;fs;
epiyahf kw;Wk; %yjdk; ehLfSf;fpilNa Rje;jpukhf efh;tjw;F
mDkjpf;Fk; (cjhuzk; ehzakw;W fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,y;iy) vy;yh
ehLfspYk; tl;btPjk; kPjhd epiyahd nfhs;iffisf; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
,yq;if ehzaj;jpdJ ehzakhw;W tPjk; 2012 Muk;gfhyq;fs; tiu
mnkhpf;f nlhyuhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. mJ ePf;fg;gl;lNghJ &ghapd;
ngWkjpahdJ fpl;lj;jl;l 2012,d; kPjKs;s fhyg;gFjpf;F 20%Mf
gytPdg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
12.4.1 epiyahd ehzakhw;W tPjj;jpd; ed;ikfs;
(a) epiyahd ehzakhw;WtPj Kiw ehzakhw;W tPjj;jpd; epr;rakw;w
jd;ikia ePf;FtjNjhL rh;tNjr th;j;jfj;ijAk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.
(b) epiyahd tpfpj KiwahdJ gw;whf;Fiw my;yJ (kpif) ,Uf;Fk;
ehLfs;kPJ nghUshjhu fl;Lg;ghLfs;kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
12.4.2. epiyahd tPjj;jpd; gpujp$yq;fs;
(a) xU ehL jdJ ehzakhw;W tpfpjq;fis rhp nra;ifapy; jtph;f;f
Kbahjgb nghUshjhuf;nfhs;ifapy; rpy ,og;Gf;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. xU
ehzaj;jpdJ ehzakhw;W tPjq;fs; kw;Wk; ehza ngWkjp
,wf;ff;fj;ij jtph;g;gjw;F (cjhuzkhf thpfis cah;j;Jtjd;%yk;
,wf;Fkjpiaf; Fiwj;jy;) cs;ehl;Lg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; murhq;fk;
Nfs;tpiaf; Fiwg;gjw;Ff; fl;lhag;gLj;jyhk;.
(b) ehLfs; ngWkjp ,wf;fj;ij nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs; xU Njhy;tpf;
Fwpfhl;bahf fUJfpd;w mNjNtis ngUk;ghYk; ehzag; ngWkjp
,wf;fkhdJ mJ ele;jjpypUe;J ePz;bUf;Fk;.
12.5. kpjf;Fk; ehzakhw;W tpfpjq;fs;
kpjf;Fk; ehza khw;W tPjq;fs; epiyahd ehza khw;W tPjj;jpw;F vjpuhd
KbTfisf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,j;jifa jPtpu epiyapYs;s ehza
khw;W tPjq;fs; G+uzkhf Rje;jpu re;ij Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; rf;jpfshy;
tpaf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL mq;F vt;tifahd cj;jpNahfG+h;t epjpfSk;
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 379
fhzg;glkhl;lhJ. MfNt mJ ehza khw;W tPjk; tiutpyf;fzk;%yk;
rkepiyapYs;sJ.
eilKiwapy; gy murhq;fq;fs; nefpOk; jd;ikAld; $ba ehzkhw;W tPj
];jphpj;jd;ik ed;ikfs; xd;wpizg;gjd; %yk; Rje;jpu kpjf;Fk; kw;Wk;
epiyahd ehza khw;W tPjq;fs; Mfpa ,uz;bdJ jPikfisAk;
fLikahf jtph;j;Jf;n;fhs;s tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. Kfhik nra;ag;gl;l kpjf;Fk;
ehzakhw;W tpfpjq;fs; (my;yJ mOf;F) kpjg;gjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gLk; xU
mikg;igf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; Neuj;jpw;F Neuk; mjpfhhpfs; md;epar;
nrythzpr; re;ijapy; jiyaPL nra;th;.
ntspehl;L ehzaq;fspd; mYtyf xOq;Ffisg; gad;gLj;jp
mth;fsJ nrhe;j ehl;bd; ehzaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jKbAk;.
mjpfsT ntspehl;L ehzaq;fis thq;Ftjw;F mth;fsJ cs;ehl;L
ehzaq;fis cj;jpNahfG+h;t mYtyf xJf;FfSf;fhf xJf;fPL
nra;Ak;.
,t;topapy; tpw;gid kw;Wk; nfhs;tdT cs;ehl;L ehza ehza khw;W
tPjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jjy; Nehf;fkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. murhq;fk;
NghJkhdsT mjpfsthd mYtyf xJf;Ffis ehza khw;WtPj re;ijapy;
nfhz;buhjNghJ jiyaPl;bd;%yk; khj;jpuNk re;ij tPjq;fspy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;j Kaw;rp nra;a KbAk;.
%yjdr; re;ijapy; Cfk; ngUk;ghYk; Nfs;tp epuk;gy; khw;wq;fistpl
FWq;fhyj;jpy; ghhpasT jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
12.5.1. kpjf;Fk; ehza khw;W tPjj;jpd; mD$yq;fs;
(a) murhq;fk; ntspehl;L ehza xJf;Ffis nryT nra;tjw;fhfNth
my;yJ itj;jpUf;fNth khl;lhJ.
(b) nrd;kjp epYit gw;wf;Fiw my;yJ epYitahdJ
jd;dpr;irahfNth nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gw;whf;FiwahdJ ehza
khw;WtPjj;ij tPo;r;rpaila itf;Fk;. ,J Nghl;bia Nkk;gLj;jy;
Vw;Wkjpia mjpfhpj;jy; kw;Wk; rkepiyia kPz;Lk; toptFf;Fk;.
(c) murhq;fj;jpw;F nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffisr; Nrh;f;f Ntz;ba Njit
,y;iy. mJ ehza khw;W tPjq;fisg; NgZtjw;F tpUk;gj;jfhj
Vida fhuzq;fshf mikayhk;.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
380 CA Sri Lanka
(d) ehza khw;W tPjkhdJ nghUshjhu epyikfis gpujpgypg;gjpypUe;J
mJ tsq;fspd; tpidj;jpwdhd xJf;fPl;bw;F Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ.
12.5.2. kpjf;Fk; ehzakhw;W tPjj;jpd; gpujp$yq;fs;
(a) kpjf;Fk; ehzakhw;W Kiwapd;fPo; ehzakhw;W tPjk; mjpfsT
ngWkjpNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lhy; gpd;dh; epWtdq;fspdJ rh;tNjrg;
Nghl;bj;jd;ik Fiwf;fg;gLtNjhL kw;Wk; ntspaPL kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G
nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rp milayhk;.
(b) ehzakhw;W tPjj;ijr; Rw;wpAs;s epr;rakw;w jsk;gy;fs; th;j;jfj;ij
gpd;thq;fr; nra;a KbAk;.
(c) ehzakhw;W tPjk; mjpfsT tPo;r;rpaile;jhy;> ,wf;Fkjp tpiyfs; kw;Wk;
gztPf;fk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
(d) ehza Mgj;J kpjf;Fk; ehzakhw;W tPjj;jpd;fPo; cr;rg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
12.6. ehza khw;W tpfpjKk; tpahghuKk;
ehzakhw;W tpfpj khw;wkhdJ cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;by; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; NritfsJ Efh;Tj; njhlh;G tpiyiag; ghjpf;Fk;.
Fiwthd ehzakhw;W tPjk; epiwthd ehzakhw;W tPjk;
cs;ehl;Lg; nghUl;fs; ntspehl;Lr;
re;ijapy; kypthfj; njhptjhy;
Vw;Wkjpf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfhpf;Fk;
cs;ehl;Lg; nghUl;fs; ntspehl;Lr;
r;eijapy; mjpf cah;e;j tpiyahf
njhptjhy; Vw;Wkjp Nfs;tp
tPo;r;rpailAk;.
ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fs; kpf cah;e;ej
tpiyAilajhf fhzg;gLtjhy;
,wf;Fkjpf;fhd tPo;r;rp FiwtilAk;
Ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fs; kypthfj;
njhptjhy; ,wf;Fkjpf;fhd Nfs;tp
cah;tilAk;.
,wf;Fkjp %yg;nghUl;fs; tpiy
$bajhfj; njhptjhy; cw;gj;jpr;
nryT mjpfhpf;Fk;
%yg; nghUl;fSf;fhd ,wf;Fkjp
kypthfj; njhptjhy; cw;gj;jpr;
nryT tPo;r;rpailAk;
rh;tNjr th;j;jff; fk;gdpfs; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cl;gl ntspehl;L
ehzakhw;W nfhLg;gdTfs; kPjhd mth;fsJ ,og;Gg; ghjpg;Gf;fSf;fhd
Mgj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;F gy;NtW tpilaq;fis nra;a KbAk;:
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 381
(a) gy fk;gdpfs; tpiyahd kw;Wk; njhpe;j tpiyfspy; Kd;Ndhf;fpa
ehzaq;fis thq;Fk; (Kd;$l;bNa mth;fSf;F mJ Njitg;gLk;
NghJ).
(b) fbd ehzaq;fis ifahSk; (epiyahd) ehzaq;fSf;fhd
ehzaq;fSk; ,izf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
(c) xU ehza tpw;gid tpfpjk; me; ehzaj;jpid nfhs;tdT tpfpjj;jpw;F
rkg;gLj;Jtjd;%yk; nraw;ghl;L eltbf;iffs; Kfhik nra;ag;gLk;.
(d) tpiy tpguq;fs; cs;ehl;L ehzaj;jpy; ,Uf;f KbAk;. ,jdJ fUj;J
thbf;ifahsh; vy;yh md;dpa nryhtzp ,lh;fisAk; Vw;f Ntz;Lk;.
vt;thnwdpDk; ifj;njhopy;fspy; thbf;ifahsh; mjpfsT Nguk; NgRk;
Mw;wiyf; nfhz;bUg;gpd; ,J xU Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj Vw;ghlhf
,Uf;fyhk;. NkYk; tpw;gid jPtpukhf tpiy cah;T%yk;
ghjpf;fg;gLk;. Mgj;J fhzg;gLtNjhL Nfs;tpiaf; Fiwf;Fk;.
(e) cs;Sh; re;ijf;F ntspNaahd eltbf;iffs; Cf;Ftpg;G
eltbf;iffs; cs;Sh; tsq;fshf mika KbAk;.
(f) epWtdkhdJ re;ij gphpTfspy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fshf mit Fwpg;gpl;l tpiy
czh;Tfis nfhz;bUf;f KbahJ. cjhuzkhf> gy N[h;khdpaf;
fhh;fs; “nkh;rpl];” Nghd;w tpahghur; rpd;dq;fis nfhz;L
mnkhpf;fhtpy; re;ijg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
13 gzk; kw;Wk; epjpr; re;ijfs;
gzr; re;ijahdJ jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fs>; itg;Gf;fs;> Nrkpg;Gg; gj;jpuq;fs;>
fpypw;];> fld; gj;jpuq;fs;> kw;Wk; tzpfj;jhs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
kpifnewpia KjypLtjw;fhd re;jh;g;gj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ.
tzpfj;jpw;fhd %yjdr; re;ij Njrpa gq;Fr; re;ij> rpy;yiw kw;Wk;
nkhj;j tpw;gid tq;fpfs;> gj;jpur; re;ijfs;> Fj;jif> fld; fhuzq;fisf;
nfhs;sy;> kw;Wk; rh;tNjrr; re;ijfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
xU fk;gdp re;ijg;gLj;jf;$ba ,izg;gj;jpuq;fs;> gq;F (my;yJ rhjhuz
gq;F %yjdk;> Kd;Dhpikg; gq;Ffs; kw;Wk; fld; gj;jpuq;fs; my;yJ
fld;gq;Ffs; my;yJ fld; gj;jpuq;fs;> ntspapLtjd;%yk; %yjdr;
re;ijapy; %yjdj;ij jpul;bf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
382 CA Sri Lanka
13.1. gzr; re;ijfs;
gzr; re;ij vDk;gjkhdJ gzj;jpw; gy;NtW tbtq;fis tpw;gid kw;Wk;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy; my;yJ re;ijg;gLj;jf;$ba gpizg;gj;jpuq;fis
cs;slf;fpa gue;Jgl;l xU gjkhFk;. gzr;re;ijahdJ xU nkhj;j
tpahghur; re;ijahf jq;fsJ nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fis FWq;fhy
jsk;gy;fis rkhspg;gjw;F fld; KjyPLfSld; tsq;Ffpd;w epjp
epWtdq;fshFk;.
re;ijg;gLj;jf;$ba gpizg;gj;jpuq;fshdJ FWq;fhy cah;e;j jputj;jd;ik
nfhz;l KjyPLfshf vspjhfg; gzj;jpw;F khw;wf;$baitahFk;. fk;gdpfs;
mtw;iw FWq;fhy epjp kpiffSf;F gad;gLj;jyhk;. (NkYs;sijg;
ghh;f;fTk;)
gzr;re;ijapd; Kf;fpa th;j;jfh;fshf tq;fpfs;> murhq;fk; kw;Wk; cs;Sh;
mjpfhu rigfs;> kw;Wk; jufh;fs; kw;Wk; Vida ,ilj;jufh;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
gy;NtW tifg;gl;l epjpf;fUtpfs; gzr;re;ijapy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
mitahtd:
itg;Gf;fs; - tq;fpf;fzf;FfspYs;s gzk; kw;Wk; Vida epjp
,ilaPl;lhsh;fs; mit Fwpg;gpl;l xU KjyPl;Lf;fhyj;ijf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
jpiwNrhp fhg;ghtzq;fs;; - ,it ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapy;
nghJg;gLfld; jpizf;fsj;jpd;%yk; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. jpiwNrhp
cz;bay;fs; xUtUl fhyg;gFjp Kjph;Tfhyj;ij nfhz;bUg;gNjhL
eilKiw tl;btPjj;Jld; nfhs;tdT tpiy kw;Wk; Kfg; ngWkjp
NtWghLfSld; Kfg; ngWkjp fopT tpiyapy; tpw;gid
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. jpiwNrhp fld; gj;jpuq;fs; eLj;ju fhyg;gFjpapy;
,Ue;J ePz;lfhyg; gpizg;gj;jpuq;fshf Mz;LNjhWk; nrYj;jg;gLk; tl;b
tPjk; 2 Mz;L Kjy; 20 Mz;Ltiuahd Kjph;Tf; fhyj;ijAk;
nfhz;Ls;sd. ,g;gpizg;gj;jpuq;fs; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd;%yk;
cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;lJNghd;W mit ,ay;ghfNt – jilaw;w ,lh;
mghakw;w kw;Wk; KjyPl;Lg; ghJfhg;igAk; nfhz;lJ
gpizKwp;fs;> fld; gj;jpuq;fshf kw;Wk; gq;Fg;ghpth;j;jidAs; kPJ
Nkw;Nfhs; epWtdq;fspd; fld;fs;; nghJthd tl;b tPjj;Jld; tPjq;fs;
jsk;gyiltJld; kw;Wk; ey;y jputj;jd;ikAk; fhzg;gLk;.
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 383
th;j;jfg; gj;jpuk; - IOUS nghpa fk;gdpfshy; ntspaplg;gLtNjhL mJ
Kjph;r;rpiaf; nfhz;bUf;fNth my;yJ Kjph;r;rpf;F Kd;dh; %d;whtJ
gq;FjhuUf;F tpw;gid nra;aNth KbAk;.
13.2 %yjdr; re;ij
%yjdr; re;ijahdJ tpahghuq;fSf;fhd epjptsj;ij toq;FtNjhL
(ngUk;ghYk; fk;gdpfs;) KjyPl;lhsh;fs; ntspNaWtjw;fhd topiaAk;
toq;Fk;.
%yjdr; re;ij: tpahghuj;ijf; nfhz;l Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr re;ij
FWq;fhy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy jpl;lq;fSf;Nfw;g Njitahd epjpiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
,q;F tpahghuq;fs; epjpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd gy;NtW topfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Njrpa ,Ug;Gr; re;ijfs;
,yq;ifapy; nfhOk;G gq;F ghpth;jid Kf;fpa gq;Fr;
re;ijahFk;. Njrpar; re;ijfshtd
Kjy; epiyr; re;ij (c-k;) Gjpa epjptskhf Gjpa
gq;Ffs; ntspaplg;gly;
gq;Ffs; Kd;dNu ntspaplg;gl;litfs;
gpizg;gj;jpuq;fSf;fhd ,uz;lhk; epiyr;
re;ijfSk;
tq;fp Kiwfs; ,J rpy;yiwr; re;ij (jdpegh;fs; - rpW njhopy;fs;)
kw;Wk; nkhj;j tpw;gidr; re;ij (nghpa fk;gdpfs;)
vd;gtw;wpw;fpilNaahd gphpthf fhzg;gl KbAk;.
gj;jpur; re;ijfs; nghJthf ,it kpfTk; nghpa epWtdq;fshf
nghJthf ghhpasT njhifg;gzj;jpid jpul;Lfpd;wJ.
Fj;jif ,J nkhj;j gy;NtW epWtdq;fSf;Fkhd kpf Kf;fpa
tpahghu epjpf;fhd tskhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
fld; fhuzpfs; ,J nghJthf rpwpa njhopy; epWtdq;fs;%yk;
mth;fsJ njhopy; %yjd NjitfSf;F cjTk;
epjpahf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rh;tNjr re;ijfs; nghJthf ghhpa fk;gdpfSf;F fpilf;fj;jf;fjhf
kpfg;nghpasT njhiffspy; ,it gy;NtW
ehzaq;fspy; epjpapid cah;j;Jtjw;F
mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
384 CA Sri Lanka
Gjpa ePz;lfhy tpahghu epjp cah;thdJ jtph;f;f Kbahj tifapy; gq;Ffs;
(gq;Ffs;) my;yJ gj;jpuq;fs; (fld;) tbtpy; gpizg;gj;jpuq;fis
ntspapLtjid cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
cupikahz;ikg; gq;Ffs; tpahghuj;jpy; rhjhuz gq;Ffis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;
gLj;Jfpd;wd. gq;Fjhuh;fs; tpahghuj;jpw;F nrhe;jf;fhuh;fshtJld;>
thf;fspf;Fk; chpikahf ,Wjpahd fl;Lg;ghl;L nray;KiwfisAk; nfhz;L
fhzg;gLth;.
Kd;Dhpikg; gq;Ffs; tpahghuj;jpd; Mgj;ijj; jhq;Fk; tpahghuj;jpdJ xU
gFjpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; rhjhuz gq;Fjhuh;fSf;F Kd;dh;
mth;fs; yhg gq;F yhgq;fSf;F chpj;jhdth;fshff; fhzg;gLtjhy;
mth;fs; Fiwe;j Mgj;ijNa jhz;bf;nfhs;th; mth;fsJ ntFkjp
toikahf epiyahd mjpfgl;r gq;F yhgkhf fhzg;gLtjhy; mth;fs;
flDf;F gy topfspy; xj;jth;fshfNt fhzg;gLth;.
fld;njhf;Ffs; kw;Wk; jdpr;rq;fs;; nghJthf kPsr; nrYj;Jk; jpfjp
tiuAldhd flDf;fhd epiyahd tl;b tPjj;ij kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
nrhj;Jf;fs; my;yJ nghJthd nrhj;Jf;fspy; fiyg;G epfo;Tfspy;
ghJfhg;gw;w fld; ngWgth;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L (jpUg;gpr; nry;Yk;
jtizfspy;) ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;whh;fs;.
tpdh Nguz;lg; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;if
(a) fyg;Gg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Nghpdg; nghUshjhu nfhs;if ,yf;Ffis
RUf;fkhf tpghpf;Ff?
(b) epjpf;nfhs;ifahdJ ,e;j ,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F vt;thW
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff?
tpil
(a) xU [dehaf ehl;by; xl;Lnkhj;j mbg;gil nghUshjhu nfhs;ifapd;
,yf;fhf r%fj;jpd; eyed r%f Nkk;ghl;il cah;j;JtjhFk;. ,e;j
,yf;if Nehf;fp my;yJ Njitia Nehf;fp rpy Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(i) “epiwnjhopy;” kl;lj;jpidg; guhkhpj;jy; - epiiw njhopyhdJ
midj;J cw;gj;jpf;fhuzpfSk; G+uzkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdvd
tiuaWf;fyhk;. njhopyhsh;fsJ njhlh;r;rpahd cah;
Ntiyapd;ikahdJ ,Uf;fpd;w Njrpa thjq;fs; Fiwgad;ghl;ilf;
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 385
nfhz;ljd; tpisthf kw;Wk; njhlh;r;rpahd ntspaPl;L rpwg;gpd;
tpisT kw;Wk; Njitaw;w jho;j;jg;gl;l tho;f;ifj;juk;
vd;gtw;wpw;F mbg;gil Mfpd;wJ.
Kf;fpa ,yf;f gapw;rpapd; juk; kw;Wk;> mtw;wpD}lhd jpwd;fs;
Nghd;w kl;lq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tNjhL njhopy; ntw;wplq;fSf;Fk;
kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik vz;zpf;iff;Fkhd nghJthd
nghUe;jhikia rkhspj;jy; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(ii) tpiyapd; ];jpuj;jd;ik - murhq;fkhdJ mJ Nghd;w
tpiyAWjpapy; kl;Lk; ftdk; nrYj;jhJ gztPf;fkl;lk;
vjph;fhyj;jpy; vt;tsthf nghJtpiy kl;lk; fhzg;gLk; vd;w
vjph;ghh;g;G kw;Wk; ek;gpf;if kPjhd ,jd; jhf;fk; vd;git gw;wpAk;
ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. gz tPf;fj;jpw;fhd ghhpa tPo;r;rpahdJ
murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;il Ntz;b epw;gJld; jtpf;f KbahjsT
tsq;fspd; Fiw gad;ghL gzr;RUf;f fhyg;gFjpapy; tpuaj;jpd;
tpisthdJ jtph;f;f Kbahj xd;whfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(iii) fhyg;Nghf;fpy; nrd;kjp epYit rkepiy - nrd;kjp epYitapd;
eilKiwf; fzf;Fg;gw;whf;FiwahdJ fhy tiuaiwaw;w
epiyj;jpUf;f KbahJ. eilKiwapy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; xU
kpifahd nrd;kjp epYitapd; kpifapid mile;J nfhs;tJ
Nehf;fhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(iv) nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp - Kd;ida ,yf;FfshdJ cz;ikapy;
epahakhdJk; Vw;Wf;n;fhs;sf;$baJkhd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp
tPjj;ij mile;Jnfhs;sy; Nghd;w nghUshjhu %yjdj;ij
mile;Jnfhs;sy; Nghd;w nghUshjhu %yjdj;ij
mile;Jnfhs;sf $bajhf cs;sJ. (c-k;) cz;ikj; Njrpa
tUkhdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; xU mjpfhpg;G. ,J gue;jsthd
tho;f;ifj;ju mDkjpg;gpw;F mDkjpg;gNjhL gue;jsthd r%f
,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;tjpYk; rhj;pakhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
(c-k;) #oypd; juj;ijg; guhkhpj;jy;.
(b) ,iwtupf;nfhs;if - epjpf;nfhs;ifahdJ nghJ epjpald; kw;Wk nghJr;
nrytpdq;fspD}lhf nghUshjhu jpirg;gLj;jypy; <LgLfpd;wJ. nghJ
epjpepuyhdJ murhq;ff; fld;fisak; thp tpjpg;Gf;fisak;
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. MfNt ,J murhq;f nrytPdq;fSf;Fk;
murhq;fj;jpw;Fkpilahd xl;Lnkhj;j tplaq;fspy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
386 CA Sri Lanka
murhq;f nrytPdq;fs; jdJ tUkhdj;ij kpQ;Rk;NghJ
tupg;gw;whf;Fiwf; nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wp ,Uf;fyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; ,J
cah;e;jkl;l nryT flikfs; Clhf murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ
fl;lhag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. njhpTf;F ntspNa njhlUk;NghJ mJ xU ke;j
fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; kPs; cUthf;FKfkhfr; nra;a KbAk;. cjhuzk;>
Ntiyapd;ikf; Fiwj;jy; kPz;Lk; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpg;ghijapy;
nry;y Ntz;Lk;. thp ntl;Lf;fs;%yk; nkhj;j gztpay; Nfs;tpia
mjpfhpj;J rhj;jpakhd ,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;s KbAk;. Efh;Tg;
nghUl;fs;kPjhd nrytPdq;fs; mjpfhpg;G KjyPl;L kl;l nrytPdq;fis
mjpfhpj;J vdNt Njrpa tUkhd kl;lj;ij mjpfhpf;Fk;.
khw;whf xU murhq;fk; tuTnryTj;jpl;l kpifapidAk; Nehf;fhff;
nfhs;s KbAk;. ,jd; fUj;J thptphpg;G %ykhd tUkhdk; murhq;f
nryTfistpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J nkhj;jg;gzf; Nfs;tpapid
Fiwg;gjD}lhf Vw;gl KbAk;. ,J mjpfkhd ntg;gKs;s
nghUshjhuj;Jld; rpy fl;lq;fis gpuNahfpf;f Kaw;rpg;gjd;%yk;
kw;Wk; cah;e;jkl;l gztPf;fj;ij vjph;j;J gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mbf;fb ,j;jifa xU epyik Vw;fdNt nghpa tuTnrytj;jpl;lg;
gw;whf;Fiw cldb Kaw;rpahf mjidf; Fiwg;gijtpl cz;ikapy;
kpifia Nehf;fp efu;j;JtJ gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tutnryTj;jpl;l kpif nrd;kjp epYitg; gw;whf;Fiwapidf;
Fiwg;gjw;fhd Nehf;fj;ijf;nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Efh;Nthh;
nryTf; Fiwg;G rf;jpahdJ ntspehl;Lg; gz;lq;fSf;fhd
Nfs;tpapidf; Fiwf;Fk; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
epjpf; nfhs;ifahdJ Fwpg;ghf nghUshjhu ,yf;Ffis
mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F gad;gLfpwJ. thpfs; my;yJ murhq;f
khdpaq;fsJ mjpfhpg;G my;yJ Fiwg;G njhopy;tha;g;gpy; nry;thf;F
epWj;Jtjw;F (cjhuzk;> Kjyhspfspd; Njrpa fhg;GWjp gq;fspg;Gfspd;
Fiwg;G) njhopyhsh; khdpaf; nfhLg;gdT toq;fg;gLk; gapw;rp kl;lj;jpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjw;F KjyhspfSf;F khdpak; my;yJ jdpahh;
Jiw KjyPl;Lkl;lj;ij mjpfhpj;jy; (KjyPl;L nfhLg;gdTfs; my;yJ
$l;Lj;jhgd thp Fiwg;Gf;fspD}lhd Neubf; Fiwg;G).
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 387
xU nghUshjhuj;jpy; tUkhd tl;lg;ghr;ry; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; fUj;J. tUkhdk; ntspaPL nryT vd;gdtw;wpd; nkhj;jg; ngWkjp mNjasthf fhzg;gLk;.
gy;NtWgl;l khw;Wf; fhuzpfs; fhuzkhf nghUshjhuk; mhpjhfNt epiyahd epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,it KjyPl;Lkl;lk;> ngUf;fp tisT gztPf;fk;> Nrkpg;Gf;fs;> ek;gpf;if> tl;btPjk; kw;Wk; ehzakhw;WtPjk; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP) nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp (GNP) kw;Wk;
Njwpa Njrpa cw;gj;jp (NNP) vd;git cl;gl Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy; NtWgl;l vz;zf;fUf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tpahghur; rflNthl;lk; my;yJ th;j;jfr; rflNthl;lk; Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; Jhpjtsh;r;rpia njhlh;e;J> mijnjhlh;e;J tsh;r;rpapy; xU ke;jk; kw;Wk; gpd;dh; Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy; xU tPo;r;rp (ke;jk;)> gpd;dh; ,t;ke;jk; kPz;Lk; tsh;r;rpf;F tUtNjhL ,J cr;repiyia milAk;NghJ Row;rp kPz;Lk; ke;j epiyf;F jpUk;Gk;.
cah; gztPf;f tPjk; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F jPq;Ftpistpf;Fk;. gztPf;fk; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nry;tj;ij gq;fPL nra;fpd;wJ. gzk; gw;wpa epr;rakw;w ngWkjp tpahghu jpl;lkply;fis kpftk; fbdkhf;Ffpd;wJ. njhlh;e;J khwpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; tpiyfs; Nkyjpf nryTf;F toptFf;Fk;.
Nfs;tpj;J}z;ly; gztPf;fkhdJ nghUshjhuj;jpd; cw;gj;jp ,aystpw;F Nkyhd nkhj;jf;Nfs;tp mjpfhpg;gpypUe;J Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
nryTj;J}z;ly; gztPf;fk; cw;gj;jpr; nryT mjpfhpg;gjpypUe;J Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; Ntiyaw;w thpfspd; vz;zpf;if murhq;f Gs;sptpguq;fs; %yk; mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.
murhq;fk; nkhj;j Nfs;tp kw;Wk; nkhj;j epuk;gy; nfhs;iffs;%yk; Ntiyapd;ikia rhpnra;a Kaw;rp nra;a KbAk;.
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp rdj;njhifapd; jiyf;Fhpa cz;ikahd nkhj;j
Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; (GNP) mjpfhpg;gpd;%yk; mstplg;glyhk;. murhq;f nfhs;iffs; tsh;r;rpapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;j KbAk;. Mdhy; Vida gy;NtW fhuzfSk; Kf;fpakhdit.
Nghpdg; nghUshjhu nfhs;if ,yf;Ffs; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp> gztPf;fk;> Ntiyapd;ik kw;Wk; nrd;kjp epYit vd;gtw;Wld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ.
,iwtupf;nfhs;if nghUshjhuj;jpd; nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpia Kfhik nra;Ak; Kiwia toq;Ffpd;wJ.
murhq;fg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Nfs;tpapy; epjpf;nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp nry;thf;F nrYj;jj; jPh;khdpj;jhy; mJ nryT khw;wq;fis my;yJ thp khw;wq;fis mjdJ nfhs;iff; fUtpfshfj; njhpT nra;a KbAk;.
Neh; kw;Wk; Nehpy; thpfspypUe;J murhq;fk; vt;thW thp tUkhdq;fis cah;j;j tpUk;Gfpd;wnjd;gij jPh;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL vd;d tPjhrhuj;jpy; thp tUkhdk; xt;nthU %yq;fspypYkpUe;J cah;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; jPh;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jpaha
r; RUf;fk;
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
388 CA Sri Lanka
Neub thpfs; tpUj;jp Kiw my;yJ tpfpjhrhu Kiwahf ,Uf;Fk;. tUkhdthp toikahf tpUj;jp Kiwapy; cah;e;j thptPjq;fs; cah;e;j tUkhd thp FOf;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Neupy; thpfshdit mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fs; my;yJ Vio kf;fshy; ghhpasT njhif nfhs;tdt nra;ag;gLk; gz;lq;fs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; Nja;T Kiw thpf;fhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jpjpf;nfhs;if> gzepuk;gy;> tl;btPjk; my;yJ nkhj;j Nfs;tpapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; fld;fl;Lg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iw gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
nrd;kjp epYit fzf;F th;j;jf epYitAldhd eilKiw fzf;F> tUkhdk; kw;Wk; Nritfs; kw;Wk; ntspehLfspypUe;jhd Njwpa ngWiffs;. Kw;Wk; %yjdf;fzf;F vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. (ntspehl;L Neub KjyPL kw;Wk; fld;fs;)
ehzakhw;W tPjq;fs; ,Wjpahd epiyahdehzakhw;W KiwapYk; $l Nfs;tp epuk;gyhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
th;j;jfkhdJ jsk;gk; ehzakhw;W tPjg; ghjpg;ig tiuaWg;gjw;F gy;NtW mstPLfis vLf;f KbAk;.
gzr; re;ijahdJ jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fs; itg;Gf;fs;> Nrkpg;G gj;jpuq;fs;> fpypw;hp> fld;gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; tzpfj;jhs; Nghd;wtw;iw gad;gLj;jp kpif gpujpfis KjypLtjw;fhd re;jh;g;gj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ.
tzpfj;jpw;fhd %yjd re;ij: Njrpa ,Ug;G re;ij rpy;yiw kw;Wk; nkhj;j tq;fpfs;> gj;jpu re;ijfs;> Fj;jif> fld; fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; rh;tNjr re;ijfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
xU fk;gdp %yjd re;ijapy; re;ijg;gLj;jf;$ba gpizg;gj;jpuq;fs;> gq;Ffs; (my;yJ rhjhuz %yjd gq;F)> Kd;Dhpik gq;F kw;Wk; fld; ,Ug;Gf;fs; my;yJ fld; gj;jpuq;fis ntspaPLtjd;%yk; %yjdj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 389
1) thptpjpg;G kPjhd murhq;f nfhs;if> nghJf;fld; kw;Wk; nghJr;
nryT vd;gd:
A gzf;nfhs;if
B epjpf;nfhs;if
2) xU murhq;fk; epjpf;nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;jp Nfs;tpia mjpfhpf;f
KbAk;.
rhp gpio
3) cah;thd jdpegh; tUkhd thp Cf;fkw;w tpisit nfhz;bUg;gjhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J tho;thjuj;ij Fwpg;gpLtNjhL cah;e;j thp
tPjkhdJ:
A. jdpegh;fspd; rl;l uPjpaw;w thp Va;g;ig Cf;Ftpf;Fk;
B. Copa epuk;gypd; Fiwg;Gf;F toptFf;Fk;
C. jdpegh;fsJ Nrkpg;Gf; Fiwg;Gf;F toptFf;Fk;
D. Efh;Nthh; Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; fk;gdpfspd; KjyPl;bidg; gpd;dilar;nra;Ak;.
4) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ murhq;fj;jpdJ cldb thp mstPl;L Nehf;fkhf fhzg;glkhl;lhJ.
A. r%f uPjpapy; tpUg;gj;jfhj nraw;ghLfSf;F Cf;fk;nfhlhjpUg;gjw;F.
B. tl;btPjj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjw;F.
C. ntspehl;Lg; Nghl;bapypUe;J cs;ehl;L ifj;njhopiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;F.
D. r%f nryTfis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L rpy nghUl;fSf;F tpiyapLtjw;F.
5) Vidait khwhjpUf;f mjpfhpf;Fk; gzepuk;gyhdJ FiwtilAk;
A. tl;b tPjk; C. tq;fp Nkyjpfg;gw;wpd; msT
B. jputj;Njh;T Kd;Dhpik D. tpiyfSk; tUkhdKk;
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;ir tpdhf;fs;
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
390 CA Sri Lanka
6) nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fs;shd cl;ghr;ry;fshtd:
A. Efh;T kw;Wk; KjyPL
B. KjyPL kw;Wk; murhq;f nrytPdk;
C. KjyPL> murhq;f nrytPdk; kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjp Nfs;tp
D. Efh;T> KjyPL> murhq;f nrytPdk; kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjp Nfs;tp
7) ehzakhw;WtPj kl;lj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; Ie;J fhuzpfis ngahpLf.
Draft Version
KE5 |mj;jpahak; 10: Nghpdg; nghUshjhur; #oy;
CA Sri Lanka 391
1. tpil B. gzf;nfhs;ifahdJ gzepuk;gy;> gztpay; Kiw> tl;btPjk;>
ehzakhw;W tPjk; kw;Wk; fpilf;fj;jf;f fld;fspd; msT vd;gtw;wpd;
kPjhd nfhs;ifahFk;.
2. rhp. xU mjdJ nryit mjpfhpg;gjd;%yk; my;yJ thpf;Fiwg;G vdNt
epWtdk; kw;Wk; tPl;Lj;Jiw thpf;Fg;gpd;dh; nrytplf;$ba tUkhdk;
mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; Nfs;tpia mjpfhpf;f KbAk;.
3. tpil B Cf;fkw;w tpisT. tpNrlkhf jdpegh;fs; Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd
Cf;fkpd;ikia Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
4. tpil B. thptpjpg;gpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd thpia
mjpfhpg;gjhFk;. Vida ,yf;Ffshf nghUshjhuj;jpd; eyid kPs;
gq;fPL nra;jy; my;yJ Nfs;tpia ghjpj;jyhFk;. thp khw;W tPjk; tl;b
tPjq;fspy; Neub nry;thf;F nrYj;jkhl;lhJ. mJ murhq;fj;jpDila
gzf;nfhs;ifapd;%yk; nry;thf;F nrYj;j KbAk;.
5. tpil A. Fiwe;jst tl;btPjk; gzepuk;giy mjpfhpg;gJld; jputj;Njh;T
Kd;Dhpikf; Nfhl;bD}lhf efh;tpidtpl jputj; Njh;T Kd;Dhpik
Nfhl;bid efh;j;Jk;.
6. tpil C. KjyPl> murhq;f nrytpdk; kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjp Nfs;tp
7.
(a) xg;gPl;L gztPf;f tPjk;
(b) xg;gPl;L tl;btPjk;
(c) nrd;kjp epYit
(d) Cfk;
(e) murhq;f nfhs;if
Kd;Ndw;wg; ghPl;ir tpilfs;
Draft Version
KE5 | mj;jpahak; 10: NGHPDG; NGHUSHJHUR; #OY
392 CA Sri Lanka
Draft Version