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Tainted Love Tainted Love

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Introduction Function: Function: Transport materials around body Components: Components: Heart Blood Vessels

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The Heart Layers in Cross Section: Layers in Cross Section: Pericardium- outermost sac enclosing heart Pericardial Fluid- fluid between pericardium and epicardium Epicardium- tight fitting layer surrounding heart; also called visceral pericardium Myocardium- cardiac muscle layer Endocardium- smooth inner layer of heart

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Heart Structure Four chambers: Four chambers: Four chambers Four chambers Right and left atria- receive blood into heart Right and left ventricle- pump blood back out of the heart Two sides are separated by septum Two sides are separated by septum

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Valves Four Valves in Heart: Four Valves in Heart: 1.Tricuspid - between right atrium and right ventricle 2.Pulmonary Semilunar - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk 3.Mitral (Bicuspid) - between left atrium and left ventricle 4.Aortic semilunar - between left ventricle and aorta Aortic semilunar Aortic semilunar

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Two CirculationsTwo Circulations of Blood Two Circulations Pulmonary: Pulmonary: Back and forth to lungs Systemic: Systemic: Back and forth to body

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Path of Blood Through Heart

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Exit Slip 1) What chamber is this? 1) What chamber is this? 2) Which valve is between right atrium and right ventricle? 2) Which valve is between right atrium and right ventricle? 3) Which circuit (pulmonary or systemic) brings blood back and forth to lungs? 3) Which circuit (pulmonary or systemic) brings blood back and forth to lungs? 1) Right atrium 1) Right atrium 2) Tricuspid 2) Tricuspid 3) Pulmonary 3) Pulmonary

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Internal Heart Identification

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Vessels Supplying the Heart Coronary arteries Coronary arteries First two branches off of the aorta Supply blood to heart Cardiac veins Cardiac veins Return blood from heart tissues Drain into coronary sinus Coronary sinus Coronary sinus Returns blood back to right atrium

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Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Cycle Sequence of events that occur during every regular heartbeat Sequence of events that occur during every regular heartbeat Systole - contraction Systole - contraction Diastole - relaxation Diastole - relaxation Refer to timeline Refer to timeline

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THE FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART

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Heart Sounds Heart Sounds Lubb - sound of atrioventricular (AV) valves closing Lubb - sound of atrioventricular (AV) valves closing Dupp - sound of semilunar valves closing Dupp - sound of semilunar valves closing

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Lubb, Dubb, . Lubb, Dubb. made by the closing of the heart valves. made by the closing of the heart valves. "lub" made by the contraction of the ventricles and the closing of the atrioventricular valves. "lub" made by the contraction of the ventricles and the closing of the atrioventricular valves. dupp" made by the semilunar valves closing. dupp" made by the semilunar valves closing.

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Reminder about Cardiac Tissue Complex network of interconnecting cells Complex network of interconnecting cells Connected by intercalated discs Allows them to transfer impulse rapidly and work together (functional syncytium) Two sets in heart: Two sets in heart: One in atria, one in ventricles Kept separate from each other Kept separate from each other

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Cardiac Conduction Intro Electrical impulses cause heart structures to contract Electrical impulses cause heart structures to contract Travel down a system of specialized fibers Travel down a system of specialized fibers

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33 QUICK REVIEW OF HEART Purpose Pumps blood Pumps blood Basic Anatomy 4 chambers 4 chambers 2 sides 2 sides 4 valves 4 valves

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34 THE CONDUCTINGY SYSTEM SA Node SA Node Inter-nodal pathway Inter-nodal pathway AV Node AV Node Bundle of HIS Bundle of HIS Bundle Branches Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers Purkinje Fibers

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35 RELATIONSHIP

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Why do we do an ECG? Measures: Measures: Any damage to the heart How fast your heart is beating and whether it is beating normally The effects of drugs or devices used to control the heart (such as a pacemaker) The size and position of your heart chambers Ordered if: Ordered if: You have chest pain or palpitations (pounding/racing heart) chest painpalpitationschest painpalpitations You are scheduled for surgery You have had heart problems in the past You have a strong history of heart disease in the family

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Pathway for Conduction Pathway for Conduction Sinoatrial node (SA node) Sinoatrial node (SA node) Pacemaker Causes atria to contract Junctional Fibers Junctional Fibers Delay impulse reaching ventricle by their small diameter Atrioventricular node (AV node) Atrioventricular node (AV node) Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers Cause ventricles to contract

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Electrocardiogram Also know as ECG Also know as ECG Electrical recording of myocardium during cardiac cycle Electrical recording of myocardium during cardiac cycle Electrical recording of myocardium during cardiac cycle Electrical recording of myocardium during cardiac cycle P wave P wave Atrial depolarization QRS complex QRS complex Ventricle depolarization and atrial repolarization T wave T wave Ventricle repolarization

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Electrocardiogram (cont)

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Each electrical signal begins in a group of cells called the sinus node or sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is located in the right atrium (AY-tree-um), which is the upper right chamber of the heart. (Your heart has two upper chambers and two lower chambers.) Each electrical signal begins in a group of cells called the sinus node or sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is located in the right atrium (AY-tree-um), which is the upper right chamber of the heart. (Your heart has two upper chambers and two lower chambers.) In a healthy adult heart at rest, the SA node sends an electrical signal to begin a new heartbeat 60 to 100 times a minute. In a healthy adult heart at rest, the SA node sends an electrical signal to begin a new heartbeat 60 to 100 times a minute. From the SA node, the signal travels through the right and left atria. This causes the atria to contract, which helps move blood into the heart's lower chambers, the ventricles (VEN-trih-kuls). The electrical signal moving through the atria is recorded as the P wave on the EKG. From the SA node, the signal travels through the right and left atria. This causes the atria to contract, which helps move blood into the heart's lower chambers, the ventricles (VEN-trih-kuls). The electrical signal moving through the atria is recorded as the P wave on the EKG. The electrical signal passes between the atria and ventricles through a group of cells called the atrioventricular (AV) node. The signal slows down as it passes through the AV node. This slowing allows the ventricles enough time to finish filling with blood. On the EKG, this part of the process is the flat line between the end of the P wave and the beginning of the Q wave. The electrical signal passes between the atria and ventricles through a group of cells called the atrioventricular (AV) node. The signal slows down as it passes through the AV node. This slowing allows the ventricles enough time to finish filling with blood. On the EKG, this part of the process is the flat line between the end of the P wave and the beginning of the Q wave. The electrical signal then leaves the AV node and travels along a pathway called the bundle of His. From there, the signal travels into the right and left bundle branches. The signal spreads quickly across your heart's ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood to your lungs and the rest of your body. This process is recorded as the QRS waves on the EKG. The electrical signal then leaves the AV node and travels along a pathway called the bundle of His. From there, the signal travels into the right and left bundle branches. The signal spreads quickly across your heart's ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood to your lungs and the rest of your body. This process is recorded as the QRS waves on the EKG. The ventricles then recover their normal electrical state (shown as the T wave on the EKG). The muscle stops contracting to allow the heart to refill with blood. This entire process continues over and over with each new heartbeat. The ventricles then recover their normal electrical state (shown as the T wave on the EKG). The muscle stops contracting to allow the heart to refill with blood. This entire process continues over and over with each new heartbeat.

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Control of Heart Rate Cardiac Center of Medulla Oblongata Cardiac Center of Medulla Oblongata Parasympathetic Constant braking action; acetylcholine Sympathetic Increases heart rate; norepinephrine Blood Pressure Receptors Blood Pressure Receptors Decreases heart rate Impulses from Cerebrum and Hypothalamus Impulses from Cerebrum and Hypothalamus Decrease heart rate Changes in K and Ca concentrations Changes in K and Ca concentrations

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Thumbs Up, Down Coronary arteries supply blood to heart. Coronary arteries supply blood to heart. UP! The lubb of your heart is the sound of the AV closing/opening. The lubb of your heart is the sound of the AV closing/opening. UP! An ECG measures your blood pressure. An ECG measures your blood pressure. DOWN! It measures your cardiac cycle.

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Blood Vessels System of closed tubes filled with blood System of closed tubes filled with blood Arteries Arteries Carry blood away from heart Arterioles Arterioles Smaller branches of arteries Capillaries Capillaries Thin-walled vessels where nutrients, fluid, gases, and wastes are exchanged Venules Venules Small veins Veins Veins Large vessels returning blood to heart

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Layers of Blood Vessel Walls Tunica externa Tunica externa Outermost layer composed of connective tissue with some elastic and collagenous fibers Tunica media Tunica media Middle layer composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers Tunica interna (endothelium) Tunica interna (endothelium) Single layer of squamous epithelium

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Control of Vessel Diameter Control of Vessel Diameter Vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction Sympathetic nervous system impulses cause vessels to constrict Vasodialation Vasodialation Inhibition of impulse causes dialation

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Arteries Carry blood away from heart under high pressure Carry blood away from heart under high pressure Has the thickest tunica media and tunica externa of all blood vessels Has the thickest tunica media and tunica externa of all blood vessels

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Arterioles Smaller branches of arteries Smaller branches of arteries Walls thin as the vessels get smaller Walls thin as the vessels get smaller Eventually lose tunic externa Eventually lose tunic externa

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Capillaries Site of exchange Site of exchange Only tunica interna remains Only tunica interna remains Has small openings between endothelial cells where materials can leak out Has small openings between endothelial cells where materials can leak out Pre-capillary sphincters Pre-capillary sphincters Smooth muscle at start of capillary that can close the capillary bed and divert blood flow

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Exchange of Materials Exchange of Materials 1. Oxygen and nutrients diffuse out of the capillary 2. Carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse back into capillary 3. Plasma Proteins dont leave the blood 4. Fluid is forced out of the capillary at the arteriole side due to blood pressure 5. Fluid is brought back into the capillary due to osmotic pressure at the venule side 6. Fluid not recollected is brought back to the blood through the lymphatic system

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Venules and Veins Venules Venules Smaller veins Veins Veins Large lumen Thinner tunica media Thinner tunica externa Return blood to heart Low pressure Blood reservoir Contains valves Protect against backflow

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Pumps your blood SONG! Pumps your blood SONG!

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Heart Disorders Heart Disorders Myocardial infarction (MI) Myocardial infarction (MI) Otherwise known as heart attack heart attackheart attack Def: Blood clot obstructs a coronary atery or one of its branches killing part of the heart Causes: Diet (high in fat and/or salt) Causes build-up in plague (causes blood clot) Stress (usually from another illness) Symptoms: Pain in right arm, shortness of breath, increased heart rate

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Heart Disorders Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Def: arterial disease, hardening of arteries Very common Causes: Plague build-up (caused by diet high in fat) Forms clots, blood has issues flowing through Aging (older you get, more they harden) Heavy alcohol use Not exercising (EVER!) Obesity Can lead to heart attack or stroke

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Heart Disorders Hypertension Hypertension Def: High blood pressure Ex: 140/90 (normal 120/80) Causes: Diet (high in fat and/or salt) Genetics (heart disease, diabetes) Stroke or heart attack Pregnancy/labor Kidney disease Race (African-Americans on average have high BP) Gender

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Heart Disorders Varicose veins Varicose veins Def: ruptured veins Causes: Abnormal dilations Caused by increased blood pressure due to gravity Standing for abnormally long periods of time

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Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Force blood exerts on blood vessel walls Force blood exerts on blood vessel walls Highest in arteries; lowest in veins Highest in arteries; lowest in veins Max point: Max point: During ventricular systole; called systolic pressure Min point: Min point: Before next ventricular contraction; called diastolic pressure Normal arteriole blood pressure: 120/80 Normal arteriole blood pressure: 120/80

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Factors the Affect Blood Pressure Heart Action Heart Action Blood Volume Blood Volume Peripheral resistance Peripheral resistance Blood viscosity Blood viscosity

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Heart Action Stroke Volume Stroke Volume Volume of blood discharged from the left ventricle during each contraction Cardiac output Cardiac output Volume of blood discharged from the left ventricle/ minute Cardiac Output=Stroke volume x Heart rate (bpm) Cardiac output has proportional relationship to blood pressure Cardiac output has proportional relationship to blood pressure

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Peripheral Resistance Blood moving against vessel walls creates friction that impedes flow Blood moving against vessel walls creates friction that impedes flow If vessels are constricted, blood pressure raises If vessels are constricted, blood pressure raises If vessels are dilated, blood pressure lowers If vessels are dilated, blood pressure lowers

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Blood Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Ease that a fluid flows Increases when there are more formed elements or plasma proteins As viscosity increases so does blood pressure

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Controlling Blood Pressure Cardiac Output Cardiac Output Strength of ventricle contraction is controlled by amount of Baroreceptors- send messages to medulla oblongata about how to influence SA node Peripheral resistance Peripheral resistance Changes in blood pressure cause changes in medulla oblongatas Vein reservoir Vein reservoir During exercise or venoconstriction more blood