TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume II Page

Abbreviations and Country Nomenclature............................................................................................................................................. v

Explanation of Symbols......................................................................................................................................................................... ix

Trade Data in Electronic Form............................................................................................................................................................... x

Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................ xi

Commodity Table: 3-Digit SITC.......................................................................................................................................................... l

SPECIAL TABLES A. Total Imports and Exports by Regions and Countries and Areas.............................................................................................. 467 B. Total Imports and Exports by Countries and Areas................................................................................................................... 488 C. Trade Conversion Factors: Imports........................................................................................................................................... 512 D. World exports by commodity classes and by regions................................................................................................................ 535 E. Growth of world exports by commodity classes and by regions................................................................................................ 546 F. Structure of world exports by commodity classes and by regions.............................................................................................. 576 G. Total Imports and Exports: Index Numbers by Country or Area............................................................................................... 583 H. Total exports and imports: Index numbers of quantum, unit value and terms of trade by regions............................................. 603 I. Manufactured goods exports........................................................................................................................................................ 605 J. Fuel imports Developed economies.............................................................................................................................................. 612 K. Some indicators on fuel imports Developed economies............................................................................................................... 623 L. Export price index numbers of primary commodities and non-ferrous base metals..................................................................... 630

TABLES DES MATIERES

Volume II Page

Abréviations et codes des pays.............................................................................................................................................................. vii

Explication des signes............................................................................................................................................................................ ix

Données du commerce ext érieur sous forme électronique..................................................................................................................... x

Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................ xi

Tableaux par produit: 3-chiffres de la CTCI......................................................................................................................................... l

TABLEAUX SPECIAUX A. Importations et Exportations Totales par Régions et Pays ou Zones........................................................................................ S-3 B. Importation et Exportations Totales par Pays ou Zone............................................................................................................. S-22 C. Facteurs de Conversion Pour le Commerce Extérieur: Exportations....................................................................................... S-35 D. Exportations mondiales par classes de marchandises et par régions........................................................................................ S-40 E. Croissance des exportations mondiales par catégories de marchandises et par régions........................................................... S-118 F. Structure des exportations mondiales par catégories de marchandises et par régions.............................................................. S-120 G. Importation et Exportation Totales: Indices par Pays ou Zones.............................................................................................. S-125 H. Exportations et importations totales; Indices du quantum, de la valeur unitaire et des termes de l’échange par régions....... S-138 I. Exportations des produits manufacturés................................................................................................................................... S-140 J. Importations des produits énergétiques Pays à économies développées.................................................................................. S-144 K. Quelques indicateurs sur les importations des produits énergétiques Pays à économies développées.................................... S-148 L. Indices des prix des exportations des matières premières et des métaux non-férreux............................................................. S-152

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ABBREVIATIONS AND COUNTRY NOMENCLATURE Names of some countries (or areas) or groups of countries (or areas) and of some commodities or groups of commodities have been abbreviated. Exact titles and the composition of groups of countries or commodities will be found in various editions of the following publications referred to in the Introduction (see para 4(a), 4(b) and 4(c)): (i) Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use (ii) Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) (iii) Classification by Broad Economic Categories (BEC) (iv) Classification of Commodities by Industrial Origin (v) International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC) 1. Data relating to the People's Republic of China generally include those for Taiwan Province in the field of statistics relating to population, area, natural resources, natural conditions such as climate, etc. In other fields of statistics, they do not include Taiwan Province unless otherwise stated. Therefore, in this publication the data published under the heading China exclude those for Taiwan Province. Figures representing the trade with Taiwan Province, which may have been reported by any reporting country or area, are included in the grouping Asia. Pursuant to a Joint Declaration signed on 19 December 1984, the United Kingdom restored Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China with effect from 1 July 1997; the People's Republic of China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over the territory with effect from that date. For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include those for Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Pursuant to a Joint Declaration signed on 13 April 1987, Portugal restored Macao to the People's Republic of China with effect from 20 December 1999; the People's Republic of China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over the territory with effect from that date. For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include those for Macao Special Administrative Region. 2. On 22 May 1990 Democratic Yemen and Yemen merged to form a single State. Since that date they have been represented as one Member with the name "Yemen". All data shown in this publication relating to the period prior to 1990 refer to the former Democratic Yemen and the former Yemen. 3. Through accession of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany with effect from 3 October 1990, the two German States have united to form one sovereign State. As from the date of unification, the Federal Republic of Germany acts in the United Nations under the designation of "Germany". All data shown which pertain to Germany prior to 3 October 1990 are indicated separately for the Federal Republic of Germany and the former German Democratic Republic based on their respective territories at the time indicated.

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Where data for united Germany (subsequent to 3 October 1990) are not available, they are shown separately and pertain to the territorial boundaries prior to 3 October 1990. 4. In 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formally dissolved into fifteen independent countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan). From 1992 onwards data are shown for the individual countries. Prior to 1992 data are shown for the former USSR. 5. Unless otherwise indicated, data provided for Yugoslavia prior to 1 January 1992 refer to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which was composed of six republics, whereas data provided for Yugoslavia after that date refer to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which is composed of two republics (Serbia and Montenegro). 6. Data for the Czech Republic and Slovakia, where available, are shown separately under the appropriate country name. For periods prior to 1 January 1993, where no separate data are available for the Czech Republic and Slovakia, unless otherwise indicated, data for the former Czechoslovakia are shown under the country name "former Czechoslovakia". 7. Beginning 1 January 1997, the overseas departments of France were included in the statistical territory of France for the purposes of international trade statistics. Values on this basis have been provided by France for 1996 also, and values are published on that basis in this publication. 8. Beginning 1 January 1999, Belgium and Luxembourg provide their international trade statistics separately. For periods prior to 1 January 1999, unless otherwise indicated, data are shown for the Economic Union of Belgium and Luxembourg under the name “Belgium-Luxembourg”. 9. Beginning 1 January 2000, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland provide their international trade statistics separately. For periods prior to 1 January 2000, unless otherwise indicated, data are shown for the Southern African Customs Union.

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ABREVIATIONS ET CODES DES PAYS

Les noms de certains pays (ou zones) ou groupes de pays (ou zones) et de certains produits ou groupes de produits ont dû être abrégés. On trouvera les intitulés exacts de ces noms dans des différentes éditions des publications suivantes qui figurent dans l'Introduction (voir aussi para 4(a), 4(b) et 4(c)):

(i) Codes standard des pays et des zones à usage statistique

(ii) Classification type pour le commerce international (CTCI) (iii) Classification par grandes catégories économiques (CGCE) (iv) Classification des marchandises par origine industrielle (v) Classification internationale type, par industrie, de toutes les branches d'activité

économique (CITI) 1. Les données relatives à la République populaire de Chine comprennent en général les données relatives à la province de Taïwan lorsqu'il s'agit de statistiques concernant la population, la superficie, les ressources naturelles, les conditions naturelles tel que le climat, etc. Dans les statistiques relevant d'autres domaines, la province de Taïwan n'est pas comprise, sauf indication contraire. C'est le cas dans cet Annuaire où les données pour la Chine ne comprennent pas celles de la province de Taïwan. Lorsque des pays partenaires ont déclaré des échanges avec Taïwan ceux-ci sont inclus dans Asie. Conformément à une Déclaration commune signée le 19 décembre 1984, le Royaume-Uni a rétrocédé Hong-kong à la République populaire de Chine, avec effet au ler juillet 1997; la souveraineté de la République populaire de Chine s'exerce à nouveau sur le territoire à compter de cette date. Pour les statistiques, les données de la Chine ne comprennent pas celles de la région administrative spéciale de Hong Kong. Conformément à une Déclaration commune signée le 13 décembre 1987, le Portugal a rétrocédé Macao à la République populaire de Chine, avec effet au 20ième décembre 1999; la souveraineté de la République populaire de Chine s'exerce à nouveau sur le territoire à compter de cette date. Pour les statistiques, les données de la Chine ne comprennent pas celles de la région administrative spéciale de Macao. 2. Le Yémen et le Yémen démocratique ont fusionné le 22 mai 1990 pour ne plus former qu'un seul Etat, qui est depuis lors représenté comme tel à l'Organisation, sous le nom 'Yémen'. Toutes les données présentées dans cet Annuaire qui se rapportent à la période antérieure à l'année 1990 se réfèrent aux anciens Yémen démocratique et Yémen. 3. En vertu de l'adhésion de la République démocratique allemande à la République fédérale d'Allemagne, prenant effet le 3 octobre 1990, les deux Etats allemands se sont unis pour former un seul Etat souverain. A compter de la date de l'unification, la République fédérale

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d'Allemagne est désignée à l'ONU sous le nom 'Allemagne'. Toutes les données se rapportant à l'Allemagne avant le 3 octobre 1990 figurent dans deux rubriques séparées, basées sur les territoires respectifs de la République fédérale d'Allemagne et l'ancienne République démocratique allemande selon la période indiquée. En l'absence de données pour l'Allemagne unifiée (à compter du 3 octobre 1990), les données sont fournies séparément sous les rubriques Allemagne (République fédérale d') et Allemagne (ancienne République démocratique) et se rapportent aux limites territoriales antérieures au 3 octobre 1990 lorsqu'elles sont disponibles. 4. En 1991, l'ex Union Soviétique a été scindée officiellement en quinze républiques indépendantes (Arménie, Azerbaïdjan, Bélarus, Estonie, Fédération de Russie, Géorgie, Kazakstan, Kirghizistan, Lettonie, Lituanie, Ouzbékistan, République de Moldova, Tadjikistan, Turkménistan et Ukraine). A partir de 1992 les données sont indiquées pour chaque république individuellement. Avant 1992, les données sont indiquées pour l'ancienne URSS. 5. Sauf indication contraire, les données fournies pour la Yougoslavie avant le 1er janvier 1992 se rapportent à la République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie, qui était composée de six républiques; les données fournies pour la Yougoslavie après cette date se rapportent à la République fédérative de Yougoslavie, qui est composée de deux républiques (Serbie et Monténégro). 6. Les données relatives à la République tchèque, et à la Slovaquie, lorsqu'elles sont disponibles, sont présentées séparément sous le nom de chacun des pays. En ce qui concerne la période antérieure au 1er janvier 1993, pour laquelle on ne possède pas de données séparées pour les deux Républiques, les données relatives à l'ancienne Tchécoslovaquie sont, sauf indication contraire, présentées sous le titre 'ancienne Tchécoslovaquie'. 7. A partir du ler janvier 1997, pour les statistiques du commerce international, le territoire statistique de la France comprend les départements d'outre-mer. Les valeurs ont été fournies aussi sur cette base par la France pour 1996, et sont publiées dans cet annuaire. 8. A partir du ler janvier 1999, la Belgique et Luxembourg présentent leurs statistiques du commerce international séparément. En ce qui concerne la période antérieure au 1er janvier 1999, sauf indication contraire, les données relatives à l'Union économique de la Belgique et Luxembourg sont présentées sous le titre ‘Belgique-Luxembourg’. 9. A partir du ler janvier 2000, Botswana, Lesotho, la Namibie, Swaziland et l’Afrique du Sud présentent leurs statistiques du commerce international séparément. En ce qui concerne la période antérieure au 1er janvier 2000, sauf indication contraire, les données sont présentées pour l'Union douanière d’Afrique australe.

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EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS EXPLICATION DES SIGNES

Category not applicable .......................................................................................................... . – Ne s'applique pas Not available.............................................................................................................................. blank Aucune donnée disponible Magnitude of less than half the unit used.................................................................................. 0 or 0.0 Grandeur inférieure à la moitié de l'unité utilisée Provisional or estimated figures............................................................. ................................... e Donnée provisoire ou estimation Area (1,000 square metres)........................................................................................................ A Superficie (1,000 mètres carrés) 1,000 kilowatt-hours.................................................................................................................. H 1,000 kilowatts-heures Weight (kilograms)..................................................................................................................... K Poids (kilogrammes) Length (1,000 metres)................................................................................................................ L Longueur (1,000 mètres) 1,000 times unit shown............................................................................................................... M 1,000 fois l'unité indiquée Number............................. .......................................................................................................... N Nombre Other........................................................................................................................................... O Autres Number of pairs.......................................................................................................................... P Paires Volume (cubic metres)............................................................................................................... V Volume (mètre cube) Weight (metric tons)................................................................................................................... W Poids (tonnes métriques) 1,000,000 times unit shown....................................................................................................... Y 1 million de fois l'unité indiquée Decimal figures are always preceded by a period except for the Country Notes in French where they are preceded by a comma........................................................................................ ( . ) Les décimales sont toujours précédées d 'un point, à l'exception des notes de pays en français où elles sont précédées par une virgule.

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TRADE DATA IN ELECTRONIC FORM

External trade data, for the majority of countries from 1962 to the latest year, are available in electronic form and can be transmitted on magnetic tape, diskettes and on CD-ROM or by electronic mail. Detailed information on coverage and prices is available, on request, from the United Nations Statistics Division, New York, N.Y. 10017, USA; tel. (+1) (212) 963-6170; fax (+1) (212) 963-9851 and e-mail tradestat@un.org.

DONNEES DU COMMERCE EXTÉRIEUR SOUS FORME ÉLECTRONIQUE

Les données du commerce extérieur pour la majorité des pays de 1962 à la dernière année écoulée sont disponibles sous forme électronique et peuvent être envoyées sur bande magnétiques, sur disquette, sur CD-ROM, ou par message électronique. Les informations détaillées sur le champ d’application et les prix peuvent être obtenues auprès de la Division de Statistique des Nations Unies, New York, N.Y. 10017, Etats-Unis; tél. (+1) (212) 963-6170; fax (+1) (212) 963-9851 et e-mail tradestat@un.org.

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INTRODUCTION 1. The fiftieth edition of the International Trade Statistics Yearbook (the Yearbook) provides the basic information for individual countries' external trade performances in terms of value, as well as in volume and price, the importance of trading partners and the significance of individual commodities imported and exported. This edition shows annual statistics for 179 countries or reporting customs areas. It is published in two volumes. 2. Some changes have been introduced starting with the forty-eighth edition of the Yearbook. Table 1, as it was known from earlier editions, has been removed and two new Special Tables have been added, namely new Special Table B Total Imports and Exports by Countries and Areas (in national currency) and new Special Table C Trade Conversion Factors. The contents of these new Special Tables plus the contents of the previously existing Special Tables on total trade in US dollars (Special Table A) and on index numbers of quantum (now Special Table G) cover the information which was given in Table 1 of the earlier editions of the Yearbook (except for trade in gold). As a consequence of the changes the tables have been renumbered as shown below. The only difference between the forty-ninth and the forty-eighth edition is that the Special Table Total imports and exports by regions and countries and areas (in US dollars) has been moved forward to appear as the first Special Table. Consequently the Special Tables A, B and C of the forty-eighth edition have been renamed to Special Tables B, C and A respectively in the forty-ninth edition and the current edition. Earlier editions As of the forty-eighth edition Table 1 Removed Table 2 Split into Table 5 (Imports by broad economic categories) and

Table 6 (Exports by industrial origin) Table 3 Split into Table 1 (Imports by principal countries or areas) and

Table 2 (Exports by principal countries or areas) Table 4 Table 3 (Imports by principal commodities) (according to the

SITC, Rev.2) Table 5 Table 4 (Exports by principal commodities) (according to the

SITC, Rev.2) Special Table A Special Table A Not available Special Table B Not available Special Table C Special Table B Special Table D Special Table C Special Table E Special Table D Special Table F Special Table E Special Table G Special Table F Special Table H Special Table G Special Table I Special Table H Special Table J Special Table I Special Table K Special Table J Special Table L

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3. Some other changes have been made, all of which have allowed a larger print size and therefore an enhanced readability. New tables 1 and 2 show the 30 principal partner countries or areas instead of the previous principal 40; the ranking is based on all five years shown instead of on the middle three years; further the partner countries or areas are no longer shown in the percentage part of new tables 1 and 2. In new tables 3 and 4 the cutoff value for inclusion of a line has increased from 0.3% to 0.5% of the total trade. Also in new tables 3 and 4 lines for 2-, 3- or 4-digit commodity codes are omitted in cases where the line of the more detailed commodity code (for instance at 5-digit level) contains exactly the same information in terms of value and quantity for all four years shown. Finally, in new tables 3 and 4 the description of the commodity codes in English has been made more readable in comparison to the earlier editions; because of space considerations the description of the commodity codes in French has been moved to an annex of the publication. The commodity tables of Volume II have been changed in much a similar way as the previous table 3 of Volume I. Each commodity table has been split into two new tables, one for imports and one for exports. Each of the new commodity tables show the 30 principal reporting countries or areas instead of the previous principal 40; the ranking is based on all five years shown instead of on the middle three years; further the reporting countries or areas are no longer shown in the percentage part of new commodity tables. VOLUME I 4. Volume I contains detailed data for individual countries or areas. For each country or area the following tables usually appear:

(a) Tables 1 and 2, showing up to the most recent five years available, the value in United States dollars of import and export trade analyzed by the principal countries or areas and regions of origin and destination. The analysis is made according to the United Nations Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use1/. In some instances, owing to the nature of the national country classification, the conversion to the United Nations country classification could not be done precisely. A maximum of 30 trading partners are shown, in order of magnitude, based on the sum of the values over the years included in the table, with imports and exports ranked separately. Below the value table is a listing showing the percentage breakdown of trade by regions for the latest available ten years. The line for the European Union (EU) is calculated for all years on the basis of the current membership (fifteen countries). The lines for the Asian part of the former USSR (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) and the European part of the former USSR (Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation and Ukraine) are calculated as the sum of the appropriate independent countries from 1992 to date. For years prior to 1992 this was not possible and the line for the European part of the former USSR includes the entire former USSR for those years. Eastern Europe comprises Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Regional totals are calculated only if the available partner detail exceeds 80% of the reported total imports or exports. Furthermore, if the available partner detail is less than 50% for all years, the table will not be shown.

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(b) Tables 3 and 4, showing up to the most recent four years available, the quantity and the value in United States dollars of imports and exports analyzed by principal commodities. The commodities are shown in terms of the Standard International Trade Classification 2/ (SITC), Revision 2, codes and headings (abbreviated). Data for a commodity will appear if the value in any year is greater than or equal to 0.5 per cent of the total trade for that year. Lines for 2-, 3- or 4-digit commodity codes are omitted in cases where the line of the more detailed commodity code (for instance at 5-digit level) contains exactly the same information in terms of value and quantity for all four years shown.

(c) Tables 5 and 6, showing up to the most recent seven years available,

percentage breakdowns of imports by broad economic categories and of exports by industrial origin. The analysis for imports is based on the Classification by Broad Economic Categories3/ and for exports on the Classification of Commodities by Industrial Origin 4/. Reclassification of foreign trade according to broad economic categories or industrial origin requires statistical information at the five-digit level of the Standard International Trade Classification, Revised2/. (For history and background of the SITC, see pages xxiii-xxv). When such details are not available, approximate allocations are made, using the three-digit level of the SITC Revised. In comparing statistics of international trade with statistics of production, problems of limitation exist in addition to those of classification. Exports of products which are obviously not produced in the reporting countries (e.g., exports of tea and cocoa from the Netherlands or the United Kingdom) have been allocated to the industrial origin in which they would have been classified in the producing countries; in the case of tea and cocoa: Agriculture. The industrial origin in the reporting country of these exports is, in fact, the wholesale trade. In the Classification of Commodities by Industrial Origin, SITC, Revised headings are subdivided to correspond, roughly, to groups of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, (Revision 1)5/. The breakdown of exports by industrial origin is derived as much as possible from national or special exports. 5. In some instances the figures shown in United States dollars in the tables indicated under 4(a) and 4(b) above may not correspond to those in United States dollars in the Special Table A or to those in national currency in Special Table B after the application of the currency conversion factors in Special Table C. These discrepancies arise in part from revisions to the more recent data at the total level and these revisions were not broken down for the more detailed data by commodity and partner. In some cases the differences may be due to differences in coverage/definitions of the data. It was felt, however, that a partial revision of the tables referred to under 4(a) and 4(b) above to make the totals consistent with those in the Special Tables should not be made. More information on the Special Tables is given in para 12 and 13. 6. For all countries, the data in Tables 3 and 4 are presented according to SITC Revision 2. Many countries report data according to the SITC, Revision 3 or the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS). The data so reported for these countries, were converted to SITC Revision 2. This is a difficult conversion and results in data for some SITC Revision 2 codes, which are not comparable with data reported in terms of SITC, Revision 2 to a very significant extent. In a few cases, countries reported data using a national commodity classification related to SITC Revision 16/; conversion to SITC Revision 2 could not be done precisely and, therefore, in these cases some of the SITC Revision 2 codes are not exact in their

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coverage (Bahamas 1988 and 1991; Bahrain 1992 and 1993; Bermuda 1988 to 1993; Myanmar 1991; Netherlands Antilles 1989 to 1992 and 1995; Sudan 1992 to 1994; and Tonga 1991 to 1996). 7. Detailed descriptions of the concepts and definitions applied by countries are available in the United Nations mimeograph "National Reporting Practices in International Merchandise Trade Statistics" (ST/ESA/STAT/112), issued February 1996 and available from the United Nations Statistics Division. A computerized and updated version of the national reporting practices are available on the web site of the United Nations Statistics Division at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradereport/default.asp. VOLUME II 8. Volume II contains commodity tables showing the total trade of certain commodities analyzed by regions and countries. The regional structure is identical to that which is used in Volume I. 9. Commodity tables. These tables show imports and exports of commodities at the group (3-digit) level of the SITC, Revision 2. All groups are covered except for 286, Ores and concentrates of uranium and thorium; the exports of 333, Petroleum oils, crude, and crude oils obtained from bituminous minerals; 351, Electric current; 675, Hoops and strip, of iron or steel, hot-rolled or cold-rolled; 688, Uranium depleted in U235 and thorium, and their alloys, unwrought or wrought, and articles thereof; n.e.s.; waste and scrap of uranium depleted in U235 and of thorium; 911, Postal packages not classified according to kind; 961, Coin (other than gold coin), not being legal tender and 971, Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates) (for an explanation, see paragraph 10 below). The years covered are the five years 1996 to 2000. The values are in U.S. dollars and both imports and exports are analyzed by regions and principal trading countries. A maximum of 30 countries are shown in order of magnitude, based on the sum of the values over the years 1997 to 2001, with imports and exports ranked separately. No quantity data are shown. 10. In preparing these tables, in many cases estimates were made for countries whose data were not yet available and these are shown with an ‘e’. In some cases, estimates were made for particular countries, and they were considered adequate to include in regional and world totals but not sufficiently explained to be published separately for the country; consequently, they have been suppressed and only an ‘e’ appears in the table. The commodity groups mentioned in paragraph 9 above, (286, exports of 333, 351, 675, 688, 911, 961 and 971) are suppressed from publication because they were poorly reported and contain many estimates which are not sufficiently explainable. Strictly speaking, a regional or world total that contains estimates should be shown with an ‘e’. However, virtually all the regional and world totals include estimates and the ‘e’ has been omitted for cosmetic purposes. 11. The procedure for estimating trade data for a given year and a given country takes some reported (‘true’) data as a starting point. The minimum required reported input data are the import and export totals of a country. Sometimes other aggregated commodity information is

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also available and is taken into account; this may include some 3-digit or other commodity totals reported by the country. The estimation procedure then takes the available reported data and initial estimates (which may be either (1) the 3-digit commodity totals of the country for an adjacent (reported) year or (2) the 3-digit commodity totals for the country as reported by all its trading partners combined, for the given year) and scales them in such a way that at every level of the commodity classification the total of the commodity estimates and any reported data add up to the reported (‘true’) totals at the higher level and ultimately to the totals of the imports and exports. 12. Volume II also contains special tables showing, inter alia, (a) the contribution of the trade of each country to the trade of its region and of the world, (b) the flow of trade between countries and regions and (c) the fluctuations of the prices at which goods are traded internationally. The special tables are:

A. Total imports and exports by regions and countries and areas (in US dollars); B. Total imports and exports by countries and areas (in national currency); C. Trade Conversion Factors; D. World exports by commodity classes and by regions; E. Growth of world exports by commodity classes and by regions; F. Structure of world exports by commodity classes and by regions; G. Total imports and exports: index numbers by countries or areas, terms of trade,

and purchasing power of exports; H. Total exports and imports: index numbers of quantum, unit value and terms of

trade by regions; I. Manufactured goods exports; J. Fuel imports: developed economies; K. Some indicators on fuel imports: developed economies; L. Export price index numbers of primary commodities and non-ferrous base metals.

SPECIAL TABLES 13. The economic and geographic groupings in all the special tables are in accordance with those of Special Table A in this issue, although Special Table A sometimes includes more detailed geographic sub-groups. (See Special Table A for the details)

(A) Total imports and exports by regions and countries and areas (in US dollars). The regional, economic and world totals have been adjusted: (a) to include estimates for countries or areas for which full data are not available; (b) to include estimates of insurance and freight for imports valued f.o.b.; (c) to include countries or areas not listed separately; (d) to approximate special trade for regional groups; (e) to approximate calendar years; and (f) where possible, to eliminate incomparability owing to geographical changes, by adjusting the figures for periods before the change to be comparable to those for periods after the change, for example, the European Union and the European Free Trade Association. The figures shown for individual countries correspond to the figures, which appear and are described in Special Table B. For footnotes see the end of the table.

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Monthly and quarterly data appear in the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics.

(B) Total imports and exports by countries and areas (in national currency). The

table contains totals of trade by countries reported in terms of national currency. For totals in terms of U.S. dollars for all countries and areas see Special Table A. For general note and footnotes, see the end of the table.

Monthly and quarterly data appear in the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. (C) Trade Conversion Factors. The conversion factors shown in the table were

used to convert trade data expressed in terms of national currency to U.S. dollars. For general note and footnotes, see the end of the table.

Quarterly data appear in the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. (D) World exports by commodity classes and by regions. For the general note

and footnotes, see the end of the table.

(E) Growth of world exports by commodity classes and by regions. The annual average rates of change in percentage terms given in this table have been uniformly calculated by the use of the compound interest formula:

r = Annual average rate of change in percentage terms. Vn = Value of exports during the last year of the period. Vo = Value of exports during the first year of the period. t = Number of years in period.

For the general note and footnotes, see the end of Special Table F.

(F) Structure of world exports by commodity classes and by regions. The figures shown under the heading 'Origin of Exports' refer to the exports of the region or country appearing in the 'Area' column; those shown under the heading 'Destination of Exports' refer to the exports of the world to the region or country appearing in the 'Area' column. For the general note and footnotes, see the end of the table.

(G) Total imports and exports: index numbers by countries or areas, terms of trade, and purchasing power of exports. The unit value indices are in terms of US dollars. For the general note and footnotes, see the end of the table.

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(H) Total exports and imports: index numbers of quantum, unit value and terms of trade by regions. For the footnotes, see the end of the table.

Quarterly data appear in the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics.

(I) Manufactured goods exports. For the general note and footnotes, see the end of Table K.

Quarterly data appear in the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics.

(J) Fuel imports: developed economies. For the general note and footnotes, see the end of Table K.

Quarterly data appear in the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics.

(K) Some indicators on fuel imports: developed economies. This table shows the share of fuel imports in the total value of imports and in the total value of exports, and the ratio of unit value indices of manufactured goods exports to those of fuel imports. For the general note and footnotes, see the end of the table.

Quarterly data appear in the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics.

(L) Export price index numbers of primary commodities and non-ferrous base metals. For the general note and footnote, see the end of the table.

Monthly and quarterly data appear in the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics.

14. The compositions of the economic groups which are used in Special Tables A to L are as follows: ANCOM-Andean Common Market

Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela

APEC-Asian-Pacific Economic Co-operation Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Singapore, Taiwan Province of China, Thailand, United States of America and Viet Nam

ASEAN-Association of South-East Asian Nations Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore Thailand and Viet Nam

CACM-Central American Common Market Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua

CARICOM-Caribbean Community and Common Market Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas (member of the Community only), Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago

CIS-Commonwealth of Independent States

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Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan

COMESA-Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Angola, Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe

EMCCA - Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon

EU-European Union Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom

ECOWAS-Economic Community of West African States Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo

EFTA-European Free Trade Association Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland

LAIA-Latin American Integration Association (formerly Latin American Free Trade Association) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela

LDCs-Least developed countries Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia

MERCOSUR-Mercado Comun Sud-Americano Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay

NAFTA-Northern American Free Trade Area Canada, Mexico and United States of America

OECD-Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States of America

OPEC-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Algeria, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic. Republic of), Iraq, Kuwait, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela.

SOURCES AND PRESENTATION 15. The figures for Volumes I and II are obtained from national published sources, from data supplied by the Governments for use in this publication, from data supplied by the International Monetary Fund, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, the Economic Community of West African States, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; and from the United Nations publications: Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, and

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Statistical Yearbook. Estimates for some missing data are made by the United Nations Statistics Division. 16. The country and regional names used by various countries are not uniform for their trade statistics. Also, where former geographical entities commonly referred to in national statistics have changed, countries may introduce the corresponding changes in their statistics at different times. Wherever possible, however, parts of the world have been designated by the names they currently bear. To satisfy the needs of some users for analytical data over time, the ability to reconstruct some former geographic/political entities has been maintained e.g. data relating to the former USSR. 17. The regional aggregates shown throughout this publication are based on those set forth in the United Nations Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use1/, except where indicated. 18. Generally, data refer to calendar years; however, for those countries which report according to some other reference year, the data are presented in the year which covers the majority of the reference year used by the country. NATIONAL INDEX NUMBERS 19. National index numbers of unit value and of quantum, which were previously shown in Table 1 of Volume I in national currency, are now shown in Special Table G of Volume II converted to US dollars. They are the official indices which show the changes in the volume, (quantum index) and the average price (unit value index) of the aggregate merchandise imports or exports. Each index number represents a change between the period to which the number refers, called the current period, and a fixed period, called the publication base, in which the index is represented by the percentage 100. In order to facilitate comparison, the indices shown have been rebased to 1990, where necessary. When changes are made in the coverage, formula or base period of an index, the two series are linked together if they have an overlapping period and are sufficiently comparable. 20. Annual, quarterly and monthly figures in national currency for these index series appear in the United Nations Monthly Bulletin of Statistics and a more detailed description of their compilation is given in the 1977 Supplement to the Statistical Yearbook and the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics7/. TRANSITION COUNTRIES 21. For the period covered by this Yearbook, countries formerly classified for statistical purposes as centrally planned economies had systems of official rates between their currencies and other currencies, all consistent with rates of 0.90 new roubles to the United States dollar prior to 24 December 1971 and 0.829 new roubles to the United States dollar until February 1973; since then these rates have been fluctuating. They generally used these rates when it was necessary to convert foreign into domestic currencies for the purpose of compiling external trade

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statistics. The resulting data are for comparison with the external transactions of the rest of the world rather than with domestic monetary transactions. 22. The trade statistics of these countries had definitions somewhat different from those which exist in other countries. Differences in definition contribute to the discrepancies which can be observed between statistical records referring to the same flow of goods but kept by two trading partners having different economic systems. The trade among these countries was carried out on a basis not comparable to that governing trade with other countries. The concept of transaction value, for instance, as applied outside those countries is based on the existence of a market between exporters and importers in which the interaction of supply and demand has more effect than it can be assumed to have had in those countries; in the absence of data on the unit values of specific commodities entering the trade of those countries with one another, it is difficult to assess the possible effects on the trade statistics of this kind of incomparability. Increasingly since 1992, the transition countries have adopted similar concepts and definitions for international trade statistics as are in effect in other countries. GENERAL STATEMENTS 23. The statistics in this Yearbook have been compiled by national statistical authorities largely consistent with the United Nations recommended International Trade Statistics Concepts and Definitions, Revision 1.8/ In 1998 the United Nations issued a further revision of this publication; 8/ countries have been requested to commence introduction of the new concepts and definitions with data for 1999. The main elements of the concepts and definitions (Revision 1) are:

1. Territory. The statistics reported by a country generally refer to the customs area of the country. In most cases this coincides with the geographical area of the country. Unless otherwise stated, the combination of two territories, formerly separate, results in the elimination from the statistics of their trade with each other. The separation of two territories, formerly together, results in the appearance of their trade with each other in the statistics for each territory.

2. System of trade. Two systems of recording trade are in common use, differing mainly in the way warehoused and re-exported goods are recorded:

(a) Special trade: special imports are the combined total of imports declared directly from abroad for home use or inward processing and withdrawals from bonded warehouses or free zones for home use. Special exports comprise exports of goods of national origin, namely, goods wholly or partly produced or manufactured in the country, including goods exported after inward processing, and re-exports of imported goods that have been in free circulation.

(b) General trade: general imports are the combined total of imports declared directly from abroad for home use or inward processing, and imports into bonded warehouses or free zones. General exports comprise exports of goods of national origin, including goods

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exported after inward processing, re-exports of imported goods that have been in free circulation and re-exports of goods from bonded warehouses or free zones.

Direct transit trade, i.e., goods merely being trans-shipped or moving through the country for purposes of transport only, is excluded from the statistics of both special and general trade.

Tables 1 to 4 of Volume I indicate in their headings the system of trade to which the figures relate.

3. Valuation. At its fifteenth session, in 1953, the Economic and Social Council, taking the view that trade statistics must reflect economic realities, recommended that the Governments of Member States of the United Nations, wherever possible, use transaction values in the compilation of their national statistics of external trade or, when national practices are based on other values, endeavor to provide supplementary statistical data based on transaction values (Economic and Social Council resolution 469 B (XV)). In the case of imports, the transaction value is the value at which the goods were purchased by the importer plus the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing country (a CIF-type valuation). In the case of exports, the transaction value is the value at which the goods were sold by the exporter, including the cost of transportation and insurance, to bring the goods onto the transporting vehicle at the frontier of the exporting country (a FOB-type valuation).

4. Currency conversion. For data in this publication, conversion of values from national currencies into United States dollars is done by means of currency conversion factors based on official exchange rates. Values in currencies subject to fluctuation (such currencies increased in number beginning December 1971) are converted into United States dollars using weighted average exchange rates specially calculated for this purpose. The weighted average exchange rate for a given currency for a given year is the component monthly factors, mostly furnished by the International Monetary Fund, weighted by the value of the relevant trade in each month; a monthly factor is the exchange rate (or the simple average rate) in effect during that month. These factors are applicable to total imports and exports respectively, but not necessarily to trade in individual commodities or with individual countries.

5. Merchandise. In order that external trade statistics shall be suited to the measurement of the influence of national economies upon one another, merchandise trade is defined to include, as far as possible, all goods which add to or subtract from the material resources of a country as a result of their movements into or out of the country. Unless, therefore, statements to the contrary are made in footnotes to the country tables, the treatment of the classes of goods listed below is as indicated:

(a) Gold. Gold traded internationally is usually defined as encompassing the three following types:

i) Gold coins (issued and unissued) and bullion, including banking and monetary gold;

ii) Unrefined gold, including gold ores and concentrates;

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iii) Partly-worked gold in which the value of the gold is 80 per cent or more of the total value, including scrap, jewelers' sweepings, dust, primary shapes (such as rods, wire and gold leaf) and gold alloys (crude or in primary shapes).

Of the types of gold listed above, those belonging to the category of monetary gold are

excluded from merchandise trade, and those classified as non-monetary gold are included, except as indicated below. Any gold shipment received by the central monetary authority of a country is treated as monetary gold. All other gold shipments (whether to commercial banks or to individuals), on the other hand, are considered non-monetary.

(b) Silver ore, concentrates, bullion, unissued coin (as noted below), scrap and partly-worked and manufactured silver are all included in merchandise trade statistics.

(c) Currency and titles of ownership which have been issued into circulation, e.g., issued silver and base metal coins, bank notes, other paper currency and securities, are excluded from merchandise trade statistics. Unissued currency and titles of ownership are included at their intrinsic value as stamped metal or printed paper rather than at face value.

(d) Trade on government account is included as merchandise trade. Movements

under government foreign aid programmes (civil and military), war reparations and restitutions and military goods9/ moving internationally are therefore included. When goods are destined for use of national agencies (including embassies and military forces) stationed abroad they are, however, not considered to have moved in external trade and are excluded.

(e) Temporary imports and exports. Goods for exhibitions or study, animals admitted to a country temporarily, merely for racing or breeding, returnable containers, etc., the movements of all of which are expected to be reversed within a limited time, are excluded.

(f) Improvement and repair trade. Countries sending goods abroad for

improvement or repair and later returned are said to be engaging in the passive improvement and repair trade; countries receiving goods from other countries for improvement or repair and eventual return engage in the active improvement and repair trade. Inward and outward movement in this trade are generally excluded from imports and exports.

(g) Postal trade is included in merchandise trade.

(h) Trade in fish, etc. Fish and salvage sold abroad or to foreign vessels off national vessels, and fish and salvage landed from foreign vessels in national ports are excluded from merchandise trade statistics.

(i) Trade in ships and aircraft. Ships and aircraft bought and sold should be included.

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(j) Bunkers and stores for ships and aircraft. In general, bunkers and stores should be included in aggregate merchandise exports.

6. Partner country. The following terms describe methods that may be used by reporting countries in determining, for each shipment of goods, the partner country under whose name it should be recorded: (a) for imports: country of origin or production, country of consignment, country of purchase or country of provenance; (b) for exports: country of consumption or consignment, or country of sale.

7. Trade analyzed by commodity. Analysis is according to the Standard International Trade Classification. THE STANDARD INTERNATIONAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION (SITC) AND THE HARMONIZED COMMODITY DESCRIPTION AND CODING SYSTEM (HS) 24. In July 1950, the United Nations Economic and Social Council, on the advice of its Statistical Commission, recommended that Governments compile trade by commodity statistics according to the original SITC2/ in order to have available data in internationally comparable categories suitable for the economic analysis of trade. The original SITC had been prepared by the United Nations Secretariat with the assistance of expert consultants and in co-operation with Member Governments and interested international organizations. 25. In May 1960, the Statistical Commission approved a revision, similarly prepared, of the original SITC, known as the SITC, Revised, designed to take account of the changes in the pattern of trade since 1950 and to simplify the relation between the SITC and internationally agreed customs tariff nomenclatures. The SITC, Revised, is a rearrangement into statistical order of the items of the 1955 Tariff Nomenclature (CCCN) of the Customs Co-operation Council. 26. The SITC, Revised, is based on 625 subgroups (identified by code numbers of four digits), most of which correspond to items of the original SITC. A number of subgroups are further subdivided either to distinguish commodities of statistical importance or to permit exact correspondence with the CCCN; this results in a basic (5-digit code) level for the SITC, Revised, consisting of 1,312 items. The subgroups are combined, progressively, into 177 groups, 56 divisions and 10 sections. 27. The headings of the SITC, Revised, are fully determined by their code numbers. The precise composition of each number is defined in the SITC, Revised, itself. In comparing data according to the SITC, Revised, with data according to a national commodity classification it must be remembered that the same brief description may refer to aggregates differing somewhat in composition. 28. Although the SITC, Revised, of 1960 represented a great improvement on the original SITC, basically the same reasons which led to the creation of the SITC and its first revision were

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found, in the late nineteen-sixties, to be once more valid. Since 1960 the volume of trade had increased rapidly and its geographic and commodity patterns had changed fundamentally. Consequently, a second revision of the SITC was undertaken. In October 1974 the Statistical Commission approved of this revision, known as SITC, Revision 22/, and in May 1975 the Economic and Social Council recommended that Member States of the United Nations should report data on external trade according to the SITC, Revision 2, as far and as soon as possible. Starting with data for 1976, some countries began reporting trade statistics based on the SITC, Revision 2. 29. The basic headings of the SITC, Revision 2 had a one-to-one correspondence with the subdivisions of the Customs Co-operation Council Nomenclature (CCCN). However, there were a number of users who found the subdivisions of CCCN (and thus SITC, Revision 2) insufficient for their needs10/. There was also an expressed need for the harmonization of economic classifications11/. Partly to satisfy these needs, the Customs Co-operation Council in May 1973 undertook responsibility for the development and completion of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS)12/. 30. At its twenty-first session, in January 1981, the Statistical Commission had taken note of the fact that a third revision of SITC would have to be made available when both the revised CCCN and HS came into force13/. Accordingly, later that year, the United Nations Secretariat commenced work on the revision of SITC, Revision 2, based on the principle that every effort should be made to maintain its general character and structure but taking into account the need for its harmonization with the revised CCCN, the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Revision 314/ and a Central Product Classification15/ which was developed jointly by the United Nations Statistics Division and the Statistical Office of the European Communities. 31. The final draft was revised and approved by the Statistical Commission at its twenty-third session, in February 1985,16/ and a resolution was adopted by the Economic and Social Council on 28 May 1985 which, inter alia, recommended that Member States should report internationally external trade statistics according to the Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 3 (resolution 1985/7). 32. The Harmonized System was adopted by the Customs Cooperation Council in June 1983, and the International Convention on the Harmonized System (HS Convention) entered into force 1 January 1988 (HS88). As of 24 November 2000 there were 101 Contracting Parties, and another 70 countries or territories which were not contracting parties but were using the HS for customs/statistical purposes. 33. The United Nations Statistical Commission, at its twenty-seventh session, held from 22 February to 3 March 1993, recommended that countries "adopt the HS for compilation and dissemination of their international trade statistics"17/. 34. In accordance with the preamble of the HS Convention, which recognized the importance of ensuring that the HS be kept up-to-date in the light of changes in technology or in patterns of international trade, the HS is regularly reviewed and revised. The United Nations Statistical Commission at its twenty-seventh session "recommended that the Customs Cooperation Council

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take fully into account the statistical implications of any changes proposed for HS and the statistical needs and capacities of developing countries"18/. Some minor revisions to the HS88, which also resulted in the deletion of one six-digit code, were made in 1992 (HS92). A more comprehensive set of amendments was adopted in 1993 and these amendments entered into force 1 January 1996 (HS96). 35. The Statistical Commission, at its twenty-eighth session, 27 February - 3 March 1995 considered changes that would be required to the SITC, Rev. 3 to bring it into correlation with HS96; the Commission decided that the changes required in SITC, Rev. 3 to make it fully correlated with HS96 were minor in scale. The Commission therefore decided that it would not be necessary to issue a fourth revision of the SITC19/. 1/ United Nations Standard Country Codes, Statistical Papers, Series M No. 49, (United

Nations publication, Sales No. E.70.XVII.13).

United Nations Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use, Statistical Papers, Series M No. 49, Rev. 1, (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.75.XVII.8).

Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use, Statistical Papers, Series M No. 49, Rev.2, (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.82.XVII.8).

Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use, Series M No. 49, Rev. 3, (non-sales publication).

Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use, Series M No. 49, Rev.4, (United Nations publication, Sales No. M.98.XVII.9).

2/ Standard International Trade Classification, Original , Statistical Papers, Series M No.10,

Second Edition, 1951 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.51.XVII.1). Standard International Trade Classification, Revised, Statistical Papers, Series M No.34,

1961 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.61.XVII.6). Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 2, Statistical Papers, Series M

No.34/Rev.2, (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.75.XVII.6).

Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 3, Statistical Papers, Series M No.34/Rev.3, (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.XVII.12).

3/ Classification by Broad Economic Categories (in terms of the SITC Revised), Statistical Papers, Series M No.53, (United Nations publication, Sales No. 71.XVII.12).

4/ Classification of Commodities by Industrial Origin (Relationship of the Standard

International Trade Classification Revised to the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 1), Statistical Papers, Series M No.43, (United Nations publication, Sales No. 66.XVII.7).

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5/ International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (Revision 1),

Statistical Papers, Series M No. 4, Rev. 1, (United Nations publication, Sales No. 58.XVII.7).

6/ SITC, Revision 1, is used interchangeably with SITC, Revised, and refers therefore to the

Standard International Trade Classification, Revised, Statistical Papers, Series M No.34, 1961 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.61.XVII.6).

7/ 1977 Supplement to the Statistical Yearbook and Monthly Bulletin of Statistics,

ST/ESA/STAT/SER.S/SUPPL.2, ST/ESA/STAT/SER.Q/SUPPL.2, (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.78.XVII.10).

8/ Statistical Papers, Series M No. 52, Rev.1, (United Nations publication, Sales No.

E.82.XVII.14).

Statistical Papers, Series M No. 52, Rev.2, (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.98.XVII.16).

9/ Countries excluding military goods from imports or exports use varying definitions of this

category of merchandise, but for most countries concerned, weapons and their ammunition constitute a major part of the military goods excluded.

10/ United Nations Statistics Division and Statistical Office of the European Communities Joint

Working Group on World Level Classifications, "A Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System for Use in International Trade" (UNSO/SOEC/1/2).

11/ United Nations Secretariat, "The Harmonization of Statistical Classifications: report of an

expert group meeting". (ST/ESA/STAT/78). 12/ Customs Co-operation Council, "The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding

System", Brussels, 1985. 13/ Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1981, Supplement No. 2, (E/1981/12),

para. 41. 14/ International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Statistical Papers,

Series M No.4, Rev.3, (United Nations publication, Sales No.E.90.XVII.11). 15/ Provisional Central Product Classification, Statistical Papers, Series M No.77, (United

Nations publication, Sales No.E.91.XVII.7). 16/ Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1985, Supplement No. 6, (E/1985/26),

para. 57 (d).

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17/ Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1993, Supplement No. 6, (E/1993/26), para. 162 (d).

18/ Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1993, Supplement No. 6, (E/1993/26),

para. 162 (e). 19/ Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1995, Supplement No. 8,

(E/CN.3/1995/28), para. 19 (e).

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INTRODUCTION 1. La cinquantième édition de l'annuaire statistique du commerce international (l’Annuaire) présente les informations nécessaires à l'étude des échanges de chaque pays, en termes de valeur et de prix ainsi que l'importance des différents pays partenaires et des principaux produits importés et exportés. Cette édition présente des données annuelles pour 179 pays ou zones douanières déclarants. L'annuaire est publié en deux volumes. 2. Quelques changements sont introduits à partir de la quarante huitième édition de l’Annuaire. Tableau 1, comme il était dans les éditions précédentes, est supprimé et deux nouveaux Tableaux Spéciaux sont ajoutés, notamment le nouveau Tableau Spécial A Importations et Exportation Totales par Pays ou Zone (en monnaie nationale) et le nouveau Tableau Spécial B Facteurs de Conversion pour le Commerce Extérieur. Le contenu de ces nouveaux Tableaux Spéciaux plus le contenu des Tableaux Spéciaux antérieurement existants sur le commerce total en dollars E-U (maintenant Tableau Spécial C) et sur l’indice de quantum (maintenant Tableau Spécial G) couvrent l’information qui était donnée dans l’ancien Tableau 1 des éditions précédentes de l’Annuaire (à l’exception du commerce d’or). À cause de ces changements tous les tableaux ont été numérotés à nouveau comme indiqué ci-dessous. La seule différence entre la quarante neuvième édition et la quarante huitième édition est que le Tableau Spécial Importations et exportations totales par régions et pays ou zones (en dollars E-U) a été transféré en avant pour qu’il apparaisse comme le premier tableau spécial. Par conséquent les Tableaux Spéciaux A, B et C de la quarante huitième édition ont été renommés Tableaux Spéciaux B, C et A respectivement dans la quarante neuvième édition de l’année passée et cette édition. Editions précédentes À partir de la quarante huitième édition Tableau 1 Supprimé Tableau 2 Divisé entre Tableau 5 (Importations par grandes catégories

économiques) et Tableau 6 (Exportations par origine industrielle)

Tableau 3 Divisé entre Tableau 1 (Importations par pays ou zones principaux) et Tableau 2 (Exportations par pays ou zones principaux)

Tableau 4 Tableau 3 (Importations par produits principaux) (selon la CTCI, rév.2)

Tableau 5 Tableau 4 (Exportations par produits principaux) (selon la CTCI, rév.2)

Tableau Spécial A Tableau Spécial A Pas disponible Tableau Spécial B Pas disponible Tableau Spécial C Tableau Spécial B Tableau Spécial D Tableau Spécial C Tableau Spécial E Tableau Spécial D Tableau Spécial F Tableau Spécial E Tableau Spécial G Tableau Spécial F Tableau Spécial H

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Tableau Spécial G Tableau Spécial I Tableau Spécial H Tableau Spécial J Tableau Spécial I Tableau Spécial K Tableau Spécial J Tableau Spécial L 3. Des autres changements ont été faits, qui ont permis d’agrandir la taille d’impression et, par conséquent, d’améliorer la lisibilité. Les nouveaux tableaux 1 et 2 montrent les 30 principaux pays ou zones partenaires au lieu des 40 principaux, comme avant ; le tri est basé sur tous les cinq ans du tableau au lieu des trois ans du milieu ; en plus, les pays ou zones partenaires ne sont plus montrés en pourcentages dans la partie du bas des nouveaux tableaux 1 et 2. Dans les nouveaux tableaux 3 et 4 la valeur minimale (de l’importation ou de l’exportation d’un produit) pour inclure une ligne a monté de 0,3% à 0,5% de la valeur totale (de l’importation ou de l’exportation). En outre, les lignes pour les 2-, 3- ou 4-chiffre des codes produits, qui contiennent exactement la même information pour tous les 4 années (en terme des valeurs et des quantités) que la ligne du code produit plus détaillé (par exemple le code à 5-chiffre), sont supprimées. Finalement, la description des codes produits en anglais est plus détaillée et plus lisible dans les nouveaux tableaux 3 et 4 (que dans les anciennes tableaux 4 et 5 des éditions précédentes). À cause des raisons d’espace la description des codes produits en français a été mise dans l’annexe de la publication. VOLUME I 4. Le Volume I fournit des renseignements détaillés sur chaque pays ou zone au sujet duquel on trouvera généralement les tableaux suivants:

(a) Tableau 1 et 2, présentant jusqu'aux cinq années les plus récentes la valeur en dollars des États-unis des importations et des exportations selon les principaux pays ou zones et régions d'origine et de destination. La distribution géographique est faite selon le Codes standard des pays et des zones à usage statistique1/ des Nations Unies. Parfois, étant donné la nature des codes géographiques nationaux, la conversion des données selon le code des Nations Unies n'a pu être effectuée que moyennant quelques imprécisions. Dans ces tableaux figurent les 30 pays partenaires les plus importants classés par ordre d'importance selon la somme des valeurs sur les années comprises dans le tableau. Une classification est effectuée séparément pour les importations et les exportations. La ventilation en pourcentage est également indiquée pour les zones d'origine et de destination pour les dix plus récentes années. Les totaux pour l’union européenne (UE) sont calculés pour toutes les années sur la base des pays membres actuels. Les totaux pour la partie asiatique de l’ancienne URSS (Arménie, Azerbaïdjan, Géorgie, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Tadjikistan, Turkménistan, et Ouzbékistan) et pour la partie européenne de l’ancienne URSS (Bélarus, Estonie, Lettonie, Lituanie, République de Moldova, Fédération de Russie et Ukraine) sont calculés sur la base des pays indiqués à partir de l’année 1992. Pour les années avant 1992 cette division n’était pas possible et, par conséquent, les totaux pour la partie européenne de l’ancienne URSS incluent la totalité de l’ancienne URSS pour ces années. L’Europe de l’Est comprend l’Albanie, la Bulgarie, la République tchèque, l’Hongrie, la Pologne, la Roumanie et la Slovaquie. Les totaux régionaux sont calculés seulement si la ventilation des partenaires disponibles dépasse 80% du total rapporté pour les

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importations et également pour les exportations. En outre, si la ventilation des partenaires disponibles ne dépasse pas 50% du total rapporté pour toutes les années le tableau ne sera pas publié.

(b) Tableaux 3 et 4, présentant les quantités et les valeurs en dollars des États-

unis des importations et des exportations par marchandises principales jusqu'aux quatre plus récentes années. Les chiffres sont publiés pour une marchandise donnée si sa valeur pour une année donnée est égale ou supérieure à 0,5 pour cent de la valeur totale pour ladite année. Les marchandises sont présentées selon les titres de la Classification type du commerce international2/ (CTCI), révision 2; les lignes pour les 2-, 3- ou 4-chiffre des codes produits, qui contiennent exactement la même information pour tous les 4 années (en terme des valeurs et des quantités) que la ligne du code produit plus détaillé (par exemple le code à 5-chiffre), sont supprimées.

(c) Tableau 5 et 6, présentant jusqu'aux sept années les plus récentes

disponible, les pourcentages par rapport au commerce total des importations par grandes catégories économiques et les exportations par branches d'origine. Les pourcentages pour des années moins récentes ont été publiés dans les éditions précédentes de cet Annuaire. L'analyse pour les importations est basée sur la Classification par grandes catégories économiques;3/ pour les exportations sur la Classification des marchandises par origine industrielle4/. Toute re-classification du commerce extérieur par grandes catégories économiques ou par origine industrielle nécessite le détail au niveau des 5 chiffres de la CTCI, révisée. (Se référer aux pages xl à xlii pour l'histoire et le fond de la CTCI). Lorsque les statistiques n'étaient pas disponibles à ce niveau on a utilisé les données au niveau des trois chiffres de la CTCI, révisée. En comparant des statistiques du commerce extérieur avec des statistiques de production on se heurte à certaines incohérences qui s'ajoutent aux problèmes de classification. Les exportations de marchandises qui de toute évidence n'ont pas été produites dans les pays exportateurs (exportation de thé et de cacao des Pays-Bas ou du Royaume-uni) ont été classées dans la branche où elles auraient été classées dans le pays d'origine; dans le cas du thé et du cacao: l'agriculture. La branche dans le pays déclarant est en fait dans ce cas le commerce de gros. Pour obtenir la Classification des marchandises par origine industrielle, les postes de la CTCI, révisée sont regroupés afin de correspondre approximativement aux groupes de la Classification international type, par industrie, de toutes les branches d'activité économique (révisée) (CITI, Révision 1)5/. Dans toute la mesure du possible les exportations nationales ou spéciales ont été utilisées. 5. Parfois les données en dollars des tableaux décrits en 4(a) et 4(b) ci-dessus peuvent ne pas correspondre à celles en dollars des Etats Unis du tableau décrit en Tableau Spécial A ou à celles en monnaies nationales du Tableau Spécial B après l'application des facteurs de conversion du Tableau Spécial C. Les différences sont dues pour la plupart à des révisions au niveau du total du commerce qui parfois ne sont pas disponibles à un plus grand niveau de détail par produit et partenaire et qui n'ont donc pas été apportées aux tableaux décrits en 4(a) et 4(b). Plus d’information concernant les Tableaux Spéciaux est donnée dans les paragraphes 12 et 13.

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6. Pour tous les pays, les données présentées aux tableaux 3 et 4 sont fondées sur la CTCI, Révision 2. De nombreux pays déclarent leurs données fondées sur la CTCI, Révision 3 ou le Système harmonisé de désignation et de codification des marchandises (SH). Les données ainsi déclarées ont été converties en CTCI, Révision 2. C’est une conversion difficile qui, pour certains codes de la CTCI, Révision 2 produit des données qui ne sont pas comparables avec celles déclarées en termes de CTCI, Révision 2, de façon très substantielle. Dans quelques cas, les données étaient déclarées à partir des nomenclatures nationales relatives à la CTCI, Révisée; dans ces cas la conversion en CTCI, Révision 2, est inexacte et certains codes de la CTCI ne couvrent pas exactement les échanges qui devraient leur être imputables. (Les Bahamas 1988 et 1991; Bahreïn 1992 et 1993; les Bermudes 1988 jusqu’à 1993; Myanmar 1991; les Antilles néerlandaises de 1989 à 1992 et 1995; Soudan 1992 jusqu’à 1994; et Tonga 1991 jusqu’à 1996). 7. Des descriptions détaillées des concepts et définitions actuels appliqués par les pays sont disponibles dans le document des Nations Unies « Pratiques nationales du rapportage en matière de statistiques du commerce international des marchandises » (ST/ESA/STAT/112), publié en février 1996 et disponible auprès de la Division de statistique des Nations Unies. Une version électronique et mise à jour de ces pratiques nationales du rapportage est disponible sur le site Internet de la Division de statistique des Nations Unies (voir http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradereport/default.asp). VOLUME II 8. Le volume II contient des tableaux présentant le commerce total de certains produits de base, analysé par régions et pays. Les régions aux noms identiques ont la même composition que celles du Volume I. 9. Tableaux par produits. Ces tableaux comprennent les importations et les exportations au niveau du groupe à 3 chiffres de la CTCI, Révision 2. Tous les groupes sont y compris à l'exception de 286, Minerais et concentrés d’uranium et de thorium; les exportations de 333, Huiles brutes de pétrole ou de minéraux bitumineux; 351, Energie électrique; 675, Feuillards en fer ou en acier; 688, Uranium et thorium et leurs alliages; 911, Colis postaux, non classés par catégorie; 961, Monnaies (autres que les pièces d’or) n’ayant pas cours légal et 971, Or, non monétaire (à l’exclusion des minerais et concentrés d’or). Les années couvertes sont les cinq années de 1996 à 2000. Les valeurs sont exprimées en dollars des Etats-Unis et les échanges sont analysés par pays et régions. Dans ces tableaux figurent les 30 pays les plus importants classés selon la somme des valeurs sur les années 1997 jusqu’à 2001. Les quantités ne figurent pas dans ces tableaux. 10. Lors de la préparation de ces tableaux, on a eu recours à des estimations pour les pays dont les données n’étaient pas encore disponibles et ces estimations sont signalées par un ‘e’. Dans quelques cas, des estimations ont été faites pour certains pays qui ont été jugées adéquates pour être incluses dans les totaux régionaux et du monde mais non suffisamment élaborées pour être publiées séparément pour ces pays. Elles ont de ce fait été éliminées et remplacées par un ‘e’. Les groupes des produits mentionnés dans paragraphe 9 au-dessus, (286, les exportations de 333, 351, 675, 688, 911, 961 et 971) sont supprimés de la publication parce que ils étaient rapportés insuffisamment et portaient beaucoup d’estimations qui n’étaient pas assez expliquées.

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A vrai dire, les totaux régionaux et du monde, qui comprennent des estimations, devraient avoir un ‘e’. Cependant, et en général, pratiquement tous les totaux régionaux et du monde comprennent des estimations et les ‘e’ ont été omis dans ces cas pour des raisons d’esthétique. 11. La procédure pour estimer les données du commerce extérieur pour une certaine année et un certain pays attend au départ quelques données déclarées (‘vraies’). Au moins il faut les totaux pour les importations et les exportations. Parfois des autres informations sur la ventilation des produits sont disponibles et sont utilisées; ça pourrait être des valeurs au niveau de 1-, 2- ou 3- chiffre de la classification des produits, qui sont déclarés par le pays. Ensuite la procédure d’estimation prend les données déclarées disponibles et les estimations initiales, qui comprennent soit (1) les valeurs des produits au niveau 3-chiffre qui étaient déclarées par le pays pour une année adjointe, soit (2) les totaux des valeurs au niveau 3- chiffre sur la base des données déclarées par les partenaires du pays concerné. Ensuite ces estimations initiales sont recalculées dans la façon que sur tous les niveaux de la classification des produits le total des valeurs estimés plus les valeurs déclarés est égale au valeur déclaré au niveau au-dessus et finalement est égale au valeur total pour les importations et les exportations. 12. Le Volume II aussi fournit des tableaux spéciaux où sont indiqués, entre autres, (a) la contribution des échanges de chaque pays par rapport à sa région et par rapport au monde; (b) le flux du commerce entre pays et régions et (c) les fluctuations des prix sur la base desquels les produits étaient échangés au niveau international. Les titres des tableaux spéciaux sont:

A. Importations et exportations totales par régions et pays ou zones (en dollars E-U); B. Importations et exportation totales par pays ou zone (en monnaie nationale); C. Facteurs de conversion pour le commerce extérieur; D. Exportations mondiales par classes de marchandises et par régions; E. Croissance des exportations mondiale s par catégories de marchandises et par

régions; F. Structure des exportations mondiales par catégories de marchandises et par

régions; G. Importations et exportations totales: indices par pays ou zones; H. Exportations et importations totales: indices du quantum, de la valeur unitaire et

des termes de l'échange par régions; I. Exportations des produits manufacturés; J. Importations des produits énergétiques: pays à économies développées; K. Quelques indicateurs sur les importations des produits énergétiques: pays à

économies développées; L. Indices des prix des exportations des matières premières et des métaux non-

ferreux. TABLEAUX SPECIAUX 13. Les groupes économiques et géographiques dans tous les tableaux spéciaux sont conformes aux groupes de pays ou zones sont présentés dans le Tableau Spécial A de cet

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annuaire, bien que le Tableau Spécial A comprend quelquefois plus de détails en ce qui concerne les sous-groupes géographiques. (Voir le Tableau Spécial A pour les détails).

(A) Importations et exportations totales par régions et pays ou zones (en dollars E-U). Les totaux régionaux, économiques et mondiaux, ont été ajustés: a) pour y inclure des estimations pour les données non disponibles; b) pour transformer le cas échéant les importations FOB en importations CIF; c) pour y inclure les pays ou zones pour lesquels il n'existe pas de liste séparée; d) pour ramener les données au commerce spécial pour les groupes régionaux; e) pour ramener les données à l'année civile; et f) autant que possible, éliminer les incompatibilités dues à des modifications géographiques pour obtenir des séries comparables par exemple, l’union européenne et l'Association européenne de libre-échange. Les données ci-dessus pour chaque pays correspondent aux données qui apparaissent et qui sont décrites au Tableau Spécial B. Voir la fin du tableau pour les notes.

Le Bulletin Mensuel de Statistique présente des données mensuelles et trimestrielles. (B) Importations et exportation totales par pays ou zone (en monnaie na tionale). Ce

tableau montre les totaux du commerce par pays déclarés en monnaie nationale. Pour les totaux en dollars E-U de tous les pays ou zones veuillez voir Tableau Spécial A. Voir la fin du tableau pour les notes.

Le Bulletin Mensuel de Statistique présente des données mensuelles et trimestrielles (C) Facteurs de conversion pour le commerce extérieur. Les facteurs de conversion

montrés dans ce tableau étaient utilisés pour convertir les données du commerce exprimées en monnaie nationale à celles exprimées en dollars E-U. Voir la fin du tableau pour les notes.

Le Bulletin Mensuel de Statistique présente des données trimestrielles

(D) Exportations mondiales par classes de marchandises et par régions. Voir la

fin du tableau pour la remarque générale et les notes.

(E) Croissance des exportations mondiales par catégories de marchandises et par régions. Les taux annuels de croissance ont tous été calculés à l'aide de la formule des intérêts composés:

r = Le taux annuel de croissance en pourcentage. Vn = La valeur des exportations durant la dernière année de la période. Vo = La valeur des exportations durant la première année de la période. t = Le nombre d'années.

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Voir la fin du Tableau Spécial F pour la remarque générale et les notes.

(F) Structure des exportations mondiales par catégories de marchandises et par régions. Les chiffres publiés sous le titre 'Origine des exportations' se réfèrent aux exportations de la région ou du pays indiqués dans la colonne zone. Il en est de même pour les 'Destinations des exportations'. Voir la fin du tableau pour la remarque générale et les notes.

(G) Importations et exportations totales: indices par pays ou zones. Les indices de la valeur unitaire sont exprimés en dollars E-U. Voir la fin du tableau pour la remarque générale et les notes.

(H) Exportations et importations totales: indices du quantum, de la valeur unitaire et des termes de l'échange par régions. Voir la fin du tabl