TABLE GRAPE

INDUSTRY IN SPAIN

9 ITGS Santiago de Chile

20 de febrero de 2020

Trini Díaz GallegoDirectora Técnica MOYCA GRAPES S.L.

Own design on René Magritte´s work

it couldbe, but…“This isgrape”

Table Grape World production

• Temperate Regions: between parallels 27 and 40• Tropical Regions: Between parallel 5 and 10 (Petrolina-Brasil, Piura-Perú)

Spain

Spain in the world ranking table grape production

700

Spain300.000 Ton

95001700

1900 1200

1100

600

400

300

300

300

100

19001000

800

1500

Thousandtonnes(2018)

1 Chine 95002 Turkey 19003 India 19004 Iran 17005 Egypt 15006 Uzbekistan 12007 Italy 11008 USA 10009 Brazil 800

10 Chile 70011 Peru 60012 Mexico 40013 South Africa 30014 Greece 30015 Spain 30016 Australia 100

World 27.000

Source:

Soil and Climate

Mediterranean – Semiarid climate

low rainfall < 250-300mm/year

summer = dry season

Region climatic variety isthe topography:

from 0 to 1.000 m. altitude

• 120-150 days sunshine/year• high Tª, average Tª 18ºC • hot summers and mild winters

In Autumn, the cold dropcauses strong stormsepisodes of heavy rainfall

• Loamy loam soils• ↑ pH (7.7-8.5) • ↑ limestone• ↓ OM

Spanish Table Grape Export by Region, 2018

Regions

Table Grape (Ton)

2018

R. MURCIA 131.000

C. VALENCIA 11.000

ANDALUCÍA 3.000

CATALUÑA 2.200

EXTREMADURA 1.800

ARAGÓN 1.000

Total 150.000

R. MURCIA 131.000

C. VALENCIA 11.000

ANDALUCÍA 3.000 CATALUÑA 2.200 EXTREMADURA

1.800

ARAGÓN 1.000

Source: APOEXPA

United Kingdom 31%

Germany 23%

Netherlands 5%

France5%

Italy 3%

Ireland 3%

Finland 2%

Rest of UE countries

20%

Countries outside the UE

8%

CountryTable Grape

(Ton) 2018

United Kingdom 46.000Germany 35.000Netherlands 8.000France 7.300Italy 4.500Ireland 4.000Finland 2.600Rest of UE countries 30.600Countries outsideUE 12.000

Total 150.000

Spanish Table Grape Exports Destinationby Volume, 2018

Source: APOEXPA

Spain Table Grape Export by month, 2018

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY

3,000

28,000

38,000 39,000

24,500

13,500

3,700 300

Ton

s

Total (Ton) 150.000

Source: APOEXPA

Spanish Table Grape Industry: vertically integrated

growers

packers

exporters

The Spanish table grape industry in Spain, isvertically integrated, grape producers typicallyown their own packinghouses wich arelocated near to the production sites.

The production and export ofSeedless table grapes in Spainhas grown spectacularly inrecent years. “Step by Step”

The decline in grape varieties that ocurred inthe 70s has been offset by the innovativework in the production sector in growing newvarieties, mainly since 2000´s.

2 companies represent almost the

75% of the exports of Seedless

Grapes in Spain

Designed by JFco Díaz

Spain´s table grape sector is fairly concentrated in Region of Murcia andAlicante. Very close to the Mediterranean Sea.

Region of Murcia, with 6,300 hectares, has been leader in starting todiversify into new licensed varieties developed abroad. A few exporters andvery big.

Region of Alicante, with a diferent industry and concept, where the 80%table grape production is mainly seeded varieties and a 20% new seedlessvarieties concentrated in 2 exports companies

In Spain, like a private industry association, Asociación de Productores yExportadores de Fruta y Uva de mesa, APOEXPA, was founded in 1985, andjoin the main exporters from Table Grapes and Stone Fruit from Region ofMurcia.

Now, 30 partners.

Spanish Table Grape Industry where is mainly concentrated

Spanish Table Grape Training Systems

Overhead parronsystem

flat canopy

NetsHail protection, also Wind

90%

Varietal distribution in Murcia, 2018

6.360 ha

Seedless86%

Red Globe

6%

Dominga

5%

Napoleón

2% Italia

1%

Source: Consejería de Agricultura R.Murcia, 2019

Grape growninside paper bags

VSP Trellising System: Vinalopo V. Alicante

Vinalopo Valley

Aledo Italia (Ideal) Red Globe Victoria

Spain: Season extension strategies

Calendar of

availability

varietyseason

coverplastics

comertialwindow

geographaltitude

Vega del Segura V.

Norwest

Guadalentín Valley

Coast of Murcia

• Little orchads < 3 Has• Without net or plastic covers• Structure with wooden sticks• Old flood irrigation• Growers without technical assistant

Conventional farms

Table Grape Orchads before 1995

Native seeded varietiesand … Sugraone

• Orchads > 10 Has• Drip Irrigation• Covered with Nets and Plastic• Galvanized steel tubes• Beginning new seedless varieties

Table Grape Orchads after 2000´s

Introduction of Seedless varieties inR.Murcia after Sugraone cv. in 2000´s

Crimson S. Princess Autumn Royal

Seedless Varieties beginning

Early varieties → at or before bud break

Late varieties → for harvest time

Plastic Covers since ´90s

-To advance harvest date early v.-Rain protection

Mainreasons

↑ fruit quality↑ production↓ shot-berries↓ labour hand thining↓ water irrigation

Nowadays,also

Plastic covers at or before bud break

Rain protection

Mainpurpose

Also

Dust protection↓ Dew nights↓ Sunburn o yellow color↑ Posibility harvesting days↓ Water irrigation

Cover Plastics for harvest time

Main international breedingprogrammes currently active in Spain

GRAPA3,18%

GRAPE EVOLUTION

2%

IFG21%

INIA-CHILE0,82%

ITUM22%

OTROS1%

POLAR4%

SNFL29%

SUNWORLD18%

USDA (CTGC)1,15%

Spain Table Grape Distribution by Breeder, 2019

TotalEspaña 3.926 (Has)

Source: Breeder Programs 2019 data

ITUM S.L. (Investigación y Tecnología de uva de mesa)

Breeding program created in 2002 with the Association of 24 companiesin the area of Murcia and the IMIDA (Murcian Institute of Agriculturaland Food Research & Development).

Objetive: Obtaining and development new table grape seedlessvarieties for producers in R.Murcia

Selection criteria• Varieties of high productivity

• Crunchy• Very long harsvest period• Long lasting hanging on the vines

• Easy growing• Adapted to Murcian hard conditions of soil , water and high Tª

Nowadays:

• 26 Companies in Region of Murcia (90% production)• In the world: Peru, Chile, Brazil, Sudafrica, Namibia, Mexico and Australia

• 16 Varieties of Table Grapes• 1 Tolerant to Powder Mildium variety in production from 2017

Source: Manuel Tornel (ITUM) data

2020 932 Has in Murcia

Production calendar in Spain

29-jun. 19-jul. 9-ago. 30-ago. 20-sep. 11-oct. 31-oct. 21-nov. 12-dic.

Itumeighteen

Itumseventeen

Itumsixteen

Itumfifteen

Itumfourteen

Itumthirteen

Itumtwelve

Itumeleven

Itumten

Itumnine

Itumeight

Itumseven

Itumsix

Itumfive

Itumfour

Itumthree

Itumtwo

Itumone

Seedless grapes in Spain

Seedless grapes in Spain

What is thebest???

“The more appropiate in

our case”

New varieties…

Green Seedless Varieties in Spain, 2019

*

*

230

174.9

160

114.15

*

91

54.5

46.2

46.14

46

45.5

42

30

13

10.00

0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00

Superior S.

Autumn Crisp

Timpson

Itumfive

Pristine (Blanc S.)

Sweet Globe

Cotton Candy

Ivory

Itumone

Itumsixteen

Sugar Crisp

Arra15

Itumfour

Princess

Arra30

Kelly

Arra16

Has

*Cotton CandyIvoryTimpson SeedlessPrincessSweet GlobeItumsixteenSugarcrispKellyItumfourArra 15

17 seedlessvarieties

Superior Seedless

Blanc SeedlessAutumn CrispItumfive

Arra 30Itumone

*Sugrafortyone

Red Seedless Varieties in Spain, 2019

Source: Breeder Programs 2019 data

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Crimson S.

Sweet Celebration

Allison

Scarlotta Seedless

Ralli / Sugra14

Itumfifteen

Itumnine

Magenta

Itumeight

Timco

Jack's Salute

Krissy

Carlita

Itumten

Giant Pearl

Arra 29

Muscat Beauty

Candy Snaps

Autumn Pearl

Candy Hearts

Sweet Nectar

Sweet Mayabelle

Strawgrape

K2

Funny Fingers

*

256.43

236

*

*

168.5

156.8

102

98.1

94

86.40

69

46

45

35

30

32

28.94

21.00

18.46

13.83

10.57

8

8

4.15

Has

Ralli SeedlessSugrafourteenTawny SeedlessArra 29

Magenta*Sweet Néctar*Strawgrape*K2Sweet CelebrationKrissy

*Candy HeartsItumeightItumtenCarlitaGiant PearlItumnineCrimson SeedlessAutumn Pearl

Itumfifteen*Candy Snaps*Sugrathirtysix*Sweet Maybelle

23 seedlessvarieties

AllisonScarlotta Seedless

Black Seedless Varieties of Table Grape in Spain, 2019

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Midnightbeauty

Autumn Royal

Melody

Itumtwelve

Adora Seedless

Sweet Joy

Sweet Sapphire

Maylen

Candy Crunch

Sweet Favors

Candy Drops

Sweet Enchantment

Pandora

Sweet Jubilee

Candy Dreams

Summer Royal

*

*

57

55,4

*

28.93

24.85

15

14.54

10.40

9.47

9.33

8.01

7.80

4.25

3

Source: Breeder Programs 2019 data

Has

ItumtwelveSweet SaphireMelodySweet JoyAutumn RoyalSweet FavorsMaylenCandy DreamCandy CrunchCandy Drops

15 seedlessvarieties

MidnighbeautySweet EnchantmentPandoraSummer Royal

Adora Seedless

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

CottonCandy

SableSeedles

s

MuscatBeauty

CandySnaps

CandyHearts

CandyCrunch

SweetNectar

SweetMayabe

lle

CandyDrops

Strawgrape

K2 CandyDreams

Sugrathirtysix

Sugrafortyone

Series1 109.25 80 32 28.94 18.46 14.54 13.83 10.57 9.47 8 8 4.25

Has

Unique flavors Seedless Varieties of Table Grapein Spain, 2019

Source: Breeder Programs 2019 data

Early• Neutral

• Muscat

• Foxy

Mid• Neutral

• Muscat

• Foxy

Late• Neutral

• Muscat

• Foxy

± 324 combinations

GreenRedBlack

EarlyMidLate

CrunchyCrispyFirm

NeutralMuscatExotic

OvalRoundElongated

Selection criteria I

early red neutral

• Ralli, Sugrafourteen

• Itumfifteen, Arra29

early green neutral

• Prime, Superior Seedless

• Itumone, Arra30

early black neutral

• Midnighbeauty

• Summer Royal, Sweet Bond

early red muscat

• Sugrathirtysix, Sweet Maybelle

early green muscat

• Sugrafortyone

early black muscat

0

early black neutral

Midnighbeauty

Cotton Candy

unique flavormid green

mid red neutral

Timco

highproductivity

reducedinputs costs

resistancedeseases

full color

goodstorageand shipping

strongstems

weatherand diseasetolerance

Selection criteria II

Easygrowing!!!

Spanish Table Grape Cultural Practices

CULTURE PRACTICES

PRUNING CANE PRUNED NO DORMEXCOVER PLASTICSFERTIRRIGATIONPEST & DISEASE PROGRAMREMOVE WEAK SHOOTSMANAGE CANOPY REMOVE LEAVESREMOVE CLUSTERS CROP LOAD PRODUCTIVE FACTORPGRs TREATMENTSTIP CLUSTERS / HAND THININGGIRDLEMANAGE CANOPY AVOID TOUCHING BERRIESMANAGE CANOPY LIGHTBRIX & MADURATION CONTROLPICKINGTAKE OFF PLASTICS AND/OR NETS

Productive factor =

-Cluster weight-Bud break-Fertility ratio-Spacing-ObjetiveTon

To consider

No buds/ha???

Nowadays, “Pruning” difficult and expensiveculture practice in Spain.It needs specialistlabour!!!

DORMEX isforbbiden

in UE!!!

Pruning: cane pruned

GA: to decrease hand thining

At Stretching & Bloom

Purpose

each variety, diferent guidelines

PGRs: GA, CPPU, Ethrel, ABA

GA low ppm

• Demanding varieties : 30-40 ppm

• Undemanding varieties: 5-10 ppm

• Very undemanding varieties: 0-3 ppm

• GA / CPPU tolerant ?

• Fertility?

• Shatter?

• Stem?

• Splits?

• Color?

GA & CPPU: thiningand berry size

Only if it´sneccesary

2-3 varieties

Very expensivecost!!!

Hand Thining

(+)↑ Size↑ Color (-)

↑ Labour↑ Trunk deseases

↓ Plant life

Only if it´snecessary

so that…

Girdle

Remove canopy at enveration

warmnight

summer

highover load

Verydifficult

color

ethrel

ABA

In the ten last years the fruitis packed mainly in thepackhouse, rarely in thefield.

In appropiate refrigeratedpackhouses with a hightechnology to reduce costsand with the main purposeto fulfilling the programsand orders that periodicallyrequest from the diferentsupermarkets.

Piking & Packing

Courtesy of the MOYCA company

PACKAGING FORMATS

Clamshell 10x500g

Clamshell 12x400g

Clamshell 18x250g

Clamshell 20x250g

Clamshell 8X400g

Clamshell 8X750g

Clamshell curve 10x300g

Flow Wrap 10x500g

Flow Wrap 4x500g

Frutube School 110g

Heat Seal 10x500g

Heat Seal 8x400g

Loose 5Kg Paper bag

Loose 5Kg Plastic bag

Loose 9Kg Zip Bag

Pitufo 1Kg

Triangle 14x200g

Locked bag 10x500g

Locked bag 12x350g

Locked bag 18x250g

Vitrine bag 10x500g

Vitrine bag 12x350g

Vitrine bag 18x250g

Eco basket 10x500g

Eco basket 12x350g

Eco basket 18x250g

Vitrine basket 10x500g

Vitrine basket 12x350g

Vitrine basket 18x250g

Vitrine punnet 10x500g

Vitrine punnet 12x350g

Vitrine punnet 18x250g

Coach 10x500g

Coach 12x350g

Coach 18x250g

Liltte trunk 6x1Kg

Liltte trunk 10x500g

Liltte trunk 12x350g

Liltte trunk 18x250g

Chest 10x500g

Chest 12x350g

Chest 18x250g

Babybox 6x1Kg

Case 6x1Kg

Fenobox 6x1Kg

Packing & Logistic

This is not fish,This is sushi

The analysis of pesticide residues

Before 2000 year only MRLs UENowadays % ARfD + Supermarket specification

Growing grapes to themost restrictivesupermarket

Large number of samplesand pesticidesdegradation study

To get minimum nº of residues and % MRLs and ARfds

MRLs & ARfDs

Planococcus Ficus/Citri= Mealybug

Lobesia Botrana = European grapevine moth

Frankliniella occidentalis = Thrips

Ceratitis capitata = Mediterranean fruit fly

Tetranichus urticae/ludeni = Spiders Mites

Jacobiasca lybica, Empoasca vitis = Green Leafhopper

Drosophila sp., Grasshoppers, Birds, Aphids, Snails

Uncinula necator = Powdery Mildew

Plasmopara vitícola = Downy Mildew

Botrytis cinerea = Botrytis Rot

Summer Bunch Rot = Sour Rot

Esca and Trunk Deseases

Monitoring Insects and Spider Mites

• Pheromone Traps• Chromotropic Traps

Check Traps

Distribution ratios

Injury Levels

Treatment guidelines

PheromoneTraps

IPM ProgramIntegrated Pest Management

European Grapevine Moth

Mating Disruption Technique

Mealybug

IPM Program: since 1995

Natural Enemies

Irrigation management: drip irrigation

-Climatic data, ETo-Vigor and variety-Soil and water type-Soil prospecting-Soil moisture sensors

Challenge

Average: < 6000 m3/Ha

High variety of origin and cost water for irrigation

Origin of water:

DEEP WELLS

RIVER TRANSFER

DESALINATED

RAIN

RESIDUAL

Mainly ensured by deep wells reservoirs

Cost/m3

0,21

0,35

0,48

0,57

Source: Data extracted from diferent water sources 2019

-Rootstock (mainly 1103-P)-Vigor and clusters type-Soil and water type-Crop nutrient extraction-Nutritive solution in the soil

Samples analitycal

- Soil, water, foliar, soil solutio- Roots

UF/Ha

Use of suction probes

Fertilization

Table Grape production = labor intensivefor high quality grapes bound for export

± HANDCRAFT

SMI: Salario Mínimo Interprofesional

Salaries must meet minimum monthlysalaries established by law

Manual laborers

Labor in the Table Grape Industry

40 hours/week

Sample Costs to Produce Table Grapes in Spain

Labor cost per day 2019 (€) 66,08Labor cost per day 2019 (US $) 72,33

YEAR 2 TOTAL OPERATING COSTS/HA (€) 18.000-22.00040 Ton/Ha TOTAL OPERATING COSTS/HA (US $) 19.703-24.081

Labor (included picking)Water and energyPhitosanitary, Fertilizer, PGRs, PheromonesInsurance, Supplies, Others

HighChallenge!!!!

Varieties with bad thinning

Very difficult to produce in the future

CHALLENGE RISK SOLUTION?

Labour Availability BenefitsTransport, food…

Childdaycare

Cost production Elevated PoliticsI+D , maquinery,

infraestructures TrialsEasyvarieties

Residues High specificationsResistance varieties todeseases

New organicproducts

Natural enemies

Oversea market Long shipping/StorageQuarantinepest Lobesia b Strong varieties

Studypostharvest

SystemsAproach

Climate change Water TªNew material plasticinvestigation Net

Resistancedeseases

Crop insurance Elevated

Plastic packing Enviroment problem Paper cost I+D new materials Low cost paper

ChallengesTable Grape´s Industry in Spain

“One Tip” is the main labor in the majority of varieties

In some new seedless varieties: “hand thin” (exceptional)

1º shoulder TipHand

thining

Hand Thining

Enviroment

Is a giant sizenecessary???

The sector would need to focus on working with new yielding varieties and keeping production costs down in

order to stay competitive

Global competition increases grape industry

Looking to the future

Art Handicrafts Factory

Digital Farming

-Water resources savings

-0 Residue for pesticides

-Saving in energy resources

-Reduced inputs costs

-Easy-growing varieties. Breeders!!!

-New trainig systems

-NewTechniques

-Robot maquinery

Future

Acknowledge• Juan Carreño: Breeder GRAPEGENESIS & ITUM (Spain)

• Manuel Tornel: Breeder ITUM (Spain)

• David Ramming. USDA BREEDER (US)

• David Cain: IFG BREEDER (US)

• Terry Bacon: SUNWORLD BREEDER (US)

• Shakar Karnier: GRAPA BREEDER (IS)

A todos las personas que trabajan como Técnicos, Asesores y Administradores de campo, porque en la sombra del terreno crean los cimientos de esta industria.

To all the people who work as Technicians, Researchers,Consultants and field Administrators because in the shadowof the land they create the foundation of this industry.

Trini

• Francisco Gonzalez: C. de Agricultura Murcia (Spain)• Josep Estiarte & Marcos Felici: SNFL (Spain)• Mónica Murcia: IFG (Spain)• Manuel Tornel: ITUM-IMIDA (Spain)• Maurizio Ventura: SUNWORLD (Italy)• Ross Jones: CTGC (U.S.)• Luis Fernández: ANA (Chile)• Dimitrios Spanos: Grape Evolution (Greece)• Carlo Lingua: AVI (Italy)APOEXPA (Spain)• CAERM de Murcia (Spain)• OIV: International Organisation of Vine and Wine• Juan Carreño: (Spain)• Fernando Egea : Agrovides (Spain)• Enrique Moya: MOYCA (Spain) • Alejandro Ibáñez: MOYCA (Spain)• Tomi Munuera: MOYCA (Spain)• Technical Team MOYCA (Spain)• Juan Fco Díaz (Spain)• Rafaela Gallego (Spain)• Víctor Mansanet (Spain)• Guadalupe (Spain)• Mª Luisa Segura: (Spain)• Óscar Salgado: San Lucar (Chile-Spain)• Carolina Cruz: Uvanova (Chile)•UVANOVA: (Chile)

Acknowledge

To all the workers that make

possible for a company towalk the road Guetty Museum LA

Viva Spain,,,,unitedand… the 20s!!!!