t1429614515iworksheet s-st class 8th solution (1)

7/25/2019 t1429614515iWorksheet S-St Class 8th Solution (1)

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P-1PART - I : HISTORY : PASTS - IIIOUR

1 HOW, WHEN AND WHERESUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET1

Objective Type Questions :

Choose the correct option and write it in the box against each question :

Ans. 1. (B) James Rennet 1

Ans. 2. (C) Ancient, Medieval, Modern 1

Ans. 3. (C) Subjugation of one country by another, leading to political, social and economicchanges 1

Answer the Following :

Ans. 1. The term refers to the present or modern period or belonging to the present time.

Ans. 2. It is a political system based extension of empire by conquest of colonies.Ans. 3.Following are the features of modern age:

(i) Growth of democratic ideas and institution.

(ii) Industrialization followed by Imperialism.

(iii)Growth of scientic ideas.

(iv)Rise of Humanism.

(v) Growth of urban centers. 2

Ans. 4. Historians divide the history of world into three periodsancient, modern andmedieval. Each period has some distinct features. The modern period of the history issaid to have begun with exploration, Renaissance and reformation movements. Thusclassication of history into three periods is known as the periodization of history. 2

Ans. 5.The practice of surveying became important during colonial administration becausethe British believed that a country had to properly know before it be effectivelyadministrated. In the early 19th century, detailed surveys were being carried out tomap the entire city and to know all about and to administer the religion. And by theend of the 19th century detailed survey of census begun to carry out which gave us thedetailed number of people in all provinces of India. 3

Value Based Question :

Ans. 1. (i) The report was published in The Hindustan Times of 22 March 1946.

(ii) This report was about a strike by policemen against the unhealthy food providedby the government.

(iii)The grievance of policemen was that the government did not treat them well and

provide inedible food. (iv)These types of literary sources provide the information about those events

and activities that do not get mentioned in ofcial records. This type of sourceenlightens us about common men and events of past. 1 4 = 4

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET2



Ans. 1. (D) Themselves 1

Ans. 2. (C) How markets came up 1


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P-2 SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS-8


Ans. 1.He was Scottish economist and political philosopher who published a massive threevolume work and a history of British India. 1

Ans. 2. The system of a ring allegiance devotion and loyalty to ones nation is known asNationalism. 1

Ans. 3.This term is used by European for modernizing the people of Asia and Africa to whomthey considered as belonging to interior races. 1

Ans. 4.We nd in the history that whenever one country invaded or conquered over other, itbrought about some changes in the society in terms of values, customs and practicesThese kinds of political, economic, social and cultural changes as a result of subjugationof one country by another are termed as Colonization in history. 2

Ans. 5.Calligraphists were experts in the art of beautiful handwriting. In the early years ofthe 19th century, important documents were carefully copied and beautifully writtenby the calligraphists. 2

Ans. 6.The conclusions that are reached by scholars and historians after carefully examiningand studying the original source such as ofcial documents, newspaper, magazinesand original documents are known as secondary sources of History. The secondarysources of history provide us valuable information about the famous personalities andthe contemporary society and policies. 2

Ans. 7. The British preserved the important ofcial documents because these served as recordsof what the ofcials thought, what they were interested in and what they wished for.According to the British, writing was more important than speaking as the documentsin archives and museums can be utilized for reference at a much later period wheneverrequired for studying or debating. These can also serve as an information or proof ofany decision or action taken earlier on some matter. 3

Ans. 8.Surveys in any eld are very important and crucial in the sense that it helps oneto collect the right data, gures, information and reports regarding a subject. To ahistorian, surveys are equally important because a historian is related to history andall the information are related to the past. To the historians, archaeological surveysare important because they deal with the past. A historian can come across certaininformation like the ancient civilizations, the behaviors of human beings in the past,structure of the society, the culture and the traditions, habits and their livelihood.These are important because the historians can assess actual information prevalentduring the period and what transformation has been brought or will be taking place infuture. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET3

Write True or False :

Ans. 1.False 1

Ans. 2.False 1

Ans. 3.True 1

Ans. 4.False 1

Fill in the Blanks :

Ans. 1.Copied out /calligraphists 1

Ans. 2.Government /Royal Indian Navy 1

Ans. 3.Surveying 1

Ans. 4.Three volume 1


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Choose the Correct Option :

Ans. 1. (C) Are specialized in the art of beautiful hand-writing 1

Ans. 2.(B) Colonial 1

Ans. 3.(D) Lord Mountbatten 1


Ans. 1.He was the rst Governor General of India. He was appointed as the Governor General

of India in 1773. 2

Ans. 2.(i) The third son of Queen Victoria of Britain, Prince Arthur the Duke of Connaught,seated on horseback, is depicted in this picture.

(ii) Old advertisements are important because they help us to understand how marketswere created for new products and secondly, how new tastes were popularizedamong the people.

(iii) The advertisement of Lipton tea created in 1922 suggested that royalty all over

the world consumed this tea. 1 3 = 3ll


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Ans. 1. (A) (a) muskets, (b) matchlocks 1

Ans. 2. (C)Third Mysore War 1

Ans. 3. (D) (a) Scindia, (b) Holkar, (c) Bhonsle, (d) Gaikwad 1


Ans. 1.The ruler of the state is Mysore. 1

Ans. 2.He was successor of Hyder Ali and was the ruler of Mysore. 1

Ans. 3.The term Impeachment refers to a trial by the House of Lords in England for chargesof misconduct brought against a person in the House of Commons. 1

Ans. 4. (i) Charter Act : The Regulating Act that renewed the character of the companywhich was to be done every 20 years after its incorporation is known as CharterAct.

(ii) Dual Government : Dual Government means double government under whichthe executive powers and responsibility for collection of revenue were shared bytwo different authorities. 2

Ans. 5. Causes responsible for the Battle of Plassey are given below :

(i) In A.D. 1756, the Nawab seized the English Factory at Kasim Bazar and occupiedthe Fort William, but Clive recaptured it in A.D. 1757.

(ii) Mir Jafar wanted to dethrone the Nawab and entered into a conspiracy againstthe Nawab with the Britishers.

(iii) Clive blamed the Nawab that he was conspiring against English with the help ofFrench. 2

Ans. 6. The doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. According to this, if theruler of a protected or dependent state died without natural heir, his state wouldautomatically lapse. The victims of this doctrine were Stara (1848), Jaitpur, Sambapur(1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853) and Jhansi (1854). 3

Ans. 7.(a) The rst English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651. Thiswas the base from which the Company traders, known at that time as factorswere operated.

(b) The factory had a warehouse where goods for export were stored and it had

ofces where company ofcials sat. As trade expanded, the company persuadedmerchants and traders to come and settle near the factory.

(c) By 1696, it began building a Fort around the settlement.

(d) Two years later it bribed Mughal ofcials into giving the company zamindarirights over their villages.

(e) One of these was Kalikata, which later grew into the city of Calcutta or Kolkata asit is known today.

(f) It also persuaded the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to issue afarmangranting thecompany the right to trade duty free. 5

2 FROM TRADE OF TERRITORY :THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER


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Choose the correct option and write it in the box against each question:

Ans. 1. (A) 1498 1

Ans. 2. (A) Murshid Quli Khan, Ali Vardi Khan, Mir Jafar 1


Ans. 1.A business enterprise that makes prot primarily through trade, buying goods cheapand selling them at higher prices. 1

Ans. 2. East India Company set up its rst trading company in 1651 on the bank of the riverHugli. 1

Ans. 3.Battle of Plassey fought in 1757 is an important landmark in the history of Indiabecause it marked the beginning of the establishment of British rule in India. And

British got a foothold from where they were to eventually conquer the whole of India.2

Ans. 4.After Aurangzebs death in 1707, many Mughal governors (Subedars) and bigzamindars began asserting their authority. So the powerful regional kingdomsemerged in various parts of India. Delhi could no longer work as an effective centre.The ruler of England, Queen Elizabeth I granted the company a charter to trade inEast. They started trading as Mughals allowed them the right to trade. The Companywas building on a sophisticated Indian economy. 2

Ans. 5.Nabobs were those who managed to return with wealth led ashy lives and auntedtheir riches. They were called nabobs an English version of the Indian word Nawab.They were often seen as upstarts and social climbers in British society and wereridiculed or made fun of in plays and cartoons. 2

Ans. 6. It was formulated by Lord Wellesley, under which Indian kingdoms were affordedBritish protection, provided they agreed to maintain British troops on their soil and attheir own expense. It has following stages.

(i) The East Indian company provided military assistance to Indian states whichsigned it.

(ii) The signatory Indian states were compelled by company to accept the permanentstationing of British forces.

(iii) The native rulers of the Indian states were forced to compel some part of theirterritory instead of paying annual subsidy. 3


Ans. 1. (i) The rst English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651. 1

(ii) A factory was a warehouse where goods for export were stored and were sold duringthe trade by the British East India Company. 1

(iii)The Bengal Nawabs refused to grant trade concessions to the Company. Theydemanded large tributes for the Companys rights to trade, denied it any right tomint coins and stopped it from extending its fortications. 2

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET 6

Match the Column :

Ans. 1. 1. (b)2. (a)3. (d)4. (e)5. (c) 1


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Ans. 2. (1) Plassey 1

(2) Mysore 1

(3) Lapse 1

(4) Southern 1

(5) 1856 1


(1) False (2) False (3) True (4) False (5) False 1 5 = 5


Ans. 1.The last powerful Mughal Empire was Aurangzeb. 1

Ans. 2.The British East India Company emerged as a new political power. 1

Ans. 3. Treaty of Allahabad signed in 1764. 1

Ans. 4. Dual system of Government was introduced in Bengal in 1770 and was ended in1772. 1

Ans. 5.It was fought in 1764. 1

Project Work :

Hint for map work

1.

5

2. The project report will be made by the students on their own. 5

ll


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3 RULING THE COUNTRY SIDESUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET7



Ans. 1. (A) Woad 1

Ans. 2. (A) Manipur 1

Ans. 3. (B) South and West India 1


Ans. 1. They were the tax collector under the Mughal and they owned land under the British.They were also called landlords. 1

Ans. 2. The arrangement between the government and the landlords under which the landrevenue was xed respective of yield is known as permanent settlement of LandRevenue. 1

Ans. 3. He was the British Governor General in India who introduced permanent settlementin 1793. 1

Ans. 4. (i) Permanent Settlement of Revenue was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793.

(ii) Under this system, Zamindars were made the owner of the land and were requiredto pay a xed amount of Revenue.

(iii) This system increased the income of the East India Company.

(iv) Under this the peasants had no right to the land and were left to the mercy of theZimindars. 2

Ans. 5. The term Mahalwari is derived from the Hindi word mahal meaning a house/estateor a village. The head of the mahal was made responsible for collecting the revenueof a village or a mahal. It was supposed to handover this collection of revenue to thegovernment. This system was introduced in parts of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana,Delhi and Central India. 2

Ans. 6. The Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa (now a daysOdisha), the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh and Banaras. While the MahalwariSystem was introduced in western parts of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Delhi.UnderMahalwari System, a group of villages was considered as an important social institutionand so it was preserved. The collection of land revenue was xed in the PermanentSettlement but under theMahalwari System, the collection of land revenue was revisedperiodically. The Zamindars were responsible for collecting the land revenue from thecultivator in the Permanent Settlement Act. Whereas, in Mahalwari System, the rightto collect the land revenues was given to the village head. 2

Ans. 7. Cultivation of Indigo :

There were two main systems of cultivation of Indigo : Nij and Ryoti. Within the Nijcultivation, the planter produced Indigo in lands that they were directly controlled.Under the Ryoti plantation of Indigo, the Indigo planters were forced the Ryots to signan agreement. 3

Ans. 8. The permanent settlement of Bengal was introduced for the company ofcials to ensurea regular ow of income to the companys treasury. It was also assumed that thezamindars would invest in the improvement of the land. However, the zamindars didnot invest any money in the improvement of the land even after benetting from theincreased production of the land. The revenue xed was very high and some zamindars


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found it difcult to pay the revenue and lost their zamindari rights. Zamindaris wereeither sold or auctioned off by the company ofcials. Zamindars gave out land totenants and extracted rent from them at any cost. Tenants were undoubtedly, at the

receiving end of the settlement. 5




Ans. 1. (A)Quinine 1

Ans. 2. (D) 1793 1


Ans. 1.It is an agreement signed between the money-lenders and the peasants whereby theland of the peasant would remain with the money-lender as a security till the peasantreturn the money he had borrowed. 1

Ans. 2.As a result of this the farmers began to produce more and more crop. 1

Ans. 3. Under the new Munro system of xing revenue, the revenue ofcials xed too high arevenue demand. This demand could not be met by the peasants. Consequently, thepeasants ed the countryside and villages became deserted in many regions. 2

Ans. 4. Ryotwari system was a settlement made between the government and the Ryotorpeasant. Under this system the revenue was xed for a maximum period of thirtyyears depending upon the fertility of the soil and value. The government collects 50%of the net value of crops as revenue, such a big revenue demand was oppressive for thepeasants. 2

Ans. 5. The Kalamkari print by the weavers of Andhra Pradesh was one print. While a oral

design was another one produced by William Morris of Britain. In both the prints, arich blue colour was used as dye-indigo. 3


Ans. 1. (i) Indigo Commission was formed following the movement of the Ryots of Bengalagainst the British Indigo planters in the late 1850s. 2

(ii) The Commission held the planters guilty and criticised them for the coercive methodsthey used with indigo cultivators. 1

(iii)The Indigo Commission held the planters guilty and revealed how the plantersforced the ryots to receive loan and sign contracts for the indigo cultivation. TheIndigo planters deprived the ryots of just prices for their crop. The commission alsoconrmed that the magistrates sided with the British planters in their torturous

pursuits of Indigo cultivation. 1


Match the Column :

Ans. 1. 1. (b), 2. (a), 3. (d), 4. (c), 5. (f), 6. (e) 1 6 = 6


Ans. 1. Indigo 1

Ans. 2. The expansion of cotton production as a result of industrialization, which in turncreatedan enormous demand for cloth dyes. 1


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Ans. 3.Synthetic dyes 1

Ans. 4.The Indigo planters 1

Ans. 5.Thomas Munro 1


Ans. 1. (C)Opium to China 1

Ans. 2. (A)Opium Indigo 1

Ans. 3. (C) Sardar Patel 1

Ans. 4. (D) Delhi region 1

Ans. 5. (B) Indigo 1


Ans. 1.The Mughal Emperor appointed the Diwani of Bengal to East India Company on 12thAugust, 1765. 1

Ans. 2.It was designed and produced by William Morria. 1Ans. 3.In March 1859, thousands of Ryots in Bengal refused to grow Indigo. 1

Project Work :

Both the activities will be done by the students on their own. 10

ll


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4 TRIBALS, DIKUS AND THE VISION OF A GOLDEN AGESUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET10



Ans. 1. (C) Shifting cultivators 1

Ans. 2. (B) Central India, NE states 1

Ans. 3. (D) Collected and sold forest products 1


Ans. 1. The adivasis predominantly live in :

(i) Foothills of Himalaya (ii) North eastern states

(iii) Central India 1

Ans. 2. Ulgulan movement was led by Birsa Munda against the Zamindars and moneylenderswho exploited the tribals. 1

Ans. 3.He was the founder of the tribal movement of Rampa region. 1

Ans. 4. Major causes of the tribal revolt are listed below :

(i) Colonial policies (ii) Effect on joint ownership of their land.

(iii) Exploitation of forests by Dukes.

(iv) Cruel policies of the landlord and undesirable activities of the ChristianMissionary. 2

Ans. 5. Many tribal groups reacted against the colonial forest laws. They disobeyed the newrules, continued with the practices that were declared illegal and at times rose in

open rebellion such as the revolt of Songram Sangma in 1906 in Assam and the forestSatyagraha of the 1930s in the Central Provinces. 2

Ans. 6. The aim of Birsa movement was that it wanted to drive out missionaries, moneylenders, Hindu landlords and the government and set up a Munda Raj with Birsa atits head. 2

Ans. 7.Different forms (types) of tribal society are :

(i) Hunter gatherers, (ii) Cultivators, (iii) Factory Workers.

Characteristics of the Tribal :

(i) Each and every tribe has a particular name. For example Gonds, Garos, Khasi etc.

(ii) Members of the each tribe lived in the same geographical area and follow sameoccupation and traditions.

(iii) Members of each tribal groups have same rule regarding marriages.

(iv) Several sections of the societies have also been adopting modern ways of lifegradually. 3

Ans. 8.Problems faced by tribal people during British rule were :

(a) Before Britishers, tribal people had tribal chiefs who were important and hadcertain amount of economic power and had their own police as well as rules atsome places but they lost considerably when Britishers came.

(b) Britishers wanted that moving tribals groups should settle down as settled tribeswere easier to control.

(c) The Britishers tried to settle down Jhum cultivation but they were unsuccessful.

(d) Some forests were said to be reserved forests which provide material to British.


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(e) The traders and moneylenders started coming in forests. They wanted to buyforest products which caused problem.

(f) Britishers declared the forests as their state property. 5




Ans. 1. (A) They were free from the oppression of dikus 1

Ans. 2. (C)Reared silkworm 1


Ans. 1. They were the forests people who could only live on the produce of the forests. 1

Ans. 2. It is a group of people having certain common traditional characteristics. 1

Ans. 3.In the 18th century, Indian silk was in demand in European markets. The ne qualityof Indian silk was highly valued and exports from India increased rapidly. Santhalsreared cocoons in Hazaribagh. The silk growers cashed very little. Understandably,many tribal groups saw the market and the traders as their enemies. 2

Ans. 4. Birsa meant by the Golden Age, a satyug (the age of truth) : Mundas lived a goodlife, constructed embankments, tapped natured springs, planted trees and orchards,practised cultivation to earn their living. They did not kill their brothers and relatives.They lived honestly. Birsa also wanted people to work once again on their land, settledown and cultivate their elds. 2

Ans. 5. Causes Responsible for Santhal Hul (Rebellion) :

(i) With the introduction of the permanent land settlement system, Santhals weredeprived of their ownership of land.

(ii) They were obliged to pay land revenue to the Britishers. (iii) Due to strict Land Revenue system.

(iv) Due to strict Land Revenue system, local chiefs were evicted from the land andtheir land was purchased by Zamindars.

(v) Interference of the Christian missionary in the socio. Religious life of the tribalsalso added to their misery. 3


Ans. 1. (i) Baigas are one of the tribes found in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh andJharkhand states of India. The Baigas had to pay numerous taxes such as cattletax, forest tax and land tax, for which they had to sell their cattle. They werenot able to full their daily needs. Thus, they found it difcult to live under the

English. 1 + 1 = 2

(ii) They formerly practised only shifting agriculture in forest areas. Majority of themhave now become regular cultivators. They make bamboo mats and baskets, whichthey sell in the village weekly markets. They also collect and sell honey and otherforest products. They are experts at all works that can be done with an axe.

1 + 1 = 2


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Ans. 1. Hunter gatherers, wild nomads and shifting cultivator. 1

Ans. 2. Shifting cultivation. 1

Ans. 3. The title of sardars 1

Ans. 4. tea garden/Indigo plantation 1

Ans. 5. Baigas 1

Write True of False :

(1) True, (2) True, (3) True, (4) False, (5) False


Ans. 1. (A) Tea plantations of Assam, Coal mines in Jharkhand 1

Ans. 2. (D)All of these 1

Ans. 3 (C) Hunting of animals, cultivated crops 1

Ans. 4. (C) Cooking and making food 1

Ans. 5. (D) The moneylenders, Missionaries, Hindu landlords and the government 1


Ans. 1. (i) The primary occupation of the Santhals is agriculture, though food gathering andhunting are their important subsidiary occupation. They also engage in shingand making musical instruments, mats and baskets from plants. (1)

(ii) The Santhals were unhappy due to the following reasons :

(a) Under the British, the familiar ways of life of the Santhals seemed to be

disappearing. There was greater mobility of the non-tribals in the tribalcommunity.

(b) Under British rule, a number of Anglican and Catholic missions appeared,which were considered as a threat to their religion.

(c) The money-lenders and the zamindars that rst appeared to them as merebusinessmen gave them loans, cheated and turned them into slaves; thus,threatened their livelihoods. 2

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Ans. 1. (C) were not allowed to adopt an heir to the throne 1

Ans. 2. (A) May 1857 1

Ans. 3. (D) Fat of cow and pig 1


Ans. 1. The Revolt of 1857 1

Ans. 2. The term sepoy is used by East India Company for soldiers. 1

Ans. 3.He was a brave soldier of British army stationed at Barrackpore and was the rstsoldier who refused to carry on new ries with greased cartridges. 1

Ans. 4. (i) The British policies of annexation led the displacement of a large number of rulers,especially the doctrine of lapse made the ruling section of society angry.

(ii) The annexation of Awadh on the ground of misgovernment was greatly resented.

(iii) The British provided no alternative sources of employment to the people who losttheir job due to collapse of their local rulers administration. 2

Ans. 5. In this revolt, all the sepoys marched to the Britishers buildings, houses, policestation and burnt them. They killed the British. The main role in these deeds was ofsepoys. Therefore, the Revolt 1857 is also called sepoy mutiny (Sepoy means soldiersand mutiny means Soldiers March). 2

Ans. 6.The reasons could be as follows : (i) The company used the method of subsidiary alliance to annex the kingdom. They

even took the territory giving reason that it was misgoverned.

(ii) They almost nished the Mughal dynasty and made plans to clear it off. SomeIndians joined the British army and thus, the British felt condent of their positionin India before May 1857.

(iii) There were no rebellions as well as the British thought no Indian can even have thecourage to rebel against them. They had built a supremacy over the country. TheNawabs and kings were afraid of raising voice against the East India Company.3

Ans. 7.After the revolt, the consequences were that the British had to change some of therule :

(i) The British Parliament passed a new Act in 1858 and transferred the powers

of the East India Company to the British Crown in order to ensure a moreresponsible managementof Indian affairs. A member of the British cabinet hasappointed secretary of state for Indian and made responsible for all mattersrelated to the governance of India. He was given a council to advise him, called theIndian Council. The Governor-General of India was given the title of Viceroy, thatis a personal representative of the crown. Through these measures the BritishGovernment accepted direct responsibility for ruling India.

(ii) All ruling chiefs of the country were assured that their territory would never beannexed in future. They were allowed to pass on their kingdoms to their heirs,including adopted sons. However, they were made to acknowledge the BritishQueen as their sovereign Paramount. Thus, the Indian rulers were to hold theirkingdom as subordinates of the British Crown.

5 WHEN PEOPLE REBEL : 1857 AND AFTER


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(iii) It was decided that the proportion of Indian soldiers in the army would be reducedand the number of European soldiers would be increased. It was also decided thatinstead of recruiting soldiers from Awadh, Bihar, Central India and South India,

more soldiers would be recruited from among the Gurkhas, Sikhs and Pathans. (iv) The land and property of Muslims was conscated on a large scale and theywere treated with suspicion and hostility. The British believed that they wereresponsible for the rebellion in a big way.

(v) The British decided to respect the customary religious and social practices of thepeople in India.

(vi) Policies were made to protect landlords and zamindars and give them security ofrights over their lands. 5




Ans. 1. (D) Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Mughal Emperor 1

Ans. 2. (A) Kanpur 1


Ans. 1. The term Firangis means foreigners. It reects an attitude of contempt. 1

Ans. 2.It is an organized revolt against established authority when people are unsatised. 1

Ans. 3.Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi wanted the company to recognize her adopted son as theheir to the kingdom after the death of her husband. 2

Ans. 4.In 1850, a new law was passed to make conversion of Christianity easier. This lawallowed an Indian who had converted to Christian to inherit the property of their

ancestor. 2Ans. 5.The Revolt of 1857 is known as the rst war of independence as before this war, no one

was so united in battles.

But in this battle many social groups of the country came together to ght like Nawabs,Rajas, zamindars, and peasants all came together to ght this battle. Such kind ofbattle was not expected. 2

Ans. 6.The mutiny became a popular rebellion because a very large number of people beginto believe that they have a common enemy and rise up against the enemy. Sepoysmutinied in several places beginning from Meerut and a large number of people fromdifferent sections of society rose up in rebellion. After a hundred years of conquestand administration, the English East India Company faced a massive rebellion thatstarted in May 1857 and threatened the companys very presence in India. 3


Ans.1. (i) Sitaram Pandey was a Sepoy in the Bengal Nature Army. He served the Englishfor 48 years and retired in 1860. 1

(ii) He was persuaded by his commanding ofcer Norgate to write his memories. 1

(iii)The agents emphasised the treacherous behaviour of the foreigners against thekings. Moreover, a number of lies and promises were invented to persuade thesoldiers to rebel against the English in order to restore the Emperor of Delhi to thethrone. 2


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1. high taxes/revenue, 2. Sati/remarriage, 3. Bahadur Shah Zafar, 4. British Garrison,

5. Tantia Tope 1 5 = 5


1. True, 2. False, 3. True, 4. True, 5. False 1 5 = 5

Match the Column :

1.(c), 2. (e), 3. (f), 4. (a), 5. (b), 6. (d) 1 6 = 6


Ans. 1. Kanpur was captured by Nana Saheb on 5th June 1857 by the assistance of TantiaTope. 1

Ans. 2. It broke out at Meerut on 10th May 1857. 1

Ans. 3. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah 1

Ans. 4. It was recaptured in 1858 after the Martyr of Lakshmi Bai. 1

Project Work :

1. The project work will be done by the student on his own. 5

2.

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6 COLONIALISM AND THE CITY :THE STORY OF AN IMPERIAL CAPITALSUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET16



Ans. 1. (D) Delhi 1

Ans. 2. (B) Lajpat Nagar, Tilak Nagar 1

Ans. 3. (A) Jama Masjid 1


Ans. 1. The decline of old town is known as de-urbanisation. 1

Ans. 2.For administrative purposes, colonial India was divided into three presidencies whichdeveloped from the East India Companys factories. 1

Ans. 3. In 1912, Delhi was rebuilt as the capital of British India. 1

Ans. 4. The Durbar was held in Delhi to celebrate the coronation of King George V in England.At this durbar, it was decided to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi. 2

Ans. 5. Bahadur Shah Jafar was captured by Captain Hudson. He was convicted of treasonand exiled to Rangoon. His court was dismantled; several palaces were razed to groundand gardens were closed and instead barracks of troops were built in their place. 2

Ans. 6.Many factors were responsible for the decline of the Havelis such as :

(i) Many of the Mughal Amirs were unable to maintain these large establishmentsunder conditions of British rule. Therefore, Havelis began to be sold.

(ii) The colonial bungalow being different from the Havelis became popular as they

were meant for nuclear families. 2Ans. 7. The three causes of decline of Delhi from 1857 to 1911 were :

(i) The role of Delhi as a historical imperial town or city ended with the defeat ofBahadur Shah Zafar in 1857.

(ii) The British had already established their control and did not take any interest inthe development of Delhi as Calcutta was their capital.

(iii) Its laws and orders were badly hurt during the days of mutiny in 1857. Manypeople had shifted their bases from Delhi due to many reasons. 3

Ans. 8. Though the presidencies {Bombay, Calcutta, Madras} became the centers of the Britishpower in the different regions of India, at the same time, a host of smaller cities declinedMany towns manufacturing specialized goods declined due to a drop in the demand forwhat they produced. As a result, old training centers and ports could not survive when

the ow of trade moved to new centers. Earlier centers of regional power collapsed andlocal rulers were defeated by the British and new centers of administration emerged.This process is often described as de-urbanization. By the early 20th century only 11percent of Indians were living in cities. Therefore the historic imperial city of Delhibecame a dusty provincial town in the 19th century before it was rebuilt as the capitalof British India after 1912. 5


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Ans. 1. (D)1887, 1912 1

Ans. 2. (D) Bakeries 1


Ans. 1.A Street with dead ends is known as Cul-de-sac. 1

Ans. 2.A festival of ower is known as Gulfaroshan. 1

Ans. 3.An extension scheme called the Lahore Gate Improvement Scheme was started in1888 by Robert Clarke for the Walled City residents. The idea was to draw residentsaway from the Old City to a new type of market square with a mosque in the centreand shops around the edges. The main idea behind this scheme was to persuade a ow

of population from the crowded parts of the town of Delhi to certain other areas andrelieve congestion within the walls. 2

Ans. 4. Colonialism is the ideology which favours and believes in colonial strengthening in anyway. At times, political, economic and social domination of an imperial power is alsocalled colonialism. The rule or government pertaining to a colony is usually called acolonial power. The British was a colonial power in India. 2

Ans. 5. Shahjanabad was a splendid city :

(i) It consisted of a fort palace complex and the city adjoining it.

(ii) It had the Red Fort made of sandstone, several dozen bazaars like Chandni Chowkand Faiz bazaars.

(iii) The Jama Masjid included was one of the largest and grandest mosques in India.3


Ans. 1. (i) Mirza Ghalib was a classical Urdu and Persian poet in India during Britishcolonial rule. 1

(ii) After the Revolt of 1857, the area around the Fort was completely cleared ofgardens, pavilions and mosques. In the 1870s, the western walls of Shahjahanabadwere broken to establish the railway and to allow the city to expand beyond thewalls. The British now started living in the extensive Civil Lines area that cameup in the north, away from the Indians in the Walled City 3


True or False :

(1)True, (2) False, (3) False, (4) True, (5) True 1 5 = 5


(1) Tomb, (2) Edward Lutyens and Henry Baker, (3) Black area

(4) Lahore Gate Improvement scheme, (5) Mercantile 1 5 = 5


Ans. 1. (D) A Su lodge often used as a resting house for travelers

Ans. 2. (A) Draw the residents away from the old city to a new type of market square


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Ans. 3. (D) For Wealthy Indians

Ans. 4. (B) 1830-1857

Ans. 5. (C) 14 1 5 = 5


Ans. 1.Ayodhya, Mecca, Allahabad, etc. 1

Ans. 2. Surat was developed as a port city of Mughal India on Western Coast. 1

Ans. 3. (i) Herbert Baker was an English architect who was called on to design New Delhiand its buildings.

(ii) He believed that the Indians were united under the British for the rst time.British rule in India was not merely a facade of government and culture but wasa blend of the best elements of East and West.

(iii)The decision to make Delhi as the capital of India was taken in the coronationDurbar of King George V in 1911. 3

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7 WEAVERS, IRON SMELTERS AND FACTORY OWNERSSUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET19



1. (D) Sabarmati, 2. (B)Muslin

3. (D)Printed cotton cloth 1 3 = 3


Ans. 1. Merchandised production of cotton textiles made Britain the foremost industrialnation in the 19th century. 1

Ans. 2. Britain was referred to as the workshop of the world as its iron and steel industries

started growing from 1850s and later had success. So many people started buyingand selling iron from Britain in greater quantities and thus it was given the title ofworkshop of world. 1

Ans. 3.Chintz, silk textiles, Muslin, jamdani and calico. 1

Ans. 4. Competition with Indian textiles also led to a search for technological innovation inEngland :

(i) In 1764, the spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves which increasedthe productivityof the traditional spindles.

(ii) The invention of the steam engine by Richard Ark Wright in 1786 revolutionisedcotton textile weaving. 2

Ans. 5. European trading companies : the Dutch, the French and the English madeenormous prots out of this ourishing trade. These companies purchased cottonand silk textiles in India by importing silver. When the English East India Companygained political power in Bengal, it no longer had to import precious metal to buyIndian goods. They collected revenues from peasants in India and used this revenue tobuy Indian textiles. 2

Ans. 6. The sword of Tipu Sultan was very popular because Tipu Sultan ruled Mysore till1799, fought four wars with the British and died ghting with his sword in his hand.Moreover, the sword had an incredibly hard and sharp edge that could easily ripthrough the opponents armour. This quality of sword came from a special type of highcarbon steel called Wootz which was produced all over South India.Wootz steel whenmade into swords produced a very sharp edge with a owering water pattern. 2

Ans. 7. The Handloom weaving did not completely die in India, despite the decline of Indiantextiles, because the machine made cloths were not having the features of the handloom

weaving. For example, machines could not produce Saris with intricate borders orcloths with traditional woven patterns. Cloths with traditional patterns had a greatdemand from the rich and the middle classes. They could not produce the very coarsecloths used by the poor people in India. All these factors sustained the handloomweaving in India. 3

Ans. 8. By the time TISCO was set up, the situation was changing. In 1914, the First WorldWar broke out. And steel produced in Britain now had to meet the demands of war inEurope. So imports of British steel into India declined dramatically and the IndianRailways turned to TISCO for supply of rails. By 1919 the colonial government wasbuying 90 per cent of the steel manufactured by TISCO. Over time TISCO became thebiggest steel industry within the British Empire. 5


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1. (D) Tanti weavers of Bengal, Julahas or Momin weavers of North India Sale and Kaikollarand Devangs of South India

2. (D) Block printers 1 2 = 2


Ans. 1. The word bandanna now refers to any brightly coloured printed scarf for the neck orhead. Originally, the term was derived from the word bandhana (Hindi for tying) andreferred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying anddying. 1

Ans. 2.Patola weave was popular in Surat, Ahmedabad and Patna in India. 1

Ans. 3. When the Portuguese trading companies rst came to India searching for spices, theylanded in Calicut on the Kerala Coast in south-west India. When they returned toEurope, they took along with them the spices and the cotton textiles, which they calledas Calico. The word Calico is derived from Calicut. This word became a general namefor all cotton textiles. 2

Ans. 4. Chints, Cossaes or Khassa and Bandanna were the most popular printed cotton clothswith many oral designs and ne texture. From the 1680s, the printed cotton clothsbecame very popular among the people of England and Europe. Rich people of Englandincluding the Queen wore clothes of Indian fabric. Other clothes that were popularin Europe were the varieties of Kasimbazar, Patna, Calcutta, Odisha and Charpooreclothes. 2

Ans. 5. Craft of Iron smelting in India declined by the end of 19th century due to the following

reasons : The forest laws enacted by the colonial government prevented people from entering

the reserved forests where the iron ore and the wood for charcoal was available.

In some other areas, people were granted access to the forest, but only after payinghigh tax to the forest department for every furnace they used.

From the late 19th century onwards, ironsmiths had to use the iron and steel importedfrom Britain to manufacture tools. All these problems got intensied by the early 20thcentury and posed new competition to the artisans. 3


Ans. 1. (i) Aurang is a Persian term for a warehouse. It refers to a place where supplies arecollected before being sold. It also refers to a workshop. 1

(ii) Competition with the British textiles in the European and the American marketsand high duties levied on the Indian textiles imported into Britain affected thetextile producers in India. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, Indiangoods were successfully ousted by the English made cotton textiles from theirlong-established markets in Africa, America and Europe. As a result, thousandsof weavers in India were now thrown out of employment. 3


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Complete the Following :

Ans. 1. Chhint

Ans. 2. Wootz

Ans. 3. nineteenth

Ans. 4. European

Ans. 5. weaving 1 5 = 5


1. (B) 1854 1

2. (B) Iron smelting 1

3. (D) Warehouse and workshop 1

4. (A) Dhaka, Murshidabad 1

5. (D) Rajasthan, Gujarat 1


Ans. 1. The full form of TISCO is Tata Iron and Steel Company and it was set up in the year1912. 1

Ans. 2. Chintz, a printed cloth with designs, was produced at Masulipatnam in AndhraPradesh. 1

Ans. 3. Cloths with Bandana Pattern were produced in Rajasthan and Gujarat. 1

Ans. 4. The group of men and women carrying basket loads of iron-ore are known as Agarias.1

Ans. 5. The two industries which were crucial for the industrial revolution in England :

(a) Textiles, and (b) Iron and Steel 2Ans. 6. (a) Slag heaps are large mounds of waste material left after smelting of iron.

(b) Various factors led to the decline of iron smelting by the late 19th century.

(c) People were denied access to the forests by the colonial government under the newforest laws.

(d) In areas where the access was granted, the iron smelters had to pay high tax tothe forest department for every furnace they used.

(e) Import of iron and steel from Britain increased which lowered the demand for theiron produced by local smelters. 3

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Ans. 1. (C) Calcutta

Ans. 2. (B) William Carey

Ans. 3. (B)William Jones 1 3 = 3


Ans. 1. The British in India wanted not only territorial conquest and control over revenuesbut they also felt that they had a cultural mission: they had to civilize the natives,

change their customs and values. 1Ans. 2. William Jones was the junior judge in the Supreme Court established in India by the

British. 1

Ans. 3. Thomas Babington Macaulay, who always used to advocate the richness of the westernscience and civilization, gave this statement. 1

Ans. 4. The English Education Act was introduced in 1835. It was introduced by ThomasMacaulay.

Its features are as follows :

(a) English was made the medium of instruction for higher education. Englishtextbook began to be produced for schools.

(b) And to stop the promotion of Oriental institutions like the Calcutta, Madarasa andBanaras Sanskrit College. These institutions were seen as temples of darkness

that were falling of themselves into decay. 2Ans. 5. Mahatma Gandhi wanted to teach children handicraft because that would develop

their minds and their capacity to understand. This would also enable them to know howdifferent things were operated. This would help them to have lived with experienceand practical knowledge. 2

Ans. 6. In British India, there was a controversy over the language to be used for Indian highereducation. On one side, there were British Orientalists who wanted to use Sanskrit,Persian and Arabic; whereas, on the other side, were the Anglicists who wanted toenforce English. Lord Macaulay who favoured Anglicist view put this controversy toan end by introducing English Education Act of 1835. 3

Ans. 7. The steps taken by the East India Company to improve the system of vernaculareducations were :

(a) East India Company appointed a number of government Pundits, each in chargeof looking after four to ve schools

(b) The task of the Pundit was to visit the Pathshalas and try and improve thestandard of teaching.

(c) Each Guru was asked to submit periodic reports and take classes according to aregular timetable.

(d) Teaching was now based on textbooks and learning was tested through annualexamination.

(e) Students were asked to pay regular fees, attend regular classes, and sit on xedseats and obey the new rules of discipline.

(f) Pathshalas which accepted the new rules were supported through governmentgrants. Those who were unwilling to work within the new system received noGovernment support. 5

8 CIVILIZING THE NATIVE, EDUCATING THE NATION


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Ans. 1. (C) Danish East India Company

Ans. 2. (C) 1901 1 2 = 2


Ans. 1.Woods Despatch of 1854 proposed the necessity of examinations in the Vernacularlanguages. 1

Ans. 2. William Adam was a missionery who toured the districts of Bengal and Bihar. He wasasked by the Company to report on the progress of education in Vernacular schools. 2

Ans. 3.Various steps were taken to improve the system of Vernacular education. Order wasintroduced within the system of Vernacular education. Routines were imposed and

rules were established. It was ensured that inspections were conducted at regularintervals. 2

Ans. 4. They felt that institutions should be set up to encourage the study of ancient Indiantexts and teach Sanskrit and Persian literature and poetry. The ofcials also thoughtthat Hindus and Muslims ought to be taught what they were already familiar andwhat they valued and treasured and not the subjects that were alien to them. Onlythen could the alien rulers expect to be respected by their subjects. 2

Ans. 5. The three remarks given by Adam in his report on Vernacular education were :

(i) There was exibility in the approach and conditions of these institutions. Therewere no xed fee, no printed books, no separate school building, no annualexaminations and no regular time table.

(ii) Classes were held under a banyan tree, a corner of a village shop or temple, or at

the Gurus place. During the harvest time classes were not held. (iii)Fee of the students was entirely dependent on the income of the parents. Rich

students had to pay more fees than the poor ones. 3

Value based Question :

Ans. 1. (i) From the above mentioned statement we can interpret that the aim of BritishGovernments educational policy was the teaching of Western education. Englishwas declared as the medium of education for higher studies. 2

(ii) British considered the Indian learning to be inferior to the European learning.They felt that by educating Indians on western line they could employ educatedIndians for lower posts in administrative ofces with much less salary than theEuropeans. Moreover, they thought that if Indians were taught the Europeanlanguages they would easily accept the British culture, which would in turnconsolidate British political authority in India. 3


Match the following :

1. (b), 2. (b), 3. (a), 4. (e), 5. (c) 1 5 = 5


(1) True, (2) True, (3) False, (4) False, (5) False 1 5 = 5


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Ans. 1. (C)a, b, c, d

Ans. 2. (D) a, b, c, d

Ans. 3. (A) Thomas Macaulay

Ans. 4. (A) Calcutta Madrasa, Banaras Sanskrit College

Ans. 5. (C) a, b, c, d 1 5 = 5


Ans. 1. Colebrook and Nathaniel Haled helped Sir William Jones to establish the AsiaticSociety of Bengal. 1

Ans. 2. (i) The British ofcials considered the Eastern literature to be light-hearted and non-serious. Moreover, they were of the opinion that Indian knowledge was full oferrors and unscientic thought.

(ii) The aims of the Act of 1835 were :

(a) to make English the medium of instruction for higher education, and (b) to stop the promotion of Oriental institutions like the Calcutta, Madrasa and

Banaras Sanskrit College. 3

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Ans. 1. (B) Tarabai Shinde

Ans. 2. (C) Swami Dayananda Saraswati

Ans. 3. (A) Ezhavas 1 3 = 3


Ans. 1. The word Sati means a virtuous woman. 1

Ans. 2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy translated an old Buddhist text that criticized the castesystem. 1

Ans. 3. There are four Varnas. They are Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. 1

Ans. 4. Most parents were apprehensive of sending their girls to school because they fearedthat schools would take girls away from home, prevent them from doing their domesticduties. Moreover, girls had to travel through public places in order to reach school.Many people felt that this would have a corrupting inuence on them. They felt thatthe girls should stay away from public spaces. 2

Ans. 5.Christian missioneries were attacked by many people in the country because theyfeared that the missioneries would change the religion of tribal groups. Some peoplemay have supported them because :

(a) They were setting up schools for tribal groups and lower caste children.

(b) These children were thus equipped with some resources to make their way into achanging world. 2

Ans. 6. In 1972, Ambedkar started a temple entry movement, in which his Mahar castefollowers participated. Brahman priests were outraged when the Dalits used waterfrom the temple tank. Ambedkar led three such movements for temple entry between1927 and 1935. His aim was to make everyone see the power of caste prejudices withinsociety. 2

Ans.7. Jyotirao Phule wrote the book Gulamgiri meaning slavery, in 1837. He can legitimatelybe called the father of the Dalit consciousness and upsurge in India. He dedicated thisbook to all Americans who had fought to free slaves in the American Civil War.

Through his dedication of book, he tried to build a connection between the conditionsof the lower castes in India with the black slaves in America. 3

Ans. 8. Women were married at an early age. They were forced to burn themselves on thefuneral pyre of their husbands. Women who died in this manner, whether willing orotherwise, were called sati meaning virtuous women. Their right to property was alsorestricted. Women had virtually no access to education. In many parts of the countrypeople believed that if a woman was educated, she would become a widow. 5




Ans. 1. (C)a, b, c, d 1

Ans. 2. (B)Jyotirao Phule 1

9 WOMEN, CASTE AND REFORM


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Ans. 1.Madigas were experts of cleaning hides, tanning them for use, and sewing sandals. 1

Ans. 2. The Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1929. 1

Ans. 3. They were critical of the national movement run by the upper caste leaders becausethey felt that this would serve the purpose of the upper caste. After the movementthese people again would talk of untouchability. Even Periyar left the Congress in theearlier days of an incidence of untouchability.

Yes, their criticism helped the national movement struggle as unity. In forcefulspeeches, writings and movements of such lower caste leaders did lead to rethinkingand self-criticism among upper caste nationalist leaders. 2

Ans. 4. In the Hindu caste system, there are four Varnasthe Brahmanas, the Kshatriyas,the Vaishyas and the Shudras. Apart from these four groups, there were people at thelowest level of the society known as the untouchable by the upper caste people. Theyare also known as the fth Varnas.

The Upper Caste people did not allow the untouchables to enter temples, draw waterfrom the wells or bathe in the public ponds, where higher castes people bathe. Theuntouchables were seen as inferior human beings. 2

Ans. 5. The Veda Samaj was established in 1864 at Madras by K. Sridharalu Naidu. It wasone of the most important and inuential socio-religious movements in South India.

1. It was inspired by the ideas of the Brahman Samaj.

2. It tired to eradicate castes system, encouraged widow remarriage and educationfor women.

3. Its followers believed in one God. They condemned the superstitions and rituals oforthodox Hinduism. 3


Ans. 1. (i) Raja Rammohan Roy started a campaign against Sati. 1 (ii) Sati was banned in the year 1829. 1

(iii)Through their writings various reformers tried to show that practice of Sati hadno sanction in ancient texts. 1

(iv) In the nineteenth century, women were considered inferior to men. Most womenhad virtually no access to education. 1



Ans 1 : Ram Mohan Roy

Spread of Western education Reforming Hinduism

Greater freedom and equality for women

Upliftment of widows

Campaigned against the practise of Sati

Critical of caste inequalities (any two) 1

Ans 2 : Dayanand Saraswati

Reforming Hinduism

Supported widow remarriage

Education for girls (any two) 1


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Ans 3 : Veerasalingam Pantulu

A weakened Telugu people out of their suffocating medieval orthodox customs

Supported widow remarriage 1

Ans 4 : Jyotirao Phule Education for girls

Critical of the caste system

Critical of all forms of inequality (any two) 1

Ans 5 : Pandita Ramabai

Critical of the treatment of upper-caste Hindu women and widows

She started Sharda Sadan 1

Ans 6 : Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Supported widow remarriage

Education for girls 1


(1) True, (2) False, (3) False, (4) False, (5) False 1 5 = 5

Choose the Correct Option and Right it in the Box Against Each Question :

1. (A), 2. (C), 3. (D), 4. (A), 5. (D) 1 5 = 5


1. Stripurushtulna, 2. Slavery, 3. Bhopal, 4. Ghasidas 1 4 = 5

Project Work :

Both the project works will be done by the students on their own. 2 5 = 5

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1. (C), 2. (A), 3. (A) 1 3 = 3


Ans. 1. The European artists perceived India as a quaint land. 1

Ans. 2. The European portrait painters came to India with the hope of getting the contract formaking the portraits of European ofcials and Indian rulers. 1

Ans. 3. Indians were portrayed as submissive and inferior as the servants of the Europeans in

the European paintings. 1Ans. 4. Okakura Kakuzo was a Japanese research scholar who did research on Japanese art.

His role in Japanese painting style is as follows :

(i) In 1904, Okakura published a book called The Ideal of the East in Japan. Hewrote Asia is one in the opening lines of the book and emphasized on the need ofsaving the traditional Japanese art.

(ii) He tried to dene modern art and the way in which traditions should be modernizedwithout destroying its essence. He was the principal founder of the rst JapaneseArt Academy. 2

Ans. 5. Local painters produced a vast number of images of local plants and animals, historicalbuildings and monuments, festivals and processions, trades and crafts, castes andcommunities. These pictures were enthusiastically collected by the East India

Company ofcials. These paintings were called Company paintings. 2

Ans. 6. Many of the local courts declined in the eighteenth century. With the establishment ofBritish power these courts lost their power and wealth. They could no longer maintainpainters and pay them to paint for the court. In order to earn their livelihood many ofthem started producing paintings for the East India Company ofcials. 2

Ans. 7. Thomas Daniell and William Daniell came to India in 1785.

They followed the imperial tradition of picturesque landscape painting. They producedevocative pictures and presented India as a quaint land. They showed India as aglorious civilization of ancient time, to be explored by travelling British artists. Theirlarge oil paintings on canvas were regularly exhibited to select audiences in BritainThe British public enthusiastically bought up their albums of engravings so as to knowabout Britains empire. 3

Ans. 8. In Bengal, around the pilgrimage centre of the temple of Kalighat, a new style ofpaintings known as Kalighat painting was developed by local village scroll paintersand potters.

Its main characteristics were:

1. The images of the Kalighat paintings appeared to be non-realistic.

2. These images rallied around religious themes and the artist used shading effect inorder to give three-dimensional effect.

3. The Kalighat painters used a bold non-realistic style in which gures emerged aslarge and powerful.

4. These paintings had minimum of lines, details and colors. 5

10 THE CHANGING WORLD OF VISUAL ART


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1. (B), 2. (A) 1 2


Ans. 1. The advantages of oil painting were that they were more durable, lustrous andappeared more real and life like than the traditional techniques. 1

Ans. 2.Francis Hayman was one of the artists who produced history paintings. He painted thescene of Battle of Plassey (1757) in the year 1762. 1

Ans. 3.Tipu Sultan not only fought with the British on the battleeld but also resisted thecultural traditions associated with them. He encouraged the local traditions. The wallsof his palace at Seringapattam were covered with mural paintings done by the local

artists. 2Ans. 4. Portraits became one of the most popular art styles in the ruling circle.

Both Indian and British wanted to see themselves on the canvas. Colonial portraitswere bigger in size and used to appear real. Size of portraits depicted the power andstatus of their patrons. 2

Ans. 5. Raja Ravi Verma mastered the Western art of oil painting and realistic life study butpainted the themes based on Indian mythology. Rabindranath Tagore rejected the artof Ravi Verma.

1. According to him Ravi Vermas art was imitative and westernized.

2. Rabindranath Tagore declared that such a style was unsuitable for depicting thenations ancient myths and legends.

3. Rabindranath Tagore felt that a genuine Indian style of painting had to draw

inspiration from non-western art traditions and try to capture the spiritualessence of the East. 3


Ans. 1. (i) Raja Ravi Verma tried to create a style that was fusion of both modern andnational style.

He acquired skill in Western art of oil painting and realistic life study, but paintedthemes from Indian mythology. He depicted scenes from Mahabharata andRamayana on his canvas. 2

(ii) He set up a picture production team and printing press on the outskirts of Bombay.In this printing press, the colour prints of his religious paintings were produced

on large scale. Now these cheap prints and paintings were easily accessible to thepoor also. 2



1. portraiture. 2. picturesque. 3.Kalighat paintings. 4. Imperial Art. 5. Real 1 5 = 5


1. (A), 2. (C), 3. (B), 4. (A), 5. (A) 1 5 = 5


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Ans. 1. The Calcutta Art Studio was the rst art studio to produce the images of Bengalipersonalities and mythological pictures. 1

Ans. 2. The European artists brought with them the new styles and new conventions ofpaintings. These new styles and techniques greatly inuenced the Indian painters andthe themes of Indian paintings. 1

Ans. 3. (i) In Calcutta, most of the buildings built by British had rounded arches and pillars.This style was borrowed from the Classical style of Greece and Rome. 1

(ii) Pointed arches in the buildings and elongated structures are the typicalcharacteristics of Gothic style. 1

(iii)The British wanted their buildings to express their power and glory and theircultural achievements. 1

(iv)Victoria Terminus in Bombay is built in Gothic style. 1

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1. (D), 2. (B), 3. (C) 1 3


Ans. 1.The Indian National Congress was formed in December, 1885. 1

Ans. 2.72 delegates attended the rst meeting of the Indian National Congress at Bombay.1

Ans. 3. The moderates and the Radicals of the Congress reunited in December 1915. 1

Ans. 4. The early leaders of Indian National Congress were Dadabhai Naroji, Ferozshah

Mehta, Badruddhin Tyabji, W.C.Banerji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh ChandraDutt, S. Subramania Iyer. 2

Ans. 5.The early Congress also raised a number of economic issues :

(a) It declared that British rule had led to poverty and famines. Increase in the landrevenue had impoverished peasants and zamindars, and exports of grains toEurope had created food shortage.

(b) The Congress demanded reduction of revenue, cut in military expenditure, andmore funds for irrigation. 2

Ans. 6. The portion of Bengal infuriated people all over India:

(a) All sections of the Congressthe Moderates and the Radicals, as they may becalledopposed it.

(b) Large public meetings and demonstrations were organized and novel methods ofmass protest were developed.

(c) The struggle that unfolded came to be known as the Swadeshi movement, strongestin Bengal but with echoes elsewhere tooin deltaic Andhra for instance, it wasknown as the Vandemataram Movement. 2

Ans. 7.Government of India Act of 1935 prescribed provincial autonomy and the governmentannounced elections to the provincial legislatures in 1937. So the Congress formedgovernments in 7 out of 11 provinces. 3

Ans. 8. The First World War altered the economic and political situation in India in thefollowing ways :

(a) It led to a huge rise in the defense expenditure of the Government of India.

(b) The government in turn increased taxes on individual incomes and business

prots. (c) Increased military expenditures and the demands for war supplies led to a sharp

rise in prices which created great difculties for the common people.

(d) On the other hand, business groups reaped fabulous prots from the war.

(e) The war created a demand for industrial goods (jute bags, cloth, rails) and caused adecline of imports from other countries into India. So, Indian industries expandedduring the war and Indian business groups began to demand greater opportunitiesfor development. 5

11 THE MAKING OF THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT : 1870-1947


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1. (C), 2. (C) 1 2 = 2


Ans. 1. Mahatma Gandhi at the age of 46 arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa. 1

Ans. 2. General Dyer was responsible for the Jallianwalla Bagh incident. 1

Ans. 3. The word Swadeshi comes from two words swa and desh which means onesown country. The Swadeshi Movement sought to oppose British rule and in couragethe ideas of self-help, Swadeshi enterprise, national education, and use of Indianlanguages.

To ght for Swaraj the radicals advocated mass mobilization and boycott of British

institutions and goods. 2Ans. 4. On learning about the massacre, Rabindranath Tagore expressed the pain and anger

of the country be renouncing his knighthood. During the Rowlatt Act and Satyagrahamovements, the participants tried to ensure that Hindus and Muslims were united inthe ght against British Rule. 2

Ans. 5. From 1919 onwards, Mahatma Gandhi played a major role in Indian NationalMovement as he launched 3 great mass movements such as Non-CooperationMovement, Civil Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement. Ultimately, it wasMahatma Gandhi who led the people of India towards independence in the year 1947.So the Indian National Congress (1919 - 1947) was referred to as Gandhian Era. 3


Ans. 1. (i) The aims and objectives of Congress were :

(a) Extension of irrigation.

(b) Moderate assessment of land revenue.

(c) Stoppage of export of foodgrains from India.

(d) Protection of interests of Indians abroad.

(e) Protection of farmers against exploitation at the hands of moneylenders.

(f) Development of indigenous industries. 2

(ii) The Congress held discussions, published newspapers, wrote articles and showedhow British rule was leading to the economic ruin of the country. They sentpetitions, passed resolutions, criticised British rule in their speeches and sentrepresentatives to different parts of the country to mobilize public opinion in India

and abroad. 2



1. Council, 2. Knighthood, 3. Picket,

4. Illegal Eviction, 5. Provincial Autonomy. 1 5 = 5


1. (A), 2. (B), 3. (B), 4. (B), 5. (C) 1 5 = 5


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(1) False, (2) False, (3) True, (4) False, (5) False 1 5 = 5


Ans. 1. The feeling of oneness and unity among the people of a nation or patriotic feeling,principles and policy of national independence is termed as nationalism. 1

Ans. 2 (i) An important lesson of non-violence is that one should continuously be good toothers without expecting anything in return. 1

(ii) The eternal law of suffering is that we should be prepared to suffer at the hands ofall and sundry without thinking ill of others, not even those who have harmed usor done wrong to us. 1

(iii)In South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi led Indians in non-violent marches againstcaste restrictions. 1

(iv)Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa. 1

Project Work :

The project reports will be done by the students on their own. 5 2 = 10

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1. (D), 2. (D), 3. (D) 1 3 = 3


Ans. 1. Potti Srivamulu was a Gandhian leader in Andhra Pradesh. He went on a hungerstrike demanding an independent state of Andhra Pradesh for the Telugu speakingpeople. 1

Ans. 2. In 1920s, the Congress promised that after independence each linguistic group would

have its own province. 1Ans. 3. Mixed economy is an economic system having the features of both private sectors and

state. In this model, both state (government) and private sector play complementaryrole in the production process. 1

Ans. 4.The challenges were :

(i) Framing a new constitution for India

(ii) Integration of states into the Indian union.

(iii) Planning for development of nation (5 year plan).

(iv) To develop an independent foreign policy for country. 2

Ans. 5. In 1950, the government set up a planning commission to help, design and executesuitable policies for economic development. There was a broad agreement on whatwas called mixed economy model. Here both the state and the private sector wouldplay important and complimentary roles in increasing production and generating jobs.These roles were connectedto industries that should be initiated by the state and to themarket to achieve a balance between different religions and states . 2

Ans. 6. Dr. Ambedkar meant that in politics everybody regardless gender, class and educationwill have right to vote and everybody will be equal but in social and economic lifethere would be great difference between high castes and low castes, rich and poor ;Hindu communities and Indian who practised different faiths. Rich people will live inmultistoried buildings and poor will live in villages. 2

Ans. 7. Universal adult franchise, i.e., right to vote to each adult citizen, was granted to allits citizens by the Indian Constitution. All the citizens got the equal right to electtheir own representatives. Adoption of Universal Adult Franchise was considered as arevolutionary step because never before had Indians been allowed to choose their own

leaders. It empowered each individual to choose his or her own leader regardless ofthe fact that he was illiterate or literate, rich or poor. The adoption of universal adultfranchise is regarded as the cornerstone of democracy. 3

Ans. 8.The three problems are :

Political :

(a) As a result of partition, 8 million refugees had come into the country from whatwas now known as Pakistan.

(b) These people had to found homes and jobs.

(c) Then there was the problem of princely states, almost 500 of them, each ruled bya Maharaja or a Nawab, each of whom had to be persuaded to join the new nation.

12 INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE


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Social :

(a) Indias population in 1947 was large 345 million.

(b) There was a division between high castes and low caste between majority of Hindu

community and Indians who practised different faiths. (c) The citizens spoke different languages; many of them wore different kindsof dress,

ate different kinds of food and practised different professions.

(d) It was difcult to make them live together in one nation state.

Economical :

(a) The problem of unity added the problem of development.

(b) During independence, a vast majority of Indian lived in the village. Farmers andpeasants depended on monsoon for their survival.

(c) In the cities, crowded slums were occupied by factory workers who had littleaccess to education or health care. New nation had to lift its masses out of povertyby increasing the productivity of agriculture and by promoting new job-creatingindustries. 5




1. (B), 2. (A) 1 2 = 2


Ans. 1. The subjects or issues relating to the whole nation are given in the Union List. Defenceand taxes are a few examples. 1

Ans. 2.After the end of the Second World War in 1945, the world was divided into two power

blocsthe USA and the USSR. Therefore, to urge the countries not to join either ofthe power groups, Afro-Asian countries organized themselves and led Non-AlignedMovement. 1

Ans. 3. The people across the world felt that India would not be able to maintain its integritybecause of its diversity in terms of religion, culture and languages. Some believed thatIndia would come under the military rule. All these apprehensions have been provenfalse because even after so many years (nearly 60) India is independent, democraticand united. 2

Ans. 4. The leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel had apprehensions that ifthe states were created on linguistic lines, then it would build a natural gulf betweenthe citizens and they will not associate themselves fully with the nation rather theywill give more importance to their linguistic identities. This may lead to the further

division of the country into different nations. 2Ans. 5. Back in 1920s, the INC the main party had promised that once the country won

Independence, each major linguistic group would have its own provinces. However,after independence the congress didnt take any steps to honour their promise. That theCongress leaders would now go back on their promise created great disappointment.The Kannada speakers, the Marathi speakers had all looked forward to having theirown state. The strongest protests however came from Telugu speaking districts ofwhat was Madras presidency. 3


Ans. 1. (i) It has often been said that the Congress in the rst twenty years was moderatein its objectives and methods. During this period, it demanded a greater voice


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for Indians in the government and in administration. It wanted the LegislativeCouncils to be made more representative, given more power and introduced inprovinces where none existed. It demanded that Indians be placed in high positions

in the government. For this purpose it called for civil service examinations to beheld in India as well, not just in London. The demand for Indianisation of theadministration was part of a movement against racism, since most important jobsat the time were monopolized by white ofcials, and the British generally assumedthat Indians could not be given positions of responsibility. Other demands includedthe separation of the judiciary from the executive, and the freedom of speech andexpression. 2

(ii) The Moderate leaders wanted to develop public awareness about the unjustnature of British rule. They published newspapers, wrote articles, and showedhow British rule was leading to the economic ruin of the country. They criticizedBritish rule in their speeches and sent representatives to different parts of thecountry to mobilize public opinion. They felt that the British had respect forthe ideals of freedom and justice, and so they would accept the just demands ofIndians. What was necessary, therefore, was to express these demands, and makethe government aware of the feelings of Indians. 2



(1) taxes, defence and foreign affairs. (2) were forest and agriculture.

(3) mixed-economy, (4) Potti Sriramulu, (5) 345 1 5 = 5


(1) True, (2) False, (3) False, (4) True, (5) False 1 5 = 5


1. (B), 2. (D), 3. (D), 4. (A), 5. (B) 1 5 = 5


Ans. 1. Untouchability was described as slur or blot on the fair name of India. 1

Ans. 2. Sri Lanka has recognized Sinhala as its national language in 1956. 1

Ans. 3. (i) Potti Sriramulu was a Gandhian Leader in Andhra Pradesh. He became famousfor the hunger strike in Andhra Pradesh. 1

(ii) He went on a hunger strike demanding independent state of Andhra Pradesh forthe Telugu Speaking people. 1

(iii)The new state of Andhra Pradesh came into being on 1 October, 1953. 1

Project Work :

The project reports will be done by the students on their own. 5 3 = 15

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P-37PART - II : GEOGRAPHY : DEVELOPMENTRESOURCES AND

1 RESOURCESSUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET37



1. (C), 2. (A), 3. (A) 1 3 = 3


Ans. 1. People can make the best use of nature and create more resources when they haveknowledge, skill and technology. 1

Ans. 2.Patent means the exclusive right over any idea or invention. 1

Ans. 3. Human resource development refers to the improvement in the quality of human skills

to create more resources. 1Ans. 4. Potential Resources:

Potential resources are those whose entire quantity may not be known and theseare not being used at present.

For example the Uranium found in Ladakh is not being used at present but itcould be used in future.

Actual Resources:

Actual resources are those resources whose quantity is known and are being usedat present.

For example the petroleum found in the West Asia. 2

Ans. 5. Resources created by man to full his needs are known as human made resources.

Roads and buildings are the examples of human made resources. 2

Ans. 6. Time and technology are the important factors that make any substances animportant resource. With time, technology develops. When technology develops, webegin to discover new ways to make our life more better. This makes some substancesmore useful which were useless earlier. In this way invention and discovery give usnew resources. For example, with the help of technology we made water a source ofelectricity. It is known as Hydroelectricity. 5


Ans. 1. The economic development of a country depends on the following factors :

Availability of different types of resources

Technical skills and technologies used by the people

Sustainable use of nature 3




1. (C), 2. (A) 1 2 = 2


Ans. 1. It is the amount of resources available for use. 1

Ans. 2. Resources created by man to full his needs are known as human made resources.

Roads and buildings are the examples of human made resources. 1


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Ans. 3. The resources which are obtained from nature and used without so much changes ormodication are called Natural Resources

(a) On the basis of their Origin, resources are classied as :

(i) Abiotic and (ii) Biotic Resources (b) The non-living resources like soils, rocks and minerals are known as Abiotic

Resources whereas the living objects or substances like plants and animals areknown as Biotic Resources. 2

Ans. 4. Ubiquitous Resources :

Ubiquitous resources are the resources that are found everywhere at the biosphere.

For example the air we breathe.

Localized Resources :

Localized resources are the resources that are found only in certain places

For example the iron ore, copper, petroleum, etc. 2

Ans. 5. Natural Resources :

Natural resources are drawn from nature and used without much modication.

For example the air we breathe, water in rivers and lakes, soil, etc.

Human-made Resources :

Human-made resources are those which are made by people by changing theoriginal form of the natural resources.

For example the Building, Machinery, Bridges, etc. 2

Ans. 6. The basic Principles of Sustainable Development are :

(i) To respect and care for all forms of life.

(ii) To improve the quality of human life.

(iii) To conserve the earths vitality and diversity.

(iv) To minimize the depletion of natural resources.

(v) To change the personal attitude and practices towards the environment.

(vi) To enable communities to care for their own environment. 3


Ans. 1. Resources can be used productively by following the under-mentioned steps :

We must use the resources carefully to give them sufcient time to regenerate.

We must follow the three Rs principle, i.e., Reducing the Consumption, Recycling,and Reusing the resources.

We must minimize the wastage of resources and must control the pollution.

We must use latest technology to reduce the wastage of the resources speciallyduring extraction. 4

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET39Fill in the Blanks :

1.Utility, 2. Natural resource, 3. Roads and Schools, 4. Skill, 5.Actual resource,

6. Potential resource 1 6 = 6


1. True, 2. False, 3. True, 4. True, 5. True, 6. True 1 6 = 6


1. (D) different natural condition, 2. (C) actual resources, 3. (A) animals,

4. (D) conservation, 5. (B) localized resources 1 5 = 5


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P-39PART - II : GEOGRAPHY : DEVELOPMENTRESOURCES AND


Ans. 1. (i) The poet is referring to water. 1

(ii) Water is an important resource as it is not only necessary for our daily work butalso needed to produce electricity. The life of other living beings also dependson it. If this resource disappeared from the earth then we will face the followingproblems :

(i) All life will be destroyed from earth.

(ii) No plant will grow in the absence of water.

(iii) All the vegetation would dry up.

(iv) All the animals and human beings are dependent on plants for Oxygen andfood. So they will not get any food and the level of carbon dioxide will increasein the atmosphere hence animals and human beings would die.

(v) All the human activities would come to an end.

(vi) No industry would exist on the surface of the earth.

(vii) The earth would completely dry up. (any two) 2

Project Work :

Project reports will be done by the students on their own. 1 5 = 5

t1429614515iworksheet s-st class 8th solution (1)

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