L IFE A ND C H A R A C T ER

F or

I S A B EL L A ,

HST GATHOLIG QUEENOFS PAIN; w

B Y CH A SE R O Y S L L . ET

4

PA RT IA L CO NT ENT S .

Fu l l T ext o f B i l l before Congress appropriating

for a S tatue of Isabe l la“

in Wash ington , D. C.

H er M arriage _ to Ferd inand V,her Cous in.

T he Forged Disp’

e

'

nsat ion of Pope S ixtue V.

‘

Fu li account of the Inq u isi tion she estab l ished .

Fourteen modes of torturing H eretics (Protestants) .

Etc Etc .

m . .

S e nd seve n“

2 ce n t stamps fo r 1 c opy.

twe lve 2 copi e s .

CH A S E B O Y S , 0 31 F swi mET , W A S H IN G T O N , n . c

En tered accord ing to A ct of Congress i n the year 189 1. by Chase Boys, i n the ofli ce of th e

L i brari an of Congress , atWashi ngton , D . c .

A FUL L A CCO UN T O F

THEMASSAGRE FST , BM‘

E‘

HM OMEW.

(I L L U S T R A T E D , )

lnstigated bythe Pope of Rome ;WITH A N A PPENDIX OFTHE

L i fe , Ch a s a c te r a n d. T r a g i c Dea th c f

G IO R DA N O B R U N O

A ft e/f S e n t e n c e b y t h e I n q u i s i t i o n .

E T A I L S O F 11 1 5 D E A T H A T T H E S T A K E .

S end 7 2-cent stamps to

C H A S E R O Y S , 6 8 1 F W

W a s h i n g t o n , D .C .

A FULL ANDCO MPLETEACCOUNT OFTHE

sos‘sinaion am inoon,

ustrated by beautiful steel engravings of Lincoln and

FatherChiniquy, the ex-priest, whomade amost thorstigation of this murder of the foremost man

(1 at that time, and proved it to bethewor

es'

uits.

S end 5 2-ce nt stamps , as above .

R ES PECTFU L L Y DEDICA TED T O

Conscience,

Freedom of Speech,

Freedom of Worship,

Freedomof

A ND T O T H E

Dv erth r nw of E c cl es i a sti cal MDeepnti em i n all

th e W or ld , an d espe c i ally i n th e

U n ited S tatEe .

B Y T H E A UTH O R ,

CH A SE R O Y S .

T itle page—A uthor s ads .—Dedication—Con tents—In troductory.

CH A PT ER I.

Isabella ’s age—S he establishes the Inquisition—A pology fo1 her PrivateChaIacter—T omas de T orquemada—TVork of the Inqu isition du 1 ingher l ife .

CH A PT ER II .

H er marriage—T h e forged bu l l—Dispen sation—Marriage articles.

CH A PT ER III .

H istory of Inqu isition—Its object—Combination o f Chu i ch and S tateB ull for Inquisition—It begins work-F1rst President—O ther officialsIts ru les—R evolt in A ragon—Mode of procedure—T ortures—Con

fiscation—T he trial 1 0—13

CH A PTER IV .

T he expu lsion of. the Jews and Morescoes —Cardina1 X imenes—In~

q u isi tion in the Colon ies of S pain—It interferes wi th the Engl ishtraders—Is set up in the Netherlands—It spares nobody—Isabella ’

s

confession—Decline of th e Inquisition—Number destroyed—Fl eemesons 14—15

CH A PTER V.

B unyan s V ision—Catholic authors justify the Inquisition .

CH A PTER VI .

Particu lars of Jewi sh expu lsion—L lorente ’s estimatesé8o,ooo personsburn t in G oa—Persecu ting good Catho lics—T he A ragonese rebel

A Conspiracy—T h e ch ief Inqu isitor murdered—Its vengeance—Isabella pun ishes the judges—She defies the Pope—T he Pope su Irenders

to her—S he vanquishes a Cardinal—Effect of the d iscove1y of A merica. 16 —2 1CH A PT ER VII.

Early life of Columbus —H i s reasons for believing the earth round —H e

explain s to the 1nonks -R eplies of these sacred fools—Isabella sendsfor h im—H e starts for France—Contract finally made—H ow the fundswere raised—Marriage of Juan a . 2 1—23

CH A P T ER VIII .

H er cruelty to the Moors—H ow she parceled them ou t—H ow she robbed.

the Jews,and also the Moors—Why sh e saved them al ive—S he turns

some of them over to t he Inquisition . 23-26

CH A P TER 1X .

Details of the expulsion of the Jews—S he impoverishes her Kingdom . 26—27

A PPENDIX I. 14modes of T orturm d Protestants .A PPENDIX II. T he Jews offeI a large sum to prevent the edict againstthem .

A PPENDIX III; Isabel la’s sepu lture .

A PPENDIX IV . Death and B urial of Isabella ,A PP sNB IX V . T he true history of the discovery of A merica,

INTRODUCTORY .

During the 51st Congress of the Un ited S tates of A merica , a Bi ll , H . R .

5988, provide for the erection of a memorial monument to Isabella Iof Spain ,

was introduced by M r . Burrows , Republican member fromM ichigan . This Bill was “read twice and referred to the committee on theLibrary .

”

I was informed by the clerk of this comm ittee that the only person whohad appeared before it , to urge the passage of this Bill , was a certain we l lknown R oman Catholi c lady .

S oon afte1 he1 aIgument them theWashington Post stated that theComm ittee had agreed to 1 ep0 1 t the Bill fav0 1 ably ; but this 11 as not sti ictly

true, though they were apparently favorably inclined .

Believing this to be aa part of the declared pui pose of the Rom ish I—Iiera1chy

, to make the Un ited States tributary to the fo1 eig11 despot, claim ingsuperiority , both ecclesiastical and civil , over all governments , and over theconsciences and acts of allmen , wherever they may reside , it seemed necessary to give the matter careful attention .

I imm ediately requested to be heard on the B ill . The request was. readi lygran ted , and a day was appointed to put in my appearance before the

comm ittee . To prepare myself for this occasion , I made a careful studvof the life and character of this celebrated queen ,

and have tried to givethe public the results thereof in this pamphlet .

The Bill appropiates for the proposed monument . It may be

well for the Un ited States to commemorate , by fitting statues and costlymonumen ts , the virtues of its owngreatest and worthiest benefactors . It

may be well thus to hold up the good qualities of our heroes to becom emodels for the youth of future generation s ; but under no circum stan cesshou ld the money of the dear people be voted away to erect monuments forthe kings and Queen s of any foreign country , whether l iving or dead .

-Toe escape the tyranny of kings , queen s and pope , our ancestors left those inhospitable shores , and made their homes in the wilderness of A merica .

H ere they and thei1 descendants have labored , struggled and suffeIed unt ilthey have become a gIeat nation . Shall we now begin to bu ild monumentsto the dead sovereign s from whom we have so recently escaped $A s to Isabella , I am persuaded that they who shall have carefully per

6

used this little pamphlet will agree with the author that there is no occas ionfor erecting any monument to her in the Un ited States of North A merica .

The people of the Un ited States have enough to do to bu ild monuments totheir own heroes and heroines .

There are those who question the propriety of wisdom of bu ilding costlymonuments in commemorat ion of the dead , however great or illustrious .

Before the in vention of print ing , when them asses had no other certa in wayof remembering the names and virtues of their heroes , monument-bu ildingwou ld seem to have been more excusable ; but now, when all can read , andthe l ives of all our great ones are sure to be written by several historians ,and spread broad-cast before all the people by numberless n ewspapers ,magaz ines and journals , costly monuments seem almost superfluou s .

G reat public service to thewhole nat ion should be the on ly good reasonfor devoting the people ’ s money to the erection of any monument to any

one . No excellence of pr ivate character can warrant such an act.

The best monument that the people of this country can bu ild thatwhichwi ll conduce most to its future perpetuity and glo1y—most to the prosperity, freedom and happiness of itspeople—is our grand system of publicschools .

“L et the dead bury their dead ,” said Jesu s , “but go thou and

preach the kingdom of G od .

”A s John the Baptist Was the forerunner

'

of

Christ , so . the public school-teachers are the forerunn ers of good morals andtru e religion . L et the public school-hou ses , therefore , be our monuments .

N . B .—S ince writing the above, it has been announced that the women

who have charge of the women ’ s department of the great Columbian Expositiou to be held In Chicago , Ill . in 1892 3, have decided to set

o

up a statueof Queen Isabella there

,on the ground that she ass isted the great nav iga

tor . L et us hope that the patriotic women of the whole country will protest again st the outrage .

8

REVIEW on THE LIFE A ND CH A RA CTER or

ISA BELL A . FIR ST CA T H O L IC QUEEN O F SPA IN .

CH A PTER I .

Isabella , the first Catholic (Queen of Spa in , was born in 1451, and died in

1504, at the age of 53 years , 7 mon ths and 5‘ days , after a prosperou s reign

of 30 years . By the expression “prosperou s reign ,

”we mu st understand

that she succeeded in overcom ing all her enem ies ,—not that she gave happiness and peace to the world , or even to her Span ish subjects .

_

O n the

contrary , during the whole of her long reign , nearly all Spain was distractedby fierce wars wao ed aga in st the nobles or the M oors , or by the fires andtortures of the Inqu is it ion ,

which she h ad establ ished . t he scrupled at

nothing that she thought nn o ht increase either her own power or that of herChurch .

It is true that some of the nobles ruled their people badly, but Isabellaruled them worse for she i t was that first establ ished the Inqu isition in Spa in .

by which durino her reign , thou sands of her best citizen s were burned a l ive }O n p. 5 of “ Isabe l the Catho l ic , ” by A n ita G eorge , are found the fol

lowing words $ “She. humbled the power of the nobles, a power that had ,

under the last two monarchs , become so form idab le as to menace royaltyitself ; but on the other hand she erected one far more dangerou s to princeand people when she sanct ion ed the Inqu i s ition .

”

“A slave to her confessor , she adopted a rel igious code that seemed to ,

have emanated from the councils of the great enemy of man , and the relentless fanaticism that sanctioned the wholesale. murder . the exterm ination ofthe gallan t Moors and the exile and ruin -of the unhappy Jews , cannot beviewed

,even at this d istance of t ime , without horror and d isgust .

” “Thism istaken zeal bringing re l igion , perverted and b lood-stai ned , to direct thesprmgs of government and preside in every departmen t , gave birth to a system that has 1111fortum—1 tely been maintained ever since and borne bitterfru its .

” “The good she did was apparen t , evan escent ; whi le the evil thataccompan ied i t had strong roots that spread far and wide through the richsoil , the deleterious b lossoms poison ing the once pure atmosphere for longcenturies . Isabel la has been vindicated on the plea that her enthusiasm ,

while i t overleaped the bounds of reason , and en ta iled a curse on$ everysucceeding generation , was sincere ,— a poor consolat ion to the rhi ned , out

raged , tortured , massacred or exiled thousands of her day, and to the martyr whom her intolerant laws bound to the stake ; to the en lightened patriotwho beheld his native country fast declin ing in the scale of n ation s to the

5m CONG RESS , l sfr S ESSION .

HOUSE REPORT 5988.

IN T H E HOUSE OFREPRESENTA TIVES.

JANUAR Y 27, 1890R ead twice , referred to the Comm ittee on the Library , and ordered

printed .

M r. Jul ius C. Burrow-s ofKalamazoo , M ich ., (Republican , ) introduced the

following billA BILL

‘

T O provide for the erection of a memorial $

monument to Isabella First , ofSpa in .

Be i t enacted by the S enate and Hou se of Representatives of the Un itedStates of A merica in Congress assemb led , That the sum of fifty thousanddollars is hereby appropriat ed , out of any money in theTreasury not otherwi se appropri ated , for the erection i n the city of Washington

,D istrict of

Columbia , O f a memorial monument to Queen ,Isabella the First , of Spain ,

Who pledged her jewels to enable Christopher Columbus to prosecute h is

voyage of discovery .

SEC.2. That the S ecretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and di

rected to employ the services of a competent artist to execute the necessarydrawings for such monument .

SEC. 3. That the S ecretary of the Treasury is further authorized and d i

rected to contract for the erection of said memorialmonument for a sum not

exceeding fifty thousand dollars , sa id monument to be erected on such publ ic space in the city of Washington , District of Columbia , as the President$O f the Un ited S tates may elect .

SEC.4. That the S ecretary of the Treasury i s hereby authorized to ad

vance , from time to t ime , to sa id artist or contractor such sums of moneyas may be

'

req u ired for theexecution of said contract , under such terms andr egulation s as he m ay prescribe.

9

man of letters whose gen iu s was clogged , cramped , bound to earth by thefetters she had forged ; to the peasant , whose until'led fields attested his despa ir of ever reaping for his own benefit the fru its of his toil ; to the artist ,the merchant , the artisan , whose industry was paralyzed—to these crushedm illion s what mattered i t that the. originator of the curse was con scientiousin her infl iction of wrong $ The uncontam inated purity of her morals , the

exqu is ite modesty of her demeanor , her habits of industry , were qual itiesthat fitted her to adorn any stat ion ; and in the retirement of private life , asa daughter , a wife and a mother , Isabel was faultless—as a q ueen shewas respon sible to the nation for all her publi c acts , and had no right tobring her own pass ions ‘

to influence its welfare .

”

It seem s to have been in the year 1447when Isabella herself solicited fromP ope S ixtu s IV a bull to establish the Inqu is ition in her dom in ion s . Thereare some who believe that I

'sabella was goaded into this measure ,—into theestablishment O f that execrable in stitution—by the priesthood ; but we find

t hat she was not thewoman to be driven to any measures which did not seemabout to. contribute to her own aggrandize

’

ment . She did not hesitate to O p

pose, with all her forces , a bishop, a cardinal , or even the pope , whenever

they O ffered to thwart her purposes . W itness herwar aga in st the archbishopof Toledo . In the year 1483, pope S ixtu s undertook to infringe her right tonominate to certain eccles iastical preferments contrary to certa in preroga e

tives secured to her by her marriage contract , when she boldly incurred therisk of displeas ing the pope , and even defied his power .

The intellect of Isabel was strong, her will firm , her judgment accurate ,but these excellent points were counterbalan ced by her excess ive bigotry .

”

Tomas de Torquemada , a monk of the order O f S t . Dom in ique , had beenthe confessor of Isabella previous to her marriage . To h im she seems tohave comm itted the organ izat ion and adm in istration of the Inqu isition . Ofthis man , A n ita G eorge says $ “This fanatic , whose sou l knew no pity .

In the short space of 18 years , this accursed tribunal burnt alive person s and tortured by variou s modes — i h all I

CHA PTER II .

Isabella was married at the age of 18 years , in the year 1469 , to Ferd inand , whose fatherFerdinand wasKing of A

'ragon . Isabella claimed to bethe legitimate heir to the throne of Castile .

A s the couplewere cousin s , they could not , consistently with the doctrineso f the Rom ish faith , intermarry without a dispen sation from the pope . B ut

t he occasion requ ired some haste , and there were grave reason s to fear that

10

the indispen sable documentm ight not be forthcom ing , as his “Holi ness had

a political bias again st the marriage .

So the old King of A ragon and the,

archbishop fabricated a bu ll thatan swered all the purposes for that occasio n as well as if it

’

had been genuine $However , some years later a genu ine hull of dispensation was obtained fromS ixtu s the Fourth . [V . Prescott’ s Ferdinand Isabella , vol .. 1

, p . 156]M arriage articles were drawn up and sworn to by Ferdinand , in which he

prom ised fa ithfully to respect the laws and u sages of. Castile ; to$ fix h is res

iden ce in that kingdom ,a nd not to quit i t wi thou t her consen t ; to alienate ‘

noproperty belonging to the crown ; to prefer n o foreigners to mun icipa loffi ces , and , indeed , to make no appo in tments of a civil or 'm i litary nature

withou t her con sen t and approbation ; and to resign to her exclus ively the

r ight of nom ination to ecclesiastica l Here is enough to Show thatthe queen must be held responsible for the diabolica l deeds of the Inqu i si~tion .

It s eems proper , just in th i s place , to give an accoun t of the Inqu is itionin Spain , common ly called the “ Span ish Inqu isition for this horrible ihstitution has taken variou s forms at various times and . in various countries .

CHA PTER III.-T H E INQU l S i T DO N

The following accoun t i s taken from the “Encyclopaedia Britann ica , a

work so reliable that scarcely any Roman Catho l ic wou ld question i ts truthfulness . (S ee vol . XIII , p.

“Three chiefmot ives led to t he reorgan ization . of the Inqu isition in Spa inthe suspic ious and ill-fee l ing aga inst the new Christains , [Jews and

“

M oors who had been forced to adopt Ch ristian ity] (2) the wi sh of Ferdinand and Isabella to strengthen the c ompactness of the ir un ion, threatenedby the separatist tendencies of the wealthy Jews and M oors and (3) aboveall , the hope of a r ich bootyf rOm confi scation s , a. characteris ticwhich specially marks the history of the S pan ish Inqu is ition . The motive of strictlyreligious fanaticism influenced , not the monarchs , but the Dom in ican in

struments of the Holy Office ; and sowhen , in 1477,Friar Philip de Barberi ,inqu isitor for S icily , came to S evi lle for the confirmat ion of his office , andpressed on Ferdinand the great advan tages O f

‘

a revived system on the

S icilian $

plan , the king . led by his hunger for gold , and the queen , guidedbypi ety, were easily persuaded , and they sen t to Rome to solicit the establishment of such a tribuna l asBarberi suggested . S ixtus IV

,. in 1478 ao

ceded to their request ; his bull for this purpose is , however , lost . B ut as

Isabella wished first to try gen tler measures , and$

as both monarchs wererather alarmed by the independence the proposed tr ibunal claimed , the pa ,

1 1

pal perm iss ion was not made known or acted on til l 1480 . [This was the1 1th year of Isabella ’ s reign . The monarchs barga ined that they shouldnom inate the Inqu isitors , hopi ng thereby to secure a contro l over the insti~tution ; but the real centre of authority was inevitably Rome , and from its

o utset the Holy Office was ultramontane , [ i . e ., severely and rigidly Roman

Catholic } Nor indeed is there good ground for H efele’

s contention , in

which he is followed by the Benedictine , G rams of Ratisbon , that the Inqu is itiou was entirely a state ins titution . The state did take part in it , and

tried to draw its own selfi sh advan tages from i t, and i twas also in name a.

royal tribunal ; but its spiritwas c ompletely Dom in ican , and the impu lse ofi t papal ; nor can the church be relieved from the just odium which presseso n the memory of the in stitution .

The first inqui s itors named i n 1480 were Dom in icans their tribunal wase stablished at Seville, where theywere but suillenly received . Early in 1481t hey began work , and before that yearwaso ut had burnt 298 victim s in S evillealone besides many effigies of those who h ad happily escaped . The Jesu ithistorian M ariana assures us that in this year full were burnt in the

archbishopr ic of Cadiz . The Quemadero , o r cremation-place [Span ish q uemar , to burn] bu ilt at this t ime by the prefect of Seville , not far from thatc ity , a square platform of stone , was a grim altar on which the lives of almost daily victim s ascended in clouds of smoke to heaven . This new blessing , however , was but unwillingly we lcomed by the Span iards . The capital of Castile r emembered its ancient learn ing and splendor , and the wealthand in telligen ce $of its o ld M oorish inh abitan ts . Compla in ts and protestspoured in on S ixt us IV .

, especially from the bishops ; and in 1483, in one ofhis briefs , the pope a ctually o rdered a soften ing of the rigours of the HolyOffice . He al so named the archbishop of Seville , D. In igo M anriquez , hissole judge of appeals in matters of faith , hopin g thereby to still the strongjealousy of the episcopate . He waS '

also som ewhat offended becau se Ferd inand and Isabella held back the papa l share of the spoils .

Shortly afterwards , O ctober , 1483, the Dom in ican father Tomas of Torq uemada (de T urrecremata ) was nam ed by S ixtus IV . i nqu is itor—genera lfor Castile and Leon . [He had long been Isabella

’ s confessor] $ From h im

the institution received its full organ ization . He b ecame its president . Byhis s ide were two lawyers as a ssessors and three royal coun sellors . Thisscheme was not large enough for the work. It was shortly amended , andt here was now a central court styled the “Con sejo de la Suprema ,

” composedo f the grand inqu is itor—general , six apostol ie eounsellors , a fi scal proc '

urator ,t hree secretaries , an a

’lguaz il (head policeman ) , a treasurer , forn ' serv ants

12

of the tribunal , two reporters ( in formers or spies) , and as many

'

consultors.

as m ight be needful . Under this central tribunal four local tribunals werealso appointed . A ll the officials were well pa id from the confiscation fundIt was the interest of all that that stream of wealth should never run dry .

Torquemada was to the full as eager as Ferdinand for the profit f1om th isunholy source . The chief spoils of the in stitution fell to the cro ;wn the trueaccession of strength was at Rome .

This 1 oyal council of the Inq u is it ion , as i t was now styled , proceeded n extto draw up i ts ru les . Torquemada m 1484summoned to S eville all heads oflocal tribunals , who presently published a code of 39 articles . The drearylist regulates the procedure of the Holy Office . The articles“

were O riginally28. Of these 1 to 10 deal with the summon s to heretics to come forwardand confess , and with the penalties to the subm iss1ve ; 1 1 to 13 with pen itents in the prison s of the Office ; 14m 1 9 treat of the procedure of t1 ial , in ,

cluding to1 ture ; 20 to 2-1 extend the jurisdiction of the tribunal to deadheretics and the vassals of living nobles $ the 1 emainde1 me on points of detail m the management . A fterwal ds 1 1 more ru les we1 e added

.

on points ofless interest $ they deal with the organ ization of the smaller tribunals

,guard .

again st bribery of offi cials , establish an agent at Rome , and make fresh and‘

m inute directions“ as to confi scation s and the paym ent of inqu is itors ’ salaries . The money question comes up perpetually . In no part of Spain wasthe system well received . The resistance in A ragon passed w

into revolt and .

assassination , which were overcome only by the un ited efforts of the Domin icans , the papacy , and the sovereign , aided to some extent by the “OldChristian s” ( i . e . those not of Jewish or M oorish origin ) , whose j ealousytowards the new Christian s and the M oors led them to favor a systemwhich repressed their r ivals .

‘The Holy Offi ce had now free scope for i ts work , and i ts procedure , arranged by Torq uemada ,. wi l l explain how thoroughly i t succeeded in terrifying all who cam e within its reach . When an accused or suspected personwas first delated ( reported ) to the Inqu i s ition ,

a prel iminary exam inationwas held . and the results of it laid before the tr ibunal . If the tribuna l.thought i t a case for interfer ence

,and it u sually did so , the informers and .

witn esses were re-exam ined,and the i r evidence , with all the suspicious

c ircnmstances which zea l cou ld rake together , drawn out and . su bmittedto a body of monasti c theologian s , called.

“ the Qualifiers cf the Holy.

Office .

” The character of these offi cials was at stake and their honor involved . They could hardly be expec ted to report well of the accused

,or

there m igh t be a suspicion as to the ir own orthodoxy . When . they had .

g iven in their opi n ion agains t t he accused , he was at once removed to th esecret prison of the Offi ce . where all commun ication with the outer worldw as en ti re ly cut off from h im . Then follo

'

wed three “ first audience s , ” in

w hich the officials d id their utmos t to wring a confess ion out of h im ,so

“

that h e m ight be made to rank as a pen itent,and enjoy the charity of hi s

persecutors . If,however , he was staff , the charges against h im were re

formed ,and the fi scal 1n charge of the case demanded torture to extor t

c onfession . This in the earlier times of t he insti tut ion followed frequently ,

and had many forms of ingen i ous cruelty , as to which Llorente,who

had good means of judging ,declare s that “

none of the descriptions of‘

them can be accused of ex aggeration .

”(See A ppendix I . ) A f ter torture

the shattered victim was carried to the audience ehamber,l

and called on tomake his answer to the charges , wh ich were now read to h im for the firstt ime . He was n ext asked whether he desired to make any defen se . If so ,he had to choose a lawyer from a l ist of those employed by his accu sers ,and the defense was l ittle but a mock ery . A fter this process , which somet imes lasted for months , the qualifi ers were again called in , and gave theirfi nal Opin ion ,

which was almost always adverse, on the whole case . Then

followed th e sen tence , with opportun ity of an appeal e ither to the “Su

pr ema” -which was u seless , as being an appeal to the [same] tribunall ov er aga in— or to Rome . The papal treasury by these appeals obta ineda large income ; for money was the on ly val id argument . Thu s the Inq u isit ion got the victim ’ s property by confi scation , and the papacy , t he

wealth of his friends in the appeal . If the sen tence was,as d id sometim es

occur , an acquittal,the poor wretch migh t slink home without redress or

recompense for imprisonment , and the agony of the trial and torture . Ifi t was a condemnation

,the v ictim was made the cen ter of auto-da-j

‘

e,

dressed in a sanben it (a condemned man’ s robe ) , and eventually , at the

Open place of execution ,informed as to his fate . He might be either “

rec

'onci lec and then ,as apen itent , had to undergo penalties almost worse

than death , or “ relaxed,

”that i s , handed over to the secular arm for

burn ing ,— for the Holy Offi ce shed no blood $

This then was the in strumen t by which the purity of Chri stendom was‘

to be assisted and defend ed,

“ mi ser icordia et j ustitia”(mercy and j us

t ice) as the motto of the in stitut ion run s , by the most flagrant injustice ,a nd by the inflict ion of t hose cruel “ tender m ercies” of which the Book$o f Proverbs speaks .

14CHA PTER IV.$

In 1491 [the year before Columbus set sai l for A merica] the great;work began with the persecuti on and expuls ion of the Jews , They wereej ected , and their wealth confi scated. There was an enormous crowd ofex i les , who wandered to different shores of the M ed i terranean , carry ingm isery and plague in their train . A few years later , under supervi sion of

Cardinal X imen es , the M oors were also ordered to be converted or to go. .

The M orescoes , or Chri stian ized M oors , su ffered con stant persecutionthroughout the l6th cen tury , until finally they too were expelled by PhilipIII in 1609 .

_ Jews , M oors and M orescoes made upover three m illions ofthe wealthiest inhabitants of Spain . The loss in trade

,agriculture and$$

manufactures was incalculable . In 70 years the population fell from tens

to six mi llion s $X imenes was the greatest organ izer , after Torquemada

,of the Offi ce .

He d ivided the whole Inqu i sition into ten tribunals , —Sev_

ille as the capi $ta]

, Jaen , Toledo , Estremadura , M urci a Valladolid ,M ajorca , Pampeluna ,

S ardin ia , and S icily ; and , though the bishops still resisted his authorityhe carri ed his will through with a high band . The In qu is ition was set up

in all the colon ies and d ependencies of Spain . It establi shed itself , as a

th eolog ical quaran t ine , at all the harbors , and greatly checked the development of Span i sh trade . T h e horror of the Engl i sh at the in stitution wasmuch due to the co ll is ion of the Engl ish traders and adventurers of QueenElizabeth ’ s day with the Inqu i sition on the Span ish main , and to i ts interfe

'

ren ce with that freedom of traffic which they d esired . T he new Inqu isit ion was set up in the Netherlands by Charles V in 1522. It was exceedingly severe , and greatly hated by the people under Philip the II, and$A lva .

i t

Q

The hand of the Holy Offi ce was out stretched again st all. No lofty d ign i ty in church or state , no eminence i n art or science , no purity of life ,cou ld defend from its attacks . It is sai d to have threatened Charles Vand Philip II. It persecuted bishop Carran za , head of th e church in Spain ,

destroyedDe Dom in is,archbishop of Spalatro ; it smote G al ileo , murdered'

G iordano Bruno, attacked Pico di M irandola , and even i s said to have

threaten ed Caesar Borgia . With equa l vigor , in combination with the

Jesu its , the Inqu i sition made war on books and l earning , rel igiou s or se

cular al ike . We have seen how bal eful was its effect on l i terature and art

in Proven ce , and , in the t im e of the Catholic sovereign , on the materiab

well-be ing of Spain .

“In the love of Christ and his maidtmother ,” says $

Queen Isabella , “ I have caused great mi sery,“

and have depopulated townsand d istricts , prov inces and Kingdoms ,” [a fearful admi ssion] .

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16

CHA PTER VIi

T he fo llowing quotation s are taken from the “D i et . L n iversel du XIX

S iecle vol . 9, p. 709 “A t the so l i c itat ion

,says Vo lta ire

,of the

friar Torquemada, G rand Inqu isitor of Spa in ,

the sam e Ferdinand VJ,

surnam ed the Cathol ic ( of course with the con curren ce of Isabel la) , bani shod all the Jews from h is

“ kingdom al lowing them three mon ths,to

count from the publication of his edict , after which they were forbiddenunder pain of death

,to be found in the lands of Spani sh domination . It,

was permitted them to go out of the kingdom with the goods , and mer

chand ise which they had ‘bought , but forb idden to carry away any goldor silver. The friar Torquemada ,

supplem en ted this edict rn the dioceseof To ledo , by proh ibiting allChr ist ians , under pain of excommun icat ion(which was about equal to the death penalty) . from giving anything whatever to the Jews

,even those things m ost n ecessary to l ife '( S ee appendix

II) . A t that time“ a m ill ion of Jews and M oors left Spain . B ut Torquemada did not stop at that . L lorente

,in his “History of th e Inqu i s ition”

e stimates from documents in the archives of the Span i sh governm en t , thatin a few years more than ind ividual s were condemned to deathor to divers pun i shments by this terrible tribuna l . The q uemaderoc , or

crematory , of Cordone i s stil l cel ebrated . They were led to pun i shmen tsolemnly , dressed in different un iforms according to the kind of heresy of

which they had been convicted . The peopl e came to assist at these fétesas they now do at the bu ll-figh ts .

Llorente . from the en umeration taken from the offi cial registers , showsthat from 1478to 1808 , the annual averageof those condemn ed to death orto in famou s pun ishments in Spain for heresy is more than and theIn

q u isi tion was not abolished in Spain until the French invasion {Thi sgives V ictims i n 330 years i ] It was establi shed in every part ofthe world where the Span i ards and Portugu ese had carried their domin ion ,

—in M exico , Peru ,in all S . A meri ca

,in the Phi l ippine Islands , and i n

G oa [on the west coast of H indostan] wh ere i t destroyed 50 ,000 7

’

72di

t idud ls by {hefi t‘

tmes l l”“The Inqui sition does‘ not

“ respect even the most fervent Catholics ;Saint Jean d ’

A vi la , Saint Theresa , Saint John of the Cross , Lou i s of G renada , con sidered to-day the most piou s writers , were persecuted as hereti csbut not to the funeral pilePerhaps noth ing could more fairly and clearly show the atrociou s d ia

ho l i sm of the. S pan ish I nqu i s ition , and ,at the sam e time , the part wh i ch

Isabel la took in i t,than the following which I q uote from pp, 141—148 of

17

Isabel The Catholic” by A n ita G eorge previously referred to.

“T hetribunal of the Inqu i s ition being now firmly establi shed in Casti le,

Ferdinand determ ined to introduce i t into h is hereditary dom in ion s [A ragon] . T he pope , at the solicitation of the sovereign s

,having invested

Torquemada with the offi ce of Inqu isitor G en eral of Castile and A ragon ,

i t was soon seen that no fi tte r in strum ent cou ld have been selected .

No m ean s were lef t untried that could lead to the conviction of delin

quents that is ; of all converts suspected of having reverted to the Jewishfaith or to that of Islam [M ohammetan ism .] T he gen erousblood of the proudCatalan s , Valen

'cias, and A ragonese , was roused at this indign ity . S trong

pro tests wer e entered again st the barefaced violation of the Con st itution .

B ut the j ust remon stran ces of a nation had no effect in mitigating the .

intoleran ce of th e sovereigns ; and . n otwithstanding the spir ited ef

fort made in T arracona by the Cortez he ld there i n 1484, the arbi trary wi l lofFerdinand forced on his subj ects an institut ion , themon strous tyrannyof which is wi thout a para lle l. B ut the bold spiri t of the nation was not

easily bowed to the demon yoke thatgalled i t for cen turies , un til every ves

tige of i ts original bri l l ian cy had been well n igh quenchedIn Saragossa ,

especially , vigorou s efforts were m ade to oppose the es

tabli shment of a tribunal express ly forb idden by p articu lar clau ses of th el iberal Con st itut ion of A ragon . Deputation s were sent to the pope and toFerdinand ; and the Just ici a (chie f justiciary ) of A ragon was solicit-cdto interpose his authority to preven t this flagran t infringemen t of the

charter . A ll was va in . In the spring of 1485 th e Inqu isit ion celebratedi ts auto-de-féwith the usual ceremoni es , and the people , goaded to mad

n ess by the impossibil ity of obta in ing the legal redress they implored ,

sought by other m ean s to attain the desired end.

-A con spiracy was set on foot to murder the three inqu i sitors of thediocese of Saragossa . The New Chri stian s were the . orig inators of thisdesperate scheme , but n umbers of the high nobility were al so participatorsin i t. The chief of the three inqu is itors , Pedro de A rbues , having ren

dered himself particular ly obnoxious by his merciless condemnation s , wasdesignated as the first vict im . The execu t ion of the de sign was , however ,difficult ; for th e inqui si tor was wel l aware of the hatred he had in curred ,

and took every precaution to avert i ts con sequences .

The avenu es to hi s chambers were well guarded , while his person was

no less well protected by-a compl ete coat of mai l and a helmet , which hecon s tantly wore under hi s robes and cowl when he stirred abroad . A fterseveral fru itl ess attempts , the conspirators at length found mean s to ef

18

f ect an en trance and con ceal them selves in the church where the ir intended victim performed his n i ghtly devotions . Shortly after midn ight theInq u is itor entered , _

a lan tern in one hand , and his lance—m thout which hen ever l eft his chamber—in the other . Having rested his weapon aga in stone of the co lumn s beside him , he kn elt before the altar Li sten ing onlyto the suggestions of hatred , and unmindful of th e sanctity of the place ,one of the conspirators stole behind h im and wounded h im in the arm

with his pon iard whi le another struck him twice in the n eck with h is swordThe wounds were mortal , and d ’

A rbues fel l , bles sing G od that he shou ldhave been al lowed to die i n so holy a cause . The murderers would haves evered the head from the body , had not the priests , who were in the choir ,been roused by the noi se and hastening towards the spot , preven ted themfrom bearing away the bloody trophy . L i fe , however, was not extin ct inthe inqu isitor , who was immediately carried to the n earest hou se , that ofM anuel de A ri l'lo . where he l ingered until the following n ight .

The deed was far from having the d esired eff ect , which was to producesucll fear i n the m in isters of the dread‘

tribunal , that they would not dareto renew their inqu i sitorial researches . The lower classes

,already predis

posed by envy against the rich i nhabitants of. Jewi sh extraction,

now

goaded by superstit ious rage, and knowing nothing of the con spiracy ,

which they attributed to a design for the subvers ion of Church and S tate ,ro se en masse, and wou ld have ma ssacred indiscriminately all the con

verts . B ut thi s wholesale revenge wou ld have defeated the obj e cts of

the wily members of the Ho ly Office and the archb ishop, mount i ng hi shorse

,rode thro ’

the city , assuring the inhabitan ts that the outrage shou ldbe du ly vis ited on the perpetrators .

Nor was the promise vain . Torrents of blood were shed to aton e forthe s tream that had been poured out on the con secrated ground . Wi ththe scen t of the tra in ed blood-hound , the agen ts of vengeance sought outthe actors of the tragedy , all of whom were hung

,with the previous am

putation of their right hands ; while the event , serving as a special pretext for stricter severity against those suspected of here sy , two hundredpersons were burnt“

al ive and numbers suffered other pun ishments , orwere subj ected to the most humi liating penances . Of these victims manywere of thechie f nobil ity. The body of the murdered man [ inqu isitor]was in terred on the spot where he was struck down , and a spl endid monument was rai sed over i t. He now ranks among the martyred sai n ts

,h av

i ng been canon ized by Pope Paul III .,at the solicitation of the emperor

Charles V .

Throughout the dom inion s of Isabel and Ferdinand the inqu isi tor ’

s tr ib

19

re nal was now fi rmly e stabli shed . Intolerance , j ud icial cruelty , and su s

perstit ion ,prime m in isters of the spiri t of evil , took their places near the

t hrone , and i nsti tuted in honor of the G od of peace , sacrifices the barbarityo f which effaces the mempry of the pagan rites of antiqu ity . Catholicism ,

mo longer the tutelary gen ius that had guided i ts fervent devotees to the

recon'quest of the land of their forefathers”now arrayed in blood-reduobes , distorting i ts m i ss ion and abusing i ts power , wi th iron grasparrested the onward-rolling car of civilization , and with merciless feet$crushed the '

rising spirit of indu stry .

To recapitulate the dark proceedings by which on the most frivolousa ccusations—the most fabsurd pretences—l persons peri shed in le s sth an half a century ,

wou ld be as harrowing to the reader as to the narrator. It were dangerous for the historian to dwell too long on the recordso f these frightful atrocities , lest the eyes

,fatigued with gazing thro ’

the

bloody m ist , shou ld fai l to perce ive the great and good q ua li ti es of h i s subj cet . [ Is this slightly iron i c Not to Rome [alone] mus t attach theod i um of this mon strous con ception .

-To the good ,the pious , and the G en tle

$queen must be given the credit of having subst i tuted for the temporarytyranny of a gallant and generou s ari stocracy

,a despotic monarchy , and

thezunlimi ted spiritual thraldom of the Church . T he queen , however ,bent not her ownn eck to the yoke

’

she forced on her peopl e She adm ittedi n politi cs , and rej ected in religion , the right of r esistan ce to the Church .

M ore than once during her reign did she fi rm ly repel the attempts of thepope to encroach on her prerogatives . The chancery court she had established in Valladolid , having al lowed an appeal to be made to the pope in a

civi l cau se , i ts president , j udges , and every member of the tribunal , wereimmediately deprived of their offices by the indignant I-sabe l .In 1482

,the pope had , aga in st the express wish of the queen ,

nom ina~ted a n ephew of h is own to the S ee of Cuenga which , as an ecclesiastica lpreferment , was i n her gift . Persi sting i n h is nom ination ,

notwithstand ingt he remonstrances of th e court of Castile , Isabel andFerdinand prepared ,w ithout any scrupl es of conscience , to resist his au thority . Orders wereforwarded to all their subj ects residing in the Papa l dom in ion s to departtherefrom immediately

,u nder the'

penalty of having whatever propertythey possessed in Casti le confiscated The pon tiff, alarmed at these demonstrations

,and at the threat they made of assembl ing a counci l o f

all the princes inChri stendom to examine into the pretensions of the courtof Rome , sent a legate to effect a comprom i se . B ut the q uecn was too

much irritated by the attemp t that had b een made to infringe on her r ights”

to be easily pacified , and ordered the envoy to qu it the kingdom instantly .

20

A t the co st of great concessions , and wi th the intercess ion of the Cardinal ‘

M endoza,the l egate obta in ed a hearing , and the breach was hea led . the

pope confirm ing the queen ’ s choi ce of A lfon so de Burgos,her chapla in ,

to the vacan t S ee , and resign ing all pretens ion s to the nomination of ben

efi ci aries‘

in Spain .

In 1485, while in A lcala'

de E cuare s , a dispute occurring between the

alcaldes de '

corte , or royal judges , and those of the ecclesiastical court , thequeen strenuou sly asserted the supremacy of her own j urisid iction whereever she was present , over that of t he local ones ; the cardinal ma intain ingthat the town belong ing to h im , andcon sequently being within his jurisdiction , no interference should be allowed with his tribunal . B ut the queenwas too tenaciou s of her prerogatives to give up ,

eny portion of them , evento this great favorite .

Shortly after the establishment of the Inqu is ition in Castile , the popeh irnself , horrified at the barbarou s execution s it san ctioned , sen t to remon ‘$

strate again st them but un fortunately his arguments were overruled by thespeciou s reason ing of the

$

advocates of the new measures ,who urged that thespread of the infectiou s heresies propagated by the Jews and others couldbe arrested on ly by the rigorou s course recently pursued .

From that moment were sown the seeds of the disease that was to fastenon the vitality of Spain a slow but sure con sumption , that allowed the exterior to remain beautiful with the florid hues of health while the heart wasrotting . The very character of the Span iard appeared to be influenced bythe atmosphere , laden with sanctioned , legalized murder. His once joyou s $frank , enthusiastic nature , . gradually becam e sombre , ferocious , suspiciousand fanatical . Fortuitou s events , beyond the calculation or the control ofIsabel , thrpw a gorgeou s veil over the cureless wound she had inflicted on

the prosperity of Spa in .

_

'

1‘he addition of a new world to her sway , pro

tracted the existence of the old monarchy , and enabled it to struggle in its

fetters thro ’ long ages ; but whi le every other nation progressed , Spa in ,

even allowing that she did not retrograde,rema in ed stationary, notwith

standing that nature and fortun e , lavishing their choicest gifts upon her had“

rendered her superior to all others . F acts are more illu strative of character than whole pages of description , and that of Isabella i s stamped in her

acts .

The above extract is pretty long , but it shows clearly that Isabella was.

not dr iven to establish the Inqu isit ion , and that , like most of her sex ,she could not be driven to do anything . A t that time , Spain was a first

class power , and Isabella had an army devoted to her , and she did as she $

,pleased . Even the pope of Rome was obliged to yield to her imperious

“21

will , and shemu st bear the gu ilt and shame of all the crimes , blood-shedand foul murders comm itted bv the Inqu is ition— her pet institut ion .

CHA PTER VII .

H ER,T R EAT M ENT or COLUM B US .

H aving now treated sufficiently at length of the Span ish Inqu is ition , the

result of one of Isabella ’ smost important public acts , we come next to hertreatment of Columbus . It was on the

.

ground that the queen gave greata id and encouragement to Columbus that the appropriation in the precedingbill was asked ; and for the same reason it is proposed to set up his statuea t Chicago in ’

92-3. [V . A ppendix V ,p . 33 ]

Columbus was born at or near G enoa , about 1436 to 1441— the place oryear not being exactly known . A t the age of 14he took to the sea , and

became a great navigator . H e-was , even at that age, schooled in geography ,cosmography , geometry , astromony and nautical science . In 1470 hewent to Lisbon , where he married the daughter of Palestrello , who was a

very skilful navigator , and who left all his books , charts and in strumentsa t his death , to Columbus . From reading ancient authors , from his ownmeditation s , from vague tradition s of an immen se continent far to thewest

‘of Europe , the con j ectures of the G reeks on the sphericity of the earth ,his own voyages , from recent readings and studies , and perhaps from statements made to him by the S candinavians and Icelanders , he had arr iveda t the conclusion that the earth is round , and that A sia m ight be reachedas we ll by sailing west as east . A fter so l icit ing , i n vain ,

a id from G enoa andPortugal , he turned to Spain in First he was referred to the collegeof Salamanca , where hewas expected to prove his theories before the learnedmonks I I Vhen heproduced before these learned monks—t hese sacred fools— his mathematical and philosophical arguments to prove the rotundity of

the earth , they an swered h im with passages of the Bible or of the -“ H olyFathers .

“H ow can the earth be round , Says one ,

“when we read in the Psalmsthat the heavens are stretched out l ike a skinw “A nd when S t . Peter , inhis letter to the Hebrews , compares the heaven s to a tabernacle or to a ten tspread out upon the earth , how deny still that i t is flat $

” “Have not L ac

tant ius and St . A ugus tin pronounced aga i n st the existen ce of antipodesHearing his learned argumen ts an swered thu s , Columbu s must have. felt likeone l isten ing to a comedy . The wonder is that the learned navigator wasnot arrested and bhrnt at the stake for heresy . Surely he was no betterRoman Catholic than G alileo . Perhaps his poverty saved h im ; he hadnothing to confi scate . For seven long and weary years did the great queen

22

keep Columbu s waiting and struggling again st poverty and superstition a

B ut he never lost faith in his theory that the earth is round . A t length , bythe ai d of a nobleman , Duke of M edina Celi , who had more of science andless of Roman Catholic bigotry , he was put in the way of seem ing successM . Celi gave him great encouragement , entertained him for two years ,

and had determ ined to give h im the n ecessaryas sistance out of his own re

sources ; but finally concluding that the affairwas too great for private enterprise , he wrote to Isabella a favorable letter, and Colum bu s repaired toher court , at Cordova , at her bidding . It was after thi s that he was beforethe monks at S alamanca . Itwas in the year 1490 that the junta finally decided that his project was va in and impract icable , and that i t did not be

come their royal highnesses to have anything to do with it ; and this wasconfirmed , with some reservation , by Ferdinand and Isabella at Sev ille .

Columbu s was in despair , and soon after Started for France . By accidenthe met the queen ’ s former con fessor , who brought about another interviewwith Isabella , which was again broken off . A t length , however , after aboutseven yea

-rs of persevering effort , following Isabella from place to place ,Columbu s completed acontract with her by which he was-to undertake the

'

discovery for the sovereign s of Spain on condition that he be.

made A dm iral and Viceroy of all the land s he m ight discover , and one-tenth

'

of all

the gold , s ilver , pearls , and preciou s ston es , spices and all other articles andmerchandises , in what ever manner found , bought , barter‘ed or gained ,within his adm iralty , the costs being first deducted .

Suchwas the pith of the contract . A s to the expenses‘ or fitting out the

expedition , it would seem that Isabella mu st have. contributed little or nothing, if we may rely upon Washington Irving . Invol . p. 1 12,

“Lifeand Voyages of Columbus ,” are the followingwords i “ H ow cou ld she

draw on an exhausted treasury for a measure to whi ch the king was ad

verse $ S t . A ngel watched this su spen se with trembling anxiety . The nextmomen t reassured h im . W ith an enthusiasm worthy of herself , and of thecause , Isabella exclaimed , ‘I undertake the enterprise for my own crown ofCastile , and will pledge my j ewels to raise the necessary funds .

’

S t .

A ngel , eager to secure this noble impu lse , assured her majesty that therewou ld be no need of pledging her jewels , as he was ready to advance thenecessary funds . His offer was gladly accepted ; the funds really came

from the coffers of A rragon ; fiorins —about —were ad

vanced by the accoun tant of St . A ngel ou t of the treasury of King Ferd$)nand .

A s to her pledging her crown and j ewels , it seems she had none to pledgeat this t ime . O n p. 177 of “Isabel the Catholic , by A n ita G eorge , pub

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24parts , and on everyspot commanding an avenue of e scape , the whole popn

'

lation of M alaga , amounting to fi fteen thousand sou ls , the auxil iary troopsn umbering, notwithstandi ng the m ortality that had decimated . them

,sev

eral thousands , and the inhab itants of M i j as and Osma , were collected inthe spacious courtyard of th e lower ci tade l , and directly under i ts batteri es , to be portioned out as slave s . O ne hundred Comeres were re servedas a present to the pope , w

'

ho incorp orated them into his guard ,and be

fore the'

close of the year had converted them all in to excellent Christian s $[What means

'

he. u sed to thi s end ,we are not informed ] Of the loveliest

maids,

‘

fifty were s ent'

to th e Queen of Naples , and thirty to the Queen ofPortugal ; many ma idens were al so d i stributed by Isabella among her ladies , and others she sent to her frien ds . A fter this selection had beenmade , the r emainder were d ivicled i n to three lots ; on e was reserved to beexchanged for such Christian s as were slaves among the M oors of A fr ica ,and for thi s purpose proclamation was made that all who had relativess laves i n A frica , shoul d

.

send in their n am es , that they m ight be thu s ransomed . A nother lot was to be sold to.

defray a part of the expen se of th ewar

,and the third Wa s distributed among the lords of the counci l , the

nobles , and offi cers , who had taken part i n the exp edit ion ,according to their

r ank and services ; the dukes r eceiving each , one hundred slaves , thec ou nts , fi fty , the kn ights , a l e sser number .

The Jews,who num bered four hundred and fi fty , endeavored to ran ~

~s

'

om themselves , and with this obj ect brought to the King the wealth theyhad con cealed . Ferdinand

,allowing them to en terta in the hope of free

$dom , continu ed to exact-more unti l h e found they had given their all. Hethen co o l ly inform ed them that thei r r iches formed a part of h is booty ,

and cou ld not , therefore , purchas e their redemption $ From the doom ofslavery that fell on their M oori sh fellow citizens , the Israel ites were savedby their Cast il ian brethren , who ra ised in their‘ synagogues the sum of

ducat s of our day) , exacted by the k ing for their ransom .

Lest , however , this trai t , open ing the eyes of the M oors to what they weret o expect from the tender m erci es of the victors , m ight l ead them to destroy or keep secreted the i r treasures

,i t was proclaimed that a ran som

would he admitted for th e whole popu lat ion ,at the rate of thirty-six du

cats of our day ) for each person ,if the whole amount were pa id

within eight months,during wh i ch t ime all should remain as hostages

for i ts paym ent ; the j ewel s , plate , and other valuable effects in their pos”

session were also to be given in as part paymen t , unt i l the balance wererai sed . Those who d ied withi n theeight mon ths were not“ to be deductedf rom the sum total .

25

Hard'

as were these t erms , they held out so bright a hope that the deladed M oors hastened to surrender th e wealth they had secreted . Not

withstand ing their efforts , however , and the l iberal contributions sent themfrom A frica , the enormou s sum exacted of them

'

was not completed within the prescribed term ,

and the m i serab le people found they had been thedupes of this truly d iabol ical expedient , and sacrificed their wealth bu t to .

r ivet their chain s . This device i s in accordance with the infamou s system of cruelty and deception pursued byFerdinand and Isabel towardstheir M oor i s h subj ects , whenever they found i t safe and exped ien t . We

find i t rel’

ad that i t was suggested 1n the coun cil that the ent ir e popu lat ion of -M alaga should be put to death to puni sh their heroi c re

s istance , but that Isabel was too tender hearted to allow of such a

measure . Whatever may have been her motive , i t i s certain that i t wasinfin itely more profitable to redu ce the Moors to bondage , whi le the bu tchery of

“ such a n umber would have been attended by n o l1ttle labor and

danger in a city scarcely freed from the pesti l entia l m iasm s engenderedby the late morta l ity .

That i t rested with Isabe l to render the fate of the wretched M alaganamore endu rab le no one wi ll doubt

,and tho

’

the records of her t ime rep~

resent her prostrat ing'

her person at the feet of her confessor , they alsoshow that nothing cou ld bend h er w ill when she cli ose to carry out any

resolution . That she was a par ty in the n efarious schemes devi sed to

cheat the Jews and M oors out of l iberty , wealth , and all b ut the merebreath of l ife—leaving them that because i t was of u se to her—there i s ,not a shadow of doubt ; for her most extravagant panegyri sts tell us thatnothing was done withou t her parti cipation ,

and she cannot be screen edfrom the odium of deeds more worthy an A laric than a Christian princess .The relapsed converts found i n the city were given up to th e Inqu i s i

tion ,and perished at the stake . Twelve ren egades also found there were

acanawerados ; that is , they were u sed as marks (targets) in the game ofcanas . (reeds) —

pi ercedwi th reeds unti l they expiredThuswas the entir e population of a town

,renown ed for beauty, splendor

and refinement , reduced to slavery ; without regard for rank ,sex

, age oreducation . The lamentat ion s of the wretched ex i les

,as they we re driven

from their hom es , are exq uisi tely‘

given by the Christian chroniclers them“

sa ves , but words cou ld but poor ly express the angu i sh that sought a vent.in them .

”(See appendix II . )

To further show her cruel nature one well authent icated in stance i s given where she ca ased a man

’ s hand to be cut off for. refusing to pay h i s

taxes to her royal co ll ector $ She then ex iled h im . A nother was hanged $

26

f or the same off ense . H ow could anyohe be otherwise than cruel wh ensteeped in that rel igion which even-to this day holds the horrible cruelti es“of the Inq u i s ition to be meritoriou s r

CH A PTER ix .

H ER CR UELTY T O T H E J EW S .

In M arch , 149 1 , Isabel-la i s sued a d ecree aga in st the Jews , that they$Should all leave the kingdom wi th in fou r months . T hey were not permi tted to takewith them,

even gold or . silver . The d ecree was of such a na

t ure as virtual ly to rob th em of all they possessed . It was in fact one of“

t he shrewde‘st and most successful s chemes of robbery ever practiced by

a ny human being, and one of th e m ost cru e l and inhuman . There could.

not have been any reasonable excu se for such inhuman ity . The Jewswere a peace able , lawabiding people ; but many of them were verywealthy

,and Isabella could hope to acquire an immen se booty by thu s

robbing them ; and she did . B ut as the Jews and the M oors were th eon ly real workers i n the Kingdom— the traders , farmers , artists and artisan s—the Span iard s pri ding themselves upon their m ili tary prowess , and

knowledge of bel les-lettres , -so the k ingdom was greatly impoverishedby the loss of

,these two elements of the popu lation . S he had ki lled the

goose that la id the go lden eggThe various hi storian s make var ious estimate s of the n umber of Jews

thus expell ed ,—som e p lacing i t as high as a m illion . O ne estimates

them at fam ili es .

In A pril following ,Torquemada

,the chief Inqu i sitor, i ssu ed an edi ct

supplemen ting the queen ’ s,th e tenor of which was that at the expiration

of the four mon ths all intercourse with the Jews was interd icted to the

Christian s who were forb idden , under pain of incurring certa in severe penaltice, to afford them countenance , shelter , or assi s tance of any descrip

t ion . In the work of A n ita G eorge , so often cited , p. 212, i s the followmg d escript ion of their wre tch ed flight

The weak , the s ick , those render ed helpless from infan cy or o ld age ,

all were al ike d i iven forth . Many wh o h ad been crad led in the lap of luxu rions plen ty were totally u nfitted to endu1 e the hardships this compu l

sory j eurney enta il ed , and sank down on the wayside to die , while the

h and of chri stian [Roman Cathol ic] cha i i ty was res trained from convey;i ng the a lms of a cup of water to the parched l ips of the dying . M othersand their new-born in fants succumbed to the pangs of hunger that , i ncreasiing the horrors of this dreadful j ourney, brought down even the strongm an . We must remember that there“

were no railroad s in those days ,

27

and whole families started on foot , with helple ss babes and decrep it old

age , to leave the inhospitable land . Hundreds of mi les were to be tra

wersed—a lone$ and weary way, through a land settled by Roman Catho~

l ies , who were not al lowed to give the least assi stan ce . T he whole kingdom was fi lled with weeping , wail ing and lamentation . Thou sand s periehed by the way,

and thousands m ore died of disease s contracted by

hardships and exposure while leaving the hom es of their childh ood to

seek in a foreign land a refuge from the cruel edict of a heartless queen.

and more heartl ess , Roman Cathol i c Inqu is itorIt is said that many Jews went to A frica , and were put to death by the

natives , who ripped them open in hopes to find gem s in their inte s tines .

Itwas natural to suppose the ex i les‘

would swallow som e of the ir preciousstones , in order to carry them out of S pain . A lmost every

.

country ofEurope rece1ved some of the fugi tives , but the suffering of those Who.

sought refuge in A frica surpasses all they had endured on the road . T he

cruel M oors robbed them of everything , even to the c lothing they wore .

A PPENDIX IThat my Protestant readers may seewhat i s in store for them a few

years hence , I give a description of a number of instruments used in tor

turing those who were gu i lty of not bel ieving all the teachings of R 0man ism .

Lloren te,the G rand S ecretary of the Inquis ition in Spam , thus dc

scribes one in strum en t .

1 . It was a long trough , in which the victim was placed on his back,

and S O fastened that he could not turn hi s face to the right or l eft. A hugependulum was then m ade to swing directly over h im lengthwi se of hi sbody . In the lower end of thi s pendulum was a

’

sharp kn ife proj ectingdownward . A t each oscil lation of this pendu lum ,

i t approached a triflen earer to the face of the un fortunate one . A t length the kn ife blade sli this nose , and outing a l ittle deeper at each oscillation ,

t he head and

whole body were divided in two parts .

A t the t ime of the conquest of Spa in by Napoleon I. , one of these horrible instruments was found in a monastery

,and a man ,

W howas going tobe executed upon it the next day. was set at l iberty .

l2. A nother of these devil ish machines was an image of the v irgin M ary

,

into whose arm s th e victim was made to walk . The arms of the imagethen seized the condemned man and drew h im again st pointed i ron sp ikeswhich pierced h im through . In thi s position he was fi rmly held unti l l ifewas extin ct.

8

3. The leg-screw, also known as the Span i sh boot , con sisted of two“

pieces of i ron made to fi t the leg between the knee and ankle, one part be

ing i n front and the other behind . O n the in s ideof the front piece are

numerou s proj ections , l ike the heads of tack-na il s . A fter th e pieces are

put in place on the leg,they are pressed together with great force by

mean s of a screw turned by a long iron hand l e . By the cruel appl icat ion-of this instrument , the l eg was sometimes lamed for l ife .

4. The iron .boot , or tortu re-boot . The V ictim was so bound that hec ou ld not stir . being strapped to a block

,with hi s r ight foot in serted

in the boot ; then boiling tar h as cast with a spoon into the boot sothat the foot and legwere fearfully burn t. The victim carried the results$t o th e grave .

5,Thumb-screws were small iron in strumen ts

, con sisting of two ironplates . In the center of each was a sharp point ; when one plate was un

d er the thumb , the other was over the thumb-na il , and the two,

“

plateswere then approximated by m ean s of a p

'owerful screw. Owing to the extreme sens itiveness of the n erves in the ends of the thumb and fingers ,

t th is instrument cau sed a most eitq u isi te torture .

6.

.Foot-screws con s isted of two iron plates to be u sed on the foot l ike,the Sp an ish boot on the leg. Its application was one of th e first degreesof torture , exerting _

a fearful pressure on the bon es of the foot , and cansi ng the toes of the foot to becom e a blu i sh color .

7. The mask bf disgrace con sists of iron hoops and plates closely tightened about the neck of the victim ,

who was then sometimes placed on a

scaffold in pub l ic . It became very pa in ful on account of i ts great weight,

i f worn long .

8. The spider was an insti ument of pun i shment and torture,with

which the flesh was torn from the body . It was an iron tongue resembl ing a spider . The outrageou s and fearful use to which th e spider wasappl ied . made i t one of the most cursed in struments of human tyranny ,

B y m ean s of this sharp-pointed in strum ent , th e breasts of women weren early torn out of the body.

9 . The head-ring was an iron ring,with round balls i nside for m ild tor

ture , bu t with iron spikes ins ide for greater . A fter being fi tted around‘

the h ead , it was brought to bear with fearful agony to the victim by mean ,

of a screw. In many cases the bon es of th e skul l were entirely separatedby the compress ion .

Somet imes the arms were ti ed back behind so forcibly that the sl

rbows touch ed each other ; then a long rope was t ied to the elbows orw rists and the vict im was ra is ed many feet high by the mean s of a pulley,

s)

and then suddenly le t fall , but j erked up bfore reach ing the floor . Thismode of torture was called the strappaclo. There i s. now extant an offi cialaccount of the torture-of Savonarola by this mean s . O ne author states $

that he was let down in this m anner no l ess than fourteen times'

in one even ing. Burchard , thezpapal pro thonotary , says he was tortured seven t imes .

A fter the torture , he was burnt as a heretic,and sti ll“ later venerated as a .

saint $1 1 . Thefi nger

-trap was a device intowhich the second finger of the righthand was placed , so as to be struck by a clap. It was u sed during thetrial to compel the victim to make sati sfactory an swers to the Inqu i s i tor .

12. Fire was of frequent application . O ne author states that at on e of

the Inqu isitorial courts in Italy , the hands were covered with tow and

pitch , and then set on fire . This was only for women,and was cons id

ered a minor torture .

18 A nother mode was to fasten a rope to each foot and hand , then pass$each rope over a pul ley i n each corner of the room . Four attendan ts

, one

in each corner , pul led the four ropes equally until the v ictim was ra ised.

very high ; then he was let down so a s to rest h is weight, on an i ron spike ,

which form ed a terrib ly painful support , often causing an agon izing death .

14. S low starocotibn in a fi lthy dungeon was a very common m ode of

torture . In stan ces are frequ en t where per son s were kept thus for many

years , or un ti l death came to their relief .

These are on ly a f ew of the modes of tor ture practiced by the Pope ’

s .

Inqu i sition , bu t they wi ll su ffi ce for the presen t . Perhaps the readerwould be sati sfied with on ly on e .

The fol lowing was cl ipped from th e N . Y . Times for Sunday ,Jun e 7

,

1891

T O R TUR E T O O L S O N SH O W .

From theFall llf cdl G azette.

A gruesome co llection of in s truments of tortu re wi ll be on view at M me.

Tussaud ’ s this week . It was , unti l recently ,the property of a celebrated

collector , and conta in s som e of the most fearsom e engin es for inflictinghich the mi sdirected i ngenu ity of man has ever devised . In i t ,

ample , i s the iron cha ir used for tortur i ng Jean Calas in Toulou se in .

The victim was seated and sustain ed by the front bar of the cha ir ,then by another verti cal bar , while two rings fastened the ankl es belowi n the upper p ortion there was a co llar for the n eck

,and then another

tran sverse bar passing through the fi rst,and fi tted at each extrem ity with

a ring holding the wri sts . U ndern eath the seat was a stove .

The co llection conta ins plenty of thumbscrews and apparatus for crushing the fingers

,as well as the on ly specimen of tongue pincers in exi sten ce .

This was us ed to secure the tongues of the tortured victim s , and was em

sployed upon the cel ebrated Dam ien s in , 1757. T he $‘tenai lle mammers”é( torturing tongs) u sed in tearing hi s temples are also here .

A mong the most in teresting of the exhibits are the various “cinctures ,

o r torture girdles , some of whi ch were used i n the Span i sh Inq uisition .

T he collection contains nothing , in fact , which would not be equal to giva’

ng one a very unpleasant quarter of an hour.

NOT E—There is also a very large and complete collect ion of such ih-'str11ments at Nuremberg , Bavaria .

A PPENDIX II .

T he following incident.

shows Isabella ’ s bigotry and superstition . A s

$ soon as the Jews knew that their expu lsion was under d i scussion by the

c ouncil , they endeavored to avert the blow that threatened them .

“Theydeputed their chief men to render to the sovereign s a propitiatory offer$i ng of thirty thousand ducats , about $ 128 , 1CO of our day, to ass i st i n de

fraying the expen ses of the late war .

' The bri be‘

was tempting , and Fervd inand and Isabella were hesitating whether i t would be better to accept'this large sum and defer the final blowunt il another O pportun ity , when theInqu is itor-G eneral

,abruptly entering the departm ent where the negotia

t ion between the sovereign s and the Jewi sh deputies was carried on ,

r

'

drew from his bosom a crucifix , saying $ ‘Judas Iscariot sold the Saviorfor thirty pieces of silver ; your highn esses are now sell ing him for thirtythou sand . Behold h im here take h im and barter h im as you wi ll and

w ith un feign ed indignation the insane fanati c threw the holy symbol on thetable and withdrew. The monk ’ s in solent demeanor decided the matter ;-religious zeal lent i ts weight on the side of interest and the pet ition was

rej ected .

” V . A n ita G eorge , .p. 21 1 .

A mer ica needs no monument to perpetuate such devotion to bigotry and‘

superstitionA PPENDIX III .

The followmg anecdotes have been culled from “The Life and Voyagesof Columbus ,” by W. Irving . They serve to I

show the natura l character“o f Isabella, and the spirit of those times when every form of religiou s-'thought , except the pagan ism and idolatry of Roman Catholici sm , was re

.

~

pressed by the p i sh Inqu i sition .

Vol . I., p . 285.

“Isabella from thefirst took the most warm and com

passionate interest i h the welfare of the Indian s of the W est Ind ies] .

Won by the accounts given by Columbus of the ir gentleness and

simplicity, and looking upon them as committed by heaven to her especialcare , her heart was filled with concern at their destitute and ignorant cori

ed ition . She ordered that great care should be taken of their religious in

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

52

ages , were sudden ly torn from their homes ; severed from each oth er , and;swept into m enial slavery, even tho

’ “

one half of their ransoms had beenpaid.

He acted but i n conform ity to the custoni s of the t imes , a nd was sanetioned by the example of the sovereign fIsabella] underwhom he serverIn the effort

'

to obtain the numbers of persons allowed to go wi th Cclumbus on his 3d . voyage , “

a gen eral pardon was publ i shed for all mal efactors at large , who within a certaintime should '

surrend er th emselve sto the admiral , and embark for the colon ies . Those on ly were exceptedfrom this indulgence , who had

'

commi tted heresy, treason , com i ng,flu t l

'del '

or other specified crimes . Heresy and murder on a par $ (Vol . II. , p.

“Ferdinand was a rel igious bigot,and the devotion of Isabel la

wen t as n ear to bigo try as her liberal m ind and magnan imous spirit wouldperm it .

” “Both the sovereigns were under the influen ce of ecclesiasticalpoli ti ci ans con stantly guid ing their enterprises in the

' direction to re

dound to the temporal power and glory of the church .

(Vo l . p . 384) Co lumbus had been shipwrecked on the northerncoast of Jamaica , and had been. roosting for severa l months on the top ofon e of h is vessels , suffering from starvation and in mom en tary expectat ion of death from th e outraged n atives , or the stormy sea ,when he wrote a

long letter to the sovereign s of Spa in in which he said $$ In my tempora l

con cern s without a farth ing to ofier for a mass ; cast away here i n the In

dies ; surrounded by cruel and hosti le savages ; i solated ,infirm ,

erpooting cach day wi l l be my last ; in spi ritual concern s , separated from the

holy sacramen ts of the church , so that my soul,if parted here from '

mybody

,must be forever lost.

” i f i t “ It i t shou ld please G od to del iverme hence , I humbly supplicate your maj estie s to p ermit me to repa i r to

Rome and perform other p ilgrimages .

A PPENDIX IV'

.

T H E DEA TH A ND B UR IAL O FT H E QUEEN .

O ne act of this queen ’ s l ife-m ight serve as a lesson téthe people of theUn ited States $ Just before death she advised her successors not to appoint

anyforeign er to ofi'

i ce. ( A n ita G eorge,p .

S he died Nov . 1504. In accordance with th e wish sh e had expressed ,

to be buried in her favorite city of G ranada , the fun eral trainset out on the following daywi th her remains . B ut from the day the m e lancholy procession started until that when i t reached i ts destin ation ,

i t was

assai led by the most terribl e storm s . The swollen torrents from the

m ou ntain s tore up th e roads . rendering them almost impas sable . whi le the.

$

33

$

ri vers carried away the bridges , and submerged the pla ins. During thet hree weeks that elapsed ere they could reach their destination ,

th e sad

pilgrims saw n either sun nor stars . M any of their horses and mule s were

unable to resist the violen ce of the torrents , and severa l of th e 1r r idersperished with them . The sad calvacade at length on the 18th of Decemb er , entered G ranada which a few years before , she h ad W i th somany acts of cru elty wrested from i ts rightfu l own ers , the M oors , and the

body of the queen was deposi ted in the monastery she had named .

A PPENDIX V .

A brill iant Roman Catholic orator , Daniel Dougherty , in his speech at

t he open ing of the Catholic Congress at Baltimore , M d ., i n the year 1889

expressed himself thus $“The peopl e in the Un ited S tate s —aye , of the hemisphere—are prepar

i ng to celebrate the400th ann iversary of the discovery of A meri ca . We

especially rejoice in this resolve . That tremendous event—with reverenceI may say the second creation —the finding of a new world and the vastresults that have flowed to human i ty , all can be traced d i rectly to the R 0man Catholic Church a lone . Protestant ism was unknown when A mericawas discovered . L et the studen ts , th e scholars , poets , historians , se arch

“

the archives o f Spain ,the l ibraries of Europe , and th e deeper the re

search the more the glory wi ll adorn the brow of Catholicity .

It was the Cathol ic Columbus , with a Cathol ic crew,who sai l ed away out

for mon ths upon an unknown sea , where ship had n ever sai led before .

It was to spread the Cathol ic fa ith that the sub l ime risk was run .

Presum ing the orator fa i thfully reflected the bel ief and designs of thepapacy , the que st ion , Wh o discovered A merica $ becomes m ore interesti ng tho

’

i t would not follow that , because a country was discovered by a

Catholic , i ts people should be subj ects of the Pope ; nor does i t follow thatbecau se Columbus d iscovered an i sland , or several islands i n some distantocean

,he shou ld be awarded the glory . of discovering a great continen t

hundreds of m ile s away . Columbus di scovered South A merica in 1498,

. i t i s true ; but John Cabot , i n the employ of Henry VII . of England , hadd iscovered the con t in ent of North A merica i n 1497, June 24th , and had

s alied all along from latitude 67a}O to on the coast of Virgin ia .

Under the head John Cabot, p. 23,“D ictionnai re d a X IX S iecle ,

found th e following $

“John Cabot . a celebrated Venetian navigator in the service of England,

completed the d iscovery of the newworld by fi rst putting foot upon theA merican con tinent. It i s known in fact that Christopher Columbus , inthe t imeof his fi rst voyage , had not touched the continent , but on ly a partof the archipelago of the A nti lles .

4John Cabot was of Ven ice , but his commercial relations having fixed h im

with his family at Bristol , be adopted England for his country .

“John Cabot set sai l in the spring of 1497 for the cont inent of A merica .“

H is son Sebastian made a report of the voyage , in which land was d iscov~

ered on the 24th of Jun e.

It was inhabited , and Sebastian gives aninteresting description of the natives and of the animal s found there ,which descn ption corresponds well with the facts as they were at that time ..

This first land '

which Cabot discovered was Labrador . H e then sa i l edsouth as far as the cape of Florida , and returned to Bristol with a rich.

cargo and three savages , l iving witness of h is di scovery of the A mericancontin ent , upon 'Which Columbus landed only one year after , i . e . .

“In real ity one maywel l say that he who tru ly d iscovered the A meri cancontinent , if not theNew World , was John Cabot .

M oreover , the historian Purcha s proposed naming th i s contin ent Caba h

tiana .

’

“O n his return to England , John Cabot was received with a. d i stinctionso great , that a long t ime afterwards thehistorian s wrote

‘John Cabot was to England what Christopher Columbus was to Spa in ;the latter showed the island s to the Span iards , the former d i scovered thecontinen t of A merica for the English .

’

L a Rou sse , the author of thi s huge “D ictionnaire , consi sting of 15

ponderou s volumes , being a Frenchman, cannot be accused of partial ity

to England .

Columbu s was a bigoted Roman i st , as he showed not only by his letters .

but by his treatm en t of the nat ives of the W est Indies . It i s a. prin cipleof Roman ism that non-catholi c nation s have no rights that Roman Ca tho

lics n eed to respect ; hence we find Columbu s sending 500 of the peaceable , happy nat ives to Spain to be sold l ike cattle ; at other time s bu tchering

‘

them to reduce them to slavery $ It i s estimated that Columbu s afldl

other Span i sh leaders destroyed the l ives of of natives in the

i slands , in M exico , Central A merica and South A mer ica $We are wi lling to con cede to Danie l Dougherty the glory of these

Span i sh , Roman Cathol ic plunderers,with that of Rom i sh M exico , Cen

tral A m erica , Sou th A m erica and the Vt’ est Indies ; but the glory of f reeA merica—the Un ited S tates—is the victory of the Protestanti sm of Eng

land over the bigoted Catholici smof Spain and of Rome .

A dm iral Coligny of Fran ce , with a vi ew of afford ing an asylum for theFrench Protestants to escape the terrible p ersecution s of Roman i sm ,

founded a colony of them in Brazil , 1555 but they weremassacred as h ereticsby the Span iards in 1558 (V . De B ry

— A merica . )

35

A gain the valiant Coligny sent a colony toFlorida in 1562. The intolerant and fanatical Philip e IL ,

true to the principles of Roman ism , sent500 soldiers under Pedro M enendez with orders to de stroy the heretics .

By treachery M en endez gained the confidenc e of theFrench,and then

murdered every one of them ,men , women and ch i ldren lf —ln all

,400 inno

cent,unoffending people .

His last act before committing these murders was attendance at mass .M enendez hanged a great many of these Protestants to the branches of

a tre e to which he affixed a wr iting to this effect“These have been pun ished , not as Frenchmen , but as L utherans and

hereti cs . ’

This occurred early in S ep tember 1564, and rece1ved the approbationof the courts of Spam andFrance , and of the Church of Rome $Y es . my dear Dan

,the deeper the research

,the more ( this kind ) of

glory will adorn the brow of Cathol ici ty . Th i s time “i t was fuchl the

Catholic Columbus with a Catholi c crew ; but i t was Cathol ic M enendez ;and i t i s hard to tell which was the most faithful Cathol ic , or the most uhChr istian man .

Only 24years later , Roman Ca tholic S pa in ,find ing that Protestant

England could not otherwis e be prevented from establishing Protestantcolon ie s in North A merica , determ ined to subjugate England itself. Forthis purpose , the Invincible A rmada

,the grandest war-fleet ever brought

together , blessed by the Pope , and a ssi sted by an immense army , set outfrom the Tagus river on the 29th day of M ay 1588 . It reached the shore sof England , where a tremendous naval-battl e was fought

,and Prote st-ant

England was triumphan t.Do you not see , my dear Dan , that this great Protestan t nation has

grown up,not by the ai d of Roman Cathol icism , but in spite of i t ; and

that the celebration of our400th ann iversary,i s the celebration of a Pro

testant triumph of400 years duration over the ignoran ce . superstition ,

and fierce fanati cism of the papacy $It could easily be shown that the rise , pregress , prosperity , and happi

ness of these Un ited S tates owes far more to the honesty, manl ine ss and

subl ime courage of M artin Luther than to Christopher Columbus .

36

CONCLUSIO NS uch were the public life , the publ ic acts , and real character of Queen

Isabella ; the first Catholic Queen of Spain . The great publ ic acts of herl ife were the establishmen t of the Span i sh Inqu isition i n 1487 ; the sub

j ection , destruction and expulsion of the M oors ; the robbery of the Jewsand their expuls ion from her kingdom ; and ,

lastly, her tardy recogn i

tion of Columbus , and parsimonious en couragemen t and support of h isgreat enterpri se .

The candid reader of thi s l ittle work , wil l not know everything aboutQueen Isabella , but wil l have a fair understanding of her mos t importantacts .

Her apologists aver that she was driven by her ghostly advi sers -herconfes sors

,the card inal s

,and other d ign itaries of the Romi sh hierarchy

to establi sh the Inqu is ition to destroy the M oors , who, tho’M ohammedans ,

were a highly refined people , and to expel the Jews . If this avermen t istrue , she was certainly a weak and p i tiable monarch . That she was gu idedby the councils of

'

th e Rom i sh church,I wil l not deny ; but that she was

obliged to take its council and act upon i t seems hardly credible . If shewas the tool of th e church

,she does not deserve a statue i n these Un ited

States ; if she establ i shed the inquisition , perse cuted the Jews and destroyed and exiled the M oors because not of her faith , then i s she stillnot deserving .

A s to her ass isting Columbus in the effort to sail wes tward across the

A tlantic Ocean to reach the Indies , l ittle credit shou ld be g iven her .

Far more is due to the Pinzon family , whowere experien ced and wealthynavigators . They li sten ed to Co lumbu s , approved his s cheme , and

furn i shed h im with one vessel and cr ew at their own expen se .

The queen authorized Co lumbus to seize two more and impress theircrews

,and in th i s way he obtained them $ (See Irving ’ s Life and Voya

ges of Columbus , B . p. The smal l sum of mon eyg ivcn to the

great discoverer really came from the coffers of A ragon . (See p. 1 12 ,

ame author . )

Thus it seems the l ittle a id she rea l ly extended h im ,she sto le from her

Spanish subj ects . Does such a woman deserve a statue a t th e hands ofFree and honest A merican ci tizen s $B ut suppose we interrogate the native inhabitan ts of the West Ind ies

and of South A meri ca , where we find that the subj ects of this darlingqueen put to dea th , by the mo st fiend i sh tortures , the most atrociouseruelties ever devi sed byhuman ingenuity, about fi fteen m illions of inno

37

cent and happy peO ple l In Irving ’ s great work; ab ove ci ted , we find q uo

tations fromthe diary of Columbus,showing that the natives of these Is

lands and of the ma inland al so were of the most gentle and amiable character . They received Columbus and his Span ish crews with open arms ,and entertained them with a hospitality such a s

‘

no Christian“

nation on

earth would have granted them,-giving them food when starving ,

fur

mishing them a id when strand ed on their shores—yea , even granting theiryoung women to them for W ives . In

' return for so great favors the Spaniarde enslaved them , worked them under the lash till rel ieved by death ,and. compelled them by fi ery tor tures to bring in and del iver up theirtreasures , and th en con tinued the tortures

l

unto dea th in hopes to forcethem to bring stil l more $A s the subj ects of a sovereign are an honor to her when they are wi se ,

brave and good , so must she bear the disgrace when they are ignorant ,bigoted and bruti sh . Like subj ects l ike sovereigns . If the sovere ignéstablishes an Inqui sition

, which tortures to death and burns alive thousandsof her most upright and most in telligent subj ects and confiscates theie states ; if she robs and cruel ly ex i l es whole races of good citizen s and

sel ls them into hopeless slavery, in order to her own aggrandizement ,

what can she expect from her subj ects $The history of Spain from Isabella ’ s time to our day i s a fair an swer

to this question .

A UTH OR .

FIN I S .

38

or run SPLENDID M ONUM ENI‘or

ANDH IS FOUR CD-M ARTYRS,1.ZK 14i n c h e s — S u i t a b l e fo r Fr a m i n g .

wig—a s c e n t s wfi —‘a

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C H A S E 130 37

5 ,

6 8 1 F$

S t r e e t,N . W

WA SHING TON ,D.

E tern a l V i g i lan ce i s th e P r i ce of L i b er ty.

”

T h e P rotestan t an da rd ,

T he on ly fearless and. independen t advocate on th is continent.

A n 8-page , fi fty-six colum n paper , fi lled to th e b r im week ly w i thm atter of vi ta l impor tan ce to A m er i can P rotestan t s.

PDB L IS H ED A T 9 08 FIL B E R T s'r . , P H IL A DE L P H IA , P A .

T h e PR O TESTANT STANDAR D , now i n th e T WELFTH Y EAR of i ts publi cation , fi lls a place inmerican j ournali sm whi ch was long vacant .It i s NO N-SECTAR IAN and NO N-PAR TISAN therefore i t claims to be th e only Fear less and Inde

pendent Advocate on thi s con tinent . B eli eving the Church of R ome to be th e great enemy of civi lan d religious liberty, the STANDARD incessantly combats that gi antic con spiracy agai nst th e li berties of .mank ind , and especi ally exhorts A meri cans to resi st t e encroachments of Rome, andto denounce and defeat at the ballot-box th e arrogant assumptions and evi l designs of a toe swornto di sorgani ze and overthrow the free i nsti tuti ons of our grand R epubl i c .

T he J esui ts have been rehabi l i tated by Pope L eo XIII, and these pesti ferou s m i schi ef-makersmay be expected to be more active than ever i n our m idst , resolved to gai n in thi s NewWorldWhat the Papacy h as lost in the OldWorld . T h e

'

tlmes demand a corresponding vigi lance, energyand enthusi asm on th e part of Protestan ts and all true lovers of liberty. T herefore we respectfully invi te th e patronage and co-operation of th e fri ends of a f ree press f ree speech , f ree schoolsIn di sseminating th e truth through th e column s of the PR O TESTANT STANDAR D .

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T h e PR O TESTANT STANDAR D i s doi ng a great work and i sworthy of support . It i s th e only

true blue, grand old truth-teller i n th e land . G od bless th e P R orEs'rA NT STANDARD $ L ongmayi t wave —[R ev. J ustin D. Fu lton , D. D .

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40P L A T FO R M O FT H E‘

1 . R estri ction of immigration by tax or otherwi se .

2. Ex tensi on of time req ui red for n aturali zation to at least ten years , and none b u t ci ti zensof th e Un i ted S tates , wh o are ab le to read and wri te th e Engli sh language , be perm i tted to vote.

3. B allot reform .4. A n uns ectar i an Free School System , Where on ly th e Engli sh language i s taught .5. Compu lsory educati on i n th e Publi c S chools of all chi ldren above th e ages of six years .

6 T hat no publi c funds or publi c proper ty shall , under any preten se whatever , whether enati onal , reformatory, penal or char i tab le, be devoted to the use of popi sh , mormon , or any otherreligi ous pol i ti cal body hosti le to Am er i can li berty .

7. T h e taxation of all property, state and n ati onal i ncluded .

8 . Everymeasure that wi ll promote temperance , morali ty and obed ience to law.

9 .—A law forb i ddi ng a R oman i st from holdi ng any posi tion i n th e Publi c School System of any

k i nd whatever. A law forb i dding th e teachi ng of the creed , form or ceremon i es of any sec t, re

l i gi ous organ i zati on or soci ety i n Publi c S chools .

10. A n fi nally , T IIE P A T R IQ r i c AM ER ICAN W 111 uphold to th e best of i ts abi li ty th e cause ofth e i ndependen t and patri oti c c i ti zen wh o W 111 n ot cr i nge th e k nee to pop i sh pri es t or nun , that

pelt may follow fawn i ng.

T h e P a t r i o t i c A m e r i c a n,

I S S U E D W E K E L Y .

—P e r‘

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R AT E S T O CL UB S .

T oC lub s of 10 or more . each T o C lubs of 50 or more . each .

T o Clubs of 25or more each . . T o Clubs of 100 or each . 100 00

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O FFI CE , 2 2 7 J EFFE R S O N AVE N U E , DE T R O I T , M i en .

A R G H B IS H O P L Y N CH’

S

Answers toProtestant QuestlonsandObjections

R EVIEWED, W IT H A P PENDICES ,

B y R E V . T . FE N W I CK ,

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In cloth , In paper covers , 60 cen ts , pos tpaid . Can be hadfrom the author .

41E s t a b l i s h e d 1 8 34.

(T H E FAI T H FUL M E S S E N G E R ) ,

A French Evangelical Reviewor10 to 24pages, double columns.

H a s a n E ng l i sh D epa r tm en t o f on e to th re e pag e s .

The fi rst and only French M ethod ist publ ication on this continen t .

Every M ethodist that can read Fren ch , o r would l ike to l earn French ,

ought to take i t. Try i t for one year .

O n e D o l l a r p e r A r nn u m .

Pub l ished by R ev . T h os . A . Dorion ,

Pastor of the French M . E . Church ,

28 P e n a c o ok S tr e e t ,“

h i a n c h e s te r , N . H .

BOYS, A. M . , M D. and LL. B. ,

or thi s pamphlet,of “ T h e

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