t he c old w ar b egins chapter 36 1945 - 1952 p ostwar e conomic a nxiety gross national product...
TRANSCRIPT
POSTWAR ECONOMIC ANXIETY
Gross National Product Prices Strikes swept country
1946 = 4.6 million
Taft-Hartley Act Made unions liable for damages that resulted
from jurisdiction disputes among themselves, required union leaders to take non- communist oath
Slowed the growth of organized labor
CONT. Democratic Administration
Sold war factories
Employment Act of 1946 Promote maximum employment, production, and
purchasing power 3 member Council of Advisers
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act = 1944 GI Bill Schooling Veterans Administration = VA
$16 billion in loans = homes / businesses
ECONOMIC BOOM
1950 = American economy surged National income doubled Doubled again = 1960
Cars, swimming pools, backyards, vacations
90% owned televisions
Employment for females = service sector of economy Eventually sparked feminist revolt
CONT. Colossal military budget
“Permanent War Economy” Korean War Pentagon dollars primed the pumps
Aerospace, plastics, electronics Scientific Research
Cheap Energy Petroleum, Oil Highways Air-conditioning
School / Farming Better educated / better equipped Productivity
SUNBELT
Population redistribution 30 million people changed residences every year Advice books
Sunbelt 15-state area New-frontier
Better jobs, better climate, lower taxes Federally financed
Economic war between the states
SUBURBS
“Suburbanites” Government polices
encouraged movement FHA / VA
Tax deductions
Highways = commuters
1960 = 1 in 4 lived in burbs “White Flight” Segregation Suburban shopping
malls
Construction boomed Levittown Revolutionized
techniques in construction
BABY BOOM
Baby Boom Increase in birth rate after 1945 50 million babies by end of 1950’s Height =1957
Baby born every 7 seconds
Boom or Bust cycle Strained/distort American life
Elementary schools Swell then decline
TRUMAN
Harry S. Truman “The average man’s average man” No college education Veteran Scrappy “The buck stops here”
YALTA CONFERENCE
February 1945 = Big Three met FDR, Churchill, Stalin
Black Sea
Occupation zones in Germany Poland = Revised boundaries,
representative government Bulgaria / Romania = Free
elections
United Nations
Atomic Bomb
Stalin agrees to help in Pacific Islands Control over RR in
Manchuria Control over sea
ports Dairen / Port
Arthur
POSTWAR WORLD
Bretton Woods Conference New Hampshire = 1944 Western Allies Established International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Encourage world trade = regulating currency exchange rates
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development = World Bank Promote economic growth in war-raged and
underdeveloped areas U.S. supplies most of funding
CONT.
United Nations April 23, 1945 San Francisco 50 nations Prevent another great-power war New York City
UNESCO = United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
FAO = Food and Agricultural Organization
WHO = World Health Organization
GERMANY
Nuremberg War Crimes Trial = 1945-46 Punish Nazi leaders
Crimes against laws of war, humanity, and plotting aggressions
12 = Hung 7 = Long term jails Other trials continued for years = 200+
SOVIET UNION
Soviet Union suffered huge losses during WWII Justified in claims to Eastern Europe
Installed communist governments Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and
Poland
Satellite Nations = Dominated by the Soviets
STRUGGLE OVER GERMANY
German Reunification?Split into 4 zones
1948Britain, France, and U.S. combined zones
Western Berlin was occupied by the French Soviets surrounded Berlin
Stalin wanted to take over Berlin 1948 --- closed all highway and R.R. into West Berlin
BERLIN
Berlin AirliftFly in food and
supplies 327 days
227,000 flights
2.3 million tons of supplies
1949 = Soviets lifted blockade
CONTAINMENT
Containment Doctrine Taking measures to prevent any
extension of communist rule to other countries
Europe divided into 2 political regions Democratic Western Europe Communist Eastern Europe
Iron Curtain Division of Europe
GERMANY
West part of Germany became a new nation Federal Republic of
Germany = West Germany Included West Berlin
Soviet Union created German Democratic
Republic = East Germany Included East Berlin
COLD WAR
Cold War = 1945 - 1991Conflicting U.S. and Soviet aims in Eastern
Europe Never directly confronting each other
Race to dominate
Truman Doctrine = 1947“It must be the policy of the U.S. to
support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures” Greece / Turkey
$400 million
MARSHALL PLAN
July 1947 Paris = Economic Recovery George Marshall = Sec. of State
Provide aid to all European Nations that needed itMarshall Plan
Europe in Chaos Factories bombed Millions living in refugee camps Bitter winter 1946-47
Damaged crops Frozen rivers – transportation – fuel shortage
AMERICA BEGINS TO REARM
National Security Act = 1947 Department of Defense Pentagon Secretary of Defense
Civilian secretaries = navy, army, and air force = Joint Chiefs of Staff
National Security Council Advise the president on security matters
CIA = 1948 Coordinate the government’s foreign fact
gathering
NATO April 4, 1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization = NATO
Defensive Military alliance Pledged military support to one another
First time the U.S. entered into an alliance during peacetime
Standing military = 500,000 troops Thousands of planes, tanks, and supplies
128 Countries today
“To keep the Russians out, the Germans down, and the Americans in”
RECONSTRUCTION / ASIA
Japan Under command of Douglas MacArthur
Democratization of Japan
Top war criminals tried 1946 – 48
MacArthur dictated-Constitution
CHINA 1945
Northern China was under Communist control
After WWII --- Nationalists and the Communists ceased cooperation Civil War erupted
1944 – 1947 U.S. played peacemaker
Supported the Nationalists Chiang Kai-shek $2 Billion worth of military equipment
and supplies No soldiers
CHINA CONT. Communists
Mao Zedong Peasants support
Read / Write Improve food production Flocked to Communists’ Red Army
Nationalists - weak and corrupt Leader fled to Taiwan --- Chiang Kai-shek
May 1949 Communists ruled all of mainland China
CHINA CONT.
China’s New GovernmentPeople’s Republic of China
U.S. refused to recognize Containment failed Attacked Truman
American fear of Communism began to burn out of control
RACE TO TOP
September 1949 Soviets explode A-Bomb
Development of H-Bomb City smashing thermonuclear weapon More powerful than the A-Bomb U.S. = 1952 Soviets = 1953
Nuclear Superiority
COMMUNISTS
Feared communist Spies
Truman soft??
1947 = Loyalty program Disloyal organizations
Loyalty Review Board Investigated more than 3 million federal employees
3,000 resigned / dismissed Loyalty oaths
SPIES
House Un-American Activities Committee = (HUAC) Movie industry = propaganda 43 subpoenaed
Hollywood Ten Refused to testify Sent to prison
Blacklist 500 actors
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Spies “Leaked” atomic data to Moscow Convicted = 1951
Electric Chair
SPIES
Alger Hiss Former State Department official
Whittaker Chambers = former spy accused Hiss of spying Too long ago
Hiss convicted of perjury Nixon prosecuted him
ELECTION 1948
Republicans = Thomas E. Dewey
Democrats = Harry Truman Democrats split vote
South – “Dixiecrats”
Truman’s “Give’em Hell Speeches” “Whistle Top Campaign”
Civil Rights Labor Benefits Health Insurances
Truman pulls off a victory
KOREAN WAR
Japan annexed Korea in 1910Ruled until August 1945
38th Parallel – North Latitude North = Soviets = Communist South = Americans = Democratic
1948 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea = North
Korea Republic of Korea = South Korea
KOREAN WAR
June 25, 1950 North Korea swept across the 38th Parallel
Korean War begins
June 27 Truman ordered troops stationed in Japan to
support South Korea 16 nations sent 520,000 troops / aid
90% - American troops Under command = General Douglas
MacArthur
U.S. FIGHTS
North Korea ---- unstoppable Driving deep into South Korea
MacArthur launched a surprise counterattack Surrounded troops Pushed North Korean troops across line and deep
into North Korea
CHINA FIGHTS BACK China’s foreign minister warned
“his country would not stand idly by and let the Americans come to the border”
November 1950300,000 Chinese troops joined North Korea
Wanted North Korea as communist buffer state
Main opponents of war China v. United States
CONT.
Chinese outnumbered UN forces10 to 1
UN and South Korean troops pushed out of North Korea Lost control of South Korean Capital
Seoul
MACARTHUR
1951 MacArthur wants to attack China
Nuclear weapons against Chinese cities
Truman rejected idea Soviet Union had mutual-assistance pact with China
WWIII??
“Wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy”
MACARTHUR VERSES TRUMAN
MacArthur continued to urge full scale war against China Tried to go over presidents head Spoke / wrote privately to newspaper and
magazine publishers Refused warnings to follow orders
April 11, 1951 Truman fired MacArthur
STALEMATE June 23, 1951
Soviet Union suggested a cease-fire Truce talks began in July
Reached an agreement Cease fire line--- existing battle line Established a demilitarized zone between the
opposing sides
Spent another year arguing over POW’s
July 1953Two sides signed an Armistice
Ending the War
CONT.
Agreement was Stalemate North Korea pushed back Communism contained
No use of atomic weapons Korea 2 nations
54,000 American died
Cost $67 Billion
Increased fear of Communism in the United States
Country First test Most recent test Total tests Estimated warheads
United States 1945 1992 1,054 7,650
Russia 1949 1990 715 8,420
United Kingdom 1952 1991 45 225
France 1960 1996 210 300
China 1964 1996 45 240
India 1974 1998 6 80-100
Pakistan 1998 1998 6 90-110
North Korea 2006 2013 3 Fewer than 10
Israel No confirmed test
No confirmed test
No confirmed test 80
Iran No confirmed test
No confirmed test
No confirmed test 0