system of systems classification
TRANSCRIPT
Directed SoS are owned by a single
organization and are developed by
integrating systems that are also
owned by that organization.
This means that there can be a single
policy making (governance) body
within the organization that can
direct the implementation of system
policies.
The system elements may come from
different parts of an organization and
may be independently managed.
Collaborative SoS are systems where
constituent independent systems are
owned and governed by different
organizations.
This governing body cannot direct
the implementation of policy as this
might conflict with the interests of
system owners.
Virtual systems have no central
governance and the participants may
not agree on the overall purpose of
the system.
Organizations may participate in the
SoS because it meets some
immediate need but may withdraw at
any time
Governance is not the same as
management. Governance is about
aims and objectives; management is
about realizing these objectives
Governance-based classification
Directed = Organizational
Collaborative = Federated
Virtual = Coalitions
Organizational systems of systems
are SoS where the governance and
management of the system lies
within the same organization or
company.
An e-procurement system for a large
company that includes an ordering
system, an accounting system and
an asset management system
Federated systems are SoS where
the governance of the SoS depends
on a voluntary participative body in
which all of the system owners are
represented.
System of system coalitions are SoS
where there are no formal
governance mechanisms but where
the organizations involved informally
collaborate and manage their own
systems to maintain the system as a
whole.
An algorithmic stock trading system
that includes individual trading
systems from different companies
that deal directly with each other
To create a digital learning
environment, the technical digital
learning system has to be integrated
into a SoS with network management
and school administration systems.
There is no common governance
process across authorities so,
according to the classification
scheme, this is a coalition of
systems.