BiologyCh. 15

BiologyCh. 15

Classification

Systems

Classification

Systems

CH.15 Classification SystemsCH.15 Classification SystemsTaxonomyTaxonomy:

- the science of classification

I. Why Classify?I. Why Classify?A.A. Reasons for ClassifyingReasons for Classifying

1. Convenience

2. Communication

3. Studying and understanding

B.Characteristics of Scientific Classification

B.Characteristics of Scientific Classification

1. Unique, universal name for organisms

2. Puts organisms into meaningful groups

II. Biological Classification

II. Biological Classification

A.A. Aristotle:Aristotle:- devised first classification system- 2 kingdoms: Plants and

Animals- 2 problems:

1. superficial classification2. used common names

B.Disadvantages of Common Names

1. Confusing

Puma concolorPuma concolor

- ex. mountain lion, cougar, puma, catamount, panther

2. Misleading2. Misleading- ex. starfish, jellyfish, cuttlefish,

silverfish, crawfish

2. Misleading2. Misleading- ex. starfish, jellyfish, cuttlefish,

silverfish, crawfish- none are

fish

3. Language Problems3. Language Problems

- local names- names used by different

languages

C. Carolus LinnaeusC. Carolus Linnaeus- developed

modern classification system

- Swedish

botanist

(1700’s)

- 2 important innovations:

AnimaliaChordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Canidae Canis

Canis lupus

KingdomPhylum

ClassOrder

FamilyGenusSpecies

1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings

1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings

KingPhillip

comesoften

for ginger

snaps

AnimaliaChordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Canidae Canis

lupus

KingdomPhylum

ClassOrder

FamilyGenusSpecies

1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings

1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

FamilyGenus

Species

- Order Carnivora

2. Binomial Nomenclature2. Binomial Nomenclature

- two-word naming system: genus & species- gives a unique,

universal name for every species

Carolus Linnaeus

Honey Bee

Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris, utrinque margine ciliatus

Apis mellifera

a.Genus:a.Genus:- 1st word, small group- usually a Latin noun, capitalized

b.b.Species:Species:- 2nd word, particular type- Latin adjective, lower case

c. Examples:c. Examples:- Homo sapiens humans- Tyrannosaurus rex

- Acer macrophyllum bigleaf maple- Acer rubrum red maple- Acer saccharum sugar maple

- Sequoia gigantum giant sequoia- Tsuga heterophyllum western

hemlock- Pseudotsuga menziesiiDouglas-fir

TheTheTheThe

EndEndEndEnd

III. Taxonomy TodayIII. Taxonomy Today- Classification systems

change constantly

- Taxonomists do not agree on how to classify organisms(lumpers vs. splitters)

- Species is the only "real" (natural) taxonomic grouping

A. Taxonomy and EvolutionA. Taxonomy and Evolution

- taxonomy reflects evolutionary relationships

Phylogeny of Bears

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

MYA

- The greater the similarities in certain organic compounds, the more closely related organisms are.

- DNA, RNA, & certain common proteins can be compared between organisms.

B. Biochemical TaxonomyB. Biochemical Taxonomy

Six Kingdom

s

IV. Six-Kingdom SystemIV. Six-Kingdom System

Cell Cell Mode ofKingdom TypeNumberNutrition Examples

ArchaeaEubacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia

IV. Six-Kingdom SystemIV. Six-Kingdom System

P = Prokaryote, E = EukaryoteU = Unicellular, M = MulticellularA = Autotroph, H = Heterotroph

PPEEEE

UU

U/mM/uMM

H/AH/AH/AHAH

bacteriabacteria

algae, protozoa

mushrooms,

mold

trees, grassinsects, worms

humans

Three Domai

ns

- A newer system