synthesis)of)arctic)research)(soar):)physics) … · 2019-10-14 ·...
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OCSStudy BOEM20180017
Synthesis)of)Arctic)Research)(SOAR))Physics) to)Marine)Mammals)in)the)Pacific)Arctic) Final)Report)
)
US)Department)of)Commerce) National)Oceanographic)and)Atmospheric)Administration) Final)13)June)2018)
DISCLAIMER))
ThisstudywasfundedinpartbytheUSDepartmentoftheInteriorBureauofOceanEnergyManagementEnvironmentalStudiesProgramWashingtonDCthrough InteragencyAgreementNumberM11PG00034withtheUSDepartmentofCommerceNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationOfficeofOceanicandAtmospheric ResearchThisreporthasbeentechnicallyreviewedbyBOEMandithasbeenapprovedforpublicationTheviewsandconclusionscontainedinthisdocumentarethoseoftheauthorsandshouldnotbeinterpretedasrepresentingtheopinionsorpoliciesoftheUS Governmentnordoesmentionoftradenamesorcommercialproductsconstituteendorsementorrecommendationforuse)
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REPORT)AVAILABILITY)
TodownloadaPDFfileofthisAlaskaOCSRegionreportgototheUSDepartmentoftheInteriorBureauofOceanEnergyManagementEnvironmentalStudiesProgram InformationSystemwebsiteandsearchonOCSStudyBOEM20180017
ThisreportcanbeviewedatselectFederalDepositoryLibrariesItcanalsobeobtainedfromtheNationalTechnicalInformationServicethecontactinformationisbelow
USDepartmentofCommerceNationalTechnicalInformationService 5301ShawneeRd SpringfieldVA22312Phone(703)605060001(800)55306847 Fax(703)60506900 Websitehttpwwwntisgov
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CITATION)
MooreSEStabenoPJSheffieldGuyLMVanPeltTI2018SynthesisofArctic Research(SOAR)PhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArcticUSDeptoftheInteriorBureauofOceanEnergyManagementAlaskaOCSRegionAnchorageOCSStudy BOEM2018001761pp
2
Synthesis)of)Arctic)Research)(SOAR))
Physics)to)Marine)Mammals)in)the)Pacific)Arctic) FINAL)REPORT)mdash)June)13)2018)
Prepared)forEnvironmentalStudiesProgramAlaskaOuterContinentalShelfRegionBureauofOceanEnergyManagement3801CenterpointDriveSuite500 AnchorageAlaska99503
Authors) DrSueEMoore DrPhyllisJStabeno NMFSScienceampTechnology OARPacificMarineEnvironmentalLaboratory 7600SandPointWayNE 7600SandPointWayNE SeattleWA98115 SeattleWA98115 SueMoorenoaagov PhyllisStabenonoaagov 206052606889 206052606453 LisaSheffieldGuy ThomasVanPelt ARCUS UWJISAO 3535CollegeRoadSuite101 7600SandPointWayNE FairbanksAlaska99709 SeattleWA98115lisaarcusorg thomasvanpeltnoaagov 907047401600 907024207725
Project)Status))) ) Completed Start)date) 20May2011 End)date) ) 15June2018 Project)Duration 7years
3
Contents)
ListofFiguresv
ListofTablesv
Introduction6 Background7
Objectivesandmethods10 Objectives10 Methods10 Taskframework10 Taskdetail11 SOARPhase1andSOARPhase213
Results13 FoundationaltasksSciencesteeringcommitteeandworkshop13 TheSOARSciencesteeringcommittee13 SOARWorkshopndashMarch201214
Scienceproductandcommunicationtasks16 Peer0reviewedpublicationsmdashPhase1 16Peer0reviewedpublicationsmdashPhase2 18presentationsandpostersatscientificmeetings20 Othercommunicationofsynthesisapproachandproducts 20
Synthesissummaryanddiscussion20 SOARPhaseI20 SOARPhaseII34 OverallSOARContextandconclusion44
Literaturecited46
AppendixAndashListofSOAR2012workshopattendees54
AppendixBndashListofSOARcontributorsandinstitutions56
AppendixCndashListofSOARcontributorpresentationsatscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinars58
4
List)of)Figures)
Figure1Mapofstudyareashowingprincipalcurrents(redlines)andmeansea0icemaximum (spring)andminimum(fall)extent(MooreandStabeno2015)7
Figure2CoverofthefirstSOARspecialissueProgressinOceanographyVol13616
Figure3HighlightsofrecentbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem21
Figure4Generalizedconceptualmodeldepictingtheinfluenceofseaiceonpelagic0benthiccoupling onPacificArcticcontinentalshelves24
Figure5Marinebirdsandmammalsareuppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesthatreflectecosystem alterationsbychangesinhabitatuse(extrinsic)andbodycondition(intrinsic)revealing fundamentalchangesinmarineecosystems27
Figure6ComponentsoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelndashlinkingpelagic0benthic couplingandadvectivemodelstoderiveaseasonalmodelforthePacificArcticframedby contiguousdomains32
Figure7TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodeldepictingseasonalbiophysicalpulsesin threeecologicaldomainsacrossalatitudinalgradientoverthecourseofanannualcycleinthe PacificArcticregion(MooreandStabeno2015)33
Figure8Paperscomprisingtheforthcoming20182ndSOARspecialissue(tobepublishedinDeep0 SeaResearchPartII)identifiedbyleadauthorandorganizedbyecologicaldomainsthatframe theArcticMarinePulsesmodel(Mooreetalinpress)35
List)of)Tables)
Table1ListofScienceSteeringCommitteemembersandinstitutions13
Table2ListofSOARSSCTeleconferencesandin0personmeetings14
Table3Papersincludedinthe2015SOARspecialissueofProgressinOceanography17
Table4PaperstoappearintheSOAR2ndPhasespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchPartII18
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INTRODUCTION)
ChangestothephysicalenvironmentoftheUSArcticOuterContinentalShelf(OCS)aredrivingshiftsinthedistributionandbehaviorofanumberofprotectedmarinemammalspeciesthatinhabitthosewatersThesamespeciesmaybeaffectedbyoilandgasactivities withinOCSPlanningAreaswithstrongpotentialfordeleteriousinteractionsbetweennaturalandhumaninducedphenomenaEnvironmentalregulations(egNEPAtheESAandthe MMPA)requiretheBureauofOceanEnergyManagement(BOEM)toevaluatewhetherand howfederalactionsassociatedwithoilandgasdevelopmentmayaffecttheseprotectedspeciesandthemarineenvironmentonwhichtheydependInformationonoceancirculation andhydrographyisusefulfortheseevaluationsaswellasforinputintomodelsusedtopredicttheoutcomeofoilspillsHoweverphysicsalonecannotpredicthowprotected speciesandthemarineecosystemsuponwhichtheydependwillrespondtonaturalandanthropogenicforcingGivenrecentinvestmentsbyBOEMotherfederalagencies(egNOAA USGSNSF)andtheoilandgasindustryininterdisciplinarybiologicalandoceanographicresearchinthePacificArcticregion(PAR)asynthesisofresultsofcompletedandongoingstudieswillhelptoinformmanagementdecision0makersandtoguidefutureresearch activities
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)PhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArcticprojectprovidesaframeworkforasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompleted andongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheSOARprojectaimstoincreasescientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishandzooplankton)andmarinemammal distributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSeaSOARfurtheraimstoenhanceourcapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographic featuressuchascurrentsupwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorof marinemammalsandtheirpreyintheregionandtoeffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesis activitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArcticresidentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
InthisreportweprovidedetailonthebackgroundmethodsandresultsoftheSOARprojectandsummarizethescientificoutcomesacrossthefirstandsecondphasesofSOAR
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BACKGROUND
ThePacificArcticregioncompriseswatersnorthofStMatthewIsland(60degNlatitude)inthenorthernBeringChukchiBeaufortandEastSiberianseas(Grebmeieretal2010)Theregionisanin0flowsystemtotheArctic(Carmacketal2006)withthreedistinctwater massesflowingnorththroughBeringStraitthenbathymetricallychanneledacrosstheChukchiSeashelfandintotheBeaufortSeabasin(Fig1)Theannualadvanceandretreatof seaiceisthekeyphysicaldriverofprimaryproductiontrophicinteractionsandhumanaccessandactivitiesovertheentirePARThephysicalclimateofthePARischangingrapidlydrivingchangeacrosstheregionalmarineecosystems(GrebmeierandMaslowski2014)
Figure)1))Map)of)study)area)showing)principal)currents)(red)lines))and)mean)seaVice)maximum)(spring)) and)minimum)(fall))extent)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
Thesummerminimumsea0iceextentin2007and2008coveredanareathatwas37less thanthearealcoverageoftwodecadespriorand20lessthanthepreviousminimumcoveragein2005(Stroeveetal2008)Thepaceofthesechangeswasunexpectedasthe consensusoftheclimateresearchcommunitywasthatsuchchangeswouldnotbeseenfor
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another30years(WangandOverland2009)Thereductioninsea0iceareaopensupvastnew regionsoftheArcticOceantoincreasedabsorptionofsunlightandstorageofheatThisheat isreturnedtotheatmosphereinthefollowingautumnresultinginincreasedArctic temperaturesofmorethan5degCextendingthesea0icefreeseasonthroughNovemberandcausingchangesinwindpatternsThesephysicalchangestotheArcticsystemappeartobe irreversible
Marinemammalsrespondtochangesinseaiceaccordingtotheirdependencyonitforvitallifefunctions(MooreandHuntington2008Kovacsetal2010)InthePARthedramaticchangesinseasonalsea0iceextentandtypeappeartohaveprecipitatedchangesinmarine mammalmigrationandfeedingpatternsForexamplelargeaggregationsofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)feedroutinelynearBarrowfromlatesummerthroughautumna phenomenonpreviouslyconsideredlsquosporadicrsquo(Mooreetal2010)Graywhales(Eschrichtius robustus)consideredatemperatespeciescommonlyfeednearthebowheadwhaleswhereas thetwospeciesappearedtobespatiallyandtemporallysegregatedintheearly1980s(Mooreetal1986)
Inadditiontothechangesinmarinemammalecologyanorthwardshiftofsomefishspecies(egSpencer2008MueterandLitzow2008RandandLogerwell2010)andtheprevalenceof euphausiids(Thysanoessaspp)indicatedthatthetrophicstructureofthePARischangingEuphausiidsareimportantpreyforbowheadandgraywhales(Ashjianetal2010Bluhmet al2007)andpossiblyalsoforicesealsEuphausiidsarethoughttobetransportedintothe PARfromthenorthernBeringSeaasreproductionhasneverbeenobservedinwatersnorthofBeringStrait(Berlineetal2008)Coupledtothisisthegeneraldearthofinformationon distributionandabundanceofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)inthePARaspeciesconsideredessentialintheshorttrophicfoodwebscommontopolarmarineecosystems(Ainleyand DeMaster1990)Examinationandsynthesisofhownaturalandhuman0associated environmentalvariabilityimpactsmarinemammalsrequiresinvestigationofthebiophysical changestotrophicstructureanddynamicsoftheirfishandinvertebrateprey
During200502015BOEMmadeextensiveinvestmentsinmarinemammalandrelated oceanographicstudiesintheeasternhalfofthePAR(ietheInternationalDateLineeastto theCanadianBeaufort)Datafromthosestudieswillconsiderablyaugmentthebodyof knowledgefortheregionbutinterpretationwouldbeconstrainedifresultsarenot integratedwithotherresearcheffortsAddressingthisintegrationwasthegenesisofthe SOARprojecttoundertakesynthesisofresearchfromongoingBOEMstudiesinthePARwhichincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull BowheadWhaleFeedingVariabilityintheWesternAlaskanBeaufortSeaSatelliteTrackingofBowheadWhaleMovementsFeedingampOceanography
bull PassiveAcousticDetectionandMonitoringofEndangeredWhalesintheArctic
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bull EcosystemObservationsintheChukchiSeaBiophysicalMooringandClimateModeling
bull ChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea(COMIDA)ChemistryandBenthos
bull DistributionandRelativeAbundanceofMarineMammalsCOMIDAAerialSurveys
bull HannaShoalEcosystemStudy
bull MonitoringtheDistributionofArcticWhales(alsoknownasBWASP)
bull WalrusHabitatUseinthePotentialDrillingArea
bull PinnipedMovementsandForagingBeardedSeals
bull AssessingReproductionandBodyConditionoftheRingedSealnearSachsHarbourNorthwestTerritoryCanadathroughaHarvest0basedSamplingProgram
bull ArcticmarineresearchstudiessupportedthroughNationalOceanPartnership Program(NOPP)towhichBOEMcontributes
bull StudiesconductedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADFampG)andtheNorthSlopeBorough(NSB)underBOEMrsquosCoastalImpactAssistanceProgram(CIAP)
Dataandresultsfromrelated(butnotBOEM0funded)studiesthatalsocontributetotheSOAR includebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull NOAArsquosRUSALCAprogram(USA0RussiabilateralstudyoftheChukchiSea)
bull StudiessupportedbyNSFOfficeofPolarPrograms
bull StudiessupportedbytheLandscapeConservationCooperativeNetwork
bull StudiessupportedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishampGametheUSGeologicalSurveyandbytheUSFishampWildlifeService
bull Studiessupportedbyoilandgasindustry(egShellConocoPhillipsStatOilBritishPetroleum)relatedtomitigationandmonitoringofeffectsofoffshoreexplorationanddevelopmentonmarinemammalsandtheirenvironmentegtheChukchiSea EnvironmentalStudiesProgram(CSESP)
)
)
)
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OBJECTIVES)AND)METHODS)
)
OBJECTIVES
)
TheSOARprojectfocusedonthreeobjectives
1 Increasescientificunderstandingoftheinter0andintra0relationshipsofoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishand zooplankton)andmarinemammaldistributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisontheChukchiSealeaseareas
2 Enhancecapabilitytopredictchangesinoceanographicfeaturessuchascurrents upwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSea
3 EffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
)
METHODS
TASKFRAMEWORK
TheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojectwastouseavailableanalyticalandmodelingapproachestoidentifyandtesthypothesesthatcrossscientificdisciplinesSOARprovidesa frameworktosupportasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompletedandongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheframeworkconsistsofsixtasks
1 establishaScienceSteeringCommitteetoprovideleadershipandoversightforthe synthesisproject
2 conductaSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)WorkshopinvolvingPIsfromall relevantresearchprogramsto
i identifyanddevelopsciencesynthesisthemesii detailrequireddataandanalysesforeachtheme iii formAnalyticalTeamstosupporttheworkofeachsynthesisthemeiv listanticipatedworkproducts(iepeer0reviewedpapersandpresentations)
and
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v deriveameanstoarchivedataandmeta0datausedinsupportofthesynthesis 3 supportAnalyticalTeamdataintegrationandanalysisincludingtheme0based
meetingsasneeded 4 trackprogressofanalyticalworkviabi0monthlyteleconferencesandannualSCCAT0
updateworkshops 5 producescienceproductsincludingpresentationsatprofessionalmeetingsand
publicationofpeer0reviewedpapersasaSpecialIssueamporThemeSectionsinanappropriatescientificjournaland
6 communicatesynthesisapproachandfindingstolocalArcticresidentsresourcemanagersnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
TASKDETAIL
TASK)1)))ESTABLISH)AND)CONVENE)SCIENTIFIC)STEERING)COMMITTEE)
LeadershipandguidanceofthesynthesisprojectwasprovidedbyaScienceSteeringCommittee(SSC)formedofseniorscientistswithdecades0longexperienceinthePacific ArcticAttheinitialSSCmeetingthegroupidentifiedrelevantprojectsdeveloped provisionalsciencethemesandidentifiedpotentialparticipantsandleadersfor interdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsformedatthesubsequentSOARWorkshop
TASK)2)))PLAN)AND)CONDUCT)SOAR)WORKSHOP)
Amulti0disciplinarySOARWorkshopwasthekeystoneinitialproductofSOARWorkshop participantsinventoriedavailabledataandevaluateditssufficiencytoaddressspecificcross0 disciplinaryhypothesesandquestionsprovisionallyidentifiedassciencethemesbytheSSCTheprovisionallistofthemeswasmodifiedandnewthemesemergedattheworkshopOnce sciencethemeswereagreeduponinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeams(AT)wereformedto conductthecoreworkoftheSOARprojectInterdisciplinaryATstheninitiatedthe developmentofshortproposalstosupporttheworkrequiredfordataintegrationanalyses andormodeling
TASK)3))SUPPORT)DATA)INTEGRATION)ANALYSIS)AND)MODELING
Inresponsetoproposalsdetailingtheworktobeperformedtimelineandproducts anticipatedmdashandincoordinationwithSSCreviewmdashfundingwasprovidedviacontractfor selectedATstointegratedataconductanalysesrunmodelsandordeveloppublicationsInsomecasesdirectfundingwasnotneededandin0kindsupportwasprovidedintheformofreviewcoordinationandpublicationfacilitationAsubsetofATsintegratedtheirworkwith
11
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
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SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
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workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
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TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
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WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
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NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
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FairbanksAK
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Isaac(Nukapigak(
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NuiqsutAK
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Stephen(Okkonen(
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Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
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57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
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16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
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PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
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22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
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(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
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18PNovP2014(
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webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
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1PDecP2014(
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TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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12PAugP2015(
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meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
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16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
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21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
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SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
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AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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25PJanP2016(
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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26PJanP2016(
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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ArcticRegion
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
DISCLAIMER))
ThisstudywasfundedinpartbytheUSDepartmentoftheInteriorBureauofOceanEnergyManagementEnvironmentalStudiesProgramWashingtonDCthrough InteragencyAgreementNumberM11PG00034withtheUSDepartmentofCommerceNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationOfficeofOceanicandAtmospheric ResearchThisreporthasbeentechnicallyreviewedbyBOEMandithasbeenapprovedforpublicationTheviewsandconclusionscontainedinthisdocumentarethoseoftheauthorsandshouldnotbeinterpretedasrepresentingtheopinionsorpoliciesoftheUS Governmentnordoesmentionoftradenamesorcommercialproductsconstituteendorsementorrecommendationforuse)
)
REPORT)AVAILABILITY)
TodownloadaPDFfileofthisAlaskaOCSRegionreportgototheUSDepartmentoftheInteriorBureauofOceanEnergyManagementEnvironmentalStudiesProgram InformationSystemwebsiteandsearchonOCSStudyBOEM20180017
ThisreportcanbeviewedatselectFederalDepositoryLibrariesItcanalsobeobtainedfromtheNationalTechnicalInformationServicethecontactinformationisbelow
USDepartmentofCommerceNationalTechnicalInformationService 5301ShawneeRd SpringfieldVA22312Phone(703)605060001(800)55306847 Fax(703)60506900 Websitehttpwwwntisgov
)
CITATION)
MooreSEStabenoPJSheffieldGuyLMVanPeltTI2018SynthesisofArctic Research(SOAR)PhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArcticUSDeptoftheInteriorBureauofOceanEnergyManagementAlaskaOCSRegionAnchorageOCSStudy BOEM2018001761pp
2
Synthesis)of)Arctic)Research)(SOAR))
Physics)to)Marine)Mammals)in)the)Pacific)Arctic) FINAL)REPORT)mdash)June)13)2018)
Prepared)forEnvironmentalStudiesProgramAlaskaOuterContinentalShelfRegionBureauofOceanEnergyManagement3801CenterpointDriveSuite500 AnchorageAlaska99503
Authors) DrSueEMoore DrPhyllisJStabeno NMFSScienceampTechnology OARPacificMarineEnvironmentalLaboratory 7600SandPointWayNE 7600SandPointWayNE SeattleWA98115 SeattleWA98115 SueMoorenoaagov PhyllisStabenonoaagov 206052606889 206052606453 LisaSheffieldGuy ThomasVanPelt ARCUS UWJISAO 3535CollegeRoadSuite101 7600SandPointWayNE FairbanksAlaska99709 SeattleWA98115lisaarcusorg thomasvanpeltnoaagov 907047401600 907024207725
Project)Status))) ) Completed Start)date) 20May2011 End)date) ) 15June2018 Project)Duration 7years
3
Contents)
ListofFiguresv
ListofTablesv
Introduction6 Background7
Objectivesandmethods10 Objectives10 Methods10 Taskframework10 Taskdetail11 SOARPhase1andSOARPhase213
Results13 FoundationaltasksSciencesteeringcommitteeandworkshop13 TheSOARSciencesteeringcommittee13 SOARWorkshopndashMarch201214
Scienceproductandcommunicationtasks16 Peer0reviewedpublicationsmdashPhase1 16Peer0reviewedpublicationsmdashPhase2 18presentationsandpostersatscientificmeetings20 Othercommunicationofsynthesisapproachandproducts 20
Synthesissummaryanddiscussion20 SOARPhaseI20 SOARPhaseII34 OverallSOARContextandconclusion44
Literaturecited46
AppendixAndashListofSOAR2012workshopattendees54
AppendixBndashListofSOARcontributorsandinstitutions56
AppendixCndashListofSOARcontributorpresentationsatscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinars58
4
List)of)Figures)
Figure1Mapofstudyareashowingprincipalcurrents(redlines)andmeansea0icemaximum (spring)andminimum(fall)extent(MooreandStabeno2015)7
Figure2CoverofthefirstSOARspecialissueProgressinOceanographyVol13616
Figure3HighlightsofrecentbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem21
Figure4Generalizedconceptualmodeldepictingtheinfluenceofseaiceonpelagic0benthiccoupling onPacificArcticcontinentalshelves24
Figure5Marinebirdsandmammalsareuppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesthatreflectecosystem alterationsbychangesinhabitatuse(extrinsic)andbodycondition(intrinsic)revealing fundamentalchangesinmarineecosystems27
Figure6ComponentsoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelndashlinkingpelagic0benthic couplingandadvectivemodelstoderiveaseasonalmodelforthePacificArcticframedby contiguousdomains32
Figure7TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodeldepictingseasonalbiophysicalpulsesin threeecologicaldomainsacrossalatitudinalgradientoverthecourseofanannualcycleinthe PacificArcticregion(MooreandStabeno2015)33
Figure8Paperscomprisingtheforthcoming20182ndSOARspecialissue(tobepublishedinDeep0 SeaResearchPartII)identifiedbyleadauthorandorganizedbyecologicaldomainsthatframe theArcticMarinePulsesmodel(Mooreetalinpress)35
List)of)Tables)
Table1ListofScienceSteeringCommitteemembersandinstitutions13
Table2ListofSOARSSCTeleconferencesandin0personmeetings14
Table3Papersincludedinthe2015SOARspecialissueofProgressinOceanography17
Table4PaperstoappearintheSOAR2ndPhasespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchPartII18
5
INTRODUCTION)
ChangestothephysicalenvironmentoftheUSArcticOuterContinentalShelf(OCS)aredrivingshiftsinthedistributionandbehaviorofanumberofprotectedmarinemammalspeciesthatinhabitthosewatersThesamespeciesmaybeaffectedbyoilandgasactivities withinOCSPlanningAreaswithstrongpotentialfordeleteriousinteractionsbetweennaturalandhumaninducedphenomenaEnvironmentalregulations(egNEPAtheESAandthe MMPA)requiretheBureauofOceanEnergyManagement(BOEM)toevaluatewhetherand howfederalactionsassociatedwithoilandgasdevelopmentmayaffecttheseprotectedspeciesandthemarineenvironmentonwhichtheydependInformationonoceancirculation andhydrographyisusefulfortheseevaluationsaswellasforinputintomodelsusedtopredicttheoutcomeofoilspillsHoweverphysicsalonecannotpredicthowprotected speciesandthemarineecosystemsuponwhichtheydependwillrespondtonaturalandanthropogenicforcingGivenrecentinvestmentsbyBOEMotherfederalagencies(egNOAA USGSNSF)andtheoilandgasindustryininterdisciplinarybiologicalandoceanographicresearchinthePacificArcticregion(PAR)asynthesisofresultsofcompletedandongoingstudieswillhelptoinformmanagementdecision0makersandtoguidefutureresearch activities
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)PhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArcticprojectprovidesaframeworkforasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompleted andongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheSOARprojectaimstoincreasescientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishandzooplankton)andmarinemammal distributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSeaSOARfurtheraimstoenhanceourcapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographic featuressuchascurrentsupwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorof marinemammalsandtheirpreyintheregionandtoeffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesis activitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArcticresidentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
InthisreportweprovidedetailonthebackgroundmethodsandresultsoftheSOARprojectandsummarizethescientificoutcomesacrossthefirstandsecondphasesofSOAR
6
BACKGROUND
ThePacificArcticregioncompriseswatersnorthofStMatthewIsland(60degNlatitude)inthenorthernBeringChukchiBeaufortandEastSiberianseas(Grebmeieretal2010)Theregionisanin0flowsystemtotheArctic(Carmacketal2006)withthreedistinctwater massesflowingnorththroughBeringStraitthenbathymetricallychanneledacrosstheChukchiSeashelfandintotheBeaufortSeabasin(Fig1)Theannualadvanceandretreatof seaiceisthekeyphysicaldriverofprimaryproductiontrophicinteractionsandhumanaccessandactivitiesovertheentirePARThephysicalclimateofthePARischangingrapidlydrivingchangeacrosstheregionalmarineecosystems(GrebmeierandMaslowski2014)
Figure)1))Map)of)study)area)showing)principal)currents)(red)lines))and)mean)seaVice)maximum)(spring)) and)minimum)(fall))extent)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
Thesummerminimumsea0iceextentin2007and2008coveredanareathatwas37less thanthearealcoverageoftwodecadespriorand20lessthanthepreviousminimumcoveragein2005(Stroeveetal2008)Thepaceofthesechangeswasunexpectedasthe consensusoftheclimateresearchcommunitywasthatsuchchangeswouldnotbeseenfor
7
another30years(WangandOverland2009)Thereductioninsea0iceareaopensupvastnew regionsoftheArcticOceantoincreasedabsorptionofsunlightandstorageofheatThisheat isreturnedtotheatmosphereinthefollowingautumnresultinginincreasedArctic temperaturesofmorethan5degCextendingthesea0icefreeseasonthroughNovemberandcausingchangesinwindpatternsThesephysicalchangestotheArcticsystemappeartobe irreversible
Marinemammalsrespondtochangesinseaiceaccordingtotheirdependencyonitforvitallifefunctions(MooreandHuntington2008Kovacsetal2010)InthePARthedramaticchangesinseasonalsea0iceextentandtypeappeartohaveprecipitatedchangesinmarine mammalmigrationandfeedingpatternsForexamplelargeaggregationsofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)feedroutinelynearBarrowfromlatesummerthroughautumna phenomenonpreviouslyconsideredlsquosporadicrsquo(Mooreetal2010)Graywhales(Eschrichtius robustus)consideredatemperatespeciescommonlyfeednearthebowheadwhaleswhereas thetwospeciesappearedtobespatiallyandtemporallysegregatedintheearly1980s(Mooreetal1986)
Inadditiontothechangesinmarinemammalecologyanorthwardshiftofsomefishspecies(egSpencer2008MueterandLitzow2008RandandLogerwell2010)andtheprevalenceof euphausiids(Thysanoessaspp)indicatedthatthetrophicstructureofthePARischangingEuphausiidsareimportantpreyforbowheadandgraywhales(Ashjianetal2010Bluhmet al2007)andpossiblyalsoforicesealsEuphausiidsarethoughttobetransportedintothe PARfromthenorthernBeringSeaasreproductionhasneverbeenobservedinwatersnorthofBeringStrait(Berlineetal2008)Coupledtothisisthegeneraldearthofinformationon distributionandabundanceofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)inthePARaspeciesconsideredessentialintheshorttrophicfoodwebscommontopolarmarineecosystems(Ainleyand DeMaster1990)Examinationandsynthesisofhownaturalandhuman0associated environmentalvariabilityimpactsmarinemammalsrequiresinvestigationofthebiophysical changestotrophicstructureanddynamicsoftheirfishandinvertebrateprey
During200502015BOEMmadeextensiveinvestmentsinmarinemammalandrelated oceanographicstudiesintheeasternhalfofthePAR(ietheInternationalDateLineeastto theCanadianBeaufort)Datafromthosestudieswillconsiderablyaugmentthebodyof knowledgefortheregionbutinterpretationwouldbeconstrainedifresultsarenot integratedwithotherresearcheffortsAddressingthisintegrationwasthegenesisofthe SOARprojecttoundertakesynthesisofresearchfromongoingBOEMstudiesinthePARwhichincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull BowheadWhaleFeedingVariabilityintheWesternAlaskanBeaufortSeaSatelliteTrackingofBowheadWhaleMovementsFeedingampOceanography
bull PassiveAcousticDetectionandMonitoringofEndangeredWhalesintheArctic
8
bull EcosystemObservationsintheChukchiSeaBiophysicalMooringandClimateModeling
bull ChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea(COMIDA)ChemistryandBenthos
bull DistributionandRelativeAbundanceofMarineMammalsCOMIDAAerialSurveys
bull HannaShoalEcosystemStudy
bull MonitoringtheDistributionofArcticWhales(alsoknownasBWASP)
bull WalrusHabitatUseinthePotentialDrillingArea
bull PinnipedMovementsandForagingBeardedSeals
bull AssessingReproductionandBodyConditionoftheRingedSealnearSachsHarbourNorthwestTerritoryCanadathroughaHarvest0basedSamplingProgram
bull ArcticmarineresearchstudiessupportedthroughNationalOceanPartnership Program(NOPP)towhichBOEMcontributes
bull StudiesconductedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADFampG)andtheNorthSlopeBorough(NSB)underBOEMrsquosCoastalImpactAssistanceProgram(CIAP)
Dataandresultsfromrelated(butnotBOEM0funded)studiesthatalsocontributetotheSOAR includebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull NOAArsquosRUSALCAprogram(USA0RussiabilateralstudyoftheChukchiSea)
bull StudiessupportedbyNSFOfficeofPolarPrograms
bull StudiessupportedbytheLandscapeConservationCooperativeNetwork
bull StudiessupportedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishampGametheUSGeologicalSurveyandbytheUSFishampWildlifeService
bull Studiessupportedbyoilandgasindustry(egShellConocoPhillipsStatOilBritishPetroleum)relatedtomitigationandmonitoringofeffectsofoffshoreexplorationanddevelopmentonmarinemammalsandtheirenvironmentegtheChukchiSea EnvironmentalStudiesProgram(CSESP)
)
)
)
9
OBJECTIVES)AND)METHODS)
)
OBJECTIVES
)
TheSOARprojectfocusedonthreeobjectives
1 Increasescientificunderstandingoftheinter0andintra0relationshipsofoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishand zooplankton)andmarinemammaldistributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisontheChukchiSealeaseareas
2 Enhancecapabilitytopredictchangesinoceanographicfeaturessuchascurrents upwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSea
3 EffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
)
METHODS
TASKFRAMEWORK
TheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojectwastouseavailableanalyticalandmodelingapproachestoidentifyandtesthypothesesthatcrossscientificdisciplinesSOARprovidesa frameworktosupportasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompletedandongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheframeworkconsistsofsixtasks
1 establishaScienceSteeringCommitteetoprovideleadershipandoversightforthe synthesisproject
2 conductaSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)WorkshopinvolvingPIsfromall relevantresearchprogramsto
i identifyanddevelopsciencesynthesisthemesii detailrequireddataandanalysesforeachtheme iii formAnalyticalTeamstosupporttheworkofeachsynthesisthemeiv listanticipatedworkproducts(iepeer0reviewedpapersandpresentations)
and
10
v deriveameanstoarchivedataandmeta0datausedinsupportofthesynthesis 3 supportAnalyticalTeamdataintegrationandanalysisincludingtheme0based
meetingsasneeded 4 trackprogressofanalyticalworkviabi0monthlyteleconferencesandannualSCCAT0
updateworkshops 5 producescienceproductsincludingpresentationsatprofessionalmeetingsand
publicationofpeer0reviewedpapersasaSpecialIssueamporThemeSectionsinanappropriatescientificjournaland
6 communicatesynthesisapproachandfindingstolocalArcticresidentsresourcemanagersnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
TASKDETAIL
TASK)1)))ESTABLISH)AND)CONVENE)SCIENTIFIC)STEERING)COMMITTEE)
LeadershipandguidanceofthesynthesisprojectwasprovidedbyaScienceSteeringCommittee(SSC)formedofseniorscientistswithdecades0longexperienceinthePacific ArcticAttheinitialSSCmeetingthegroupidentifiedrelevantprojectsdeveloped provisionalsciencethemesandidentifiedpotentialparticipantsandleadersfor interdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsformedatthesubsequentSOARWorkshop
TASK)2)))PLAN)AND)CONDUCT)SOAR)WORKSHOP)
Amulti0disciplinarySOARWorkshopwasthekeystoneinitialproductofSOARWorkshop participantsinventoriedavailabledataandevaluateditssufficiencytoaddressspecificcross0 disciplinaryhypothesesandquestionsprovisionallyidentifiedassciencethemesbytheSSCTheprovisionallistofthemeswasmodifiedandnewthemesemergedattheworkshopOnce sciencethemeswereagreeduponinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeams(AT)wereformedto conductthecoreworkoftheSOARprojectInterdisciplinaryATstheninitiatedthe developmentofshortproposalstosupporttheworkrequiredfordataintegrationanalyses andormodeling
TASK)3))SUPPORT)DATA)INTEGRATION)ANALYSIS)AND)MODELING
Inresponsetoproposalsdetailingtheworktobeperformedtimelineandproducts anticipatedmdashandincoordinationwithSSCreviewmdashfundingwasprovidedviacontractfor selectedATstointegratedataconductanalysesrunmodelsandordeveloppublicationsInsomecasesdirectfundingwasnotneededandin0kindsupportwasprovidedintheformofreviewcoordinationandpublicationfacilitationAsubsetofATsintegratedtheirworkwith
11
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
12
SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
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resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
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todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
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ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
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Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
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32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
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16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
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Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
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22PJanP2014(
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OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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14PFebP2014(
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Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
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SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
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30POctP2014(
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SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
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ATaleofTwoSynthesis
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webinarisavailableonline
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(ACCAP)
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TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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13PDecP2015(
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16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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21PDecP2015(
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Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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22PDecP2015(
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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22PDecP2015(
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
Synthesis)of)Arctic)Research)(SOAR))
Physics)to)Marine)Mammals)in)the)Pacific)Arctic) FINAL)REPORT)mdash)June)13)2018)
Prepared)forEnvironmentalStudiesProgramAlaskaOuterContinentalShelfRegionBureauofOceanEnergyManagement3801CenterpointDriveSuite500 AnchorageAlaska99503
Authors) DrSueEMoore DrPhyllisJStabeno NMFSScienceampTechnology OARPacificMarineEnvironmentalLaboratory 7600SandPointWayNE 7600SandPointWayNE SeattleWA98115 SeattleWA98115 SueMoorenoaagov PhyllisStabenonoaagov 206052606889 206052606453 LisaSheffieldGuy ThomasVanPelt ARCUS UWJISAO 3535CollegeRoadSuite101 7600SandPointWayNE FairbanksAlaska99709 SeattleWA98115lisaarcusorg thomasvanpeltnoaagov 907047401600 907024207725
Project)Status))) ) Completed Start)date) 20May2011 End)date) ) 15June2018 Project)Duration 7years
3
Contents)
ListofFiguresv
ListofTablesv
Introduction6 Background7
Objectivesandmethods10 Objectives10 Methods10 Taskframework10 Taskdetail11 SOARPhase1andSOARPhase213
Results13 FoundationaltasksSciencesteeringcommitteeandworkshop13 TheSOARSciencesteeringcommittee13 SOARWorkshopndashMarch201214
Scienceproductandcommunicationtasks16 Peer0reviewedpublicationsmdashPhase1 16Peer0reviewedpublicationsmdashPhase2 18presentationsandpostersatscientificmeetings20 Othercommunicationofsynthesisapproachandproducts 20
Synthesissummaryanddiscussion20 SOARPhaseI20 SOARPhaseII34 OverallSOARContextandconclusion44
Literaturecited46
AppendixAndashListofSOAR2012workshopattendees54
AppendixBndashListofSOARcontributorsandinstitutions56
AppendixCndashListofSOARcontributorpresentationsatscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinars58
4
List)of)Figures)
Figure1Mapofstudyareashowingprincipalcurrents(redlines)andmeansea0icemaximum (spring)andminimum(fall)extent(MooreandStabeno2015)7
Figure2CoverofthefirstSOARspecialissueProgressinOceanographyVol13616
Figure3HighlightsofrecentbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem21
Figure4Generalizedconceptualmodeldepictingtheinfluenceofseaiceonpelagic0benthiccoupling onPacificArcticcontinentalshelves24
Figure5Marinebirdsandmammalsareuppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesthatreflectecosystem alterationsbychangesinhabitatuse(extrinsic)andbodycondition(intrinsic)revealing fundamentalchangesinmarineecosystems27
Figure6ComponentsoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelndashlinkingpelagic0benthic couplingandadvectivemodelstoderiveaseasonalmodelforthePacificArcticframedby contiguousdomains32
Figure7TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodeldepictingseasonalbiophysicalpulsesin threeecologicaldomainsacrossalatitudinalgradientoverthecourseofanannualcycleinthe PacificArcticregion(MooreandStabeno2015)33
Figure8Paperscomprisingtheforthcoming20182ndSOARspecialissue(tobepublishedinDeep0 SeaResearchPartII)identifiedbyleadauthorandorganizedbyecologicaldomainsthatframe theArcticMarinePulsesmodel(Mooreetalinpress)35
List)of)Tables)
Table1ListofScienceSteeringCommitteemembersandinstitutions13
Table2ListofSOARSSCTeleconferencesandin0personmeetings14
Table3Papersincludedinthe2015SOARspecialissueofProgressinOceanography17
Table4PaperstoappearintheSOAR2ndPhasespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchPartII18
5
INTRODUCTION)
ChangestothephysicalenvironmentoftheUSArcticOuterContinentalShelf(OCS)aredrivingshiftsinthedistributionandbehaviorofanumberofprotectedmarinemammalspeciesthatinhabitthosewatersThesamespeciesmaybeaffectedbyoilandgasactivities withinOCSPlanningAreaswithstrongpotentialfordeleteriousinteractionsbetweennaturalandhumaninducedphenomenaEnvironmentalregulations(egNEPAtheESAandthe MMPA)requiretheBureauofOceanEnergyManagement(BOEM)toevaluatewhetherand howfederalactionsassociatedwithoilandgasdevelopmentmayaffecttheseprotectedspeciesandthemarineenvironmentonwhichtheydependInformationonoceancirculation andhydrographyisusefulfortheseevaluationsaswellasforinputintomodelsusedtopredicttheoutcomeofoilspillsHoweverphysicsalonecannotpredicthowprotected speciesandthemarineecosystemsuponwhichtheydependwillrespondtonaturalandanthropogenicforcingGivenrecentinvestmentsbyBOEMotherfederalagencies(egNOAA USGSNSF)andtheoilandgasindustryininterdisciplinarybiologicalandoceanographicresearchinthePacificArcticregion(PAR)asynthesisofresultsofcompletedandongoingstudieswillhelptoinformmanagementdecision0makersandtoguidefutureresearch activities
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)PhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArcticprojectprovidesaframeworkforasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompleted andongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheSOARprojectaimstoincreasescientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishandzooplankton)andmarinemammal distributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSeaSOARfurtheraimstoenhanceourcapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographic featuressuchascurrentsupwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorof marinemammalsandtheirpreyintheregionandtoeffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesis activitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArcticresidentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
InthisreportweprovidedetailonthebackgroundmethodsandresultsoftheSOARprojectandsummarizethescientificoutcomesacrossthefirstandsecondphasesofSOAR
6
BACKGROUND
ThePacificArcticregioncompriseswatersnorthofStMatthewIsland(60degNlatitude)inthenorthernBeringChukchiBeaufortandEastSiberianseas(Grebmeieretal2010)Theregionisanin0flowsystemtotheArctic(Carmacketal2006)withthreedistinctwater massesflowingnorththroughBeringStraitthenbathymetricallychanneledacrosstheChukchiSeashelfandintotheBeaufortSeabasin(Fig1)Theannualadvanceandretreatof seaiceisthekeyphysicaldriverofprimaryproductiontrophicinteractionsandhumanaccessandactivitiesovertheentirePARThephysicalclimateofthePARischangingrapidlydrivingchangeacrosstheregionalmarineecosystems(GrebmeierandMaslowski2014)
Figure)1))Map)of)study)area)showing)principal)currents)(red)lines))and)mean)seaVice)maximum)(spring)) and)minimum)(fall))extent)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
Thesummerminimumsea0iceextentin2007and2008coveredanareathatwas37less thanthearealcoverageoftwodecadespriorand20lessthanthepreviousminimumcoveragein2005(Stroeveetal2008)Thepaceofthesechangeswasunexpectedasthe consensusoftheclimateresearchcommunitywasthatsuchchangeswouldnotbeseenfor
7
another30years(WangandOverland2009)Thereductioninsea0iceareaopensupvastnew regionsoftheArcticOceantoincreasedabsorptionofsunlightandstorageofheatThisheat isreturnedtotheatmosphereinthefollowingautumnresultinginincreasedArctic temperaturesofmorethan5degCextendingthesea0icefreeseasonthroughNovemberandcausingchangesinwindpatternsThesephysicalchangestotheArcticsystemappeartobe irreversible
Marinemammalsrespondtochangesinseaiceaccordingtotheirdependencyonitforvitallifefunctions(MooreandHuntington2008Kovacsetal2010)InthePARthedramaticchangesinseasonalsea0iceextentandtypeappeartohaveprecipitatedchangesinmarine mammalmigrationandfeedingpatternsForexamplelargeaggregationsofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)feedroutinelynearBarrowfromlatesummerthroughautumna phenomenonpreviouslyconsideredlsquosporadicrsquo(Mooreetal2010)Graywhales(Eschrichtius robustus)consideredatemperatespeciescommonlyfeednearthebowheadwhaleswhereas thetwospeciesappearedtobespatiallyandtemporallysegregatedintheearly1980s(Mooreetal1986)
Inadditiontothechangesinmarinemammalecologyanorthwardshiftofsomefishspecies(egSpencer2008MueterandLitzow2008RandandLogerwell2010)andtheprevalenceof euphausiids(Thysanoessaspp)indicatedthatthetrophicstructureofthePARischangingEuphausiidsareimportantpreyforbowheadandgraywhales(Ashjianetal2010Bluhmet al2007)andpossiblyalsoforicesealsEuphausiidsarethoughttobetransportedintothe PARfromthenorthernBeringSeaasreproductionhasneverbeenobservedinwatersnorthofBeringStrait(Berlineetal2008)Coupledtothisisthegeneraldearthofinformationon distributionandabundanceofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)inthePARaspeciesconsideredessentialintheshorttrophicfoodwebscommontopolarmarineecosystems(Ainleyand DeMaster1990)Examinationandsynthesisofhownaturalandhuman0associated environmentalvariabilityimpactsmarinemammalsrequiresinvestigationofthebiophysical changestotrophicstructureanddynamicsoftheirfishandinvertebrateprey
During200502015BOEMmadeextensiveinvestmentsinmarinemammalandrelated oceanographicstudiesintheeasternhalfofthePAR(ietheInternationalDateLineeastto theCanadianBeaufort)Datafromthosestudieswillconsiderablyaugmentthebodyof knowledgefortheregionbutinterpretationwouldbeconstrainedifresultsarenot integratedwithotherresearcheffortsAddressingthisintegrationwasthegenesisofthe SOARprojecttoundertakesynthesisofresearchfromongoingBOEMstudiesinthePARwhichincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull BowheadWhaleFeedingVariabilityintheWesternAlaskanBeaufortSeaSatelliteTrackingofBowheadWhaleMovementsFeedingampOceanography
bull PassiveAcousticDetectionandMonitoringofEndangeredWhalesintheArctic
8
bull EcosystemObservationsintheChukchiSeaBiophysicalMooringandClimateModeling
bull ChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea(COMIDA)ChemistryandBenthos
bull DistributionandRelativeAbundanceofMarineMammalsCOMIDAAerialSurveys
bull HannaShoalEcosystemStudy
bull MonitoringtheDistributionofArcticWhales(alsoknownasBWASP)
bull WalrusHabitatUseinthePotentialDrillingArea
bull PinnipedMovementsandForagingBeardedSeals
bull AssessingReproductionandBodyConditionoftheRingedSealnearSachsHarbourNorthwestTerritoryCanadathroughaHarvest0basedSamplingProgram
bull ArcticmarineresearchstudiessupportedthroughNationalOceanPartnership Program(NOPP)towhichBOEMcontributes
bull StudiesconductedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADFampG)andtheNorthSlopeBorough(NSB)underBOEMrsquosCoastalImpactAssistanceProgram(CIAP)
Dataandresultsfromrelated(butnotBOEM0funded)studiesthatalsocontributetotheSOAR includebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull NOAArsquosRUSALCAprogram(USA0RussiabilateralstudyoftheChukchiSea)
bull StudiessupportedbyNSFOfficeofPolarPrograms
bull StudiessupportedbytheLandscapeConservationCooperativeNetwork
bull StudiessupportedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishampGametheUSGeologicalSurveyandbytheUSFishampWildlifeService
bull Studiessupportedbyoilandgasindustry(egShellConocoPhillipsStatOilBritishPetroleum)relatedtomitigationandmonitoringofeffectsofoffshoreexplorationanddevelopmentonmarinemammalsandtheirenvironmentegtheChukchiSea EnvironmentalStudiesProgram(CSESP)
)
)
)
9
OBJECTIVES)AND)METHODS)
)
OBJECTIVES
)
TheSOARprojectfocusedonthreeobjectives
1 Increasescientificunderstandingoftheinter0andintra0relationshipsofoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishand zooplankton)andmarinemammaldistributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisontheChukchiSealeaseareas
2 Enhancecapabilitytopredictchangesinoceanographicfeaturessuchascurrents upwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSea
3 EffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
)
METHODS
TASKFRAMEWORK
TheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojectwastouseavailableanalyticalandmodelingapproachestoidentifyandtesthypothesesthatcrossscientificdisciplinesSOARprovidesa frameworktosupportasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompletedandongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheframeworkconsistsofsixtasks
1 establishaScienceSteeringCommitteetoprovideleadershipandoversightforthe synthesisproject
2 conductaSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)WorkshopinvolvingPIsfromall relevantresearchprogramsto
i identifyanddevelopsciencesynthesisthemesii detailrequireddataandanalysesforeachtheme iii formAnalyticalTeamstosupporttheworkofeachsynthesisthemeiv listanticipatedworkproducts(iepeer0reviewedpapersandpresentations)
and
10
v deriveameanstoarchivedataandmeta0datausedinsupportofthesynthesis 3 supportAnalyticalTeamdataintegrationandanalysisincludingtheme0based
meetingsasneeded 4 trackprogressofanalyticalworkviabi0monthlyteleconferencesandannualSCCAT0
updateworkshops 5 producescienceproductsincludingpresentationsatprofessionalmeetingsand
publicationofpeer0reviewedpapersasaSpecialIssueamporThemeSectionsinanappropriatescientificjournaland
6 communicatesynthesisapproachandfindingstolocalArcticresidentsresourcemanagersnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
TASKDETAIL
TASK)1)))ESTABLISH)AND)CONVENE)SCIENTIFIC)STEERING)COMMITTEE)
LeadershipandguidanceofthesynthesisprojectwasprovidedbyaScienceSteeringCommittee(SSC)formedofseniorscientistswithdecades0longexperienceinthePacific ArcticAttheinitialSSCmeetingthegroupidentifiedrelevantprojectsdeveloped provisionalsciencethemesandidentifiedpotentialparticipantsandleadersfor interdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsformedatthesubsequentSOARWorkshop
TASK)2)))PLAN)AND)CONDUCT)SOAR)WORKSHOP)
Amulti0disciplinarySOARWorkshopwasthekeystoneinitialproductofSOARWorkshop participantsinventoriedavailabledataandevaluateditssufficiencytoaddressspecificcross0 disciplinaryhypothesesandquestionsprovisionallyidentifiedassciencethemesbytheSSCTheprovisionallistofthemeswasmodifiedandnewthemesemergedattheworkshopOnce sciencethemeswereagreeduponinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeams(AT)wereformedto conductthecoreworkoftheSOARprojectInterdisciplinaryATstheninitiatedthe developmentofshortproposalstosupporttheworkrequiredfordataintegrationanalyses andormodeling
TASK)3))SUPPORT)DATA)INTEGRATION)ANALYSIS)AND)MODELING
Inresponsetoproposalsdetailingtheworktobeperformedtimelineandproducts anticipatedmdashandincoordinationwithSSCreviewmdashfundingwasprovidedviacontractfor selectedATstointegratedataconductanalysesrunmodelsandordeveloppublicationsInsomecasesdirectfundingwasnotneededandin0kindsupportwasprovidedintheformofreviewcoordinationandpublicationfacilitationAsubsetofATsintegratedtheirworkwith
11
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
12
SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
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Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
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patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
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OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
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(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
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resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
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ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
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StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
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WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
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53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
Contents)
ListofFiguresv
ListofTablesv
Introduction6 Background7
Objectivesandmethods10 Objectives10 Methods10 Taskframework10 Taskdetail11 SOARPhase1andSOARPhase213
Results13 FoundationaltasksSciencesteeringcommitteeandworkshop13 TheSOARSciencesteeringcommittee13 SOARWorkshopndashMarch201214
Scienceproductandcommunicationtasks16 Peer0reviewedpublicationsmdashPhase1 16Peer0reviewedpublicationsmdashPhase2 18presentationsandpostersatscientificmeetings20 Othercommunicationofsynthesisapproachandproducts 20
Synthesissummaryanddiscussion20 SOARPhaseI20 SOARPhaseII34 OverallSOARContextandconclusion44
Literaturecited46
AppendixAndashListofSOAR2012workshopattendees54
AppendixBndashListofSOARcontributorsandinstitutions56
AppendixCndashListofSOARcontributorpresentationsatscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinars58
4
List)of)Figures)
Figure1Mapofstudyareashowingprincipalcurrents(redlines)andmeansea0icemaximum (spring)andminimum(fall)extent(MooreandStabeno2015)7
Figure2CoverofthefirstSOARspecialissueProgressinOceanographyVol13616
Figure3HighlightsofrecentbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem21
Figure4Generalizedconceptualmodeldepictingtheinfluenceofseaiceonpelagic0benthiccoupling onPacificArcticcontinentalshelves24
Figure5Marinebirdsandmammalsareuppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesthatreflectecosystem alterationsbychangesinhabitatuse(extrinsic)andbodycondition(intrinsic)revealing fundamentalchangesinmarineecosystems27
Figure6ComponentsoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelndashlinkingpelagic0benthic couplingandadvectivemodelstoderiveaseasonalmodelforthePacificArcticframedby contiguousdomains32
Figure7TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodeldepictingseasonalbiophysicalpulsesin threeecologicaldomainsacrossalatitudinalgradientoverthecourseofanannualcycleinthe PacificArcticregion(MooreandStabeno2015)33
Figure8Paperscomprisingtheforthcoming20182ndSOARspecialissue(tobepublishedinDeep0 SeaResearchPartII)identifiedbyleadauthorandorganizedbyecologicaldomainsthatframe theArcticMarinePulsesmodel(Mooreetalinpress)35
List)of)Tables)
Table1ListofScienceSteeringCommitteemembersandinstitutions13
Table2ListofSOARSSCTeleconferencesandin0personmeetings14
Table3Papersincludedinthe2015SOARspecialissueofProgressinOceanography17
Table4PaperstoappearintheSOAR2ndPhasespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchPartII18
5
INTRODUCTION)
ChangestothephysicalenvironmentoftheUSArcticOuterContinentalShelf(OCS)aredrivingshiftsinthedistributionandbehaviorofanumberofprotectedmarinemammalspeciesthatinhabitthosewatersThesamespeciesmaybeaffectedbyoilandgasactivities withinOCSPlanningAreaswithstrongpotentialfordeleteriousinteractionsbetweennaturalandhumaninducedphenomenaEnvironmentalregulations(egNEPAtheESAandthe MMPA)requiretheBureauofOceanEnergyManagement(BOEM)toevaluatewhetherand howfederalactionsassociatedwithoilandgasdevelopmentmayaffecttheseprotectedspeciesandthemarineenvironmentonwhichtheydependInformationonoceancirculation andhydrographyisusefulfortheseevaluationsaswellasforinputintomodelsusedtopredicttheoutcomeofoilspillsHoweverphysicsalonecannotpredicthowprotected speciesandthemarineecosystemsuponwhichtheydependwillrespondtonaturalandanthropogenicforcingGivenrecentinvestmentsbyBOEMotherfederalagencies(egNOAA USGSNSF)andtheoilandgasindustryininterdisciplinarybiologicalandoceanographicresearchinthePacificArcticregion(PAR)asynthesisofresultsofcompletedandongoingstudieswillhelptoinformmanagementdecision0makersandtoguidefutureresearch activities
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)PhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArcticprojectprovidesaframeworkforasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompleted andongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheSOARprojectaimstoincreasescientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishandzooplankton)andmarinemammal distributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSeaSOARfurtheraimstoenhanceourcapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographic featuressuchascurrentsupwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorof marinemammalsandtheirpreyintheregionandtoeffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesis activitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArcticresidentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
InthisreportweprovidedetailonthebackgroundmethodsandresultsoftheSOARprojectandsummarizethescientificoutcomesacrossthefirstandsecondphasesofSOAR
6
BACKGROUND
ThePacificArcticregioncompriseswatersnorthofStMatthewIsland(60degNlatitude)inthenorthernBeringChukchiBeaufortandEastSiberianseas(Grebmeieretal2010)Theregionisanin0flowsystemtotheArctic(Carmacketal2006)withthreedistinctwater massesflowingnorththroughBeringStraitthenbathymetricallychanneledacrosstheChukchiSeashelfandintotheBeaufortSeabasin(Fig1)Theannualadvanceandretreatof seaiceisthekeyphysicaldriverofprimaryproductiontrophicinteractionsandhumanaccessandactivitiesovertheentirePARThephysicalclimateofthePARischangingrapidlydrivingchangeacrosstheregionalmarineecosystems(GrebmeierandMaslowski2014)
Figure)1))Map)of)study)area)showing)principal)currents)(red)lines))and)mean)seaVice)maximum)(spring)) and)minimum)(fall))extent)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
Thesummerminimumsea0iceextentin2007and2008coveredanareathatwas37less thanthearealcoverageoftwodecadespriorand20lessthanthepreviousminimumcoveragein2005(Stroeveetal2008)Thepaceofthesechangeswasunexpectedasthe consensusoftheclimateresearchcommunitywasthatsuchchangeswouldnotbeseenfor
7
another30years(WangandOverland2009)Thereductioninsea0iceareaopensupvastnew regionsoftheArcticOceantoincreasedabsorptionofsunlightandstorageofheatThisheat isreturnedtotheatmosphereinthefollowingautumnresultinginincreasedArctic temperaturesofmorethan5degCextendingthesea0icefreeseasonthroughNovemberandcausingchangesinwindpatternsThesephysicalchangestotheArcticsystemappeartobe irreversible
Marinemammalsrespondtochangesinseaiceaccordingtotheirdependencyonitforvitallifefunctions(MooreandHuntington2008Kovacsetal2010)InthePARthedramaticchangesinseasonalsea0iceextentandtypeappeartohaveprecipitatedchangesinmarine mammalmigrationandfeedingpatternsForexamplelargeaggregationsofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)feedroutinelynearBarrowfromlatesummerthroughautumna phenomenonpreviouslyconsideredlsquosporadicrsquo(Mooreetal2010)Graywhales(Eschrichtius robustus)consideredatemperatespeciescommonlyfeednearthebowheadwhaleswhereas thetwospeciesappearedtobespatiallyandtemporallysegregatedintheearly1980s(Mooreetal1986)
Inadditiontothechangesinmarinemammalecologyanorthwardshiftofsomefishspecies(egSpencer2008MueterandLitzow2008RandandLogerwell2010)andtheprevalenceof euphausiids(Thysanoessaspp)indicatedthatthetrophicstructureofthePARischangingEuphausiidsareimportantpreyforbowheadandgraywhales(Ashjianetal2010Bluhmet al2007)andpossiblyalsoforicesealsEuphausiidsarethoughttobetransportedintothe PARfromthenorthernBeringSeaasreproductionhasneverbeenobservedinwatersnorthofBeringStrait(Berlineetal2008)Coupledtothisisthegeneraldearthofinformationon distributionandabundanceofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)inthePARaspeciesconsideredessentialintheshorttrophicfoodwebscommontopolarmarineecosystems(Ainleyand DeMaster1990)Examinationandsynthesisofhownaturalandhuman0associated environmentalvariabilityimpactsmarinemammalsrequiresinvestigationofthebiophysical changestotrophicstructureanddynamicsoftheirfishandinvertebrateprey
During200502015BOEMmadeextensiveinvestmentsinmarinemammalandrelated oceanographicstudiesintheeasternhalfofthePAR(ietheInternationalDateLineeastto theCanadianBeaufort)Datafromthosestudieswillconsiderablyaugmentthebodyof knowledgefortheregionbutinterpretationwouldbeconstrainedifresultsarenot integratedwithotherresearcheffortsAddressingthisintegrationwasthegenesisofthe SOARprojecttoundertakesynthesisofresearchfromongoingBOEMstudiesinthePARwhichincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull BowheadWhaleFeedingVariabilityintheWesternAlaskanBeaufortSeaSatelliteTrackingofBowheadWhaleMovementsFeedingampOceanography
bull PassiveAcousticDetectionandMonitoringofEndangeredWhalesintheArctic
8
bull EcosystemObservationsintheChukchiSeaBiophysicalMooringandClimateModeling
bull ChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea(COMIDA)ChemistryandBenthos
bull DistributionandRelativeAbundanceofMarineMammalsCOMIDAAerialSurveys
bull HannaShoalEcosystemStudy
bull MonitoringtheDistributionofArcticWhales(alsoknownasBWASP)
bull WalrusHabitatUseinthePotentialDrillingArea
bull PinnipedMovementsandForagingBeardedSeals
bull AssessingReproductionandBodyConditionoftheRingedSealnearSachsHarbourNorthwestTerritoryCanadathroughaHarvest0basedSamplingProgram
bull ArcticmarineresearchstudiessupportedthroughNationalOceanPartnership Program(NOPP)towhichBOEMcontributes
bull StudiesconductedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADFampG)andtheNorthSlopeBorough(NSB)underBOEMrsquosCoastalImpactAssistanceProgram(CIAP)
Dataandresultsfromrelated(butnotBOEM0funded)studiesthatalsocontributetotheSOAR includebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull NOAArsquosRUSALCAprogram(USA0RussiabilateralstudyoftheChukchiSea)
bull StudiessupportedbyNSFOfficeofPolarPrograms
bull StudiessupportedbytheLandscapeConservationCooperativeNetwork
bull StudiessupportedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishampGametheUSGeologicalSurveyandbytheUSFishampWildlifeService
bull Studiessupportedbyoilandgasindustry(egShellConocoPhillipsStatOilBritishPetroleum)relatedtomitigationandmonitoringofeffectsofoffshoreexplorationanddevelopmentonmarinemammalsandtheirenvironmentegtheChukchiSea EnvironmentalStudiesProgram(CSESP)
)
)
)
9
OBJECTIVES)AND)METHODS)
)
OBJECTIVES
)
TheSOARprojectfocusedonthreeobjectives
1 Increasescientificunderstandingoftheinter0andintra0relationshipsofoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishand zooplankton)andmarinemammaldistributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisontheChukchiSealeaseareas
2 Enhancecapabilitytopredictchangesinoceanographicfeaturessuchascurrents upwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSea
3 EffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
)
METHODS
TASKFRAMEWORK
TheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojectwastouseavailableanalyticalandmodelingapproachestoidentifyandtesthypothesesthatcrossscientificdisciplinesSOARprovidesa frameworktosupportasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompletedandongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheframeworkconsistsofsixtasks
1 establishaScienceSteeringCommitteetoprovideleadershipandoversightforthe synthesisproject
2 conductaSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)WorkshopinvolvingPIsfromall relevantresearchprogramsto
i identifyanddevelopsciencesynthesisthemesii detailrequireddataandanalysesforeachtheme iii formAnalyticalTeamstosupporttheworkofeachsynthesisthemeiv listanticipatedworkproducts(iepeer0reviewedpapersandpresentations)
and
10
v deriveameanstoarchivedataandmeta0datausedinsupportofthesynthesis 3 supportAnalyticalTeamdataintegrationandanalysisincludingtheme0based
meetingsasneeded 4 trackprogressofanalyticalworkviabi0monthlyteleconferencesandannualSCCAT0
updateworkshops 5 producescienceproductsincludingpresentationsatprofessionalmeetingsand
publicationofpeer0reviewedpapersasaSpecialIssueamporThemeSectionsinanappropriatescientificjournaland
6 communicatesynthesisapproachandfindingstolocalArcticresidentsresourcemanagersnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
TASKDETAIL
TASK)1)))ESTABLISH)AND)CONVENE)SCIENTIFIC)STEERING)COMMITTEE)
LeadershipandguidanceofthesynthesisprojectwasprovidedbyaScienceSteeringCommittee(SSC)formedofseniorscientistswithdecades0longexperienceinthePacific ArcticAttheinitialSSCmeetingthegroupidentifiedrelevantprojectsdeveloped provisionalsciencethemesandidentifiedpotentialparticipantsandleadersfor interdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsformedatthesubsequentSOARWorkshop
TASK)2)))PLAN)AND)CONDUCT)SOAR)WORKSHOP)
Amulti0disciplinarySOARWorkshopwasthekeystoneinitialproductofSOARWorkshop participantsinventoriedavailabledataandevaluateditssufficiencytoaddressspecificcross0 disciplinaryhypothesesandquestionsprovisionallyidentifiedassciencethemesbytheSSCTheprovisionallistofthemeswasmodifiedandnewthemesemergedattheworkshopOnce sciencethemeswereagreeduponinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeams(AT)wereformedto conductthecoreworkoftheSOARprojectInterdisciplinaryATstheninitiatedthe developmentofshortproposalstosupporttheworkrequiredfordataintegrationanalyses andormodeling
TASK)3))SUPPORT)DATA)INTEGRATION)ANALYSIS)AND)MODELING
Inresponsetoproposalsdetailingtheworktobeperformedtimelineandproducts anticipatedmdashandincoordinationwithSSCreviewmdashfundingwasprovidedviacontractfor selectedATstointegratedataconductanalysesrunmodelsandordeveloppublicationsInsomecasesdirectfundingwasnotneededandin0kindsupportwasprovidedintheformofreviewcoordinationandpublicationfacilitationAsubsetofATsintegratedtheirworkwith
11
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
12
SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
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ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
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PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
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ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
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Harwood
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17PDecP2014(
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PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
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ArcticThePresentandFuture
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US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
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21PDecP2015(
Citta
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21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
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Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
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TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
List)of)Figures)
Figure1Mapofstudyareashowingprincipalcurrents(redlines)andmeansea0icemaximum (spring)andminimum(fall)extent(MooreandStabeno2015)7
Figure2CoverofthefirstSOARspecialissueProgressinOceanographyVol13616
Figure3HighlightsofrecentbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem21
Figure4Generalizedconceptualmodeldepictingtheinfluenceofseaiceonpelagic0benthiccoupling onPacificArcticcontinentalshelves24
Figure5Marinebirdsandmammalsareuppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesthatreflectecosystem alterationsbychangesinhabitatuse(extrinsic)andbodycondition(intrinsic)revealing fundamentalchangesinmarineecosystems27
Figure6ComponentsoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelndashlinkingpelagic0benthic couplingandadvectivemodelstoderiveaseasonalmodelforthePacificArcticframedby contiguousdomains32
Figure7TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodeldepictingseasonalbiophysicalpulsesin threeecologicaldomainsacrossalatitudinalgradientoverthecourseofanannualcycleinthe PacificArcticregion(MooreandStabeno2015)33
Figure8Paperscomprisingtheforthcoming20182ndSOARspecialissue(tobepublishedinDeep0 SeaResearchPartII)identifiedbyleadauthorandorganizedbyecologicaldomainsthatframe theArcticMarinePulsesmodel(Mooreetalinpress)35
List)of)Tables)
Table1ListofScienceSteeringCommitteemembersandinstitutions13
Table2ListofSOARSSCTeleconferencesandin0personmeetings14
Table3Papersincludedinthe2015SOARspecialissueofProgressinOceanography17
Table4PaperstoappearintheSOAR2ndPhasespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchPartII18
5
INTRODUCTION)
ChangestothephysicalenvironmentoftheUSArcticOuterContinentalShelf(OCS)aredrivingshiftsinthedistributionandbehaviorofanumberofprotectedmarinemammalspeciesthatinhabitthosewatersThesamespeciesmaybeaffectedbyoilandgasactivities withinOCSPlanningAreaswithstrongpotentialfordeleteriousinteractionsbetweennaturalandhumaninducedphenomenaEnvironmentalregulations(egNEPAtheESAandthe MMPA)requiretheBureauofOceanEnergyManagement(BOEM)toevaluatewhetherand howfederalactionsassociatedwithoilandgasdevelopmentmayaffecttheseprotectedspeciesandthemarineenvironmentonwhichtheydependInformationonoceancirculation andhydrographyisusefulfortheseevaluationsaswellasforinputintomodelsusedtopredicttheoutcomeofoilspillsHoweverphysicsalonecannotpredicthowprotected speciesandthemarineecosystemsuponwhichtheydependwillrespondtonaturalandanthropogenicforcingGivenrecentinvestmentsbyBOEMotherfederalagencies(egNOAA USGSNSF)andtheoilandgasindustryininterdisciplinarybiologicalandoceanographicresearchinthePacificArcticregion(PAR)asynthesisofresultsofcompletedandongoingstudieswillhelptoinformmanagementdecision0makersandtoguidefutureresearch activities
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)PhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArcticprojectprovidesaframeworkforasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompleted andongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheSOARprojectaimstoincreasescientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishandzooplankton)andmarinemammal distributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSeaSOARfurtheraimstoenhanceourcapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographic featuressuchascurrentsupwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorof marinemammalsandtheirpreyintheregionandtoeffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesis activitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArcticresidentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
InthisreportweprovidedetailonthebackgroundmethodsandresultsoftheSOARprojectandsummarizethescientificoutcomesacrossthefirstandsecondphasesofSOAR
6
BACKGROUND
ThePacificArcticregioncompriseswatersnorthofStMatthewIsland(60degNlatitude)inthenorthernBeringChukchiBeaufortandEastSiberianseas(Grebmeieretal2010)Theregionisanin0flowsystemtotheArctic(Carmacketal2006)withthreedistinctwater massesflowingnorththroughBeringStraitthenbathymetricallychanneledacrosstheChukchiSeashelfandintotheBeaufortSeabasin(Fig1)Theannualadvanceandretreatof seaiceisthekeyphysicaldriverofprimaryproductiontrophicinteractionsandhumanaccessandactivitiesovertheentirePARThephysicalclimateofthePARischangingrapidlydrivingchangeacrosstheregionalmarineecosystems(GrebmeierandMaslowski2014)
Figure)1))Map)of)study)area)showing)principal)currents)(red)lines))and)mean)seaVice)maximum)(spring)) and)minimum)(fall))extent)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
Thesummerminimumsea0iceextentin2007and2008coveredanareathatwas37less thanthearealcoverageoftwodecadespriorand20lessthanthepreviousminimumcoveragein2005(Stroeveetal2008)Thepaceofthesechangeswasunexpectedasthe consensusoftheclimateresearchcommunitywasthatsuchchangeswouldnotbeseenfor
7
another30years(WangandOverland2009)Thereductioninsea0iceareaopensupvastnew regionsoftheArcticOceantoincreasedabsorptionofsunlightandstorageofheatThisheat isreturnedtotheatmosphereinthefollowingautumnresultinginincreasedArctic temperaturesofmorethan5degCextendingthesea0icefreeseasonthroughNovemberandcausingchangesinwindpatternsThesephysicalchangestotheArcticsystemappeartobe irreversible
Marinemammalsrespondtochangesinseaiceaccordingtotheirdependencyonitforvitallifefunctions(MooreandHuntington2008Kovacsetal2010)InthePARthedramaticchangesinseasonalsea0iceextentandtypeappeartohaveprecipitatedchangesinmarine mammalmigrationandfeedingpatternsForexamplelargeaggregationsofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)feedroutinelynearBarrowfromlatesummerthroughautumna phenomenonpreviouslyconsideredlsquosporadicrsquo(Mooreetal2010)Graywhales(Eschrichtius robustus)consideredatemperatespeciescommonlyfeednearthebowheadwhaleswhereas thetwospeciesappearedtobespatiallyandtemporallysegregatedintheearly1980s(Mooreetal1986)
Inadditiontothechangesinmarinemammalecologyanorthwardshiftofsomefishspecies(egSpencer2008MueterandLitzow2008RandandLogerwell2010)andtheprevalenceof euphausiids(Thysanoessaspp)indicatedthatthetrophicstructureofthePARischangingEuphausiidsareimportantpreyforbowheadandgraywhales(Ashjianetal2010Bluhmet al2007)andpossiblyalsoforicesealsEuphausiidsarethoughttobetransportedintothe PARfromthenorthernBeringSeaasreproductionhasneverbeenobservedinwatersnorthofBeringStrait(Berlineetal2008)Coupledtothisisthegeneraldearthofinformationon distributionandabundanceofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)inthePARaspeciesconsideredessentialintheshorttrophicfoodwebscommontopolarmarineecosystems(Ainleyand DeMaster1990)Examinationandsynthesisofhownaturalandhuman0associated environmentalvariabilityimpactsmarinemammalsrequiresinvestigationofthebiophysical changestotrophicstructureanddynamicsoftheirfishandinvertebrateprey
During200502015BOEMmadeextensiveinvestmentsinmarinemammalandrelated oceanographicstudiesintheeasternhalfofthePAR(ietheInternationalDateLineeastto theCanadianBeaufort)Datafromthosestudieswillconsiderablyaugmentthebodyof knowledgefortheregionbutinterpretationwouldbeconstrainedifresultsarenot integratedwithotherresearcheffortsAddressingthisintegrationwasthegenesisofthe SOARprojecttoundertakesynthesisofresearchfromongoingBOEMstudiesinthePARwhichincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull BowheadWhaleFeedingVariabilityintheWesternAlaskanBeaufortSeaSatelliteTrackingofBowheadWhaleMovementsFeedingampOceanography
bull PassiveAcousticDetectionandMonitoringofEndangeredWhalesintheArctic
8
bull EcosystemObservationsintheChukchiSeaBiophysicalMooringandClimateModeling
bull ChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea(COMIDA)ChemistryandBenthos
bull DistributionandRelativeAbundanceofMarineMammalsCOMIDAAerialSurveys
bull HannaShoalEcosystemStudy
bull MonitoringtheDistributionofArcticWhales(alsoknownasBWASP)
bull WalrusHabitatUseinthePotentialDrillingArea
bull PinnipedMovementsandForagingBeardedSeals
bull AssessingReproductionandBodyConditionoftheRingedSealnearSachsHarbourNorthwestTerritoryCanadathroughaHarvest0basedSamplingProgram
bull ArcticmarineresearchstudiessupportedthroughNationalOceanPartnership Program(NOPP)towhichBOEMcontributes
bull StudiesconductedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADFampG)andtheNorthSlopeBorough(NSB)underBOEMrsquosCoastalImpactAssistanceProgram(CIAP)
Dataandresultsfromrelated(butnotBOEM0funded)studiesthatalsocontributetotheSOAR includebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull NOAArsquosRUSALCAprogram(USA0RussiabilateralstudyoftheChukchiSea)
bull StudiessupportedbyNSFOfficeofPolarPrograms
bull StudiessupportedbytheLandscapeConservationCooperativeNetwork
bull StudiessupportedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishampGametheUSGeologicalSurveyandbytheUSFishampWildlifeService
bull Studiessupportedbyoilandgasindustry(egShellConocoPhillipsStatOilBritishPetroleum)relatedtomitigationandmonitoringofeffectsofoffshoreexplorationanddevelopmentonmarinemammalsandtheirenvironmentegtheChukchiSea EnvironmentalStudiesProgram(CSESP)
)
)
)
9
OBJECTIVES)AND)METHODS)
)
OBJECTIVES
)
TheSOARprojectfocusedonthreeobjectives
1 Increasescientificunderstandingoftheinter0andintra0relationshipsofoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishand zooplankton)andmarinemammaldistributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisontheChukchiSealeaseareas
2 Enhancecapabilitytopredictchangesinoceanographicfeaturessuchascurrents upwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSea
3 EffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
)
METHODS
TASKFRAMEWORK
TheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojectwastouseavailableanalyticalandmodelingapproachestoidentifyandtesthypothesesthatcrossscientificdisciplinesSOARprovidesa frameworktosupportasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompletedandongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheframeworkconsistsofsixtasks
1 establishaScienceSteeringCommitteetoprovideleadershipandoversightforthe synthesisproject
2 conductaSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)WorkshopinvolvingPIsfromall relevantresearchprogramsto
i identifyanddevelopsciencesynthesisthemesii detailrequireddataandanalysesforeachtheme iii formAnalyticalTeamstosupporttheworkofeachsynthesisthemeiv listanticipatedworkproducts(iepeer0reviewedpapersandpresentations)
and
10
v deriveameanstoarchivedataandmeta0datausedinsupportofthesynthesis 3 supportAnalyticalTeamdataintegrationandanalysisincludingtheme0based
meetingsasneeded 4 trackprogressofanalyticalworkviabi0monthlyteleconferencesandannualSCCAT0
updateworkshops 5 producescienceproductsincludingpresentationsatprofessionalmeetingsand
publicationofpeer0reviewedpapersasaSpecialIssueamporThemeSectionsinanappropriatescientificjournaland
6 communicatesynthesisapproachandfindingstolocalArcticresidentsresourcemanagersnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
TASKDETAIL
TASK)1)))ESTABLISH)AND)CONVENE)SCIENTIFIC)STEERING)COMMITTEE)
LeadershipandguidanceofthesynthesisprojectwasprovidedbyaScienceSteeringCommittee(SSC)formedofseniorscientistswithdecades0longexperienceinthePacific ArcticAttheinitialSSCmeetingthegroupidentifiedrelevantprojectsdeveloped provisionalsciencethemesandidentifiedpotentialparticipantsandleadersfor interdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsformedatthesubsequentSOARWorkshop
TASK)2)))PLAN)AND)CONDUCT)SOAR)WORKSHOP)
Amulti0disciplinarySOARWorkshopwasthekeystoneinitialproductofSOARWorkshop participantsinventoriedavailabledataandevaluateditssufficiencytoaddressspecificcross0 disciplinaryhypothesesandquestionsprovisionallyidentifiedassciencethemesbytheSSCTheprovisionallistofthemeswasmodifiedandnewthemesemergedattheworkshopOnce sciencethemeswereagreeduponinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeams(AT)wereformedto conductthecoreworkoftheSOARprojectInterdisciplinaryATstheninitiatedthe developmentofshortproposalstosupporttheworkrequiredfordataintegrationanalyses andormodeling
TASK)3))SUPPORT)DATA)INTEGRATION)ANALYSIS)AND)MODELING
Inresponsetoproposalsdetailingtheworktobeperformedtimelineandproducts anticipatedmdashandincoordinationwithSSCreviewmdashfundingwasprovidedviacontractfor selectedATstointegratedataconductanalysesrunmodelsandordeveloppublicationsInsomecasesdirectfundingwasnotneededandin0kindsupportwasprovidedintheformofreviewcoordinationandpublicationfacilitationAsubsetofATsintegratedtheirworkwith
11
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
12
SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
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(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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ArrigoKRand vanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070
AshjianCJBraund SRCampbell RGGeorgeJC Kruse JMaslowski WMooreSE Nicolson CROkkonen SR SherrBF Sherr EBandSpitz Y2010Climate variabilityoceanographybowheadwhaledistributionandInupiatsubsistence whalingnearBarrowAlaskaArctic63(2)1790194
BerlineLSpitzYH AshjianCJ CampbellRG Maslowski WandMoore SE2008 EuphausiidtransportintheWesternArcticOceanMarineEcologyProgressSeries360 1630178
BlackwellSBRichardsonWJGreeneCRStreeverB2007Bowheadwhale(Balaena mysticetus)migrationandcallingbehaviorintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaautumn2001004 anacousticlocalizationstudyArctic602550270
BlockBAJonsenIDJorgensenSJ+18co0authors2011TrackingapexmarinepredatormovementsinadynamicoceanNature475doi101038nature10082
BluhmBACoyle KOKonar BandHighsmith R2007Highgraywhalerelativeabundances associatedwithanoceanographicfrontinthesouth0centralChukchiSeaDeepSea ResearchII291902933
BondNStabenoPNappJinpressFlowpatternsintheChukchiSeabasedonanoceanreanalysisJunethroughOctober197902014
CarmackEDBarberJChristensenRMacdonaldBRudelsandESakshaug2006Climatevariabilityandphysicalforcingofthefoodwebsandcarbonbudgetonpanarcticshelves ProgressinOceanography711450181
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CarmackEWinsorPWilliamsW2015ThecontiguouspanarcticRiverineCoastal DomainaunifyingconceptProgressinOceanography13913023
46
CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0 KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
CittaJJOkkonenSRQuakenbushLTMaslowskiWOsinskiRGeorgeJCSmallRJ BrowerJrHHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHarwoodLAinpressaOceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithautumnmovementsofbowheadwhalesintheChukchi Sea
CittaJJQuakenbushLTLondonJMFrostKJFischbachASLowryLFOrsquoCorry0Crowe GJayCVCrawfordJABovengPLCameronMVonDuykeALNelsonMHarwoodLARichardPSuydamRHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHobbsRCLitovkaDI GeorgeJCKellyBPSmithTGKennedyAGoodwinJOrrJGrayTinpressbOverlapofmarinemammalrangesandmulti0speciescoreuseareasasynthesisof satellitetelemetrydatainthePacificArctic
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStaffordKM 2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiand BeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240
CooperLWGrebmeierJMinpressDepositionpatternsontheChukchishelfusingradionuclideinventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdiet conditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150
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DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarcticsea iceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161
DruckenmillerMLCittaJJFergusonMCClarkeJTGeorgeJCQuakenbushLinpressTrendsinsea0icecoverwithinbowheadwhalehabitatsinthePacificArctic
47
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GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
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HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
INTRODUCTION)
ChangestothephysicalenvironmentoftheUSArcticOuterContinentalShelf(OCS)aredrivingshiftsinthedistributionandbehaviorofanumberofprotectedmarinemammalspeciesthatinhabitthosewatersThesamespeciesmaybeaffectedbyoilandgasactivities withinOCSPlanningAreaswithstrongpotentialfordeleteriousinteractionsbetweennaturalandhumaninducedphenomenaEnvironmentalregulations(egNEPAtheESAandthe MMPA)requiretheBureauofOceanEnergyManagement(BOEM)toevaluatewhetherand howfederalactionsassociatedwithoilandgasdevelopmentmayaffecttheseprotectedspeciesandthemarineenvironmentonwhichtheydependInformationonoceancirculation andhydrographyisusefulfortheseevaluationsaswellasforinputintomodelsusedtopredicttheoutcomeofoilspillsHoweverphysicsalonecannotpredicthowprotected speciesandthemarineecosystemsuponwhichtheydependwillrespondtonaturalandanthropogenicforcingGivenrecentinvestmentsbyBOEMotherfederalagencies(egNOAA USGSNSF)andtheoilandgasindustryininterdisciplinarybiologicalandoceanographicresearchinthePacificArcticregion(PAR)asynthesisofresultsofcompletedandongoingstudieswillhelptoinformmanagementdecision0makersandtoguidefutureresearch activities
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)PhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArcticprojectprovidesaframeworkforasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompleted andongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheSOARprojectaimstoincreasescientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishandzooplankton)andmarinemammal distributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSeaSOARfurtheraimstoenhanceourcapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographic featuressuchascurrentsupwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorof marinemammalsandtheirpreyintheregionandtoeffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesis activitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArcticresidentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
InthisreportweprovidedetailonthebackgroundmethodsandresultsoftheSOARprojectandsummarizethescientificoutcomesacrossthefirstandsecondphasesofSOAR
6
BACKGROUND
ThePacificArcticregioncompriseswatersnorthofStMatthewIsland(60degNlatitude)inthenorthernBeringChukchiBeaufortandEastSiberianseas(Grebmeieretal2010)Theregionisanin0flowsystemtotheArctic(Carmacketal2006)withthreedistinctwater massesflowingnorththroughBeringStraitthenbathymetricallychanneledacrosstheChukchiSeashelfandintotheBeaufortSeabasin(Fig1)Theannualadvanceandretreatof seaiceisthekeyphysicaldriverofprimaryproductiontrophicinteractionsandhumanaccessandactivitiesovertheentirePARThephysicalclimateofthePARischangingrapidlydrivingchangeacrosstheregionalmarineecosystems(GrebmeierandMaslowski2014)
Figure)1))Map)of)study)area)showing)principal)currents)(red)lines))and)mean)seaVice)maximum)(spring)) and)minimum)(fall))extent)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
Thesummerminimumsea0iceextentin2007and2008coveredanareathatwas37less thanthearealcoverageoftwodecadespriorand20lessthanthepreviousminimumcoveragein2005(Stroeveetal2008)Thepaceofthesechangeswasunexpectedasthe consensusoftheclimateresearchcommunitywasthatsuchchangeswouldnotbeseenfor
7
another30years(WangandOverland2009)Thereductioninsea0iceareaopensupvastnew regionsoftheArcticOceantoincreasedabsorptionofsunlightandstorageofheatThisheat isreturnedtotheatmosphereinthefollowingautumnresultinginincreasedArctic temperaturesofmorethan5degCextendingthesea0icefreeseasonthroughNovemberandcausingchangesinwindpatternsThesephysicalchangestotheArcticsystemappeartobe irreversible
Marinemammalsrespondtochangesinseaiceaccordingtotheirdependencyonitforvitallifefunctions(MooreandHuntington2008Kovacsetal2010)InthePARthedramaticchangesinseasonalsea0iceextentandtypeappeartohaveprecipitatedchangesinmarine mammalmigrationandfeedingpatternsForexamplelargeaggregationsofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)feedroutinelynearBarrowfromlatesummerthroughautumna phenomenonpreviouslyconsideredlsquosporadicrsquo(Mooreetal2010)Graywhales(Eschrichtius robustus)consideredatemperatespeciescommonlyfeednearthebowheadwhaleswhereas thetwospeciesappearedtobespatiallyandtemporallysegregatedintheearly1980s(Mooreetal1986)
Inadditiontothechangesinmarinemammalecologyanorthwardshiftofsomefishspecies(egSpencer2008MueterandLitzow2008RandandLogerwell2010)andtheprevalenceof euphausiids(Thysanoessaspp)indicatedthatthetrophicstructureofthePARischangingEuphausiidsareimportantpreyforbowheadandgraywhales(Ashjianetal2010Bluhmet al2007)andpossiblyalsoforicesealsEuphausiidsarethoughttobetransportedintothe PARfromthenorthernBeringSeaasreproductionhasneverbeenobservedinwatersnorthofBeringStrait(Berlineetal2008)Coupledtothisisthegeneraldearthofinformationon distributionandabundanceofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)inthePARaspeciesconsideredessentialintheshorttrophicfoodwebscommontopolarmarineecosystems(Ainleyand DeMaster1990)Examinationandsynthesisofhownaturalandhuman0associated environmentalvariabilityimpactsmarinemammalsrequiresinvestigationofthebiophysical changestotrophicstructureanddynamicsoftheirfishandinvertebrateprey
During200502015BOEMmadeextensiveinvestmentsinmarinemammalandrelated oceanographicstudiesintheeasternhalfofthePAR(ietheInternationalDateLineeastto theCanadianBeaufort)Datafromthosestudieswillconsiderablyaugmentthebodyof knowledgefortheregionbutinterpretationwouldbeconstrainedifresultsarenot integratedwithotherresearcheffortsAddressingthisintegrationwasthegenesisofthe SOARprojecttoundertakesynthesisofresearchfromongoingBOEMstudiesinthePARwhichincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull BowheadWhaleFeedingVariabilityintheWesternAlaskanBeaufortSeaSatelliteTrackingofBowheadWhaleMovementsFeedingampOceanography
bull PassiveAcousticDetectionandMonitoringofEndangeredWhalesintheArctic
8
bull EcosystemObservationsintheChukchiSeaBiophysicalMooringandClimateModeling
bull ChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea(COMIDA)ChemistryandBenthos
bull DistributionandRelativeAbundanceofMarineMammalsCOMIDAAerialSurveys
bull HannaShoalEcosystemStudy
bull MonitoringtheDistributionofArcticWhales(alsoknownasBWASP)
bull WalrusHabitatUseinthePotentialDrillingArea
bull PinnipedMovementsandForagingBeardedSeals
bull AssessingReproductionandBodyConditionoftheRingedSealnearSachsHarbourNorthwestTerritoryCanadathroughaHarvest0basedSamplingProgram
bull ArcticmarineresearchstudiessupportedthroughNationalOceanPartnership Program(NOPP)towhichBOEMcontributes
bull StudiesconductedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADFampG)andtheNorthSlopeBorough(NSB)underBOEMrsquosCoastalImpactAssistanceProgram(CIAP)
Dataandresultsfromrelated(butnotBOEM0funded)studiesthatalsocontributetotheSOAR includebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull NOAArsquosRUSALCAprogram(USA0RussiabilateralstudyoftheChukchiSea)
bull StudiessupportedbyNSFOfficeofPolarPrograms
bull StudiessupportedbytheLandscapeConservationCooperativeNetwork
bull StudiessupportedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishampGametheUSGeologicalSurveyandbytheUSFishampWildlifeService
bull Studiessupportedbyoilandgasindustry(egShellConocoPhillipsStatOilBritishPetroleum)relatedtomitigationandmonitoringofeffectsofoffshoreexplorationanddevelopmentonmarinemammalsandtheirenvironmentegtheChukchiSea EnvironmentalStudiesProgram(CSESP)
)
)
)
9
OBJECTIVES)AND)METHODS)
)
OBJECTIVES
)
TheSOARprojectfocusedonthreeobjectives
1 Increasescientificunderstandingoftheinter0andintra0relationshipsofoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishand zooplankton)andmarinemammaldistributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisontheChukchiSealeaseareas
2 Enhancecapabilitytopredictchangesinoceanographicfeaturessuchascurrents upwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSea
3 EffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
)
METHODS
TASKFRAMEWORK
TheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojectwastouseavailableanalyticalandmodelingapproachestoidentifyandtesthypothesesthatcrossscientificdisciplinesSOARprovidesa frameworktosupportasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompletedandongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheframeworkconsistsofsixtasks
1 establishaScienceSteeringCommitteetoprovideleadershipandoversightforthe synthesisproject
2 conductaSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)WorkshopinvolvingPIsfromall relevantresearchprogramsto
i identifyanddevelopsciencesynthesisthemesii detailrequireddataandanalysesforeachtheme iii formAnalyticalTeamstosupporttheworkofeachsynthesisthemeiv listanticipatedworkproducts(iepeer0reviewedpapersandpresentations)
and
10
v deriveameanstoarchivedataandmeta0datausedinsupportofthesynthesis 3 supportAnalyticalTeamdataintegrationandanalysisincludingtheme0based
meetingsasneeded 4 trackprogressofanalyticalworkviabi0monthlyteleconferencesandannualSCCAT0
updateworkshops 5 producescienceproductsincludingpresentationsatprofessionalmeetingsand
publicationofpeer0reviewedpapersasaSpecialIssueamporThemeSectionsinanappropriatescientificjournaland
6 communicatesynthesisapproachandfindingstolocalArcticresidentsresourcemanagersnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
TASKDETAIL
TASK)1)))ESTABLISH)AND)CONVENE)SCIENTIFIC)STEERING)COMMITTEE)
LeadershipandguidanceofthesynthesisprojectwasprovidedbyaScienceSteeringCommittee(SSC)formedofseniorscientistswithdecades0longexperienceinthePacific ArcticAttheinitialSSCmeetingthegroupidentifiedrelevantprojectsdeveloped provisionalsciencethemesandidentifiedpotentialparticipantsandleadersfor interdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsformedatthesubsequentSOARWorkshop
TASK)2)))PLAN)AND)CONDUCT)SOAR)WORKSHOP)
Amulti0disciplinarySOARWorkshopwasthekeystoneinitialproductofSOARWorkshop participantsinventoriedavailabledataandevaluateditssufficiencytoaddressspecificcross0 disciplinaryhypothesesandquestionsprovisionallyidentifiedassciencethemesbytheSSCTheprovisionallistofthemeswasmodifiedandnewthemesemergedattheworkshopOnce sciencethemeswereagreeduponinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeams(AT)wereformedto conductthecoreworkoftheSOARprojectInterdisciplinaryATstheninitiatedthe developmentofshortproposalstosupporttheworkrequiredfordataintegrationanalyses andormodeling
TASK)3))SUPPORT)DATA)INTEGRATION)ANALYSIS)AND)MODELING
Inresponsetoproposalsdetailingtheworktobeperformedtimelineandproducts anticipatedmdashandincoordinationwithSSCreviewmdashfundingwasprovidedviacontractfor selectedATstointegratedataconductanalysesrunmodelsandordeveloppublicationsInsomecasesdirectfundingwasnotneededandin0kindsupportwasprovidedintheformofreviewcoordinationandpublicationfacilitationAsubsetofATsintegratedtheirworkwith
11
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
12
SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
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32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
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TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
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WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
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Stephen(Okkonen(
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Jim(Overland(
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UW
SeattleWA
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Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
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Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
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Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
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57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
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(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Moore
TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
31PMarP2016(
Mathis
UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
BACKGROUND
ThePacificArcticregioncompriseswatersnorthofStMatthewIsland(60degNlatitude)inthenorthernBeringChukchiBeaufortandEastSiberianseas(Grebmeieretal2010)Theregionisanin0flowsystemtotheArctic(Carmacketal2006)withthreedistinctwater massesflowingnorththroughBeringStraitthenbathymetricallychanneledacrosstheChukchiSeashelfandintotheBeaufortSeabasin(Fig1)Theannualadvanceandretreatof seaiceisthekeyphysicaldriverofprimaryproductiontrophicinteractionsandhumanaccessandactivitiesovertheentirePARThephysicalclimateofthePARischangingrapidlydrivingchangeacrosstheregionalmarineecosystems(GrebmeierandMaslowski2014)
Figure)1))Map)of)study)area)showing)principal)currents)(red)lines))and)mean)seaVice)maximum)(spring)) and)minimum)(fall))extent)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
Thesummerminimumsea0iceextentin2007and2008coveredanareathatwas37less thanthearealcoverageoftwodecadespriorand20lessthanthepreviousminimumcoveragein2005(Stroeveetal2008)Thepaceofthesechangeswasunexpectedasthe consensusoftheclimateresearchcommunitywasthatsuchchangeswouldnotbeseenfor
7
another30years(WangandOverland2009)Thereductioninsea0iceareaopensupvastnew regionsoftheArcticOceantoincreasedabsorptionofsunlightandstorageofheatThisheat isreturnedtotheatmosphereinthefollowingautumnresultinginincreasedArctic temperaturesofmorethan5degCextendingthesea0icefreeseasonthroughNovemberandcausingchangesinwindpatternsThesephysicalchangestotheArcticsystemappeartobe irreversible
Marinemammalsrespondtochangesinseaiceaccordingtotheirdependencyonitforvitallifefunctions(MooreandHuntington2008Kovacsetal2010)InthePARthedramaticchangesinseasonalsea0iceextentandtypeappeartohaveprecipitatedchangesinmarine mammalmigrationandfeedingpatternsForexamplelargeaggregationsofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)feedroutinelynearBarrowfromlatesummerthroughautumna phenomenonpreviouslyconsideredlsquosporadicrsquo(Mooreetal2010)Graywhales(Eschrichtius robustus)consideredatemperatespeciescommonlyfeednearthebowheadwhaleswhereas thetwospeciesappearedtobespatiallyandtemporallysegregatedintheearly1980s(Mooreetal1986)
Inadditiontothechangesinmarinemammalecologyanorthwardshiftofsomefishspecies(egSpencer2008MueterandLitzow2008RandandLogerwell2010)andtheprevalenceof euphausiids(Thysanoessaspp)indicatedthatthetrophicstructureofthePARischangingEuphausiidsareimportantpreyforbowheadandgraywhales(Ashjianetal2010Bluhmet al2007)andpossiblyalsoforicesealsEuphausiidsarethoughttobetransportedintothe PARfromthenorthernBeringSeaasreproductionhasneverbeenobservedinwatersnorthofBeringStrait(Berlineetal2008)Coupledtothisisthegeneraldearthofinformationon distributionandabundanceofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)inthePARaspeciesconsideredessentialintheshorttrophicfoodwebscommontopolarmarineecosystems(Ainleyand DeMaster1990)Examinationandsynthesisofhownaturalandhuman0associated environmentalvariabilityimpactsmarinemammalsrequiresinvestigationofthebiophysical changestotrophicstructureanddynamicsoftheirfishandinvertebrateprey
During200502015BOEMmadeextensiveinvestmentsinmarinemammalandrelated oceanographicstudiesintheeasternhalfofthePAR(ietheInternationalDateLineeastto theCanadianBeaufort)Datafromthosestudieswillconsiderablyaugmentthebodyof knowledgefortheregionbutinterpretationwouldbeconstrainedifresultsarenot integratedwithotherresearcheffortsAddressingthisintegrationwasthegenesisofthe SOARprojecttoundertakesynthesisofresearchfromongoingBOEMstudiesinthePARwhichincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull BowheadWhaleFeedingVariabilityintheWesternAlaskanBeaufortSeaSatelliteTrackingofBowheadWhaleMovementsFeedingampOceanography
bull PassiveAcousticDetectionandMonitoringofEndangeredWhalesintheArctic
8
bull EcosystemObservationsintheChukchiSeaBiophysicalMooringandClimateModeling
bull ChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea(COMIDA)ChemistryandBenthos
bull DistributionandRelativeAbundanceofMarineMammalsCOMIDAAerialSurveys
bull HannaShoalEcosystemStudy
bull MonitoringtheDistributionofArcticWhales(alsoknownasBWASP)
bull WalrusHabitatUseinthePotentialDrillingArea
bull PinnipedMovementsandForagingBeardedSeals
bull AssessingReproductionandBodyConditionoftheRingedSealnearSachsHarbourNorthwestTerritoryCanadathroughaHarvest0basedSamplingProgram
bull ArcticmarineresearchstudiessupportedthroughNationalOceanPartnership Program(NOPP)towhichBOEMcontributes
bull StudiesconductedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADFampG)andtheNorthSlopeBorough(NSB)underBOEMrsquosCoastalImpactAssistanceProgram(CIAP)
Dataandresultsfromrelated(butnotBOEM0funded)studiesthatalsocontributetotheSOAR includebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull NOAArsquosRUSALCAprogram(USA0RussiabilateralstudyoftheChukchiSea)
bull StudiessupportedbyNSFOfficeofPolarPrograms
bull StudiessupportedbytheLandscapeConservationCooperativeNetwork
bull StudiessupportedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishampGametheUSGeologicalSurveyandbytheUSFishampWildlifeService
bull Studiessupportedbyoilandgasindustry(egShellConocoPhillipsStatOilBritishPetroleum)relatedtomitigationandmonitoringofeffectsofoffshoreexplorationanddevelopmentonmarinemammalsandtheirenvironmentegtheChukchiSea EnvironmentalStudiesProgram(CSESP)
)
)
)
9
OBJECTIVES)AND)METHODS)
)
OBJECTIVES
)
TheSOARprojectfocusedonthreeobjectives
1 Increasescientificunderstandingoftheinter0andintra0relationshipsofoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishand zooplankton)andmarinemammaldistributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisontheChukchiSealeaseareas
2 Enhancecapabilitytopredictchangesinoceanographicfeaturessuchascurrents upwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSea
3 EffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
)
METHODS
TASKFRAMEWORK
TheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojectwastouseavailableanalyticalandmodelingapproachestoidentifyandtesthypothesesthatcrossscientificdisciplinesSOARprovidesa frameworktosupportasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompletedandongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheframeworkconsistsofsixtasks
1 establishaScienceSteeringCommitteetoprovideleadershipandoversightforthe synthesisproject
2 conductaSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)WorkshopinvolvingPIsfromall relevantresearchprogramsto
i identifyanddevelopsciencesynthesisthemesii detailrequireddataandanalysesforeachtheme iii formAnalyticalTeamstosupporttheworkofeachsynthesisthemeiv listanticipatedworkproducts(iepeer0reviewedpapersandpresentations)
and
10
v deriveameanstoarchivedataandmeta0datausedinsupportofthesynthesis 3 supportAnalyticalTeamdataintegrationandanalysisincludingtheme0based
meetingsasneeded 4 trackprogressofanalyticalworkviabi0monthlyteleconferencesandannualSCCAT0
updateworkshops 5 producescienceproductsincludingpresentationsatprofessionalmeetingsand
publicationofpeer0reviewedpapersasaSpecialIssueamporThemeSectionsinanappropriatescientificjournaland
6 communicatesynthesisapproachandfindingstolocalArcticresidentsresourcemanagersnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
TASKDETAIL
TASK)1)))ESTABLISH)AND)CONVENE)SCIENTIFIC)STEERING)COMMITTEE)
LeadershipandguidanceofthesynthesisprojectwasprovidedbyaScienceSteeringCommittee(SSC)formedofseniorscientistswithdecades0longexperienceinthePacific ArcticAttheinitialSSCmeetingthegroupidentifiedrelevantprojectsdeveloped provisionalsciencethemesandidentifiedpotentialparticipantsandleadersfor interdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsformedatthesubsequentSOARWorkshop
TASK)2)))PLAN)AND)CONDUCT)SOAR)WORKSHOP)
Amulti0disciplinarySOARWorkshopwasthekeystoneinitialproductofSOARWorkshop participantsinventoriedavailabledataandevaluateditssufficiencytoaddressspecificcross0 disciplinaryhypothesesandquestionsprovisionallyidentifiedassciencethemesbytheSSCTheprovisionallistofthemeswasmodifiedandnewthemesemergedattheworkshopOnce sciencethemeswereagreeduponinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeams(AT)wereformedto conductthecoreworkoftheSOARprojectInterdisciplinaryATstheninitiatedthe developmentofshortproposalstosupporttheworkrequiredfordataintegrationanalyses andormodeling
TASK)3))SUPPORT)DATA)INTEGRATION)ANALYSIS)AND)MODELING
Inresponsetoproposalsdetailingtheworktobeperformedtimelineandproducts anticipatedmdashandincoordinationwithSSCreviewmdashfundingwasprovidedviacontractfor selectedATstointegratedataconductanalysesrunmodelsandordeveloppublicationsInsomecasesdirectfundingwasnotneededandin0kindsupportwasprovidedintheformofreviewcoordinationandpublicationfacilitationAsubsetofATsintegratedtheirworkwith
11
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
12
SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
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ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
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1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
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OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
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TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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31PMarP2016(
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UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
another30years(WangandOverland2009)Thereductioninsea0iceareaopensupvastnew regionsoftheArcticOceantoincreasedabsorptionofsunlightandstorageofheatThisheat isreturnedtotheatmosphereinthefollowingautumnresultinginincreasedArctic temperaturesofmorethan5degCextendingthesea0icefreeseasonthroughNovemberandcausingchangesinwindpatternsThesephysicalchangestotheArcticsystemappeartobe irreversible
Marinemammalsrespondtochangesinseaiceaccordingtotheirdependencyonitforvitallifefunctions(MooreandHuntington2008Kovacsetal2010)InthePARthedramaticchangesinseasonalsea0iceextentandtypeappeartohaveprecipitatedchangesinmarine mammalmigrationandfeedingpatternsForexamplelargeaggregationsofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)feedroutinelynearBarrowfromlatesummerthroughautumna phenomenonpreviouslyconsideredlsquosporadicrsquo(Mooreetal2010)Graywhales(Eschrichtius robustus)consideredatemperatespeciescommonlyfeednearthebowheadwhaleswhereas thetwospeciesappearedtobespatiallyandtemporallysegregatedintheearly1980s(Mooreetal1986)
Inadditiontothechangesinmarinemammalecologyanorthwardshiftofsomefishspecies(egSpencer2008MueterandLitzow2008RandandLogerwell2010)andtheprevalenceof euphausiids(Thysanoessaspp)indicatedthatthetrophicstructureofthePARischangingEuphausiidsareimportantpreyforbowheadandgraywhales(Ashjianetal2010Bluhmet al2007)andpossiblyalsoforicesealsEuphausiidsarethoughttobetransportedintothe PARfromthenorthernBeringSeaasreproductionhasneverbeenobservedinwatersnorthofBeringStrait(Berlineetal2008)Coupledtothisisthegeneraldearthofinformationon distributionandabundanceofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)inthePARaspeciesconsideredessentialintheshorttrophicfoodwebscommontopolarmarineecosystems(Ainleyand DeMaster1990)Examinationandsynthesisofhownaturalandhuman0associated environmentalvariabilityimpactsmarinemammalsrequiresinvestigationofthebiophysical changestotrophicstructureanddynamicsoftheirfishandinvertebrateprey
During200502015BOEMmadeextensiveinvestmentsinmarinemammalandrelated oceanographicstudiesintheeasternhalfofthePAR(ietheInternationalDateLineeastto theCanadianBeaufort)Datafromthosestudieswillconsiderablyaugmentthebodyof knowledgefortheregionbutinterpretationwouldbeconstrainedifresultsarenot integratedwithotherresearcheffortsAddressingthisintegrationwasthegenesisofthe SOARprojecttoundertakesynthesisofresearchfromongoingBOEMstudiesinthePARwhichincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull BowheadWhaleFeedingVariabilityintheWesternAlaskanBeaufortSeaSatelliteTrackingofBowheadWhaleMovementsFeedingampOceanography
bull PassiveAcousticDetectionandMonitoringofEndangeredWhalesintheArctic
8
bull EcosystemObservationsintheChukchiSeaBiophysicalMooringandClimateModeling
bull ChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea(COMIDA)ChemistryandBenthos
bull DistributionandRelativeAbundanceofMarineMammalsCOMIDAAerialSurveys
bull HannaShoalEcosystemStudy
bull MonitoringtheDistributionofArcticWhales(alsoknownasBWASP)
bull WalrusHabitatUseinthePotentialDrillingArea
bull PinnipedMovementsandForagingBeardedSeals
bull AssessingReproductionandBodyConditionoftheRingedSealnearSachsHarbourNorthwestTerritoryCanadathroughaHarvest0basedSamplingProgram
bull ArcticmarineresearchstudiessupportedthroughNationalOceanPartnership Program(NOPP)towhichBOEMcontributes
bull StudiesconductedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADFampG)andtheNorthSlopeBorough(NSB)underBOEMrsquosCoastalImpactAssistanceProgram(CIAP)
Dataandresultsfromrelated(butnotBOEM0funded)studiesthatalsocontributetotheSOAR includebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull NOAArsquosRUSALCAprogram(USA0RussiabilateralstudyoftheChukchiSea)
bull StudiessupportedbyNSFOfficeofPolarPrograms
bull StudiessupportedbytheLandscapeConservationCooperativeNetwork
bull StudiessupportedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishampGametheUSGeologicalSurveyandbytheUSFishampWildlifeService
bull Studiessupportedbyoilandgasindustry(egShellConocoPhillipsStatOilBritishPetroleum)relatedtomitigationandmonitoringofeffectsofoffshoreexplorationanddevelopmentonmarinemammalsandtheirenvironmentegtheChukchiSea EnvironmentalStudiesProgram(CSESP)
)
)
)
9
OBJECTIVES)AND)METHODS)
)
OBJECTIVES
)
TheSOARprojectfocusedonthreeobjectives
1 Increasescientificunderstandingoftheinter0andintra0relationshipsofoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishand zooplankton)andmarinemammaldistributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisontheChukchiSealeaseareas
2 Enhancecapabilitytopredictchangesinoceanographicfeaturessuchascurrents upwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSea
3 EffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
)
METHODS
TASKFRAMEWORK
TheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojectwastouseavailableanalyticalandmodelingapproachestoidentifyandtesthypothesesthatcrossscientificdisciplinesSOARprovidesa frameworktosupportasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompletedandongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheframeworkconsistsofsixtasks
1 establishaScienceSteeringCommitteetoprovideleadershipandoversightforthe synthesisproject
2 conductaSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)WorkshopinvolvingPIsfromall relevantresearchprogramsto
i identifyanddevelopsciencesynthesisthemesii detailrequireddataandanalysesforeachtheme iii formAnalyticalTeamstosupporttheworkofeachsynthesisthemeiv listanticipatedworkproducts(iepeer0reviewedpapersandpresentations)
and
10
v deriveameanstoarchivedataandmeta0datausedinsupportofthesynthesis 3 supportAnalyticalTeamdataintegrationandanalysisincludingtheme0based
meetingsasneeded 4 trackprogressofanalyticalworkviabi0monthlyteleconferencesandannualSCCAT0
updateworkshops 5 producescienceproductsincludingpresentationsatprofessionalmeetingsand
publicationofpeer0reviewedpapersasaSpecialIssueamporThemeSectionsinanappropriatescientificjournaland
6 communicatesynthesisapproachandfindingstolocalArcticresidentsresourcemanagersnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
TASKDETAIL
TASK)1)))ESTABLISH)AND)CONVENE)SCIENTIFIC)STEERING)COMMITTEE)
LeadershipandguidanceofthesynthesisprojectwasprovidedbyaScienceSteeringCommittee(SSC)formedofseniorscientistswithdecades0longexperienceinthePacific ArcticAttheinitialSSCmeetingthegroupidentifiedrelevantprojectsdeveloped provisionalsciencethemesandidentifiedpotentialparticipantsandleadersfor interdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsformedatthesubsequentSOARWorkshop
TASK)2)))PLAN)AND)CONDUCT)SOAR)WORKSHOP)
Amulti0disciplinarySOARWorkshopwasthekeystoneinitialproductofSOARWorkshop participantsinventoriedavailabledataandevaluateditssufficiencytoaddressspecificcross0 disciplinaryhypothesesandquestionsprovisionallyidentifiedassciencethemesbytheSSCTheprovisionallistofthemeswasmodifiedandnewthemesemergedattheworkshopOnce sciencethemeswereagreeduponinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeams(AT)wereformedto conductthecoreworkoftheSOARprojectInterdisciplinaryATstheninitiatedthe developmentofshortproposalstosupporttheworkrequiredfordataintegrationanalyses andormodeling
TASK)3))SUPPORT)DATA)INTEGRATION)ANALYSIS)AND)MODELING
Inresponsetoproposalsdetailingtheworktobeperformedtimelineandproducts anticipatedmdashandincoordinationwithSSCreviewmdashfundingwasprovidedviacontractfor selectedATstointegratedataconductanalysesrunmodelsandordeveloppublicationsInsomecasesdirectfundingwasnotneededandin0kindsupportwasprovidedintheformofreviewcoordinationandpublicationfacilitationAsubsetofATsintegratedtheirworkwith
11
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
12
SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
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18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
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ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
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17PDecP2014(
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13PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
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21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
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21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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22PDecP2015(
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AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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22PDecP2015(
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TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
bull EcosystemObservationsintheChukchiSeaBiophysicalMooringandClimateModeling
bull ChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea(COMIDA)ChemistryandBenthos
bull DistributionandRelativeAbundanceofMarineMammalsCOMIDAAerialSurveys
bull HannaShoalEcosystemStudy
bull MonitoringtheDistributionofArcticWhales(alsoknownasBWASP)
bull WalrusHabitatUseinthePotentialDrillingArea
bull PinnipedMovementsandForagingBeardedSeals
bull AssessingReproductionandBodyConditionoftheRingedSealnearSachsHarbourNorthwestTerritoryCanadathroughaHarvest0basedSamplingProgram
bull ArcticmarineresearchstudiessupportedthroughNationalOceanPartnership Program(NOPP)towhichBOEMcontributes
bull StudiesconductedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADFampG)andtheNorthSlopeBorough(NSB)underBOEMrsquosCoastalImpactAssistanceProgram(CIAP)
Dataandresultsfromrelated(butnotBOEM0funded)studiesthatalsocontributetotheSOAR includebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing
bull NOAArsquosRUSALCAprogram(USA0RussiabilateralstudyoftheChukchiSea)
bull StudiessupportedbyNSFOfficeofPolarPrograms
bull StudiessupportedbytheLandscapeConservationCooperativeNetwork
bull StudiessupportedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishampGametheUSGeologicalSurveyandbytheUSFishampWildlifeService
bull Studiessupportedbyoilandgasindustry(egShellConocoPhillipsStatOilBritishPetroleum)relatedtomitigationandmonitoringofeffectsofoffshoreexplorationanddevelopmentonmarinemammalsandtheirenvironmentegtheChukchiSea EnvironmentalStudiesProgram(CSESP)
)
)
)
9
OBJECTIVES)AND)METHODS)
)
OBJECTIVES
)
TheSOARprojectfocusedonthreeobjectives
1 Increasescientificunderstandingoftheinter0andintra0relationshipsofoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishand zooplankton)andmarinemammaldistributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisontheChukchiSealeaseareas
2 Enhancecapabilitytopredictchangesinoceanographicfeaturessuchascurrents upwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSea
3 EffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
)
METHODS
TASKFRAMEWORK
TheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojectwastouseavailableanalyticalandmodelingapproachestoidentifyandtesthypothesesthatcrossscientificdisciplinesSOARprovidesa frameworktosupportasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompletedandongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheframeworkconsistsofsixtasks
1 establishaScienceSteeringCommitteetoprovideleadershipandoversightforthe synthesisproject
2 conductaSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)WorkshopinvolvingPIsfromall relevantresearchprogramsto
i identifyanddevelopsciencesynthesisthemesii detailrequireddataandanalysesforeachtheme iii formAnalyticalTeamstosupporttheworkofeachsynthesisthemeiv listanticipatedworkproducts(iepeer0reviewedpapersandpresentations)
and
10
v deriveameanstoarchivedataandmeta0datausedinsupportofthesynthesis 3 supportAnalyticalTeamdataintegrationandanalysisincludingtheme0based
meetingsasneeded 4 trackprogressofanalyticalworkviabi0monthlyteleconferencesandannualSCCAT0
updateworkshops 5 producescienceproductsincludingpresentationsatprofessionalmeetingsand
publicationofpeer0reviewedpapersasaSpecialIssueamporThemeSectionsinanappropriatescientificjournaland
6 communicatesynthesisapproachandfindingstolocalArcticresidentsresourcemanagersnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
TASKDETAIL
TASK)1)))ESTABLISH)AND)CONVENE)SCIENTIFIC)STEERING)COMMITTEE)
LeadershipandguidanceofthesynthesisprojectwasprovidedbyaScienceSteeringCommittee(SSC)formedofseniorscientistswithdecades0longexperienceinthePacific ArcticAttheinitialSSCmeetingthegroupidentifiedrelevantprojectsdeveloped provisionalsciencethemesandidentifiedpotentialparticipantsandleadersfor interdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsformedatthesubsequentSOARWorkshop
TASK)2)))PLAN)AND)CONDUCT)SOAR)WORKSHOP)
Amulti0disciplinarySOARWorkshopwasthekeystoneinitialproductofSOARWorkshop participantsinventoriedavailabledataandevaluateditssufficiencytoaddressspecificcross0 disciplinaryhypothesesandquestionsprovisionallyidentifiedassciencethemesbytheSSCTheprovisionallistofthemeswasmodifiedandnewthemesemergedattheworkshopOnce sciencethemeswereagreeduponinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeams(AT)wereformedto conductthecoreworkoftheSOARprojectInterdisciplinaryATstheninitiatedthe developmentofshortproposalstosupporttheworkrequiredfordataintegrationanalyses andormodeling
TASK)3))SUPPORT)DATA)INTEGRATION)ANALYSIS)AND)MODELING
Inresponsetoproposalsdetailingtheworktobeperformedtimelineandproducts anticipatedmdashandincoordinationwithSSCreviewmdashfundingwasprovidedviacontractfor selectedATstointegratedataconductanalysesrunmodelsandordeveloppublicationsInsomecasesdirectfundingwasnotneededandin0kindsupportwasprovidedintheformofreviewcoordinationandpublicationfacilitationAsubsetofATsintegratedtheirworkwith
11
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
12
SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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47
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FeelyRADoneySCCooleySR2009Oceanacidificationpresentconditionsandfuture changesinahigh0CO2worldOceanography2236047
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GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
GrebmeierJM2012ShiftingpatternsoflifeinthePacificArcticandsub0arcticseasAnnual ReviewofMarineScience41610166
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
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GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
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HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
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JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
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LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
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1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
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The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
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OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
OBJECTIVES)AND)METHODS)
)
OBJECTIVES
)
TheSOARprojectfocusedonthreeobjectives
1 Increasescientificunderstandingoftheinter0andintra0relationshipsofoceanographicconditionsbenthicorganismslowertrophicpreyspecies(foragefishand zooplankton)andmarinemammaldistributionandbehaviorinthePARwithparticularemphasisontheChukchiSealeaseareas
2 Enhancecapabilitytopredictchangesinoceanographicfeaturessuchascurrents upwellingandiceleadsandassociatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARwithparticularemphasisonthenortheasternChukchiSea
3 EffectivelytransmitfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
)
METHODS
TASKFRAMEWORK
TheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojectwastouseavailableanalyticalandmodelingapproachestoidentifyandtesthypothesesthatcrossscientificdisciplinesSOARprovidesa frameworktosupportasynthesisofscientificinformationdrawnfromcompletedandongoingmarineresearchinthePacificArcticregionTheframeworkconsistsofsixtasks
1 establishaScienceSteeringCommitteetoprovideleadershipandoversightforthe synthesisproject
2 conductaSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)WorkshopinvolvingPIsfromall relevantresearchprogramsto
i identifyanddevelopsciencesynthesisthemesii detailrequireddataandanalysesforeachtheme iii formAnalyticalTeamstosupporttheworkofeachsynthesisthemeiv listanticipatedworkproducts(iepeer0reviewedpapersandpresentations)
and
10
v deriveameanstoarchivedataandmeta0datausedinsupportofthesynthesis 3 supportAnalyticalTeamdataintegrationandanalysisincludingtheme0based
meetingsasneeded 4 trackprogressofanalyticalworkviabi0monthlyteleconferencesandannualSCCAT0
updateworkshops 5 producescienceproductsincludingpresentationsatprofessionalmeetingsand
publicationofpeer0reviewedpapersasaSpecialIssueamporThemeSectionsinanappropriatescientificjournaland
6 communicatesynthesisapproachandfindingstolocalArcticresidentsresourcemanagersnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
TASKDETAIL
TASK)1)))ESTABLISH)AND)CONVENE)SCIENTIFIC)STEERING)COMMITTEE)
LeadershipandguidanceofthesynthesisprojectwasprovidedbyaScienceSteeringCommittee(SSC)formedofseniorscientistswithdecades0longexperienceinthePacific ArcticAttheinitialSSCmeetingthegroupidentifiedrelevantprojectsdeveloped provisionalsciencethemesandidentifiedpotentialparticipantsandleadersfor interdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsformedatthesubsequentSOARWorkshop
TASK)2)))PLAN)AND)CONDUCT)SOAR)WORKSHOP)
Amulti0disciplinarySOARWorkshopwasthekeystoneinitialproductofSOARWorkshop participantsinventoriedavailabledataandevaluateditssufficiencytoaddressspecificcross0 disciplinaryhypothesesandquestionsprovisionallyidentifiedassciencethemesbytheSSCTheprovisionallistofthemeswasmodifiedandnewthemesemergedattheworkshopOnce sciencethemeswereagreeduponinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeams(AT)wereformedto conductthecoreworkoftheSOARprojectInterdisciplinaryATstheninitiatedthe developmentofshortproposalstosupporttheworkrequiredfordataintegrationanalyses andormodeling
TASK)3))SUPPORT)DATA)INTEGRATION)ANALYSIS)AND)MODELING
Inresponsetoproposalsdetailingtheworktobeperformedtimelineandproducts anticipatedmdashandincoordinationwithSSCreviewmdashfundingwasprovidedviacontractfor selectedATstointegratedataconductanalysesrunmodelsandordeveloppublicationsInsomecasesdirectfundingwasnotneededandin0kindsupportwasprovidedintheformofreviewcoordinationandpublicationfacilitationAsubsetofATsintegratedtheirworkwith
11
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
12
SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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47
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FeelyRADoneySCCooleySR2009Oceanacidificationpresentconditionsandfuture changesinahigh0CO2worldOceanography2236047
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GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
GrebmeierJM2012ShiftingpatternsoflifeinthePacificArcticandsub0arcticseasAnnual ReviewofMarineScience41610166
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
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GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
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HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
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JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
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LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
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1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
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The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
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OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
v deriveameanstoarchivedataandmeta0datausedinsupportofthesynthesis 3 supportAnalyticalTeamdataintegrationandanalysisincludingtheme0based
meetingsasneeded 4 trackprogressofanalyticalworkviabi0monthlyteleconferencesandannualSCCAT0
updateworkshops 5 producescienceproductsincludingpresentationsatprofessionalmeetingsand
publicationofpeer0reviewedpapersasaSpecialIssueamporThemeSectionsinanappropriatescientificjournaland
6 communicatesynthesisapproachandfindingstolocalArcticresidentsresourcemanagersnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
TASKDETAIL
TASK)1)))ESTABLISH)AND)CONVENE)SCIENTIFIC)STEERING)COMMITTEE)
LeadershipandguidanceofthesynthesisprojectwasprovidedbyaScienceSteeringCommittee(SSC)formedofseniorscientistswithdecades0longexperienceinthePacific ArcticAttheinitialSSCmeetingthegroupidentifiedrelevantprojectsdeveloped provisionalsciencethemesandidentifiedpotentialparticipantsandleadersfor interdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsformedatthesubsequentSOARWorkshop
TASK)2)))PLAN)AND)CONDUCT)SOAR)WORKSHOP)
Amulti0disciplinarySOARWorkshopwasthekeystoneinitialproductofSOARWorkshop participantsinventoriedavailabledataandevaluateditssufficiencytoaddressspecificcross0 disciplinaryhypothesesandquestionsprovisionallyidentifiedassciencethemesbytheSSCTheprovisionallistofthemeswasmodifiedandnewthemesemergedattheworkshopOnce sciencethemeswereagreeduponinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeams(AT)wereformedto conductthecoreworkoftheSOARprojectInterdisciplinaryATstheninitiatedthe developmentofshortproposalstosupporttheworkrequiredfordataintegrationanalyses andormodeling
TASK)3))SUPPORT)DATA)INTEGRATION)ANALYSIS)AND)MODELING
Inresponsetoproposalsdetailingtheworktobeperformedtimelineandproducts anticipatedmdashandincoordinationwithSSCreviewmdashfundingwasprovidedviacontractfor selectedATstointegratedataconductanalysesrunmodelsandordeveloppublicationsInsomecasesdirectfundingwasnotneededandin0kindsupportwasprovidedintheformofreviewcoordinationandpublicationfacilitationAsubsetofATsintegratedtheirworkwith
11
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
12
SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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47
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FeelyRADoneySCCooleySR2009Oceanacidificationpresentconditionsandfuture changesinahigh0CO2worldOceanography2236047
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GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
GrebmeierJM2012ShiftingpatternsoflifeinthePacificArcticandsub0arcticseasAnnual ReviewofMarineScience41610166
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
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GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
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HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
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JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
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LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
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1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
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The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
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OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
on0goingoceanographicprograms(egRUSALCAandtheDistributedBiologicalObservatory[DBO])andinsomecasestheATsconductedfollow0ontheme0basedmeetingsorintegrativeworkshopsasthebestmeanstoaccomplishdataintegrationandsynthesisontheirtopic OtherATschosetointegratetheirworkviavideoorteleconferenceswiththebulkofcontract fundinggoingtowardssupportforagraduatestudentpost0docorotherresearcherto accomplishthesynthesistasksidentified)
TASK)4))TRACK)PROGRESS)OF)ANALYTICAL)WORK)
ATleadshadprimaryresponsibilityfortrackingtheprogressofworkontheirsciencethemeandmembersoftheSSCwerealsoaskedtofollowtheprogressoftheworktowardsuseful productsTrackingtooktheformofcontactatregularintervals(egbimonthly)viae0mailorphonesolicitingspecificinformationonproblemsencounteredandadherencetotimelineforproductcompletionSummariesofprogressoneachthemeappearedinQuarterlyReportsto theBOEM
TASK)5))SCIENCE)PRODUCTS))
ThecoreproductoftheSOARprojectwasaseriesofsciencepresentationsandpeer0reviewedpapersdescribingcurrentandprojectedstatusofthePARmarineecosystemAnnual presentationsontheapproachandprogressoftheSOARwereprovidedatplenarysessionsof theAlaskaMarineScienceSymposiumandadditionalpresentationsweremadeatother sciencevenuessuchastheAGUOceanSciencesmeetingSciencepaperswerethenpublishedinspecialissuesofpeer0reviewedjournalswiththeprojectPIsandcoordinatorservingas GuestEditors
TASK)6))COMMUNICATION)OF)SYNTHESIS)APPROACH)amp)PRODUCTS)
Inadditiontosciencepapersandpresentationsresultsofthesyntheseswereprovidedto communitiesinelectronicandhardcopyformatandopportunitiestospeakwithArcticresidentsweresoughtatco0managementmeetingsandotherforaAwebsitewasdeveloped providinggraphicsandbriefsummariesforgeneraluseandlinkingtootherrelevantsitesResultsofthesynthesiswerecommunicatedtovariousnationalandinternationalArctic Programs(egNOAAArcticReportCardSEARCHISACPAGIASCandArcticCouncilWorkingGroups)
12
SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
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(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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GrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(2014)ThePacificArcticRegionAnIntroductionIn GrebmeierJMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionSpringerDordrecht
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
HannayDEDelarueJMouyXMartinBSLearyDOswaldJNVallartaJ2013 MarinemammalacousticdetectionsinthenortheasternChukchiSeaSeptember2007ndashJuly2011ContinentalShelfResearch671270146
HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
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WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
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NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
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Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
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22PJanP2014(
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OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
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Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
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30POctP2014(
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SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
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18PNovP2014(
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ATaleofTwoSynthesis
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webinarisavailableonline
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(ACCAP)
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TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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13PDecP2015(
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16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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22PDecP2015(
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
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- Caption
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SOARPHASE1ANDSOARPHASE2
Task5(ScienceProducts)wasoriginallyenvisagedtoresultinaspecialvolumeofpeer0reviewedpaperspossiblysupplementedbyanadditionalsmallersetofpapersinatheme sectionorothersimilaroutletHoweverfollowingcompletionofthefirstphaseofSOARculminatinginthe2015specialissueofProgressinOceanography(MooreandStabeno2015 seeResultssectionbelowformoreinformation)therewasahighlevelofinterestinextendingSOARtoincludeadditionalsynthesisThereforethesecondphaseofSOARwas developedbuildingfromaninformalmid0projectworkshopandresultinginasecondfullspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchIIFurtherdetailisprovidedinthefollowingsections
RESULTS)
FOUNDATIONALTASKSSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEEANDWORKSHOP
THESOARSCIENCESTEERINGCOMMITTEE
AScienceSteeringCommittee(SCC)comprisedofscientistsandAlaskancoastalcommunityrepresentativeswasestablished(Table1)ThefirstoffiveannualSSCmeetingswasheldfrom103November2011attheWatertownHotelinSeattleWATheSSCidentifiedrelevantprojects anddatasourcesdevelopedthreedraftsciencethemesandrelatedquestionsandidentified potentialparticipantsandleadersforassociatedinterdisciplinaryAnalyticalTeamsthatwould beformedatSOARScienceWorkshopMultiplesubsequentmeetingsfurtherdevelopedthe sciencethemesandprovidedguidanceforSOARtasks(Table2)
)
Table)1))List)of)Science)Steering)Committee)members)and)institutions)
ScienceSteeringCommitteeMember
Affiliation Location
RobynAngliss NOAANationalMarineMammalLaboratory
SeattleWA
CarinAshjian WoodsHoleOceanographic Institution
WoodsHoleMA
ChristopherClark CornellUniversity IthacaNY
13
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
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todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
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ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
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requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
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Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
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32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
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1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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25PJanP2016(
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
JacquelineGrebmeier UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmental Studies
SolomonsMD
CraigGeorge NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EskimoWhaling
ComissionKawerak NomeAK
SueMoore NOAANMFS SeattleWA ChadJay USGeologicalSurvey AnchorageAK TimRagan MarineMammalCommission WashingtonDC PhyllisStabeno NOAAPMEL SeattleWA RobertSuydam NorthSlopeBorough BarrowAK TomWeingartner UniversityofAlaska0
Fairbanks FairbanksAK
)
Table)2)List)of)SOAR)SSC)Teleconferences)and)inVperson)meetings)
SOAR)SSC)Meeting) SSCTeleconference1
Date) 21September2011
SSCTeleconference2 18October2011 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingSeattleWA 11November2011 SSCTeleconference3 16February2012 SSCTeleconference4 6April2012 SOARMarchWorkshop 14016March2012 SSCTeleconference5 6July2012 SSCTeleconference6 6October2012 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 21January2013 SSCTeleconference7) 9April2013 SSCTeleconference8) 14November2013 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 20January2014 SSCTeleconference9) 12January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK) 23January2015 SSCAnnualin0personmeetingAnchorageAK(informal)) 26January2016
SOARWORKSHOPndashMARCH2012
TheSOARScienceWorkshopwasheldfrom14016March2012attheEganCenterinAnchorageAlaskaTheSOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandProjectCoordinatorallmembersoftheScienceSteeringCommitteeand42ofthe43invitedSOARContributorsattendedthe
14
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
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ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
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TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
31PMarP2016(
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UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
workshopDraftScienceThemesandQuestionsdevelopedbytheSOARScienceSteeringCommitteewereprovidedtoparticipantsinadvanceoftheworkshopsummarizedas(i)EcosystemResponsetoBottom0upandorTop0downForcing(ii)MarineBirdsMammalsandFishasEcosystemSentinelsand(iii)AcousticEcology
TheprimarygoalsoftheScienceWorkshopwereto(1)refinetheDraftScienceThemesandQuestions(2)formresearchteamstoundertakeanalysisinsupportofdevelopmentofpeer0reviewedpapersand(3)developshortproposalstoidentifyprojectmilestonesandfinancialsupportrequiredtocompletesyntheticprojects
DayoneoftheworkshopconsistedofdisciplinarytalksinplenarysessiontoprovideallparticipantswiththecurrentstateofknowledgeineachareaofstudyDuringdaytwooftheworkshopsciencethemeswererevisedtoreflectgroupinputParticipantsdividedintothree theme0basedbreakoutgroupsandbegandevelopingsciencequestionstoproposeforSOARDaythreeoftheworkshopbeganwithaplenarysummaryofthepreviousdayrsquosprogress followedbybreakoutgroupstowriteandsubmitone0pageproposalsfortheprojects requestingfundingOntheafternoonofthethirddayanopen0sessionwasheldto communicateworkshopprogresstoBOEMscientistsandmanagerscolleaguesfromtheNorthPacificResearchBoardandAlaskaOceanObservingSystemindustryrepresentativesand otherinterestedpartiesFurtherdetailsoftheSOARWorkshopcanbefoundintheSOAR WorkshopReport(SheffieldGuyetal2012a)andseealsoSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)
15
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
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WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
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53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Moore
TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
31PMarP2016(
Mathis
UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
26(Jan(2017(
Moore
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
24(Jan(2017(
VanPelt
Synt
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s of A
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OA
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Phy
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
SCIENCEPRODUCTANDCOMMUNICATIONTASKS
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE1 FollowingtheinitialSOARthemeselectionsandteamdevelopmentandincorporatinganextensivepeer0reviewphaseledbytheprojectPIsandcoordinatorthefirstphaseofthe SOARprojectculminatedinaspecialvolumeofProgressinOceanographypublishedinAugust 2015(Fig2Table3)Thisspecialissueincluded16fullpapersplusanintroductionpaper authoredbythetwoprojectPIs
Figure)2)Cover)of)the)first)SOAR)special) volume)published)in)Progress)in)
Oceanography)in)2015)
16
Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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47
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FeelyRADoneySCCooleySR2009Oceanacidificationpresentconditionsandfuture changesinahigh0CO2worldOceanography2236047
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GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
GrebmeierJM2012ShiftingpatternsoflifeinthePacificArcticandsub0arcticseasAnnual ReviewofMarineScience41610166
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
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GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
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HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
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JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
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LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
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1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
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The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
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OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
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- Caption
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Table)3))Papers)included)in)the)2015)SOAR)special)issue)of)Progress)in)Oceanography)
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsofthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011 WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressinOceanography13612031 FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015Divergentpatternsofrecent seaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049 WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059 ArrigoKRvanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070 MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJNFeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091 GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarkeJTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSHLovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015EcosystemcharacteristicsandprocessesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114 LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132 CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdietconditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150 DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarctic seaiceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161 LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015LimitstobenthicfeedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchangingseaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174 KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015SeasonalspatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareas ProgressinOceanography1361750200 CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
17
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
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ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
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requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
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Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
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Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
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32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
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1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
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OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
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TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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31PMarP2016(
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UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStafford KM2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240 MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationshipbetweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249 GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgressinOceanography1362500262 HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015ChangeintheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
PEER0REVIEWEDPUBLICATIONSmdashPHASE2
Followingthe2015publicationofthefirstSOARspecialissueinProgressinOceanography theSOARprojectSSCandparticipantsdecidedtopursuecoordinatethepublicationofasetofpapersinfullsecondspecialissueThosePhase2topicsandpaperleadswerediscussedat theannualSOARSSCmeetinginJanuary2015Baseduponsuggestionsatthismeeting102pageproposalswererequestedfromsuggestedpaperleadsandproposalswerethen subsequentlydevelopedintopublishedpapersThemajorityofpapersforthesecondspecial issuewerecompletedandinpressbytheendof2017(Table4)withfinalpublicationofthe completespecialissueinDeepSeaResearchIIndashTopicalStudiesinOceanographyexpectedby latesummer2018
Table)4))Papers)to)appear)in)the)SOAR)2nd)Phase)special)issue)published)in)Deep)Sea)Research)Part)II)
Corresponding) Author Manuscript)Title
SueMoore IntroductionTheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)Project
MuyinWang SeaiceandoceancharacteristicsintheChukchiSeabyselectedCMIP5modelsthepresentandthefuture
NicholasBond DiagnosisofphysicaloceanographiceventsintheChukchiSea usinganoceanreanalysis
VictoriaHill DecadaltrendsinphytoplanktonproductioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
18
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
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WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
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53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
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57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Moore
TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
31PMarP2016(
Mathis
UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
26(Jan(2017(
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AnchorageAK
24(Jan(2017(
VanPelt
Synt
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
JessicaCross FormationandtransportofcorrosivewaterinthePacificArcticRegion
LeeCooper DepositionpatternsontheChukchiShelfusingradionuclide inventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
Matthew Druckenmiller
Trendsinsea0icecoverandupwellingpotentialwithinBowheadwhaleuseareasintheWesternArctic
KateStafford AcousticecologyofbowheadandbelugawhalesincoreuseareasintheBeaufortandChukchiSeas
JohnCitta Oceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithbowheadwhale movementsintheChukchiSea
JohnCitta SeasonaldistributionandoverlapofmarinemammalsintheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseas
KimberlyRand UsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
ElizabethLogerwell Environmentaldriversofbenthicfishdistributioninandaround BarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwesternBeaufortSea
KathleenStafford BelugawhalesintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaasynthesisofavailableinformationontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StephenOkkonen Relationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskanBeaufortSea
MartinRobards UnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesintheAlaskanArcticPlace0basedcollaborationswithAlaskaNative communities
SueMoore TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)ModellinkingtemporalprocessestocontiguousdomainsinthePacificArctic
19
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
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todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
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ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
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requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
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Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
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32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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26PJanP2016(
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OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
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TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
PRESENTATIONSANDPOSTERSATSCIENTIFICMEETINGS
SOARPrincipalInvestigatorsandcontributorsmademorethan50presentationsincludinginformationaboutthissynthesiseffortatavarietyofscientificmeetingsworkshopsandwebinarsAfulllistofthesepresentationsisprovidedinAppendixC
OTHERCOMMUNICATIONOFSYNTHESISAPPROACHANDPRODUCTS
TheSynthesisofArcticResearchwebsitelocatedathttpswwwpmelnoaagovsoar providesbackgroundinformationandup0to0datescienceproductinformationtostakeholders andthegeneralpublicThewebsitewillcontinuetobeliveandhostedbyNOAA
Severalpeer0reviewedpaperswerepublishedthatalsoappealtoamoregeneralortrans0 disciplineaudienceincludingSheffieldGuyetal(2012b)andSheffieldGuyetal(2016)SOARsynthesisresultswerefeaturedinnumerousnewspapersonlinefeaturesmagazines andmore
SYNTHESIS)SUMMARY)AND)DISCUSSION)
SOARPHASEI
ThefirstphaseofSOARresultedinfifteenpaperspublishedinaspecialissueofProgressin Oceanographyin2015(Table3)HereweprovideabroadoverviewanddiscussionofthepapersinthatspecialissuedrawnfromtheIntroductiontothatissue(MooreandStabeno 2015)
1 Introduction)
TheinitiationoftheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)projectcoincidedwiththerecognitionthatbiophysicalchangesinthePacificArcticregionweresoextremecomparedtotherecentpastthattheyacquiredthemonikerlsquonewnormalrsquo(Jeffriesetal2013) ConsequentlydescribingthebiophysicalpropertiesofthelsquonewlsquoPacificArcticmarineecosystemwasfoundationaltotheSOAReffortandthefocusoffivepapersinthefirstspecial issueExaminingbiologicalresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingthenbecamethetaskofresearchersfocusedonthestudyoflowertrophiclevel(LTL)communitiesanduppertrophiclevel(UTL)speciesTwopapersprovideintegratedresultsfromdirectsamplingofbenthic andfishcommunitieswhilethreepapersreportonchangesinLTLspeciesoccurrenceinferredbyshiftsinthedietsofsealsandmarinebirdsSixpapersfocusonUTLspecieswith fourpresentinginformationonseasonaloccurrenceinhotspotorcore0usehabitatsandtwo describingvariabilityinmarinemammalbodyconditioninthecontextofdecadal0scale
20
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
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Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
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GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
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HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
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JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
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KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
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LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
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LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
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MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
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MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
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OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
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OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
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SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
environmentalvariabilityTogetherthesepapersprovideasyntheticcontexttofocushypothesesunderpinningthenextdecadeofresearchinthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
2)Biophysics)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
ThePacificArcticmarineecosystemiscomprisedofinflowshelves(northernBeringandChukchiseas)coupledtointeriorshelves(EastSiberianandBeaufortseas)withthe contrastingbiophysicsofthesedomainssummarizedinCarmacketal(2006)Circulationon bothinflowandinteriorshelvesislinkedtopan0arcticteleconnectionmechanisms(egArcticOscillation)withinteriorshelvesalsostronglyinfluencedbytheseasonaloutflowof relativelywarmfreshwaterfromarcticriversEvaluatingecosystemstatusandtrendsinthePacificArcticwasthefocusofarecentbookwith10(of12)chaptersdevotedtoobservationsandmodelingoftheatmosphereoceanphysicsandchemistry(GrebmeierandMaslowski 2014)Thepapersinthefirstspecialissueaddtothatbodyofknowledgeespeciallywithregardtobiologicalresponsestobiophysicaldriversandinthiswaycontributetoamore holisticunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
21)PhysicalobservationsandopenwaterprojectionsinthelsquonewnormalrsquoPacificArctic
Recentobservations(200302013)ofenvironmentalchangesinthePacificArcticsupportthecontentionthatanewnormalclimateisemerging(Fig3Jeffriesetal2013Woodetal 2015)
Figure)3))Highlights)of)recent)biophysical)changes)in)the)Pacific)Arctic)marine)ecosystem)
21
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
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ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
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Wieslaw
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NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
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Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
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Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
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John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
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Rebecca(Woodgate(
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SeattleWA
Physics
((
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(
(
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(
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57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
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Title(
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16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
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MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
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PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
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21PJanP2013(
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PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
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OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
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MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
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SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
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7PJunP2013( Sullivan
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19PJunP2013(
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20PJanP2014(
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PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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20PJanP2014(
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PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
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WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
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Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
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pelagicareas
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22PJanP2014(
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OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
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TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
Theiconicindicatorofthischangeisthedramaticsummertimelossofseaice(50byarea75byvolume)whichinsomeyears(eg2012)hasresultedinnearlyice0freeconditionsin theregionSpecificallysatellitedatafrom197902012reveallocalizedchangesinsea0ice occurrenceofupto0164daysyearintheCanadaBasinand0124daysyearintheBeaufort Seawhichacceleratedto0657daysyear(CanadaBasin)and01284daysyear(Beaufort Sea)duringthe200002012period(Freyetal2015)Multiyearseaicehasalmostentirelydisappearedwithinter0annualvariabilityiniceconcentrationlargelydrivenbywindforcing intheBeaufortSeaIntheCanadaBasindifferencesinannualseaiceareprimarilythermallydrivenwhilesea0iceextentisinfluencedbybothwindsandheatontheBeringSeashelf
Thesummeratmosphericpatternsinfluenceoceancirculationfreshwaterpathwaysand movementandmeltingofseaiceDuringthelastdecadetheintensificationoftheBeaufortHigh(OgiandWallace2012)resultedinanomaloussummerwindsTheseanomalouswinds togetherwiththelossofmulti0yeariceweretheprimaryfactorsthattransformedtheChukchiandnorthernBeaufortseasintoanopenwaterenvironment(Woodetal2015)InparticulartheeasternBeaufortSeaappearstobeparticularlysusceptibletoanomalouswindsthrough theireffectontheadvectionofwarmfreshwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumeInadditiontransportanomaliesintheBeringStraitaredeterminedbycompetinglarge0scale atmosphericpatternstheBeaufortHighandAleutianLow(Danielsonetal2014)NotablychangesinBeringStraitflowthroughcanimpacttheworldclimatefarbeyondtheBeringStraitandArcticregion(egHuetal2015)
Freyetal(2015)investigatetheinfluenceofthePacificDecadalOscillation(PDO)andtheArcticOscillation(AO)onthepersistenceofseaiceinsummerandwinterTheyfoundsignificantnegativecorrelationsbetweenseaiceonthesoutheasternBeringSeashelfandthe PDOinwinteraswellassignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweentheAOandsea0icecoverjustsouthofStLawrenceIslandSignificantpositivecorrelationsbetweenthePDOandsea iceintheCanadaBasin0CanadianArchipelagowerefoundinsummeraswellasbetweentheAOandseaiceintheChukchi0BeaufortseasThisnovelinvestigationofteleconnections betweenthePDOtheAOandsea0icecoverprovidesacriticalstepinunderstandinghow globalandregionalclimatepatternsinfluencethephysicsofthePacificArcticregion
Theunprecedentedlossofseaicehasresultedinatremendousincreaseinopen0water susceptibletorapidsolarheatingwithadditionalheatandfreshwaterprovidedbya50 increaseinPacificWaterinflowatBeringStraitfrom200102011(Woodgateetal2012 Woodetal2015)TheinfluenceofincreasedheatstoredintheChukchiandBeaufortseasis notwellunderstoodSuggestionsthatheatreleasedtotheatmosphereinlateautumnandwinterdrivesaspectsofmid0latitudeweatherremainspeculativelargelyduetotheshort timerecordavailable(Woodetal2015)FresheningoftheArcticOceanhasbeenoccurring atleastsincethe1990s(egGilesetal2012)Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed includingincreasedsea0icemeltfresherPacificWaterflowingthroughBeringStraitchanges inthemagnitudeofriverdischargeandthemeanstrengtheningoftheBeaufortHighInrecentyearsrelativelystrongeasterlywindshavebeencommonduetotheArctic0wide
22
patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
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(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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GrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(2014)ThePacificArcticRegionAnIntroductionIn GrebmeierJMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionSpringerDordrecht
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
HannayDEDelarueJMouyXMartinBSLearyDOswaldJNVallartaJ2013 MarinemammalacousticdetectionsinthenortheasternChukchiSeaSeptember2007ndashJuly2011ContinentalShelfResearch671270146
HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
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WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
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NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
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Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
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22PJanP2014(
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OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
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Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
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30POctP2014(
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SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
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18PNovP2014(
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ATaleofTwoSynthesis
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webinarisavailableonline
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(ACCAP)
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TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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13PDecP2015(
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16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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22PDecP2015(
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
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patternofcirculationaroundanintensifiedBeaufortHighUndertheseconditionsfreshand warmwaterfromtheMackenzieRiverplumecanbelaterallytransportedfaroutintothe BeaufortSea(Woodetal2015)
WangandOverland(2015)comparedresultsfromtwelvecoupledclimatemodelstoproducecompositeprojectionsofthedurationofopenwaterintheChukchiandBeaufortseasat decadalintervalsfrom201002050andin2090Forwatersnorthofthe70degNopen0water durationshiftsfrom304monthsin2010toaprojected~5monthsby2040Projectedopen0 waterdurationisaboutonemonthlongeralongthesamelatitudesintheChukchiSeacomparedwiththeBeaufortSeawithuncertaintyofaboutplusmn1monthestimatedfromtherangeofmodelresultsAllmodelsprojectedopen0waterdurationtoexpandquicklyoverthe nextthreedecadeswhichwillimpactregionaleconomicaccessandpotentiallyalterecosystemsYetthePacificArcticregionwillremaincoveredwiththinfirst0yearicefrom JanuarythroughMayintothesecondhalfofthecenturyduetoseasonallackofsunlight
22Changesinprimaryproductionandoceanacidification
Thedramaticlossofsea0iceextentandvolumehasresultedinaconcomitantincreaseinlightpenetrationintheupperoceanacrosstheArcticGiventhethinningandarealreductionof seaiceafundamentalquestionariseshavethesechangesfosteredanincreaseinmarineprimaryproductionSpecificallyisthePacificArcticregionmoreproductivethanitwasthreedecadesagoIntheAtlanticArcticLeuetal(2011)measuredprimaryproductionby bothicealgaeandphytoplanktonincontrastingyears(2007008)ofsea0icecoverinaSvalbardfjordandconcludedthatearliericebreakupcorrespondedwithearlieronsetofa phytoplanktonbloomSimilarlyTremblayetal(2012)reportincreasedprimaryproductionfor2007008associatedwithextremesea0iceretreatsandincreasedupwellingatstations locatedsouthandeastofBanksIslandinthesoutheasternBeaufortSeaButcanconclusions drawnfrommeasurementssorestrictedinspaceandtimebeextrapolatedtolargerarcticregionsUsingsatelliteimageryArrigoandvanDijken(2015)investigatedchangesinseaice atbothregionalandbasinscalesfrom199802012andestimatedhowthesechangeshaveimpactedratesofnetprimaryproduction(NPP)byphytoplanktonTheyreportthatannual NPPincreased30duringthisperiodwiththelargestincreasesontheinteriorshelves (includingtheEastSiberianandBeaufort)andsmallerincreasesoninflowshelves(includingtheChukchi)OutflowshelveseitherexhibitednochangeinannualNPPoradeclineperhaps indicatingthatnutrientshadbeenconsumedfurtherupstreamIncreasedannualNPPwasoftenbutnotalwaysassociatedwithreducedsea0iceextentandresultantlonger phytoplanktongrowingseason
HumanactivitieshaveincreasedtheatmosphericCO2concentrationbyabout40sincethebeginningoftheindustrialageanditisestimatedthattheoceanhasabsorbedmorethan25
23
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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ArrigoKRand vanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070
AshjianCJBraund SRCampbell RGGeorgeJC Kruse JMaslowski WMooreSE Nicolson CROkkonen SR SherrBF Sherr EBandSpitz Y2010Climate variabilityoceanographybowheadwhaledistributionandInupiatsubsistence whalingnearBarrowAlaskaArctic63(2)1790194
BerlineLSpitzYH AshjianCJ CampbellRG Maslowski WandMoore SE2008 EuphausiidtransportintheWesternArcticOceanMarineEcologyProgressSeries360 1630178
BlackwellSBRichardsonWJGreeneCRStreeverB2007Bowheadwhale(Balaena mysticetus)migrationandcallingbehaviorintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaautumn2001004 anacousticlocalizationstudyArctic602550270
BlockBAJonsenIDJorgensenSJ+18co0authors2011TrackingapexmarinepredatormovementsinadynamicoceanNature475doi101038nature10082
BluhmBACoyle KOKonar BandHighsmith R2007Highgraywhalerelativeabundances associatedwithanoceanographicfrontinthesouth0centralChukchiSeaDeepSea ResearchII291902933
BondNStabenoPNappJinpressFlowpatternsintheChukchiSeabasedonanoceanreanalysisJunethroughOctober197902014
CarmackEDBarberJChristensenRMacdonaldBRudelsandESakshaug2006Climatevariabilityandphysicalforcingofthefoodwebsandcarbonbudgetonpanarcticshelves ProgressinOceanography711450181
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CarmackEWinsorPWilliamsW2015ThecontiguouspanarcticRiverineCoastal DomainaunifyingconceptProgressinOceanography13913023
46
CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0 KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
CittaJJOkkonenSRQuakenbushLTMaslowskiWOsinskiRGeorgeJCSmallRJ BrowerJrHHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHarwoodLAinpressaOceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithautumnmovementsofbowheadwhalesintheChukchi Sea
CittaJJQuakenbushLTLondonJMFrostKJFischbachASLowryLFOrsquoCorry0Crowe GJayCVCrawfordJABovengPLCameronMVonDuykeALNelsonMHarwoodLARichardPSuydamRHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHobbsRCLitovkaDI GeorgeJCKellyBPSmithTGKennedyAGoodwinJOrrJGrayTinpressbOverlapofmarinemammalrangesandmulti0speciescoreuseareasasynthesisof satellitetelemetrydatainthePacificArctic
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStaffordKM 2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiand BeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240
CooperLWGrebmeierJMinpressDepositionpatternsontheChukchishelfusingradionuclideinventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdiet conditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150
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DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarcticsea iceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161
DruckenmillerMLCittaJJFergusonMCClarkeJTGeorgeJCQuakenbushLinpressTrendsinsea0icecoverwithinbowheadwhalehabitatsinthePacificArctic
47
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GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
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HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
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BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
ofthetotalanthropogenicemissions(Mathisetal2015)TheoceanicuptakeofCO2triggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinthesurfaceoceanthatreducespHandresultsinocean acidification(OA)InshortOAmakesseawatercorrosivetocalciumcarbonatemineralswhichmanymarineorganismsrelyonforbodystructuresHigh0latitudeoceanshave naturallylowcarbonateconcentrationssoareconsideredtobemorevulnerabletotheimpactsofOAbecauseadditionalcarbonatelossrepresentsamuchgreaterproportionalchangetothesystemInanovelstudyMathisetalprovideariskassessmentofOAimpacts tocommercialandtraditionalfisheriesfocusedonshellfishsalmonandfinfishTheresultant indexsuggeststhatwhilethenorthernBeringSeaisatmediumriskfromOAimpactsto fisheriesPacificArcticwatersnorthoftheSewardPeninsulaarecurrentlyatlowriskduelargelytoalackofdependenceonthesefoodsources
3)Lower)Trophic)Level)Communities)signals)from)direct)and)indirect)sampling
ThepredominantconceptualmodelframinghowmarineecosystemsinthePacificArctic respondtoreducedseaiceisbasedonchangesanticipatedfromashiftinpelagic0benthic coupling(Fig4)
Figure)4))Generalized)conceptual)model)depicting)the)influence)of)sea)ice)on)pelagicVbenthic)coupling)on) Pacific)Arctic)continental)shelves)
24
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
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GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
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HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
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JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
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KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
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LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
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LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
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MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
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MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
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OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
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OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
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SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
OnthebroadshelvesthatcomprisemuchofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemnewprimaryproductionfromsea0icealgaeandphytoplanktonbloomsfallstotheseafloortosupportrich benthiccommunities(Grebmeier2012)Asseaicethinsandretreatsearlierintheseasonitisanticipatedthatearlierandlargerphytoplanktonbloomswillswitchfromabenthic0 dominatedtoapelagic0dominatedmarineecosystemThisshiftwillcascadethroughthesystemsupportingnovelcommunitiesofsecondaryandtertiaryconsumers(zooplanktonandforagefishes)anduppertrophiclevelmarinebirdsandmammalsIndeedGrebmeieret al(2006)suggestedthatthistypeofecosystemshiftisalreadyunderwayinthemarinecommunitiesofthenorthernBeringSeaThePacificArcticisoftendescribedasabenthic0 dominatedmarineecosystemonethatdoesnotsupportalargebiomassorspeciesdiversityoffishesAdescriptionofconditionsthathavefosteredexistingbenthichotspotsoffersa solidfoundationforassessingfuturechangeswhileanaccountingoftheexistingcommunitiesofmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsprovidesastartingpointuponwhichtobuildalong0termrecord)
31Benthichotspotsandmarinefishesacrossaspectrumofhabitats
ArecordofextantconditionsiskeytointerpretingmarineecosystemresponsestothenewbiophysicalforcingnowevidentinthePacificArcticSucharecordexistsforfourbenthic lsquohotspotrsquocommunitiesinthenorthernBeringandChukchiseas(Grebmeieretal2015a)but notformarinefishesLong0termsamplingofbenthicmacrofaunalcommunitiesindicatesthatthebenthichotspotshavemaintainedconsistentlyhighbiomassforuptofourdecadesdueto reoccurrenceofseasonallyreliablemoderate0to0highwatercolumnproductioncoupledwithexportofcarbonfromoverlyingwaterstotheseafloorUppertrophiclevelbenthivorestargetpreyaggregationsineachofthehotspotsOverallbottom0upforcingbyhydrography andfoodsupplytothebenthosinfluencespersistenceandcompositionofbenthicpreywhichinturninfluencestheuppertrophiclevelspeciescompositionandseasonaloccurrence Whenconsistentlysampledintandemthesebenthos0benthivoreconnectionscanfacilitate useofUTLspeciesassentinelsofshiftsinpreycompositionandabundance(Mooreetal2014)
Sincethe2000stherehavebeenahostofArcticmarinefishsurveysintheChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasprecipitatedbybothscientificinterestintheimpactsofclimatechangeandcommercialinterestinoilandgasdevelopment(Logerwelletal2015)Resultsfrom thesesurveysprovideanovelopportunitytocompareArcticfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsrangingfromlagoonsandbeachestobenthicandpelagiccontinental shelfwatersAsynthesisofdatafromthesesurveysrevealedmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinhabitatusebetweenthetwoseasForexamplenearshorehabitatisusedbyallageclassesofforagefishesandisalsoanurseryareaforotherspeciesinboththeChukchiand westernBeaufortseasNotablysomecommercialspeciesmaybeexpandingtheirrangenorthtothesewatersincludingchinooksalmon(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)walleyepollock (Gaduschalcogrammus)andflatfishes(Pleuronectidae)Inadditionasynthesisofinformationonrelativeabundanceandageofarcticcod(Boreogadussaida)andsaffroncod
25
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
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WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
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53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
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57
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PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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17PJanP2012(
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MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
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MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
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13PNovP2012(
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SOARprogramoverview
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10PDecP2012(
Moore
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PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
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AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
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GordonResearchConference
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MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
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26PMarP2013(
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SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
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WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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22PJanP2014(
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OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
(Eleginusgracilis)bothkeypreyspeciesinArcticfoodwebssupportedthedevelopmentoflifehistoryanddistributionmodelsthatwillinformfutureresearchontrophicdynamicsin thePacificArcticsector
32Inferencesofmarineecosystemshiftsfromsealsseabirdsandseaducks
Additionalinformationregardingtheimpactoflsquonewnormalrsquobiophysicalconditionsonlowertrophiclevelspeciescanbeinferredfromshiftsinthedietandbodyconditionofmarine mammalsandbirdsCrawfordetal(2015)comparedthedietandconditionofringedseals(Pusahispida)andbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)harvestedintheAlaskanBeringand Chukchiseasduringhistorical(197501984)andrecent(200302012)periodsTheyfoundthe proportionoffishinthedietofbothspeciesincreasedintherecentreduced0iceperiodcomparedtothehistoricalperiodInadditionringedsealsgrewfasterhadthickerblubber andmaturedtwoyearsearlierBeardedsealshadthickerblubberintherecentperiodbut didnotmanifesttheotherchangesreportedfortheringedsealsAlthoughanumberofthe comparisonswerenotstatisticallysignificanttakentogethertheseobservationssuggestgreaterfishavailabilityintheAlaskanBering0Chukchimarineecosystemsupportinggood bodyconditionintheseals
AsinthesealpaperDivokyetal(2015)parsedalong0termdatasetintorecent(200302012)andhistorical(197501984)periodstocompareoceanographicconditionsnestlingdietandfledgingsuccessatablackguillemot(Cepphusgryllemandtii)breedingcolonyinthewestern BeaufortSeaFrom15Julyto1Septemberseaiceretreatedanaverageof18kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof958kmfromthecolonyduringthehistoricalperiodwhileinthe recentperiodiceretreataveraged98kmperdaytoanaveragedistanceof5069kmSeasurfacetemperaturenearthecolonyincreasedby29⁰CbetweenthetwoperiodsWhileArcticcodcomprisedover95ofthepreyprovidedtonestlingsinthehistoricalperiodthis proportiondecreasedtolt5ofthenestlingdietduringmostyearsintherecentperiodwhendemersalsculpin(Cottidae)comprisedthemajorityofthedietTheshiftawayfrom Arcticcodwasassociatedwithafive0foldincreaseintherateofnestlingstarvationand reductionsinnestlinggrowthandfledgingmassConverselyannualadultsurvivalduringthe nonbreedingseason(September0May)showednosignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo periodssuggestingnochangeintheavailabilityofArcticcodorinoverallpreyavailabilityto blackguillemotsintheirBeringSeawinteringarea
IncontrasttoarelianceonpelagicpreyLovvornetal(2015)investigatedpotentialclimate0 relatedlimitstobenthicfeedingbyseaducksalongtheirmigrationcorridorinthenortheasternChukchiSeaKingeiders(Somateriaspectabilis)primarilyeatclams(bivalves) duringmigrationandrecentsamplinghasshownthatdenseclamassemblagesoccuronlyinspecificlocationsalongthemigrationcorridorSeaicecanpreventeidersfromreachingtheseprimefeedingsiteswithsatellitedataforApril‒May(2001‒2013)showingthataccess canvaryfrom0‒100InawarmingandincreasinglyvariableclimateaccesstobenthicfeedingsitesmaybefurthererodedbytheeffectsofwindsonunconsolidatediceThese
26
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
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StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
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WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
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53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
resultsunderscoretheimportanceofmaintainingarangeofbenthicfeedingareasthroughoutthemigrationcorridortoensurepreyavailabilitytotheeiderseachyear)
4)Upper)Trophic)Level)Species)marine)birds)and)mammals)as)ecosystem)sentinels
Astoppredatorsmarinebirdsandmammalsmustadapttochangesintheirhabitatsresultingfromphysicalforcingandtherebycanserveassentinelstoecosystemshifts(Mooreetal2014MooreandGulland2014)ResponsesofUTLspeciestoalteredhabitatscanbe categorizedasextrinsicincludingshiftsinrangemigratorytiming(phenology)orregionsofhighabundance(hotspots)orintrinsicincludingchangesindietbodyconditionand chemicalcomposition(Fig5)
Figure)5)Marine)birds)and)mammals)are)upper)trophic)level)(UTL))species)that)reflect)ecosystem) alterations)by)changes)in)habitat)use)(extrinsic))and)body)condition)(intrinsic))revealing)fundamental) changes)in)marine)ecosystems)
Responsesareinter0relatedsuchthatashiftinrangephenologyoruseofhotspotswillbe reflectedinchangesindietbodyconditionandchemistryItisthisconnectionthatallowsus
27
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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ArrigoKRand vanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070
AshjianCJBraund SRCampbell RGGeorgeJC Kruse JMaslowski WMooreSE Nicolson CROkkonen SR SherrBF Sherr EBandSpitz Y2010Climate variabilityoceanographybowheadwhaledistributionandInupiatsubsistence whalingnearBarrowAlaskaArctic63(2)1790194
BerlineLSpitzYH AshjianCJ CampbellRG Maslowski WandMoore SE2008 EuphausiidtransportintheWesternArcticOceanMarineEcologyProgressSeries360 1630178
BlackwellSBRichardsonWJGreeneCRStreeverB2007Bowheadwhale(Balaena mysticetus)migrationandcallingbehaviorintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaautumn2001004 anacousticlocalizationstudyArctic602550270
BlockBAJonsenIDJorgensenSJ+18co0authors2011TrackingapexmarinepredatormovementsinadynamicoceanNature475doi101038nature10082
BluhmBACoyle KOKonar BandHighsmith R2007Highgraywhalerelativeabundances associatedwithanoceanographicfrontinthesouth0centralChukchiSeaDeepSea ResearchII291902933
BondNStabenoPNappJinpressFlowpatternsintheChukchiSeabasedonanoceanreanalysisJunethroughOctober197902014
CarmackEDBarberJChristensenRMacdonaldBRudelsandESakshaug2006Climatevariabilityandphysicalforcingofthefoodwebsandcarbonbudgetonpanarcticshelves ProgressinOceanography711450181
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CarmackEWinsorPWilliamsW2015ThecontiguouspanarcticRiverineCoastal DomainaunifyingconceptProgressinOceanography13913023
46
CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0 KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
CittaJJOkkonenSRQuakenbushLTMaslowskiWOsinskiRGeorgeJCSmallRJ BrowerJrHHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHarwoodLAinpressaOceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithautumnmovementsofbowheadwhalesintheChukchi Sea
CittaJJQuakenbushLTLondonJMFrostKJFischbachASLowryLFOrsquoCorry0Crowe GJayCVCrawfordJABovengPLCameronMVonDuykeALNelsonMHarwoodLARichardPSuydamRHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHobbsRCLitovkaDI GeorgeJCKellyBPSmithTGKennedyAGoodwinJOrrJGrayTinpressbOverlapofmarinemammalrangesandmulti0speciescoreuseareasasynthesisof satellitetelemetrydatainthePacificArctic
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStaffordKM 2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiand BeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240
CooperLWGrebmeierJMinpressDepositionpatternsontheChukchishelfusingradionuclideinventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdiet conditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150
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DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarcticsea iceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161
DruckenmillerMLCittaJJFergusonMCClarkeJTGeorgeJCQuakenbushLinpressTrendsinsea0icecoverwithinbowheadwhalehabitatsinthePacificArctic
47
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GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
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HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
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The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
todetectecosystemreorganizationbytrackingchangesintheecologyandphysiologyofUTL speciesAlthoughtherehavebeennocoordinatedlong0termstudiesofUTLspeciesinthe PacificArcticexaminingthisconnectionasynthesisofinformationfromvisualsurveyssatellitetaggingofindividualsandyear0roundacousticdetectionsprovidesanecological foundationthatcanprovideabaselinetoinformfutureinvestigations
41Seasonaloccurrencehotspothabitatsandacousticecology
Kuletzetal(2015)depictspatialpatternsofrelativeabundanceofseabirdsandmarinemammalsinsummerandfallderivedfromsixyearsofvisualsurveysintheeasternChukchi andwesternBeaufortseasUsingstatisticalspatialanalysistoolshotspotsforseabirdswalrusandgraywhaleswereidentifiedintheChukchiSeawhilehotspotsforbowheadwhalesandsealsweredescribednearBarrowCanyonandalongtheBeaufortSeashelfand slopeHotspotsforbelugasoccurredinboththeChukchiandBeaufortseasInsummerthreehotspotsweresharedbybothseabirdsandmarinemammalsintheChukchiSeawaters offshoreWainwrightsouthofHannaShoalandatthemouthofBarrowCanyonOnlytheBarrowCanyonhotspotwasoccupiedthroughthefallSharedhotspotswerecharacterized bystrongfrontscausedbyupwellingandcurrentswhichcanservetoaggregatepreyUsingadifferentapproachCittaetal(2015)providedetailedanalysisoftheseasonalmovementsandhabitatusebyasinglespeciesthroughoutoneyearLocationsfrom54bowheadwhales (Balaenamysticetus)obtainedbysatellitetelemetryfrom200602012wereusedtoidentifya totalofsixcore0useareasintheBeaufort(3)Chukchi(1)andnorthernBering(2)seas Takentogetherthetimingofuse(phenology)andphysicalcharacteristics(oceanographyseaiceandwinds)associatedwitheachareadescribeaseasonalcircuitbythewhalesthroughareasthoughttosupportelevatedpreydensities
Passiveacousticsamplinghasbecomeacommonyear0roundtooltodetectcallingmarine mammalsinarcticseas(Mooreetal2006Staffordetal2012)Since2007therehasbeenanespeciallystrongsamplingeffortassociatedwithoilandgasexplorationinthenortheast ChukchiandwesternBeaufortseas(egHannayetal2013 httpwwwafscnoaagovnmmlcetaceanchaozphp)Theserecorderdeployments augmentalong0standingacousticstudyinthecentralBeaufortSea(Blackwelletal2007)andmorerecentdeploymentsintheBeringStraitregion(KStaffordperscomm)HeretoforeresearchersconductedeachofthesestudiesindependentlyofoneanotherClark etal(2015)presentsanovelsynthesisofthecombinedoutputfromsixresearcheffortsusingfourtypesofrecordersandavarietyofsub0samplingandanalysisschemestodescribean lsquoacousticyearrsquointhelifeofthebowheadwhaleDetectionsofbowheadcallsfrom20sitesextendingover2300kmfromthenorthernBeringSeatothesoutheastBeaufortSeawere combinedovera140monthperiod(200902010)todescribewhaleoccurrenceacrosstheir rangeThespatialandtemporalvariabilityinsoundlevelswithinthefrequencybandofbowheadwhaleswasalsoquantifiedThelowestunderwatersoundlevelsoccurredfromlate NovemberuntilMayintheChukchiSeaDuringwinter200902010singingbowheadwhaleselevatedbroadbandsoundlevelsforroughly38daysinthenorthernBeringSeafollowedby
28
asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
29
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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GrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(2014)ThePacificArcticRegionAnIntroductionIn GrebmeierJMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionSpringerDordrecht
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
HannayDEDelarueJMouyXMartinBSLearyDOswaldJNVallartaJ2013 MarinemammalacousticdetectionsinthenortheasternChukchiSeaSeptember2007ndashJuly2011ContinentalShelfResearch671270146
HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
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WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
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NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
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Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
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22PJanP2014(
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OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
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Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
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30POctP2014(
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SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
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18PNovP2014(
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ATaleofTwoSynthesis
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webinarisavailableonline
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(ACCAP)
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TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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13PDecP2015(
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16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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22PDecP2015(
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
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asecondmonth0longperiodofelevatedsoundlevelsduetosingingbybeardedsealsHigh0windeventsalsoresultedin205dayperiodsofelevatedsoundlevelsevidentonmultiple recordershundredsofmilesapartAlthoughtherewerefewseismicsurveysduringthe140monthperiodairgunsoundsweredetectedintheChukchiSeainlatesummer2009roughly 700kmawayfromtheseismicsurveyunderwayintheeasternBeaufortSea
InasecondpaperdescribingtheacousticecologyofmarinemammalsinthePacificArcticMacIntyreetal(2015)investigatedbeardedsealcallingactivityinrelationtovariabilityin sea0icecoverAcousticdatawereanalyzedfromninerecordinglocationsextendingfromtheBeringtothewesternBeaufortSeaBeardedsealswerevocallyactivenearlyyear0roundin theBeaufortandChukchiseaswithpeakactivityoccurringduringthespringtimemating seasonConverselybeardedsealcallingactivitylastedonlyaboutfivemonthsintheBeringSeaagainwithamating0seasonpeakinthespringInallareascallingactivitywaspositively correlatedwithsea0icecover(plt001)Theseresultssuggestthatlossesinseaicemaynegativelyimpactbeardedsealsbothbylossofhaul0outhabitatandbyalteringthetemporalfeaturesofcallingforbeardedsealsinthePacificArcticsector
42Dietandbodycondition
ForabowheadwhalechangesassociatedwiththenewbiophysicalconditionsinthePacific ArcticmaybeagoodbumpinalongroadBowheadwhalescanliveforacenturyormorewithafewwhalesestimatedtohavelivedover200years(Georgeetal1999)TheBering0 Chukchi0Beaufort(BCB)populationisstillrecoveringinnumberfromroughly170yearsofcommercialwhalingwhichendedaround1920soresponsesbythisspeciestorecent changesinthemarineecosystemmustbeinterpretedinthatcontextGeorgeetal(2015)examinedtherelationshipbetweenbodyconditionofBCBbowheadwhalesandinter0annualvariabilityinsummertimeenvironmentalconditions(seasonalsea0icecoverandwindstress) forwhalesharvestedbyAlaskanhuntersfrom198902011Duringthisperiodtherewasa significantincreaseinaxillarygirth(fatness)associatedwiththereductioninseaiceand shiftsinwindstresstopatternsassociatedwithupwellingalongtheslopeandshelfoftheBeaufortSeaSpecificallystrongpositivecorrelationsweredescribedbetweenwhalegirth andlate0summeropenwaterfractionintheBeaufortSeaandwithopenwaterandupwelling0favorablewindsinareasoftheMackenzieDeltaandwaterswestofBanksIslandWhether duetoincreasedsecondaryproductivityassociatedwithupwellingorduetoalongerfeeding periodassociatedwithreducedicecovertheimprovedbodyconditionofwhalesintheBCBbowheadpopulationsuggesttheyarefindingincreasedaccesstopreyinthenewnormal PacificArctic
TheutilityoflookingtoUTLspeciesasecosystemsentinelsisfurtherexploredinHarwoodetal(2015)wherebodyconditionoffivepredatorsmonitoredfromharvestsintheBeaufortSeaoverthepast204decadesindicatethatallhavebeenaffectedbybiophysicalchangesin themarineecosystemImprovedbodyconditionisdescribedforArcticchar(Salvelinus alpinus)andsub0adultbowheadwhalesprimarilyassociatedwiththeextentandpersistence
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ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
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requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
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Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
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(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
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)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
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Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
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32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
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PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
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WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
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NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
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20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
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Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
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22PJanP2014(
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OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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14PFebP2014(
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Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
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AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
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ATaleofTwoSynthesis
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TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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22PDecP2015(
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AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
ofseaiceConverselythreespecieswhichlikelyfeedprimarilyonarcticcod(ringedsealbelugaandblackguillemotchicks)showeddeclinesinconditiongrowthandorproduction duringthesameperiodAlthoughtheproximatecausesofthesecontrastingchangesareunknowntheyarelikelymediatedbyanupwardtrendinsecondaryproductivity accompaniedbyadowntrendintheavailabilityofforagefishespeciallyArcticcodakeyspeciesinarcticfoodwebsNotablythereporteddeclineinbodyconditionforringedseals contrastwiththechangesreportedinCrawfordetal(2015)butthismaybedueto differencesinpreyavailabilityinsub0regionsofthePacificArcticwheretheharvestedsealswerefeedingietheeasternBeaufortSea(Harwoodetal2015)andtheBering0Chukchi (Crawfordetal2015)Similarcontrastsinsizeandbodyconditionforpolarbears(Ursus maritimus)wererecentlydescribedforanimalsfromtheChukchiSea(good)andtheBeaufort Sea(poor)populations(Rodeetal2013)IndeedHarwoodetal(2015)advocatetheinclusionofmultipleUTLspeciesinthesamplingdesignoffuturemarineecosystemresearchprogramsatecologicallyrelevantspatialandtemporalscales
)
5))Biophysics)and)marine)ecology)of)the)Pacific)Arctic)region))))
ThebiophysicsandmarineecologyofthePacificArcticregionisastudyincontrastsresultingfromdifferingprocessesthatoccuroverthebroadandshallowinflowshelvesofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseascomparedtothenarrowinteriorshelfsteepslopeanddeepbasinof theBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassmann(2006)provideapan0Arcticoverviewontheroleofshelvesinguidingoceanographicprocessesandpromoteshelfgeographyasaunifying conceptwithregardtolinkingphysicalprocessestofoodwebsUsingthisconceptCarmackandWassmann(2006)identifiedthePacificArcticregionasoneoffourcontiguousdomainscomprisingthepan0Arctictheotherthreearetheseasonalicezonedomainthepan0Arctic marginal(shelf0breakandslope)domainandtheriverinecoastaldomainAsdescribedinWoodetal(2015)hydrographyinthePacificArcticregionisdefinedbyPacificwaters enteringtheChukchithroughBeringStraitwarmingastheyareadvectedthroughthe ChukchiSeaandcirculatingatdepthslt200mwithintheBeaufortgyreoftheCanadaBasin Theentrapmentofthisinflowwithinthegyreincreasesthevolumeoffreshwaterandintensifiesstratificationwiththewarmer0saltierAtlanticwaterbelow
Theroleofseaiceinregulatingpelagic0benthiccoupling(seeFig4)isthefoundationalmodel regardingthestructureoffoodwebsonthebroadin0flowshelvesIndeedthebiophysicsand ecologyofbenthiccommunitiesinthePacificArcticisfullydescribedinGrebmeieretal(2015a)HowevernutrientsandexpatriatezooplanktonfromthenorthernBeringSeaare alsoadvectedinPacificwateracrossthewideChukchishelfandintotheBeaufortSea(Nelsonetal2014)andtheroleofthistransportisoftenignoredinconceptualmodelsofthemarineecosystemsClearlyadvectedpreyareimportanttoUTLspeciesndashoneexamplebeingthe consumptionofPacificspeciesofeuphausiidsbybowheadwhalesatBarrowandasfareastas KaktovikAlaskaintheeasternBeaufortSea(Lowryetal2004)Anewconceptualmodelis
30
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
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GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
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HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
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JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
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KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
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LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
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LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
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MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
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MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
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OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
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OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
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SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
requiredtocapturethecomplexinterconnectivitybetweentheroleofpelagic0benthic couplingandthatofthestronglyseasonaltransportofheatnutrientsandpreyintothe region
51EcosystemconceptualmodelsandvisualizationtoolsthelsquoArcticMarinePulsersquomodel
Thesea0icedrivenpelagic0benthiccouplingmodelhasservedthesciencecommunitywellfornearlythreedecades(Grebmeier2012andreferencestherein)Whilethepelagic0benthic modelservesasastrongframeworkfordepictingprocessesontheshallowshelfhabitatofthenorthernBeringandChukchiseasitdoesnotdepicttheinteractiveprocessesoccurring alongthenarrowinteriorshelfslopeanddeepbasinoftheBeaufortSeaCarmackandWassman(2006)advocateforthedevelopmentofldquoanecologyofadvectionrdquotoadvanceecosystemmodelsthatcansupportinter0comparisonsofexistingandfuturearcticfoodwebs Grebmeieretal(2015b)provideacomprehensiveconceptualmodellinkingadvectiveprocessesintheChukchiandBeaufortTheinputfunctionforthismodelistheadvection northofPacificWater(comprisedofAWBSWACWseeFig1)ThethreepathwaysforthisinflowcrosstheChukchiSeathenentertheBeaufortSeaprimarilyatcanyonswithfurther advectiveprocessesincludingeddysheddingalongtheslopeFreshwaterinflowfromtheYukonandMackenzieriversisdepictedasisnearshoreoutflowofSiberianCoastalWater (SCW)alongtheRussiannorthcoastThisconceptualadvectivemodelisanessentialtoolto frameourunderstandingofthePacificArcticmarineecosystembutremainsacomparativelystaticrepresentationofverydynamicprocesses
Thelsquokrilltraprsquomodeldevelopedduringastudyofbowheadwhalesfeedingoneuphausiids transportedtolocalwatersnearBarrowprovidesastartingpointtoanimateanadvectivemodelforaportionofthePacificArcticregion(Ashjianetal2010)Physicaldriversofthislocal0areamodelinvokewindforcingshelf0breaktopographyandcurrentstructurealong BarrowCanyontoexplaintheretentionofkrillalongafrontonthewesternBeaufortshelf (Okkonenetal2011)Thisdynamicmodelessentiallyldquorocksbackandforthrdquobetweentwo statesupwellingofpreyandnutrientsontothenarrowshelfinducedbyeasterlywindsand preyretentioninducedbyrelaxedorsoutherlywindsThismodelfocusesononlythewestern BeaufortSeahoweverandrequiresexpansiontoservethefullPacificArcticregion
WeproposeaninitialformoftheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelforthePacificsectorwhichaimstobothanimatetheGrebmeieretal(2015a)advectionmodelandlinkitto thepelagic0benthiccouplingmodel(Fig6)
31
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
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Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
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condition
17PDecP2014(
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PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
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The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
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21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
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LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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25PJanP2016(
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
Figure)6))Components)of)the)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)ndash)linking)pelagicVbenthic) coupling)and)advective)models)to)derive)a)seasonal)model)for)the)Pacific)Arctic)framed)by)contiguous) domains)
Inthiswaythezooplanktonandforagefishpredictedbythepelagic0benthicmodelwiththelossofseaiceareadvectedacrosstheChukchiandintotheBeaufortSeabytheadvective modelTheAMPmodelemploysthecontiguousdomainconceptdescribedinCarmackand Wassmann(2006)tojoinphysicalhabitatsbytheintegrationofcommonfeaturessuchastheseasonalcyclesofinflowatBeringStraitsea0iceadvanceandretreatandriverineexport SpecificallywithintheoverallgeographicdomainofthePacificArctictheAMPmodelconnectsthreedynamiccontiguousdomains(Fig7)
(i)SeasonalicezonedomainndashseasonaliceretreatservestolinktheAMPmodeltothepelagic0 benthiccouplingmodelTimingandpaceofsea0iceretreatacrosstheChukchiSeadrives pulsesoforganicmaterialeithertothebenthosortowardsthepelagicsystemsea0iceretreat beyondthenarrowBeaufortshelfinlatesummerallowsthesystemtorespondtowindsthat caninducepulsesofupwellingofnutrientsandpreyontotheshelf
(ii)PacificmarginaldomainndashtheBeaufortSeashelfbreakandslopeisatransportpathway fornutrientsandpreyadvectedacrosstheChukchiSeathismarginaldomainalsoprovides linkstothedeepbasinwherestoresofnutrientsandpreycanbeupwelledbywindforcingafterthesea0iceretreatsHeraldandBarrowcanyonsarefocalpointsofshelf0basinexchange (iesecondarypulse0points)althoughlocalwindscanreverseflow
32
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
LITERATURE)CITED)
AinleyDGandDeMaster DP1990TheuppertrophiclevelsinpolarmarineecosystemsPp 5990630InWOSmithJr(ed)PolarOceanographyPartBChemistryBiologyandGeologyAcademicPressSanDiegoCA
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46
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CittaJJQuakenbushLTLondonJMFrostKJFischbachASLowryLFOrsquoCorry0Crowe GJayCVCrawfordJABovengPLCameronMVonDuykeALNelsonMHarwoodLARichardPSuydamRHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHobbsRCLitovkaDI GeorgeJCKellyBPSmithTGKennedyAGoodwinJOrrJGrayTinpressbOverlapofmarinemammalrangesandmulti0speciescoreuseareasasynthesisof satellitetelemetrydatainthePacificArctic
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47
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FeelyRADoneySCCooleySR2009Oceanacidificationpresentconditionsandfuture changesinahigh0CO2worldOceanography2236047
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GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
GrebmeierJM2012ShiftingpatternsoflifeinthePacificArcticandsub0arcticseasAnnual ReviewofMarineScience41610166
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
HannayDEDelarueJMouyXMartinBSLearyDOswaldJNVallartaJ2013 MarinemammalacousticdetectionsinthenortheasternChukchiSeaSeptember2007ndashJuly2011ContinentalShelfResearch671270146
HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
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The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
(iii)RiverinecoastaldomainndashtheYukonandMackenzieriveroutflowsprovideseasonal pulsesofwarmandfreshwatertothenorthernBeringandBeaufortseasrespectivelyInthe BeauforttheMackenzieoutflowcantrapnutrientsandpreyTheMackenzieoutflowhas increaseddramaticallyoverthepastdecade(Woodetal2015)andwithincreasedseasonal run0offtheSagavanirktokandColvilleriversmayhavegreaterinfluencenowthaninthepast
Figure)7)The)Arctic)Marine)Pulses)(AMP))conceptual)model)depicting)seasonal)biophysical)pulses)in) three)ecological)domains)across)a)latitudinal)gradient)over)the)course)of)an)annual)cycle)in)the)Pacific) Arctic)region)(Moore)and)Stabeno)2015))
33
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
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APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
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Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
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Wieslaw
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NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
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FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
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Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
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LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
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Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
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Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
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FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
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Scott(Raborn(
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PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
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Rebecca(Woodgate(
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SeattleWA
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(
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57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
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TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
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PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
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MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
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ObservationsintheChukchiSea
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15PAugP2012(
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MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
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13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
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PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
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AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
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OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
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20PJanP2013(
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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20PFebP2013(
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SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
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12PMarP2013(
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OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
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12PMarP2013(
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MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
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26PMarP2013(
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KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
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ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
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7PJunP2013( Sullivan
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19PJunP2013(
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20PJanP2014(
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20PJanP2014(
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WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
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22PJanP2014(
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OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
)
SOARPHASEII
1Background
In2015severalnewsynthesisteamswereformedandworkcommencedonasecondSOAR specialissuetheculminationofwhicharethefifteenpeer0reviewedpaperstobepublishedin aspecialvolumeofDeepSeaResearchPartIIBelowweprovideanoverviewoffindingsand synthesespublishedinthoseindividualpapersstructuredaroundtheframeworkofthe ArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodelanditsthreeecologicaldomainsintroducedintheprecedingSOARPhaseIdiscussion
2TheArcticMarinePulsesconceptualmodel
TheArcticMarinePulses(AMP)conceptualmodelwasinitiallydevelopedtoprovidean overarchingsynthesisofresultspresentedinpaperscomprisingthefirstSOARspecialissue(seeprecedingsynthesisanddiscussionofSOARPhaseIMooreandStabeno2015)Inbrief theAMPmodelusestheconceptofecologicaldomainsasaframeworktofocusinvestigativeattentiononseasonaloceanographicpulsiveeventsinthePacificArcticregionoveranannual cycle(Fig7)TheAMPmodelisfurtherdevelopedinMooreetal(inpress)whereinthephenologyofpelagic0benthiccouplingandadvectiveprocessesaredescribedandlinkedto examplesofhowbenthicmacrofaunalandupper0trophicspeciesrespondtochangesin ecosystemstructureTheAMPmodelaimstoencouragemulti0disciplinaryresearchandwithitsfocusonphenologyofeventsoveranannualcyclemayservetofacilitatecommunication betweenconventionalscienceandIndigenousKnowledge
InthissynthesisanddiscussionofthesecondSOARspecialissueweusethreeecological domainsthatframetheAMPmodeltostructureanoverviewofresultspresentedinthisspecialissue(Fig8)
34
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
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1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
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OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
Figure)8))Papers)comprising)the)forthcoming)2018)2nd)SOAR)special)issue)(to)be)published)in)DeepVSea) Research)Part)II))identified)by)lead)author)and)organized)by)ecological)domains)that)frame)the)Arctic) Marine)Pulses)model)(Moore)et)al)in)press))
TheSeasonalIceZonedomainisdefinedbythelimitsofsea0iceextentinMarch(maximum)andSeptember(minimum)andtherebyincludescontinentalshelfslopeanddeepbasin habitatsinthePacificArctic(Fig1boundedbyorangelines)IncontrasttheMarginalandtheRiverineCoastaldomainsaremorenarrowlydefinedby(i)thesteepbathymetryofthe continentalslopeandcanyonsinthenorthernChukchiandBeaufortseasand(ii)nearshore watersinfluencedbyriverdischargerespectively(CarmackandWassman2006Carmacketal2015)Byusingtheseecologicaldomainstoframeresultspresentedinthepapers comprisingthisspecialissueweaimtofurtherexploretheutilityoftheAMPmodelforintegratingbiophysicalprocessesinthePacificArcticregiontherebyfulfillingtheoverarchinggoaloftheSOARprojecttobetterunderstandthisdynamicmarineecosystem
3SeasonalIceZoneDomain
31PhysicsSeaIceModelsandOceanReanalysis
Thedecreaseinsea0iceextentvolumeanddurationoverthepastthreedecadesisaniconicfeatureofachangingclimateinthePacificArctic(Woodetal2015Freyetal2015WangandOverland2015)Withsea0icecoverdecliningrapidlyshiftsinthetimingofbreak0upand
35
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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ArrigoKRand vanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070
AshjianCJBraund SRCampbell RGGeorgeJC Kruse JMaslowski WMooreSE Nicolson CROkkonen SR SherrBF Sherr EBandSpitz Y2010Climate variabilityoceanographybowheadwhaledistributionandInupiatsubsistence whalingnearBarrowAlaskaArctic63(2)1790194
BerlineLSpitzYH AshjianCJ CampbellRG Maslowski WandMoore SE2008 EuphausiidtransportintheWesternArcticOceanMarineEcologyProgressSeries360 1630178
BlackwellSBRichardsonWJGreeneCRStreeverB2007Bowheadwhale(Balaena mysticetus)migrationandcallingbehaviorintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaautumn2001004 anacousticlocalizationstudyArctic602550270
BlockBAJonsenIDJorgensenSJ+18co0authors2011TrackingapexmarinepredatormovementsinadynamicoceanNature475doi101038nature10082
BluhmBACoyle KOKonar BandHighsmith R2007Highgraywhalerelativeabundances associatedwithanoceanographicfrontinthesouth0centralChukchiSeaDeepSea ResearchII291902933
BondNStabenoPNappJinpressFlowpatternsintheChukchiSeabasedonanoceanreanalysisJunethroughOctober197902014
CarmackEDBarberJChristensenRMacdonaldBRudelsandESakshaug2006Climatevariabilityandphysicalforcingofthefoodwebsandcarbonbudgetonpanarcticshelves ProgressinOceanography711450181
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CarmackEWinsorPWilliamsW2015ThecontiguouspanarcticRiverineCoastal DomainaunifyingconceptProgressinOceanography13913023
46
CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0 KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
CittaJJOkkonenSRQuakenbushLTMaslowskiWOsinskiRGeorgeJCSmallRJ BrowerJrHHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHarwoodLAinpressaOceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithautumnmovementsofbowheadwhalesintheChukchi Sea
CittaJJQuakenbushLTLondonJMFrostKJFischbachASLowryLFOrsquoCorry0Crowe GJayCVCrawfordJABovengPLCameronMVonDuykeALNelsonMHarwoodLARichardPSuydamRHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHobbsRCLitovkaDI GeorgeJCKellyBPSmithTGKennedyAGoodwinJOrrJGrayTinpressbOverlapofmarinemammalrangesandmulti0speciescoreuseareasasynthesisof satellitetelemetrydatainthePacificArctic
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStaffordKM 2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiand BeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240
CooperLWGrebmeierJMinpressDepositionpatternsontheChukchishelfusingradionuclideinventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdiet conditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150
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DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarcticsea iceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161
DruckenmillerMLCittaJJFergusonMCClarkeJTGeorgeJCQuakenbushLinpressTrendsinsea0icecoverwithinbowheadwhalehabitatsinthePacificArctic
47
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GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
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HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
freeze0uphavebecomeurgentscientificsocialandeconomicconcernsWangetal(inpress)analyzeddailysea0iceconcentrationdatatoassessthedatesofsea0icebreak0upandfreeze0 upandtherebyderiveatrendinsea0icedurationfortheperiod199002015andaprojectionofsea0icedurationtomid0century(2044)Theanalysisbasedonsimulationresultsfromthe coupledAtmosphere0OceanGeneralCirculationModelsfromPhase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)wasconductedbothatthebroadscaleofthePacificArcticregionandatregionalandlocalscalesasdefinedbytheeightregionsoftheDistributed BiologicalObservatory(httpswwwpmelnoaagovdbo)andbyeightoceanographicmooringsitesinthenortheastChukchiSearespectivelyWangetal(inpress)showthatthe durationofsea0icecoverisdecliningwiththestrongesttrendapparentduringthe199002015periodThe300yearaveragedtrendwasprojectedtobefrom0068daysyearto012 daysyearfortheperiod201502044whichisequivalenttoa20to36dayreductioninannual sea0icedurationSimilarresultswerefoundatbothregionalandlocalscalesThemodelsindicatethatwhiletheshorteningofthesea0iceseasonisdrivenbybothlaterfreeze0upand earlierbreak0upthedelayinfreeze0upisthelargercontributorProjectedchangesinsea0icedurationinthePacificArcticexhibitspatialvariancewiththeBeringStraitareaprojectedto experienceadecreaseoflessthan200daydurationoverthenext30yearswhiletheEast SiberianChukchiandBeaufortseasareprojectedtoexperiencea600dayreductionbymid0centuryThedramaticreductioninsea0icedurationhasdrivenandwillcontinuetodrive changesinthemarineecosystemofthePacificArcticwhilealsobothfosteringoffshorecommercialactivitiesandimpedinglocalaccesstoresourcesforinhabitantsofcoastal communities
Thechangingoceanographyduringtheopen0waterseasoninthePacificArcticwasthefocusofareanalysisstudyundertakenbyBondetal(inpress)Specificallythephysical oceanographicconditionsextantfromJunethroughOctoberontheChukchiSeashelfwereinvestigatedusingtheORAS4oceanreanalysissoftwarefortheperiod197902014Timeseriesofverticallyintegratedtemperaturesshowedgreaterwarming(especiallyduring SeptemberandOctober)inthefirsthalfofthe360yearrecordafindingthatmightbeattributedtotrendsinmeancurrentsatChukchiSeacanyonsthatwerelesspolewardafter 2000Fivedistinctpatternsofflowwerederivedusingak0meansclusteranalysisofmonthlymeansea0surfaceheightanomalydistributionsTwoofthefivepatternsrelatedtothestrengthoftheAlaskanCoastalCurrent(ACC)intheeasternChukchiSeatwopatternsrelated toperiodsofnorthwestwardversussoutheastwardflowassociatedwiththeabsenceor presenceoftheSiberianCoastalCurrentinthenorthwestChukchiSeaandonepatternwas definedbyweaksoutheastwardflowanomaliesinthewesternChukchiandasuppressedACC relativetothemeanintheeasternChukchiSeaThecompositesea0surfaceheightanomaly patternsofthefiveclustertypesconformtothemeansealevelpressureanomaly distributionsforthemonthsconstitutingeachtypeThedescriptionoffivedistinctflowpatternsprovidesalong0termcontextforpreviousfieldobservationsandmaycontributeto theinterpretationofobservedchangesinthestructureandfunctionofthemarineecosystemoftheChukchiSea
36
32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
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WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
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Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
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LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
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32BiophysicalObservationssedimentdepositionpatternscorrosivewaterformationandlsquoin sitursquoprimaryproductionmeasurements
Examiningfactorsthatinfluencesedimentationandbioturbationiskeytounderstanding pelagic0benthiclinkagesthatcanfosterhigh0productivitymacrobenthiccommunitiesonthecontinentalshelvesofthePacificArcticregion(Grebmeieretal2015ab)Toexamine depositionpatternsonthebroadChukchicontinentalshelfCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)assayed40sedimentcoresforthesedimentationtracer137Csoriginatingfrombombfallout and34coresfor210PbBecausebothsedimentationandbioturbationinfluencehowthese tracersaredistributedverticallyinsedimentsonlyabouthalfofthecoreshaddistinctsinglemid0depthorsubsurfacemaximumactivitypeaksassociatedwith137CsSimilarlyonly14of the34coresassayedshowedaconsistentdeclineinexcesssedimentary210Pbwithdepthin thecoreFurthermoresedimentationrateestimatesfrom210Pbassayswereonlyconsistent withestimated137Cssedimentationratesin5ofthe14coresAhighdegreeofbioturbationontheshelfisprimarilyresponsibleforthesepatternsalthoughtheinfluenceofsedimentationonverticalprofilesisalsoimportantparticularlyinareasoflowaccumulation whereshallowburialofmaximumburdensof137Csoccurinareaswithstrongcurrentssuch asHeraldCanyonShallowburialof137Csisalsoobservedincomparativelylow sedimentationareassuchasHannaShoalonthenortheastChukchishelfConverselyelsewhereonthenortheastChukchishelfandinproductivebenthicldquohotspotsrdquothestronger influenceofbioturbationleadstomoreevenverticaldistributionof137Cswithinsediments Theseprofilesof137Csreflectseveralothersedimentcharacteristicsthatareaffectedbycurrentflowwhichinturnimpactbiologicalactivityincludinggrainsizecarbontonitrogen ratiosoftheorganicfractionofsurfacesedimentsandtotalorganiccarboncontentThedistributionpatternsoftheradionuclidesparticularlythedepthwhere137Csreaches maximumactivityreflectssedimentationunderbothsluggishandstrongcurrentsThe activityof137Csatthatdepthofmaximumactivityalsoprovidesinsightsonhowmuchtheverticaldistributionoftheradionuclidehasbeenimpactedbybioturbationaswellasthe characteristicsofthesedimentsthatplayaroleininfluencingdepositionandtotalinventoriesof137Csoncontinentalshelves
Oceanacidification(OA)thetermusedtodescribetheprogressivedecreaseinoceanwater pHandcarbonateionconcentrationcoincidentwiththeuptakeofanthropogenicCO2isnow awell0describedglobalphenomenonwiththepotentialtonegativelyimpactmarineecosystems(Feelyetal2009Mathisetal2015andreferencestherein)Crossetal(in press)synthesizedatafromprocessstudiesacrossthePacificArcticregiontodescribetheformationofconditionsincoldanddensewinter0modifiedshelfwatersthatarecorrosiveto biologicallyimportantcarbonatemineralsWhenthesecorrosivewatersaresubsequentlytransportedofftheshelftheyacidifythePacifichaloclineCrossetal(inpress)estimatethat BarrowCanyonoutflowdelivers~224TgCyrofcorrosivewinterwatertotheArcticOceanThecombinationofspatialandtemporaldatademonstratestheseasonalvariabilityand persistenceofcorrosiveconditionsinhaloclinewatersForexampleonestudyindicatedthat
37
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
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APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
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Science(Contributors(
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Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
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GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
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FairbanksAK
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Mammals
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LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
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IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
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Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
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Merlin(Koonooka(
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Kathy(Kuletz(
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
05ndash17TgCyrmaybereturnedtotheatmosphereviaair0seagasexchangeofCO2duringupwellingeventsalongtheBeaufortSeashelfthatbringPacifichaloclinewaterstotheocean surfaceThelossofCO2duringtheseeventsismorethansufficienttoeliminatecorrosiveconditionsintheupwelledPacifichaloclinewatersHowevercorrespondingmooredand discretedatarecordsindicatethatpotentiallycorrosivePacificwatersarepresentintheBeaufortshelf0breakjetduring80oftheyearindicatingthatthepersistenceofacidified watersinthePacifichaloclinefaroutweighsanyseasonalmitigationfromupwellingBy comparingmultiplebroad0scaledatasetsCrossetal(inpress)suggestthatthepersistent corrosiveconditionsofthePacifichaloclineisarecentphenomenonthatfirstappeared sometimebetween1975and1985SincethenthesepotentiallycorrosivewatersoriginatingoverthecontinentalshelveshavebeenobservedasfareastastheentrancestoAmundsen GulfandMrsquoClureStrait(ca125⁰Wlongitude)intheCanadianArcticArchipelagoTheformationandtransportofcorrosivewatersonthePacificArcticshelvesmayhavewidespreadimpactontheArcticbiogeochemicalsystemandfoodwebreachingallthewayto theNorthAtlantic
AnnualnetprimaryproductionovertheArcticOceanasmeasuredfromsatellitesincreased30between199802012withupturnsinthePacificArcticregionreportedas421 (Chukchi)531(Beaufort)and677(EastSiberian)duringthatperiod(ArrigoandvanDijken2015)Whileinformativemeasuresfromremotesensingreflectonlywhatishappeninginthesurfacelayeroftheoceanandmisssub0surfaceprimaryproductionHillet al(inpress)provideasynthesisofavailableinsituprimaryproductionmeasurementsmadeinthePacificArcticbetween1950and2012Specificallyintegratedprimaryproductionwas calculatedfrom524profiles340ofwhichwereanalyzedtodeterminetheverticaldistributionofprimaryproductionratesforspringsummerandfallThenorthernBeringSea (ChirikovBasin)andChukchishelfwerethemostproductiveareaswiththeEastSiberianSeaChukchiPlateauandCanadaBasinthelowestDecadal0scalechangesincluded(i)a significantincreaseinPPrateandthelossofameasurablesubsurfacepeakbetween195960 andthe2000sinthesouthernChukchiSeaand(ii)anearlierphytoplanktonsurfacebloominthenortheasternChukchiSea(HannaShoal)inthe2000scomparedto1993thatisassociated withincreasedlightduetosea0iceretreatThesechangesinprimaryproductionhavelikelyfueledcascadingeffectsinfoodwebsofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem
33EcosystemStructureresponsesofmarinemammalstochanginghabitats
TherangeoftheBering0Chukchi0Beaufortpopulationofbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus) extendsacrosstheseasonalicezoneofthePacificArcticThemajorityofwhalessummerintheeasternBeaufortSeaandwinterintheBeringSeamigratingacrosstheChukchiSeainspringandautumnwhileoccupyingdistinctcore0useareasineachregion(Cittaetal2015) Therapidlossofsea0iceoverthepasttwodecadeshaschangedbowheadhabitatssubstantiallywithmanyareasnowregularlyice0freewhenwhalesarepresent Druckenmilleretal(inpress)examinedchangesinthenumberofopenwaterdays(OWD)withinannualbowheadwhalecore0useareasfrom197902014andwithinthewestern
38
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
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Science(Contributors(
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Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
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URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
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FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
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IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
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VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
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YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
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Zooplankton
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57
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
BeaufortSea(140degW0157degWto72degN)sampledviaaerialsurveyseachautumn198202014 Themostdramaticreductionsinsea0icecoverhavetakenplaceinthewesternBeaufortSea wherethenumberofOWDontheshelfandslopehaveincreasedby20and25daysdecaderespectivelyIcecoverhasdecreasedmoreinnorthernthaninsoutherncore0useareas SpecificallythenumbersofOWDwithinthecore0useareasnearPointBarrowandalongthenorthernChukotkacoasthaveincreasedby13and10daysdecaderespectivelywhilesea0icecoverhasnotsubstantiallychangedwithinthewintercore0useareaneartheGulfof AnadyrFromanalysisofaerialsurveydataDruckenmilleretal(inpress)reportthatduringtheautumnmigrationacrosstheBeaufortSeabowheadspreferhabitatscloserto shorethantotheiceedgeandthattheirdistancetoshoredecreasesasthefractionofopenwaterincreasesThisdistributionmaybearesponsetoincreasedfeedingopportunities closertoshoreresultingfromgreaterupwellingalongtheshelfbreakwhentheiceretreatsfarfromshoreTheaerialsurveydataalsorevealedasubstantialshifttowardPointBarrowin thewhalesrsquouseofthewesternBeaufortSeaduringautumn199702014comparedtoautumn 198201996InthefuturereducedseaiceinthesouthernChukchiSeamaymakewinteringtheremorecommonandwhalemovementsinsummerandautumnmaybecomemore variableasproductivityandzooplanktonaggregationsarealteredinresponsetosea0icelossandshiftingoceandynamics
Theunderwateracousticenvironmentiskeytothebehavioralecologyofallmarinemammals(egErbeetal2015)andhasreceiveddetailedstudywithregardtoitsinfluenceon bowheadwhalemovements(egClarketal2015Ellisonetal2016)Staffordetal(inpressa)describetheunderwateracousticenvironmentofbeluga(Delphinapterusleucas)and bowheadwhalesinthreeregionscontainingcore0useareas(Cittaetal2015)examinedduringmonthsinwhichbothspeciesoccurthereinie(1)January0MarchintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregion(2)November0JanuaryintheBeringStraitregionand (3)August0OctoberintheBarrowCanyonregionBiologicalsounds(primarilycallsfrombowheadwhaleswalrusesandbeardedseals)dominatedtheacousticenvironmentintheSt LawrenceIslandAnadyrStraitregionwhichwascoveredbyseaicethroughoutthemonthsstudiedIntheBeringStraitregionwhaleswereexposedprimarilytoenvironmentalnoise (mostlyfromwind)beforetheregionwasicecoveredinNovemberbyDecemberbiologicalsounds(fromcallingbowheadsandwalruses)becamemostprevalentTransientbutacuteanthropogenicnoise(fromvesselsandairguns)werealargecontributortotheunderwater acousticenvironmentintheBarrowCanyonregioninlatesummerandautumnduringthe200902010studyperiodthiswasalsotheonlyregioninwhichthetwospeciesco0occurred duringopenwaterperiodDuringopenwaterconditionsbothnearBarrowCanyonandinBeringStraitunderwaternoiselevelsweretightlycorrelatedwithwindasisgenerallythecasethroughouttheworldoceanStaffordetal(inpressa)suggestthatrecentincreasesin theopenwaterperiodassociatedwithclimatechangearefosteringincreasednoiselevelsaggregatedfrommultiplesoundsources(atmosphericbiologicalanthropogenic)thus rapidlyalteringtheunderwateracousticenvironmentformarinemammalsinthePacificArctic
39
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
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Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
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Specialty(
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Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
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( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
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BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
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ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
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FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
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Zooplankton
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57
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KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
Adescriptionofthefine0scalemovementsofbowheadwhalesacrosstheChukchiSeaduringtheautumnmigrationisprovidedbyCittaetal(inpressa)derivedfromananalysisof telemetrydataobtainedfrom200602010and2012InsomeyearswhalesmigrateddirectlytothenortherncoastofChukotkawhileinotheryearswhalespausedmigrationandlingered inthecentralChukchiSeapresumablytofeedToinvestigatehowwhalemovementswererelatedtooceanographicvariablesbowheadwhalehabitatselectionwasexaminedatbothlandscapeandlocalscalesusingacorrelatedrandomwalkmodelandoceanographicdata fromapan0arcticice0oceanmodelAtthelandscapescaleCittaetal(inpressa)foundthatwhalesgenerallyfollowedcold0salinewaterofPacificoriginandavoidedthecomparatively warm0freshwatersoftheAlaskanCoastalandSiberianCoastalcurrentsAtthelocalscale whalesweremorelikelytolingerincentral0Chukchiareascharacterizedbystronggradients inbottomsalinitywhichhavebeenassociatedwithareasofdensezooplanktonconcentrationsinotherstudies
Trackingtheaggregatemovementsofpelagicmarinepredatorshasincreasinglybecomeameanstoidentifyecologicalpatternsinoceanecosystems(egHusseyetal2015Blocket al2011)Cittaetal(inpressb)presentthefirstsystematicanalysisoftelemetrydataforsevenmarinemammalspecies(fourpinnipedandthreecetacean)thatroutinelyoccupy PacificArcticwatersandsummarizetheircollectivedistributionsfortwotemporalperiodslabeledsummer(May0November)andwinter(December0April)Whenexaminedforoverlapsixmulti0speciescore0useareaswereidentifiedinsummerandfourinwinterInsummer fourofthesixmulti0speciescore0useareasoccurredintheBeringStraitregionandthenorthwesterncoastofAlaskaandincludedtracksfrommostofthespeciesstudiedThetwo othersummercore0useareaswereintheCanadianArchipelagolargelydefinedbythetracksofbowheadwhalesandEasternBeaufortSeabelugawhalesInwinterthemainmulti0 speciescore0useareastretchedfromtheGulfofAnadyrnorthwardsthroughAnadyrandBeringStraitswhichincludesanareaofenhancedprimaryandsecondaryproductivity(ldquogreenbeltrdquo)intheBeringSeaCittaetal(inpressb)alsoprovidealistofextanttelemetry dataanddataholderswithanappealthatthesebaselinedatabearchivedtoensuretheyare availableforfutureretrospectiveanalysestotrackchangesinthePacificArcticmarine ecosystem
4MarginalDomainBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortslope
AtmosphericforcingadvectionandupwellingalongBarrowCanyonandthecontinentalslope ofthewesternBeaufortSeahavebeenthesubjectofinvestigationfordecadesalthough biologicalsamplingrarelyextendsbeyondmeasuresofnutrientsandchlorophyll0a(egPickartetal2013ab)Randetal(inpress)useenvironmentalvariablesandbiologicaltraitstocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacentto BarrowCanyonDatawereanalyzedfromtwostandardizedbottom0trawlsurveysoneinthe northeastChukchiSea(2013)andthesecondinthewesternBeaufortSea(2008)Inthe ChukchiSeabottomhardnessanddepthwerethekeyvariablesexplainingpatternintheepibenthiccommunitywhileintheBeaufortSeaunlinednethaulsanddepthwerethemain
40
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
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WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
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53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
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(
(
(
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57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
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16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
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30POctP2014(
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SOARprogressandoverview
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18PNovP2014(
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ATaleofTwoSynthesis
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TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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17PDecP2014(
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PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
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12PAugP2015(
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The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
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13PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
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16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
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21PDecP2015(
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InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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22PDecP2015(
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AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
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TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
explanatoryvariablesAlthoughepibenthiccommunitiesineachregiondifferedtaxonomicallyinabundanceanddistributionananalysisofbiologicaltraitsshowedthatthey werefunctionallysimilarTheseresultscomplementearlierdescriptionsofepibenthic communitiesonthecontinentalshelfofthenortheasternChukchiSeawheredistinct epibenthiccommunitydistributionpatternswerematchedwithbathymetrically0channeledwatermasses(Raveloetal2014)
Logerwelletal(2015)describedfishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthe westernBeaufortandnortheasternChukchiseasfocusingmainlyoncontinentalshelfhabitatsLogerwelletal(inpress)augmentthisearlierworkbydescribingresultsoftwomultidisciplinarysurveys(2008and2013asinRandetalinpress)focusedonbenthicfish distributionandoceanographicprocessesinandaroundBarrowCanyonThedensityof Arcticcod(Boreogadussaida)themostabundantspecieswasrelatedtobottomdepth salinityandtemperaturebothinBarrowCanyonandalongthecontinentalslopeSpecificallyArcticcodweremoreabundantindeepcoldandhighlysalinewaterlikelyadvectedfromtheChukchiShelforfromtheArcticBasinLogerwelletal(inpress)hypothesizethatArcticcod occupythesehabitatstotakeadvantageofenergy0richcopepodstransportedinassociated watermassesTheselinkagesbetweenoceanographicvariablesandbenthicfishabundance suggestthatadvectionsea0icedynamicsandpelagic0benthiccouplingareallimportantfortheecologyofbenthicfishesinthePacificArctic
Seasonalpatternsofdistributionanddensityoftwodistinctpopulationsofbelugainthe westernBeaufortSea(Staffordetalinpressb)complementstheLogerwelletal(inpress)findingsonArcticcodCombiningdatafromaerialsurveyspassiveacousticsamplingandsatellitetelemetryStaffordetal(inpressb)showthattheBarrowCanyonandBeaufortSea slopearekeyhabitatsforbothBeaufortandEasternChukchibelugapopulationsfromAprilthroughNovemberThreepeaksincallingactivityoccurduringthisperiodcorrespondingto migratorypulsesoftheBeaufort(earlyspring)Chukchi(latespring)andboth(autumn)populationsAmodelofbelugadensityderivedfromaerialsurveydatashowedthewesternregionoftheBeaufortSeaslopebecomesmoreimportantfromsummertoautumn TelemetrydatasuggestthatitispredominantlytheChukchibelugasthatusethishabitatexceptinSeptemberwhenbothpopulationsco0occurthereAsynthesisofthecombined datasetswhenintegratedwithdataonwind0drivenchangesinlocalcurrentsandwater massessuggestedthatbelugasareverycapableofadaptingtoshiftsinpreydensitiesassociatedwithoceanographicvariability
5RiverineCoastalDomainInfluenceofcoastalprocessonbowheadwhalesandpeople
TheRiverineCoastaldomainisdefinedasanarrow(lt15km)shallow(~10m)contiguousfeaturethatisprimarilyinfluencedbyaggregateterrestrialrunoffprincipallyinriverdischarges(Carmacketal2015)Thedomainistheprimaryconfluencebetweenterrestrial andmarineecosystemsandwilllikelyhaveamoreprominentroleinmodifyingcoastalenvironmentalvariabilityasterrestrialrunoffpermafrostthawingandsea0icelossesincrease
41
inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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AshjianCJBraund SRCampbell RGGeorgeJC Kruse JMaslowski WMooreSE Nicolson CROkkonen SR SherrBF Sherr EBandSpitz Y2010Climate variabilityoceanographybowheadwhaledistributionandInupiatsubsistence whalingnearBarrowAlaskaArctic63(2)1790194
BerlineLSpitzYH AshjianCJ CampbellRG Maslowski WandMoore SE2008 EuphausiidtransportintheWesternArcticOceanMarineEcologyProgressSeries360 1630178
BlackwellSBRichardsonWJGreeneCRStreeverB2007Bowheadwhale(Balaena mysticetus)migrationandcallingbehaviorintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaautumn2001004 anacousticlocalizationstudyArctic602550270
BlockBAJonsenIDJorgensenSJ+18co0authors2011TrackingapexmarinepredatormovementsinadynamicoceanNature475doi101038nature10082
BluhmBACoyle KOKonar BandHighsmith R2007Highgraywhalerelativeabundances associatedwithanoceanographicfrontinthesouth0centralChukchiSeaDeepSea ResearchII291902933
BondNStabenoPNappJinpressFlowpatternsintheChukchiSeabasedonanoceanreanalysisJunethroughOctober197902014
CarmackEDBarberJChristensenRMacdonaldBRudelsandESakshaug2006Climatevariabilityandphysicalforcingofthefoodwebsandcarbonbudgetonpanarcticshelves ProgressinOceanography711450181
CarmackEWassmannP2006Foodwebsandphysical0biologicalcouplingonpan0Arctic shelvesunifyingconceptsandcomprehensiveperspectivesProgressinOceanography714460477
CarmackEWinsorPWilliamsW2015ThecontiguouspanarcticRiverineCoastal DomainaunifyingconceptProgressinOceanography13913023
46
CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0 KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
CittaJJOkkonenSRQuakenbushLTMaslowskiWOsinskiRGeorgeJCSmallRJ BrowerJrHHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHarwoodLAinpressaOceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithautumnmovementsofbowheadwhalesintheChukchi Sea
CittaJJQuakenbushLTLondonJMFrostKJFischbachASLowryLFOrsquoCorry0Crowe GJayCVCrawfordJABovengPLCameronMVonDuykeALNelsonMHarwoodLARichardPSuydamRHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHobbsRCLitovkaDI GeorgeJCKellyBPSmithTGKennedyAGoodwinJOrrJGrayTinpressbOverlapofmarinemammalrangesandmulti0speciescoreuseareasasynthesisof satellitetelemetrydatainthePacificArctic
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStaffordKM 2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiand BeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240
CooperLWGrebmeierJMinpressDepositionpatternsontheChukchishelfusingradionuclideinventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdiet conditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150
CrossJNMathisJTPickartRSBatesNRinpressFormationandtransportofcorrosive waterinthePacificArcticregion
DanielsonSLWeingartnerTJHedstromKSAagaardKWoodgateRCurchitserEStabenoPJ2014Coupledwind0forcedcontrolsoftheBering0Chukchishelfcirculation andtheBeringStraitthroughflowEkmantransportcontinentalshelfwavesand variationsofthePacific0ArcticseasurfaceheightgradientProgressinOceanography12540061
DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarcticsea iceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161
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47
DuntonKHGrebmeierJM andTrefry JH2017HannaShoalAnintegrativestudyofaHighArcticmarineecosystemintheChukchiSeaDeepSeaResearchPartIIDOI 101016jdsr2201709001
Dunton KH Grebmeier JM and Trefry JH2014ThebenthicecosystemofthenortheasternChukchiSeaanoverviewofitsuniquebiogeochemistryandbiological characteristicsDeep0SeaResearchII102108
ErbeCReichmuthCCuninghamKLukeKDoolingR2015CommunicationmaskinginmarinemammalsareviewandresearchstrategyMarinePollutionBulletin httpdxdoiorg101016jmarpolbul201512007
EllisonWTRaccaRClarkCWStreeverBFrankelASFleishmanEAnglissRBergerJKettenDGuerraMLeuMMcKennaMSformoTSouthallBSuydamR ThomasL2016Modelingtheaggregatedexposureandresponsesofbowheadwhales BalaenamysticetustomultiplesourcesofanthropogenicunderwatersoundEndangeredSpeciesResearch30950108
FeelyRADoneySCCooleySR2009Oceanacidificationpresentconditionsandfuture changesinahigh0CO2worldOceanography2236047
FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015DivergentpatternsofrecentseaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049
GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
GilesKALaxonSWRidoutALWinghamDJBaconS2012WesternArcticOceanfreshwaterstorageincreasedbywind0drivenspin0upoftheBeaufortGyreNature Geoscience51940197
GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
GrebmeierJM2012ShiftingpatternsoflifeinthePacificArcticandsub0arcticseasAnnual ReviewofMarineScience41610166
GrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(2014)ThePacificArcticRegionAnIntroductionIn GrebmeierJMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionSpringerDordrecht
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
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HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
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preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
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OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
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SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
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ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
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lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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17PDecP2014(
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meetingSeattleWA
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
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ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
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FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
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- Caption
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inthenear0futureclimateDramaticshiftsintheextentoftheMackenzieRiverplumehavealreadybeenreportedwherebythedomainextendsbeyondthenearshoreshallow definitionwithasurfaceheatandfreshwatersignalrangingfarintothewesternBeaufort Sea(Woodetal2015)ClosertoshoreOkkonenetal(inpress)describehowupwelling eventscancombinewithhighriverdischargesoftheSagavanirktokandKuparukriverswhichflowintothecoastallagoonsystembetween150⁰Wand144⁰WleadingtoaggregationsoffeedingbowheadwhalesinthecentralAlaskanBeaufortSeaAtypical aggregationsofhundredsofforagingbowheadwhalesseenduringaerialsurveysinSeptember1997and2014coincidedwithprey0accumulationsrelatedtohighriverdischarges coupledtopriorupwellingeventsTheseresultsweregeneralizedtoasimplebinary0based mechanisticmodelthatlinkstherelevantphysicstooccurrencesofpotentialfeeding opportunitiesforbowheadwhalesalongtheentireBeaufortcoasttherebycontributingtoanimprovedunderstandingofthisrapidly0changingcoastaldomain
TheannualharvestofbowheadwhalesisfundamentaltothewellbeingofInuitcoastalcommunitiesinthePacificArcticregionincludingelevenvillagesthatextendfromSaint LawrenceIslandinthenorthernBeringSeatoBarterIslandinthenortheasternBeaufortSea (egBraundandMoorehead1995Huntingtonetal2016)Theimpactsofoffshore commercialactivities(egshippingoilandgasdevelopment)bothdirectlyonbowheadwhalesandontheconductofthehunthasbeenthefocusofinvestigationfornearlyfour decadeswithmuchoftheworksupportedbytheBOEMEnvironmentalStudiesProgramin Alaska(httpswwwboemgovAKStudies)andtheNorthSlopeBoroughDepartmentof WildlifeManagement(httpwwwnorth0slopeorgdepartmentswildlife0 managementstudies0and0research0projects)amongothersRobardsetal(inpress) describethevalueofincludingavarietyofperspectiveswhenseekingtounderstandand evaluatetheconsequencesoftheseimpactsSpecificallytheemergingfieldofldquoknowledgeco0productionrdquoidentifieswaystofacilitatetheinclusionoflocalinformationtodecisionmakingprocesses(Wyborn2015)Robardsetal(inpress)reviewoutcomesfromsevenAlaskan casesstudiestodescribeatypologyoffiveelementsimportantfortheco0productionoflocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeThreeelementsareconsistentwithearlierstudiesincluding 1)developingcommunitiesofpractice2)iterativeprocessesfordefiningproblemsandsolutionsand3)presenceofboundaryorganizationssuchasauniversitygovernmentagencyorco0managementcouncilTheauthorssuggestthatforAlaskanArcticcommunities itisalsocriticaltoincludetwootherelementsnamely4)theconsistentprovisionofsufficientfundsandlaborthatmaytranscendanyonespecificprojectgoaland5)long temporalscales(sometimesdecades)forachievingtheco0productionofactionableknowledge
6SummaryandConclusionsfromSOARPhase2
Wesummarizefindingsfromthepaperscomprisingthisspecialissueusingecological domainsadoptedintheAMPmodelasaframeworktopromoteanecosystem0focusedsynthesisofthestateofthePacificArcticNotsurprisinglymostofthepapersinthisvolume
42
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
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lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
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17PDecP2014(
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PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
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The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
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US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
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21PDecP2015(
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ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
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LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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25PJanP2016(
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FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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26PJanP2016(
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
relatetoprocessesoccurringinthespatially0broadSeasonalIceZonedomainThemodelledresultsofsea0icelossatthefine0scaleofdailyandmooring0sitemeasurementsis unprecedentedandreinforcestherapidpaceofchangeinthisfundamentalcomponentofthePacificArcticmarineecosystem(Wangetalinpress)Theprognosisforalongeropen0water seasonmakestimelytheoceanreanalysisprovidedinBondetal(inpress)whichsuggeststhatcurrentflowinthelsquonewrsquoopen0waterChukchiSeaiscomprisedoflsquoalternatingstatesrsquoafindingthatprovidesafoundationforinterpretationbiophysicalpatternsobservedthereFor exampleCooperandGrebmeier(inpress)showthatdepositionpatternsacrosstheChukchiSeacanbebroadlycategorizedbasedontherelativestrengthofbioturbationversus sedimentationprocessesbothofwhicharestronglyinfluencebycurrentflowSimilarlycurrentflowpatternsparticularlyinBarrowCanyoncannotablyaffecttheamountof corrosivewinterwatertransportedfromtheChukchishelfnorthwardintoBarrowCanyonalongtheBeaufortshelfbreakandultimatelyintotheArcticOcean(Crossetalinpress)PatternsoflsquoinsitursquoprimaryproductionintheChukchiSeahavechangedconsiderablyin recentdecadesthemechanismsforwhichareundeterminedbutcouldincludeshiftsin stratificationandmixingassociatedwithshiftingpatternsofcurrentflow(Hilletalinpress) TakentogetherthesepaperssupportthecontentionthatthePacificArcticmarineecosystemhasenteredanewstate
Responsestorapidlychangingsea0iceandoceanconditionsintheSeasonalIceZonearefurtherdemonstratedbychangesintheseasonalmovementsandacousticenvironmentof bowheadwhales(DruckenmilleretalinpressStaffordetalinpressb)andintheidentificationoftwodissimilarautumnmigratorypatternsacrosstheChukchiSea(Cittaetal inpressa)InsumbowheadwhalesnowoccupycoastalandcontinentalshelfhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeainlatesummerandautumnmoreoftenthantheydidthirtyyearsago wherethey(andbelugawhales)aresubjecttoshiftsintheiracousticenvironmentassociatedwithanthropogenicnoisefromoffshorehumanactivitiesHoweverthegreatestshiftinthe underwateracousticenvironmentcomesnotfromshipsandseismicsurveysbutfrom increasedambientnoiseassociatedwithstrongwindsduringthenow0commonextendedperiodsofopen0waterOverallpreyavailabilityseemstheprimaryfactorindrivingbowhead whaledistributionbothontoshallowshelfhabitatsasseaiceretreatsfurtherfromshorein theBeaufortSea(Druckenmilleretalinpress)andtocentral0Chukchishelfhabitatwhen preyisavailablethereduringtheautumnmigration(Cittaetalinpressa)Indeedpresent circumstancesmaybeconsideredlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbowheadwhalesinthePacificArctic(Moore2016)althoughalsquotippingpointrsquoawayfromthesefavorableconditionscould accompanyfutureecosystemalterationssuchasthoseassociatedwiththeldquoatlantificationrdquoof theArctic(Polyakovetal2017)
BarrowCanyonisaregionofdynamicoceanconditionsandakeylsquogatewayrsquototheoutershelf andslopeMarginaldomainofthePacificArcticComplementarypapersfocusedonepibenthiccommunities(Randetalinpress)andbenthicfishes(Logerwelletalinpress)provideanovelsynthesisofhowbiophysicalvariabilityinandnearthecanyoninfluences
43
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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ArrigoKRand vanDijkenGL2015ContinuedincreasesinArcticOceanprimaryproductionProgressinOceanography13660070
AshjianCJBraund SRCampbell RGGeorgeJC Kruse JMaslowski WMooreSE Nicolson CROkkonen SR SherrBF Sherr EBandSpitz Y2010Climate variabilityoceanographybowheadwhaledistributionandInupiatsubsistence whalingnearBarrowAlaskaArctic63(2)1790194
BerlineLSpitzYH AshjianCJ CampbellRG Maslowski WandMoore SE2008 EuphausiidtransportintheWesternArcticOceanMarineEcologyProgressSeries360 1630178
BlackwellSBRichardsonWJGreeneCRStreeverB2007Bowheadwhale(Balaena mysticetus)migrationandcallingbehaviorintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaautumn2001004 anacousticlocalizationstudyArctic602550270
BlockBAJonsenIDJorgensenSJ+18co0authors2011TrackingapexmarinepredatormovementsinadynamicoceanNature475doi101038nature10082
BluhmBACoyle KOKonar BandHighsmith R2007Highgraywhalerelativeabundances associatedwithanoceanographicfrontinthesouth0centralChukchiSeaDeepSea ResearchII291902933
BondNStabenoPNappJinpressFlowpatternsintheChukchiSeabasedonanoceanreanalysisJunethroughOctober197902014
CarmackEDBarberJChristensenRMacdonaldBRudelsandESakshaug2006Climatevariabilityandphysicalforcingofthefoodwebsandcarbonbudgetonpanarcticshelves ProgressinOceanography711450181
CarmackEWassmannP2006Foodwebsandphysical0biologicalcouplingonpan0Arctic shelvesunifyingconceptsandcomprehensiveperspectivesProgressinOceanography714460477
CarmackEWinsorPWilliamsW2015ThecontiguouspanarcticRiverineCoastal DomainaunifyingconceptProgressinOceanography13913023
46
CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0 KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
CittaJJOkkonenSRQuakenbushLTMaslowskiWOsinskiRGeorgeJCSmallRJ BrowerJrHHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHarwoodLAinpressaOceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithautumnmovementsofbowheadwhalesintheChukchi Sea
CittaJJQuakenbushLTLondonJMFrostKJFischbachASLowryLFOrsquoCorry0Crowe GJayCVCrawfordJABovengPLCameronMVonDuykeALNelsonMHarwoodLARichardPSuydamRHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHobbsRCLitovkaDI GeorgeJCKellyBPSmithTGKennedyAGoodwinJOrrJGrayTinpressbOverlapofmarinemammalrangesandmulti0speciescoreuseareasasynthesisof satellitetelemetrydatainthePacificArctic
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStaffordKM 2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiand BeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240
CooperLWGrebmeierJMinpressDepositionpatternsontheChukchishelfusingradionuclideinventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdiet conditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150
CrossJNMathisJTPickartRSBatesNRinpressFormationandtransportofcorrosive waterinthePacificArcticregion
DanielsonSLWeingartnerTJHedstromKSAagaardKWoodgateRCurchitserEStabenoPJ2014Coupledwind0forcedcontrolsoftheBering0Chukchishelfcirculation andtheBeringStraitthroughflowEkmantransportcontinentalshelfwavesand variationsofthePacific0ArcticseasurfaceheightgradientProgressinOceanography12540061
DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarcticsea iceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161
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47
DuntonKHGrebmeierJM andTrefry JH2017HannaShoalAnintegrativestudyofaHighArcticmarineecosystemintheChukchiSeaDeepSeaResearchPartIIDOI 101016jdsr2201709001
Dunton KH Grebmeier JM and Trefry JH2014ThebenthicecosystemofthenortheasternChukchiSeaanoverviewofitsuniquebiogeochemistryandbiological characteristicsDeep0SeaResearchII102108
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FeelyRADoneySCCooleySR2009Oceanacidificationpresentconditionsandfuture changesinahigh0CO2worldOceanography2236047
FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015DivergentpatternsofrecentseaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049
GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
GilesKALaxonSWRidoutALWinghamDJBaconS2012WesternArcticOceanfreshwaterstorageincreasedbywind0drivenspin0upoftheBeaufortGyreNature Geoscience51940197
GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
GrebmeierJM2012ShiftingpatternsoflifeinthePacificArcticandsub0arcticseasAnnual ReviewofMarineScience41610166
GrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(2014)ThePacificArcticRegionAnIntroductionIn GrebmeierJMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionSpringerDordrecht
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
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GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
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HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
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22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
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22POctP2014(
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SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
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ManagementWorkingGroup
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30POctP2014(
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SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
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18PNovP2014(
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ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
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ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
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lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
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17PDecP2014(
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AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
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16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
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22PDecP2015(
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AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
speciesoccurrenceandhabitatuseWhilecontrastingepibenthiccommunitiesweredescribedfortheBeaufortandChukchiseastheywerefoundtocontainfunctionallysimilar groupsbasedonbiologicaltraitsConverselyArcticcodwasthesinglemostabundantbenthicfishspecieswithdistributioncorrelatedwithdeepcoldsalinewaterassociatedwithlipid0 richcopepodsinthecanyonandadjacentBeaufortSeaslopeThecorrelationbetween belugaseasonaldistributionandmovementswithArcticcodoccurrenceprovidesanupper0trophiclinkandhighlightstheimportanceofBarrowCanyonandtheBeaufortSeaslopeas keyhabitatforbothspeciesinthisdynamicsectionofthemarginaldomain
TheRiverineCoastaldomainmarksthejuncturebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandthereforeazoneofkeyimportancetocoastal0dwellingpeopleduetotheirrelianceon resourcesfromtheseaforfoodandculturalwellbeing(Huntingtonetal2016)Bowheadwhalesareofcentralimportanceinthisregardwithextantvillagelocationsinfluencedby theirseasonalmigratorypatternsOkkonenetal(inpress)providesaninnovativesynthesisofbiophysicaldataleadingtoatypicalaggregationsofbowheadsintheriverinecoastal domainofcentralAlaskanBeaufortintwoofthepasttwentyyearsUnderstandingcausal factorsforshiftingpatternsofwhaleoccurrenceisofgreatinterestbothtolocalpeopleandtomanagementagenciesseekingtosupportsafeandeffectivehuntingpracticesThe formulationofeffectivebowheadwhaleco0managementpracticesisperhapsoneoftheclearestsuccessstoriesofthepastfortyyearsRobardsetal(inpress)describehowtheprocessofknowledgeco0productionhasledtothispositiveoutcomeandidentifyfive elementsfundamentaltothedevelopmentlocallyrelevantactionableknowledgeItisfurtherdevelopmentofthesetypesofsocio0ecologicaltoolsthatcanaidcommunicationacross cultures
OVERALLSOARCONTEXTANDCONCLUSION
TheSOARprojectisjustoneofseveralrecentattemptstocombinemultidisciplinarydataandobservationstobetterunderstandthestateandtrajectoryofarcticmarineecosystemsIn additiontothefirstSOARspecialissue(MooreandStabeno2015)otherspecialissuesfocusedonthePacificArcticincludetheArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(Mueteretal 2017)theHannaShoalEcosystemStudy(Duntonetal2017)andtheChukchiSeaOffshoreMonitoringinDrillingArea0ChemicalandBenthosproject(Duntonetal2014)OthernotableeffortsincludeacompendiumofinformationforthenortheasternChukchiSea (HopcroftandDay2013)thePacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(Grebmeieretal2015chttppacmarscblumcesedu)andavolumeofpapersprovidingapan0Arctic multidisciplinaryperspective(Wassman2015)Whiletheseexamplesallhavearegionalfocusotherrecentreviewsofclimatechangeimpactsonmarineecosystemshaveadopted mechanisticframeworksincludingdirectphysiologicalandclimate0mediatedpredator0prey
44
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
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53
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APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
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FairbanksAK
Chemistry
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Zooplankton
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UW
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Physics
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KaktovikAK
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UW
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APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
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MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
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13PNovP2012(
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10PDecP2012(
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20PJanP2013(
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AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
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OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
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21PJanP2013(
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
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SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
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NOAA
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NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
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OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
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MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
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26PMarP2013(
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KeynotepresentationatWakefield
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59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
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ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
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27PMarP2013(
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PresentationincludingSOARresults
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7PJunP2013( Sullivan
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19PJunP2013(
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20PJanP2014(
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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20PJanP2014(
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
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21PJanP2014(
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WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
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OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
responsesevidencedbyuppertrophicspecies(egSydemanetal2015)Weintroducedthe AMPmodelasaconceptualframeworkforthePacificArcticregioninthefirstSOARspecial issue(MooreandStabeno2015)NowintheprecedingdiscussionofPhase2oftheSOARprojectwehaveusedtheecologicaldomainframeworkoftheAMPmodelasatoolfora synthesisofinformationregardingthecurrentstateandpossibletrajectoryofthePacificArcticmarineecosystemInsodoingwebringamechanisticapproachtoaregionalanalysisIn2011wedidnotsetouttodeveloptheAMPmodelratheritwasthefruitionofthefirst phaseofSOARThemorefullydevelopedAMPmodelandtheextensivenewsynthesesand findingsoverviewedinthisfinalreportfortheSOARprojecthavemovedustowardreaching thethreemainobjectivesoftheSOARprojectWehaveincreasedscientificunderstandingoftherelationshipsamongoceanographicconditionsandmarinelifeinthePARwehave enhancedthescientificcommunityscapabilitytopredictfuturechangesinoceanographyand associatedchangesinthebehaviorofmarinemammalsandtheirpreyinthePARandwehavecommunicatedfindingsofsynthesisactivitiestoresourcemanagerslocalArctic residentsnationalandinternationalsciencesocietiesandthegeneralpublic
45
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GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
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49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
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LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
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ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
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lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
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17PDecP2014(
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AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
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NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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22PDecP2015(
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TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
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CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0 KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
CittaJJOkkonenSRQuakenbushLTMaslowskiWOsinskiRGeorgeJCSmallRJ BrowerJrHHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHarwoodLAinpressaOceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithautumnmovementsofbowheadwhalesintheChukchi Sea
CittaJJQuakenbushLTLondonJMFrostKJFischbachASLowryLFOrsquoCorry0Crowe GJayCVCrawfordJABovengPLCameronMVonDuykeALNelsonMHarwoodLARichardPSuydamRHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHobbsRCLitovkaDI GeorgeJCKellyBPSmithTGKennedyAGoodwinJOrrJGrayTinpressbOverlapofmarinemammalrangesandmulti0speciescoreuseareasasynthesisof satellitetelemetrydatainthePacificArctic
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStaffordKM 2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiand BeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240
CooperLWGrebmeierJMinpressDepositionpatternsontheChukchishelfusingradionuclideinventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
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CrossJNMathisJTPickartRSBatesNRinpressFormationandtransportofcorrosive waterinthePacificArcticregion
DanielsonSLWeingartnerTJHedstromKSAagaardKWoodgateRCurchitserEStabenoPJ2014Coupledwind0forcedcontrolsoftheBering0Chukchishelfcirculation andtheBeringStraitthroughflowEkmantransportcontinentalshelfwavesand variationsofthePacific0ArcticseasurfaceheightgradientProgressinOceanography12540061
DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarcticsea iceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161
DruckenmillerMLCittaJJFergusonMCClarkeJTGeorgeJCQuakenbushLinpressTrendsinsea0icecoverwithinbowheadwhalehabitatsinthePacificArctic
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DuntonKHGrebmeierJM andTrefry JH2017HannaShoalAnintegrativestudyofaHighArcticmarineecosystemintheChukchiSeaDeepSeaResearchPartIIDOI 101016jdsr2201709001
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EllisonWTRaccaRClarkCWStreeverBFrankelASFleishmanEAnglissRBergerJKettenDGuerraMLeuMMcKennaMSformoTSouthallBSuydamR ThomasL2016Modelingtheaggregatedexposureandresponsesofbowheadwhales BalaenamysticetustomultiplesourcesofanthropogenicunderwatersoundEndangeredSpeciesResearch30950108
FeelyRADoneySCCooleySR2009Oceanacidificationpresentconditionsandfuture changesinahigh0CO2worldOceanography2236047
FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015DivergentpatternsofrecentseaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049
GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
GilesKALaxonSWRidoutALWinghamDJBaconS2012WesternArcticOceanfreshwaterstorageincreasedbywind0drivenspin0upoftheBeaufortGyreNature Geoscience51940197
GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
GrebmeierJM2012ShiftingpatternsoflifeinthePacificArcticandsub0arcticseasAnnual ReviewofMarineScience41610166
GrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(2014)ThePacificArcticRegionAnIntroductionIn GrebmeierJMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionSpringerDordrecht
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GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
HannayDEDelarueJMouyXMartinBSLearyDOswaldJNVallartaJ2013 MarinemammalacousticdetectionsinthenortheasternChukchiSeaSeptember2007ndashJuly2011ContinentalShelfResearch671270146
HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
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22PJanP2014(
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OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
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Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
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30POctP2014(
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SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
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ATaleofTwoSynthesis
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webinarisavailableonline
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TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
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22PDecP2015(
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AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
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CittaJJQuakenbushLTOkkonenSRDruckenmillerMLMaslowskiWClement0 KinneyJGeorgeJCBrowerHSmallRJAshjianCJHarwoodLAHeide0Joslashrgensen MP2015Ecologicalcharacteristicsofcore0useareasusedbyBeringndashChukchindashBeaufort(BCB)bowheadwhales2006ndash2012ProgressinOceanography1362010222
CittaJJOkkonenSRQuakenbushLTMaslowskiWOsinskiRGeorgeJCSmallRJ BrowerJrHHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHarwoodLAinpressaOceanographiccharacteristicsassociatedwithautumnmovementsofbowheadwhalesintheChukchi Sea
CittaJJQuakenbushLTLondonJMFrostKJFischbachASLowryLFOrsquoCorry0Crowe GJayCVCrawfordJABovengPLCameronMVonDuykeALNelsonMHarwoodLARichardPSuydamRHeide0JoslashrgensenMPHobbsRCLitovkaDI GeorgeJCKellyBPSmithTGKennedyAGoodwinJOrrJGrayTinpressbOverlapofmarinemammalrangesandmulti0speciescoreuseareasasynthesisof satellitetelemetrydatainthePacificArctic
ClarkCWBerchokCLBlackwellSBHannayDEJonesJPonirakisDStaffordKM 2015AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesintheBeringChukchiand BeaufortseasProgressinOceanography1362230240
CooperLWGrebmeierJMinpressDepositionpatternsontheChukchishelfusingradionuclideinventoriesinrelationtosurfacesedimentcharacteristics
CrawfordJAQuakenbushLTCittaJJ2015Acomparisonofringedandbeardedsealdiet conditionandproductivitybetweenhistorical(1975ndash1984)andrecent(2003ndash2012)periodsintheAlaskanBeringandChukchiseasProgressinOceanography1361330150
CrossJNMathisJTPickartRSBatesNRinpressFormationandtransportofcorrosive waterinthePacificArcticregion
DanielsonSLWeingartnerTJHedstromKSAagaardKWoodgateRCurchitserEStabenoPJ2014Coupledwind0forcedcontrolsoftheBering0Chukchishelfcirculation andtheBeringStraitthroughflowEkmantransportcontinentalshelfwavesand variationsofthePacific0ArcticseasurfaceheightgradientProgressinOceanography12540061
DivokyGJLukacsPMDruckenmillerML2015Effectsofrecentdecreasesinarcticsea iceonanice0associatedmarinebirdProgressinOceanography1361510161
DruckenmillerMLCittaJJFergusonMCClarkeJTGeorgeJCQuakenbushLinpressTrendsinsea0icecoverwithinbowheadwhalehabitatsinthePacificArctic
47
DuntonKHGrebmeierJM andTrefry JH2017HannaShoalAnintegrativestudyofaHighArcticmarineecosystemintheChukchiSeaDeepSeaResearchPartIIDOI 101016jdsr2201709001
Dunton KH Grebmeier JM and Trefry JH2014ThebenthicecosystemofthenortheasternChukchiSeaanoverviewofitsuniquebiogeochemistryandbiological characteristicsDeep0SeaResearchII102108
ErbeCReichmuthCCuninghamKLukeKDoolingR2015CommunicationmaskinginmarinemammalsareviewandresearchstrategyMarinePollutionBulletin httpdxdoiorg101016jmarpolbul201512007
EllisonWTRaccaRClarkCWStreeverBFrankelASFleishmanEAnglissRBergerJKettenDGuerraMLeuMMcKennaMSformoTSouthallBSuydamR ThomasL2016Modelingtheaggregatedexposureandresponsesofbowheadwhales BalaenamysticetustomultiplesourcesofanthropogenicunderwatersoundEndangeredSpeciesResearch30950108
FeelyRADoneySCCooleySR2009Oceanacidificationpresentconditionsandfuture changesinahigh0CO2worldOceanography2236047
FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015DivergentpatternsofrecentseaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049
GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
GilesKALaxonSWRidoutALWinghamDJBaconS2012WesternArcticOceanfreshwaterstorageincreasedbywind0drivenspin0upoftheBeaufortGyreNature Geoscience51940197
GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
GrebmeierJM2012ShiftingpatternsoflifeinthePacificArcticandsub0arcticseasAnnual ReviewofMarineScience41610166
GrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(2014)ThePacificArcticRegionAnIntroductionIn GrebmeierJMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionSpringerDordrecht
48
GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
HannayDEDelarueJMouyXMartinBSLearyDOswaldJNVallartaJ2013 MarinemammalacousticdetectionsinthenortheasternChukchiSeaSeptember2007ndashJuly2011ContinentalShelfResearch671270146
HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
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- Caption
-
DuntonKHGrebmeierJM andTrefry JH2017HannaShoalAnintegrativestudyofaHighArcticmarineecosystemintheChukchiSeaDeepSeaResearchPartIIDOI 101016jdsr2201709001
Dunton KH Grebmeier JM and Trefry JH2014ThebenthicecosystemofthenortheasternChukchiSeaanoverviewofitsuniquebiogeochemistryandbiological characteristicsDeep0SeaResearchII102108
ErbeCReichmuthCCuninghamKLukeKDoolingR2015CommunicationmaskinginmarinemammalsareviewandresearchstrategyMarinePollutionBulletin httpdxdoiorg101016jmarpolbul201512007
EllisonWTRaccaRClarkCWStreeverBFrankelASFleishmanEAnglissRBergerJKettenDGuerraMLeuMMcKennaMSformoTSouthallBSuydamR ThomasL2016Modelingtheaggregatedexposureandresponsesofbowheadwhales BalaenamysticetustomultiplesourcesofanthropogenicunderwatersoundEndangeredSpeciesResearch30950108
FeelyRADoneySCCooleySR2009Oceanacidificationpresentconditionsandfuture changesinahigh0CO2worldOceanography2236047
FreyKEMooreGWKCooperLWGrebmeierJM2015DivergentpatternsofrecentseaicecoveracrosstheBeringChukchiandBeaufortseasofthePacificArcticRegion ProgressinOceanography13632049
GeorgeJCBadaJZehJScottLBrownSEOharaTampSuydamR1999Ageandgrowthestimatesofbowheadwhales(Balaenamysticetus)viaasparticacid racemizationCanadianJournalofZoology775710580
GeorgeJCDruckenmillerMLLaidreKLSuydamRPersonB2015BowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaiceandupwellingintheBeaufortSeaProgress inOceanography1362500262
GilesKALaxonSWRidoutALWinghamDJBaconS2012WesternArcticOceanfreshwaterstorageincreasedbywind0drivenspin0upoftheBeaufortGyreNature Geoscience51940197
GrebmeierJMOverlandJEMooreSEFarleyEVCarmackECCooperLWFreyKEHelleJHMcLaughlinFAMcNuttSL2006AmajorecosystemshiftinthenorthernBeringSeaScience311146101464
GrebmeierJM2012ShiftingpatternsoflifeinthePacificArcticandsub0arcticseasAnnual ReviewofMarineScience41610166
GrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(2014)ThePacificArcticRegionAnIntroductionIn GrebmeierJMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionSpringerDordrecht
48
GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
HannayDEDelarueJMouyXMartinBSLearyDOswaldJNVallartaJ2013 MarinemammalacousticdetectionsinthenortheasternChukchiSeaSeptember2007ndashJuly2011ContinentalShelfResearch671270146
HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
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GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
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KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
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57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
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16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
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responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
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SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
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AK
27PMarP2013(
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WashingtonDC
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PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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20PJanP2014(
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PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
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bowheadwhales2006Y2012
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21PJanP2014(
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WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
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andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
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distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
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SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
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AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
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FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
GrebmeierJMMooreSE Overland JEFrey KEandGradinger R2010BiologicalresponsetorecentPacificArcticseaiceretreatsEOS91(18)1610168
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDanielsonSLArrigoKRBlanchardALClarke JTDayRHFreyKEGradingerRRKędraMKonarBKuletzKJLeeSH LovvornJRNorcrossBLOkkonenSR2015aEcosystemcharacteristicsand processesfacilitatingpersistentmacrobenthicbiomasshotspotsandassociatedbenthivoryinthePacificArcticProgressinOceanography136920114
GrebmeierJMBluhmBACooperLWDenisenkoSGIkenKKedraMSerratosC 2015bTime0seriesbenthiccommunitycompositionandbiomassandassociatedenvironmentalcharacteristicsintheChukchiSeaduringtheRUSALCA200402012programOceanography231160133
GrebmeierJMCooperLWAshjianCABluhmBACampbellRBDuntonKEMooreJ OkkonenSSheffieldGTrefryJPasternakSY2015cPacificMarineArcticRegionalSynthesis(PacMARS)FinalReportNorthPacificResearchBoard259pp
HannayDEDelarueJMouyXMartinBSLearyDOswaldJNVallartaJ2013 MarinemammalacousticdetectionsinthenortheasternChukchiSeaSeptember2007ndashJuly2011ContinentalShelfResearch671270146
HarwoodLASmithTGGeorgeJCSandstromSJWalkuszWDivokyGJ2015Change intheBeaufortSeaecosystemDivergingtrendsinbodyconditionandorproductioninfivemarinevertebratespeciesProgressinOceanography1362630273
HillVArdynaMLeeSHVarelaDEinpressDecadaltrendsinphytoplankton productioninthePacificArcticRegionfrom1950to2012
HopcroftRRDayRH(eds)2013SeasonalandinterannualdynamicsofthenortheasternChukchiSeaecosystemContinentalShelfResearch6710165
HuAMeehlGAHanWOtto0BliestnerBAbe0OuchiARosenbloomN2015Effectsof theBeringStraitclosureonAMOCandglobalclimateunderdifferentbackgroundclimatesProgressinOceanography1321740196
HuntingtonHPQuakenbushLTNelsonM2016Effectsofchangingsaiceonmarine mammalsandsubsistencehuntersinnorthernAlaskafromtraditionalknowledgeinterviewsBiologyLetters12doi101098rsbl20160198
HusseyNEKesselSTAarestrupKand9co0authors2015AquaticanimaltelemetryapanoramicwindowintotheunderwaterworldScience348doi 101126science1255642
JeffriesMOOverlandJEPerovichDK2013ThearcticshiftstoanewnormalPhysicsToday1035040
49
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
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57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
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MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
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10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
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20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
KovacsKMLydersenC Overland JEandMoore SE2010Impactsofchangingseaice conditionsonArcticmarineMammalsMarineBiodiversity51065
KuletzKJFergusonMCHurleyBGallAELabunskiEAMorganTC2015Seasonal spatialpatternsinseabirdandmarinemammaldistributionintheeasternChukchiandwesternBeaufortseasIdentifyingbiologicallyimportantpelagicareasProgressin Oceanography1361750200
LeuESoslashreideHessenDOFalk0PetersenSBergeJ2011Consequencesofchangingsea0icecoverforprimaryandsecondaryproducersintheEuropeanArcticshelfseasTiming quantityandqualityProgressinOceanography9018032
LogerwellEBusbyMCarothersCCottonSDuffy0AndersonJFarleyEGoddardP HeintzRHolladayBHorneJJohnsonSLauthBMoultonLNeffDNorcrossB Parker0StetterSSeigleJSformoT2015FishcommunitiesacrossaspectrumofhabitatsinthewesternBeaufortSeaandChukchiSeaProgressinOceanography1361150132
LogerwellERandKDanielsonSSousaLinpressEnvironmentaldriversofbenthicfish distributioninandaroundBarrowCanyoninthenortheasternChukchiSeaandwestern BeaufortSea
LovvornJRRochaARJewettSCDasherDOppelSPowellAN2015Limitstobenthic feedingbyeidersinavitalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedpreyandchanging seaiceProgressinOceanography1361620174
LowryLFSheffieldGGeorgeJC2004BowheadwhalefeedingintheAlaskanBeaufortSea basedonstomachcontentanalysesJournalofCetaceanResearchandManagement6215ndash223
MacIntyreKQStaffordKMConnPBLaidreKLBovengPL2015Therelationship betweenseaiceconcentrationandthespatio0temporaldistributionofvocalizingbeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus)intheBeringChukchiandBeaufortSeasfrom2008to2011ProgressinOceanography1362410249
MathisJTCooleySRLuceyNColtSEkstromJHurstTHauriCEvansWCrossJN FeelyRA2015OceanacidificationriskassessmentforAlaskarsquosfisherysectorProgressinOceanography13671091
MooreSE2016IsitlsquoboomtimesrsquoforbaleenwhalesinthePacificArcticregionBiology Letters12doi0251
MooreSEClarke JTand Ljungblad DK1986Acomparisonofgraywhale(Eschrichtius robustus)andbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)distributionabundancehabitat
50
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
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(
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57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
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20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
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20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
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WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
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NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
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PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
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Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
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distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
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Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
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Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
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SOARprogressandoverview
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ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
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TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
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offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
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ArcticThePresentandFuture
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13PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
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ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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22PDecP2015(
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TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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22PDecP2015(
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LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
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OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
preferenceandbehaviorinthenortheasternChukchiSea1982084RepIntWhale Commn362730279
MooreSEStaffordKMMellingerDHildebrandJA2006Listeningforlargewhalesin offshorewatersofAlaska199902004BioScience5649055
MooreSEandHuntington HP2008Arcticmarinemammalsandclimatechange)impactsandresilienceEcologicalApplications18(2)S1570S165
MooreSEGeorgeJC Sheffield GBaconJ and Ashjian CJ2010Bowheadwhaledistribution andfeedingnearBarrowAlaskainlatesummer2005006Arctic63(2)1950205
MooreSEandGullandFMD2014LinkingmarinemammalandoceanhealthinthelsquoNewNormalrsquoarcticOceanandCoastalManagement10255057
MooreSEStabenoPJ2015SynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)inmarineecosystemsof thePacificArcticProgressinOceanography1361011
MooreSELogerwellEEisnerLFarleyEHarwoodLKuletzKLovvornJMurphyJ QuakenbushL2014Marinefishesbirdsandmammalsassentinelsofecosystem variabilityandreorganizationinthePacificArcticregionpp3370392InGrebmeierJM MaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidly changingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
MooreSEStabenoPJGrebmeierJMOkkonenSRinpressTheArcticMarinePulsesModellinkingannualoceanographicprocessestocontiguousecologicaldomainsinthePacificArctic
MueterFJandLitzow MA2008SeaiceretreataltersthebiogeographyoftheBeringSea continentalshelfEcologicalApplications183090320
MueterFJWeemsJFarleyEVSiglerMF2017ArcticEcosystemIntegratedSurvey(ArcticEis)MarineecosystemdynamicsintherapidlychangingPacificArcticGateway DeepSeaResearchPartIITopicalStudiesinOceanography135106 doi101016jdsr2201611005
NelsonRJAshjianCJBluhmBAConlanKEGradingerRRGrebmeierJMHillVJ HopcroftRRHuntBPVHyoungMJKirchmanDLKosobokovaKNLeeSHWilliamKWLLovejoyCPoulinMSherrEYoungKV2014Biodiversityand biogeographyofthelowertrophictaxaofthePacificArcticregionsensitivitiestoclimatechangepp2690336InGrebmeierJMMaslowskiW(eds)ThePacificArcticRegionecosystemstatusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironmentSpringerDordrecht
OgiMWallaceJM2012TheroleofsummersurfacewindanomaliesinthesummerArctic sea0iceextentin2010and2011GeophysicalResearchLetters39L09704
51
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
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TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
31PMarP2016(
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UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
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The
Arc
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arin
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Mod
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nnua
l oce
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raph
ic p
roce
sses
toco
ntig
uous
eco
logi
cal d
omai
ns in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
24(Jan(2017(
VanPelt
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) ndash
Phy
sics
to m
arin
e m
amm
als i
n th
e Pa
cific
Arc
tic P
hase
II
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22(Apr(2017(
Moore
The
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) P
rogr
am in
the
Paci
fic A
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Sec
tor
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on A
rctic
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nce
Res
ton
VA
(
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
OkkonenSRAshjianCJCampbellRGClarkeJTMooreSETaylorKD2011Satelliteobservationsofcirculationfeaturesassociatedwithabowheadwhalefeedinglsquohotspotrsquo nearBarrowAlaskaRemoteSensingoftheEnvironment115216802174
OkkonenSRClarkeJTPotterRAinpressRelationshipsamonghighriverdischargesupwellingeventsandbowheadwhale(Balaenamysticetus)occurrenceinthecentral AlaskaBeaufortSea
PickartRSSchulzeLMMooreGWKCharetteMAArrigoKRvanDijkenGDanielsonSL2013aLong0termtrendsofupwellingandimpactsonprimaryproductivityinthe AlaskanBeaufortSeaDeep0SeaResearchI791060121
PickartRSSpallMAMathisJT2013bDynamicsofupwellingintheAlaskanBeaufortSeaandassociatedshelf0basinfluxesDeep0SeaResearchI7635051
PolyakovIPnyushkovAVAlkireMBAshikIMand12co0authors2017Greaterrolefor Atlanticinflowsonsea0icelossintheEurasianBasinoftheArcticOceanScience356 2850291
RandKMandLogerwell EA2010Thefirstdemersaltrawlsurveyofbenthicfishand invertebratesintheBeringSeasincethe1970sPolarBiologydoi101007
RandKLogerwellEBluhmBChenelotHDanielsonSIkenKSousaLinpressUsingbiologicaltraitsandenvironmentalvariablestocharacterizetwoArcticepibenthicinvertebratecommunitiesinandadjacenttoBarrowCanyon
RaveloAMKonarBTrefryJHGrebmeierJM2014Epibenthiccommunityvariabilityin thenortheasternChukchiSeaDeep0SeaResearchII1021190131
RobardsMDHuntingtonHPDruckenmillerMLefevreJMosesSKStevensonZWatsonAWilliamsMinpressUnderstandingandadaptingtoobservedchangesinthe AlaskanArcticactionableknowledgeco0productionwithAlaskaNativeCommunities
RodeKDRegehrEVDouglasDCDurnerGDerocherAEThiemannGWBudgeSM2013VariationintheresponseofanArctictoppredatorexperiencinghabitatloss feedingandreproductiveecologyoftwopolarbearpopulationsGlobalChangeBiology doi101111gcb12339
SheffieldGuyLMMoore SEandStabeno PJ2012aSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR) ScienceWorkshopReportBOEMOCSStudyBOEMndash201200031AnchorageAK
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSE andStabenoPJ 2012bMarineecosystemsynthesisFromphysicstowhalesinthePacificArcticEos93(48)501doi1010292012EO480007
SheffieldGuyLMMooreSEStabenoPJ2016WhatdoesthePacificArcticrsquosnewnormal meanformarinelifeEos97(24)14019
52
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
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1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
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1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
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ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
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MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
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25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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26PJanP2016(
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OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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26PJanP2016(
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TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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31PMarP2016(
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UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
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toco
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ns in
the
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
24(Jan(2017(
VanPelt
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) ndash
Phy
sics
to m
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amm
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n th
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Arc
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
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Moore
The
Synt
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rctic
Res
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OA
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fic A
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tor
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on A
rctic
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Res
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VA
(
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60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
SpencerPD2008Density0independentanddensity0dependentfactorsaffectingtemporalchangesinspatialdistributionsofeasternBeringSeaflatfishFisheriesOceanography17 396ndash410doi101111j136502419200800486x
StaffordKMMooreSEBerchokCLWiigOslashLydersenCHansenEKalmbachDKovacsKM2012Spitsbergenrsquosendangeredbowheadwhalessingthroughthepolar nightEndangeredSpeciesResearch18950103
StaffordKMFergusonMCHauserDDWOkkonenSRBerchokCLCittaJJClarkeJTGarlandECJonesJSuydamRSinpressaBelugawhalesinthewesternBeaufort Seacurrentstateofknowledgeontimingdistributionhabitatuseandenvironmentaldrivers
StaffordKMCastelloteMGuerraMandBerchokCLinpressbSeasonalacoustic environmentsofbelugaandbowheadwhalecore0useregionsinthePacificArctic
StroeveJMSerrezeSDrobotSGearheardMMHollandJMaslanikWMeierandT Scambos2008Arcticseaiceextentplummetsin2007EOS89(2))13014
SydemanWJPoloczanskaEReedTEThompsonSA2015Climatechangeandmarine vertebratesScience3507720777
TremblayJ0EacuteRobertDVarelaDELovejoyCDarnisGNelsonRJSastriAR2012CurrentstateandtrendsinCanadianArcticmarineecosystemsIPrimaryproductionClimaticChangedoi101007s1058400120049603
WangMandOverland JE2009AnicefreesummerArcticwithin30yearsGeophysical ResearchLetters36L07502doi1010292009GL037820
WangMOverlandJE2015Projectedfuturedurationofthesea0ice0freeseasonintheAlaskanArcticProgressinOceanography13650059
WangMYangQOverlandJEStabenoPinpressSea0icephenologyinthePacificArctic thepresentandprojectionstomid0centurybyselectedSMIP5models
WoodKRBondNADanielsonSLOverlandJESaloSAStabenoPJWhitefieldJ 2015AdecadeofenvironmentalchangeinthePacificArcticregionProgressin Oceanography13612031
WoodgateRAWeingartnerTJLindsayR2012ObservedincreasesinBeringStraitoceanicfluxesfromthePacifictotheArcticform2001to2011andtheirimpactsonthe ArcticOceanwatercolumnGeophysicalResearchLetters39L24603doi1010292012GL054092
53
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Moore
TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
31PMarP2016(
Mathis
UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
26(Jan(2017(
Moore
The
Arc
tic M
arin
e Pu
lses
Mod
el l
inki
ng a
nnua
l oce
anog
raph
ic p
roce
sses
toco
ntig
uous
eco
logi
cal d
omai
ns in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
24(Jan(2017(
VanPelt
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) ndash
Phy
sics
to m
arin
e m
amm
als i
n th
e Pa
cific
Arc
tic P
hase
II
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22(Apr(2017(
Moore
The
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) P
rogr
am in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
Sec
tor
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on A
rctic
Scie
nce
Res
ton
VA
(
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(
60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
WybornCA2015Connectingknowledgewithactionthroughco0productivecapacities adaptivegovernanceandconnectivityconservationEcologyandSociety20110 httpdxdoiorg105751ES0065100200111
APPENDIX)A)ndash)LIST)OF)SOAR)2012)WORKSHOP)ATTENDEES)
Science)Steering) Committee)
Affiliation) Location)
RobynAngliss NOAANMML SeattleWA CarinAshjian WHOI WoodsHoleMA ChristopherClark Cornell IthacaNY JacquelineGrebmeier UMCES SolomonsMD CraigGeorge NSB BarrowAK TaqulikHepa NSB BarrowAK VeraMetcalf EWCKawerak NomeAK ChadJay USGS AnchorageAK TimRagan MMC WashingtonDC RobertSuydam NSB BarrowAK TomWeingartner UAFSFOS FairbanksAK ) ) ) Science)Contributors) Affiliation) Location) KevinArrigo Stanford StanfordCA CatherineBerchok NOAANMML SeattleWA SusannaBlackwell GreeneridgeSciencesINC SantaBarbaraCA BodilBluhm UAFSFOS FairbanksAK PeterBoveng NOAANMML SeattleWA EugeneBrower BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK JohnBurns ADFampG(ret) FairbanksAK RobertCampbell URI NewportRI JohnCitta ADFG FairbanksAK LeeCooper UMChesapeakeBioLab SolomonsMD RobertDay ABRInc FairbanksAK GeorgeDivoky FriendsofCooperIsland SeattleWA MatthewDruckenmiller UAFCIRES FairbanksAK KenDunton UofTexas AustinTX EdFarley NOAAAFSC JuneauAK MeganFerguson NOAANMML SeattleWA KarenFrey ClarkUniversity WorcesterMA DavidHannay JascoResearch VictoriaBCCAN LoisHarwood FisheriesandOceans YellowkniveNTCAN RussHopcroft UAFSFOS FairbanksAK
54
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Moore
TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
31PMarP2016(
Mathis
UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
26(Jan(2017(
Moore
The
Arc
tic M
arin
e Pu
lses
Mod
el l
inki
ng a
nnua
l oce
anog
raph
ic p
roce
sses
toco
ntig
uous
eco
logi
cal d
omai
ns in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
24(Jan(2017(
VanPelt
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) ndash
Phy
sics
to m
arin
e m
amm
als i
n th
e Pa
cific
Arc
tic P
hase
II
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22(Apr(2017(
Moore
The
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) P
rogr
am in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
Sec
tor
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on A
rctic
Scie
nce
Res
ton
VA
(
(
(
(
60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
JoshJones Scripps SanDiegoCA MerlinKoonooka NativeVillageofGambell GambellAK KathyKuletz USFWSMBM AnchorageAK LibbyLogerwell NOAAAFSC SeattleWA JimLovvorn SouthernIllinoisU Carbondale WieslawMaslowski NavalPostgraduateSchool MontereyCA JeremyMathis UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JeffNapp NOAAAFSC SeattleWA GeorgeNoongwook NativeVillageofSavoonga SavoongaAK BrendaNorcross UAFSFOS FairbanksAK StephenOkkonen UAFSFOS FairbanksAK JimOverland NOAAPMEL SeattleWA SandyParker0Stetter UW SeattleWA RobertPickart WHOI WoodsHoleMA LoriQuakenbush ADFG FairbanksAK ScottRaborn LGL CollegeStationTX FentonRexford NativeVillageofKaktovik KaktovikAK KateStafford UW SeattleWA JohnTrefry FLInstituteofTechnology MelbourneFL RebeccaWoodgate UWAPL SeattleWA ) ) )
BOEM)Participants) Affiliation) Location)
HeatherCrowley BOEM AnchorageAK WarrenHorowitz CharlesMonnett
BOEM BOEM(retired)
AnchorageAKAnchorageAK
55
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Moore
TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
31PMarP2016(
Mathis
UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
26(Jan(2017(
Moore
The
Arc
tic M
arin
e Pu
lses
Mod
el l
inki
ng a
nnua
l oce
anog
raph
ic p
roce
sses
toco
ntig
uous
eco
logi
cal d
omai
ns in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
24(Jan(2017(
VanPelt
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) ndash
Phy
sics
to m
arin
e m
amm
als i
n th
e Pa
cific
Arc
tic P
hase
II
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22(Apr(2017(
Moore
The
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) P
rogr
am in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
Sec
tor
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on A
rctic
Scie
nce
Res
ton
VA
(
(
(
(
60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
56
APPEN
DIX(B(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTORS(AND(INSTITUTIONS(
Science(Contributors(
Affiliation(
Location(
Specialty(
Kevin(Arrigo(
Stanford
StanfordCA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
Catherine(Berchok(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Acoustics
Susanna(Blackw
ell(
GreeneridgeSciencesINC
SantaBarbaraCA
Acoustics
Bodil(Bluhm
( UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Benthic
Peter(Boveng(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Eugene(Brower(
BarrowWhalingCaptainsAssn BarrowAK
LocalandTraditionalKnowledge
John(Burns(
ADFG(ret)
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadMammals
Robert(Cam
pbell(
URI
NewportRI
Zooplankton
John(Citta(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Lee(Cooper(
UMChesapeakeBioLab
SolomonsMD
Chemistry
Robert(Day(
ABRInc
FairbanksAK
IndustryScienceLeadSeabirds
George(Divoky(
FriendsofCooperIsland
SeattleWA
Seabirds
Matthew
(Druckenmiller( NSIDC
BoulderCO
SeaIce
Ken(Dunton((
UofTexas
AustinTX
HannaShoalLeadBenthic
Ed(Farley(
NOAAAFSC
JuneauAK
Fish
Megan(Ferguson(
NOAANMML
SeattleWA
Mammals
Karen(Frey(
ClarkUniversity
WorcesterMA
NutrientsandPrimaryProd
David(Hannay(
JascoResearch
VictoriaBCCanada
Acoustics
Lois(Harwood(
FisheriesandOceans
YellowkniveNTCanada
Mammals
Russ(Hopcroft(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Zooplankton
Josh(Jones(
Scripps
SanDiegoCA
Acoustics
Merlin(Koonooka(
NativeVillageofGambell
GambellAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Kathy(Kuletz(
USFWSMBM
AnchorageAK
Seabirds
Libby(Logerwell(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Fish
Jim(Lovvorn(
SouthernIllinoisU
Carbondale
SeaDucks
Wieslaw
(Maslowski(
NavalPostgraduateSchool
MontereyCA
Physics
Jeremy(Mathis(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Chemistry
Jeff(Napp(
NOAAAFSC
SeattleWA
Zooplankton
George(Noongwook(
NativeVillageofSavoonga
SavoongaAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Moore
TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
31PMarP2016(
Mathis
UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
26(Jan(2017(
Moore
The
Arc
tic M
arin
e Pu
lses
Mod
el l
inki
ng a
nnua
l oce
anog
raph
ic p
roce
sses
toco
ntig
uous
eco
logi
cal d
omai
ns in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
24(Jan(2017(
VanPelt
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) ndash
Phy
sics
to m
arin
e m
amm
als i
n th
e Pa
cific
Arc
tic P
hase
II
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22(Apr(2017(
Moore
The
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) P
rogr
am in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
Sec
tor
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on A
rctic
Scie
nce
Res
ton
VA
(
(
(
(
60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
Brenda(Norcross(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Fish
Isaac(Nukapigak(
KuukpikCorp
NuiqsutAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Stephen(Okkonen(
UAFSFOS
FairbanksAK
Physics
Jim(Overland(
NOAAPMEL
SeattleWA
SeaIceMeterology
Sandy(ParkerPStetter(
UW
SeattleWA
Fish
Robert(Pickart(
WHOI
WoodsHoleMA
Physics
Lori(Quakenbush(
ADFG
FairbanksAK
Mammals
Fenton(Rexford(
NativeVillageofKaktovik
KaktovikAK
LocalandTradtionalKnowledge
Scott(Raborn(
LGL
PinevilleLA
Fish
Kate(Stafford(
UW
SeattleWA
Acoustics
John(Trefry(
FLInstituteofTechnology
MelbourneFL
Chemistry
Rebecca(Woodgate(
UWAPL
SeattleWA
Physics
((
( (
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
57
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Moore
TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
31PMarP2016(
Mathis
UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
26(Jan(2017(
Moore
The
Arc
tic M
arin
e Pu
lses
Mod
el l
inki
ng a
nnua
l oce
anog
raph
ic p
roce
sses
toco
ntig
uous
eco
logi
cal d
omai
ns in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
24(Jan(2017(
VanPelt
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) ndash
Phy
sics
to m
arin
e m
amm
als i
n th
e Pa
cific
Arc
tic P
hase
II
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22(Apr(2017(
Moore
The
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) P
rogr
am in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
Sec
tor
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on A
rctic
Scie
nce
Res
ton
VA
(
(
(
(
60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
APPEN
DIX(C(ndash(LIST(OF(SO
AR(CONTRIBUTOR(PRESEN
TATIONS(AT(SCIEN
TIFIC(MEETINGS(WORKSH
OPS(
AND(WEB
INARS(
Date(
Presenter(
Title(
Where(
16PJanP2012(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquoduringaperiodofrapidchange
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
17PJanP2012(
Stabeno
ChukchiAcousticsOceanographyandZooplankton(CHAOZ)Observations
onChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
10PAprP2012(
Stabeno
ObservationsintheChukchiSea
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
15PAugP2012(
Moore
MarineMammalsinthe NewNormal PacificArctic
USCGHealy
21PSepP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARproject
PacMARSmeeingAnnapolisMD
13PNovP2012(
Moore
SOARprogramoverview
NorthernOilandGasResearch
ForumAnchorageAK
10PDecP2012(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
PacMARSdatameetingBoulderCO
20PJanP2013(
Moore
AnoverviewoftheSOARProject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Clark
OverviewofSOARacousticsproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Ferguson
OverviewofKuletzFergusonSOARproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2013(
Grebmeier
OverviewofSOARBarrowCanyonproject
JointSOARYPacMARSmeeting
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2013(
SheffieldGuy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PFebP2013(
Moore
SOARprogramupdate
ScienceTechnicalAdvisoryPanel
FairbanksAK
25PFebP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sArcticVisionandStrategyUpdateonGoals2amp5
NOAAPMELSeattleWA
12PMarP2013(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationRiskAssessment(wonNOAASciencepaperaward)
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
12PMarP2013(
Moore
MarinemammalsandseaicelossinthePacificArctictrackingecosystem
responsestothelsquoNewNormalrsquo
GordonResearchConference
VenturaCA
26PMarP2013(
Moore
SOARProgramOverview
KeynotepresentationatWakefield
58
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
Kuletz
Seasonalandspatialpatternsinmarinebirdandmammalabundance
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
distributioninthePacificArcticAcomparisonofbiologicallyimpor
AnchorageAK
pelagicareas
and
tant
22PJanP2014(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationPerceptionsRisksandUncertainties
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
14PFebP2014(
Moore
Marinemammalsandoceanographyinthe New
PacificArcticregion 2014annualmeetingofthe
AmericanAssociationforthe
AdvancementofScienceChicagoIL
Normal
22POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
NOAA
sArcticEcosystemScience
ManagementWorkingGroup
(ESMWG)meetingAnchorageAK
30POctP2014(
Moore
SOARprogressandoverview
DistributedBiologicalObservatory
andPacificArcticGroupSeattle
WA
18PNovP2014(
Moore
ATaleofTwoSynthesis
PACMARSandSOARprogramsThe
webinarfortheAlaskaCenterfor
webinarisavailableonline
accapuafeduq=PacMARS_SOAR
ClimateAssessmentampPolicy
(ACCAP)
EffortsThe
https
1PDecP2014(
Divoky
TheEffectsofDecreasingSeaIceandIncreasingSeaSurfaceTemperatureon
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
anArcticSeabird
tonArcticCod
Dependen
1PDecP2014(
Harwood
lsquoWinnersandlosersrsquoinachangingBeaufortSeaEcosystemdivergingtrends
ArcticChangeOttawaCAN
inthebody
offivemarinevertebratespecies
condition
17PDecP2014(
Grebmeier
PacMARSSOARbriefing
AmericanGeophysicalUnion
meeting
12PAugP2015(
Stabeno
The
ArcticThePresentandFuture
NOAASeniorResearchCouncil
meetingSeattleWA
US
13PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
AGUSMMPolarMixeratthe
ExploratoriumSanFranciscoCA
16PDecP2015(
Moore
MarineMammalsasSentinelstoImpactsofClimateChangeonArcticMarine
Ecosystems
21st BiennialConferenceonMarine
MammalsSanFranciscoCA
21PDecP2015(
Citta
InterYannualvariabilityinthefallmovementsofbowheadwhalesinthe
ChukchiSeaPoster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Clark
AyearintheacousticworldofbowheadwhalesinthenorthernBering
ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Moore
TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
Lovvorn
LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
SheffieldGuy
SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
Divoky
FourDecadesofChangeAnArcticSeabirdRespondstoaWarmingArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Mathis
OceanAcidificationinthePacificYArcticBoundaryRegions
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Citta
OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
ChukchiSea
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
26PJanP2016(
Moore
TheArcticMarinePulsesModelLinkingContiguousDomainsinthePacific
ArcticRegion
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
31PMarP2016(
Mathis
UsinganEnvironmentalIntelligenceFrameworktoEvaluatetheImpactsof
OceanAcidificationintheArctic
ARCUSDCSeminarSeries
26(Jan(2017(
Moore
The
Arc
tic M
arin
e Pu
lses
Mod
el l
inki
ng a
nnua
l oce
anog
raph
ic p
roce
sses
toco
ntig
uous
eco
logi
cal d
omai
ns in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
24(Jan(2017(
VanPelt
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) ndash
Phy
sics
to m
arin
e m
amm
als i
n th
e Pa
cific
Arc
tic P
hase
II
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22(Apr(2017(
Moore
The
Synt
hesi
s of A
rctic
Res
earc
h (S
OA
R) P
rogr
am in
the
Paci
fic A
rctic
Sec
tor
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
on A
rctic
Scie
nce
Res
ton
VA
(
(
(
(
60
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
59
SymposiumAnchorageAK
27PMarP2013(
Divoky
ShiftingpreyinameltingoceanSeabirdsrevealannualandseasonalchanges WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
inArcticnearshorefishpopulations
AK
27PMarP2013(
Arrigo
PresentationincludingSOARresults
WakefieldSymposiumAnchorage
AK
7PJunP2013( Sullivan
SOARincludedinpresentationtitledNOAAintheArctic2013External
WashingtonDC
Engagement
19PJunP2013(
Moore
NOAA
sroleintheDBOandSOAR
NOAAArcticDaysWashingtonDC
viaWebEx
20PJanP2014(
Guy
PosterSynthesisofArcticResearchYPhysicstoWhalesinthePacificArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
20PJanP2014(
Citta
PosterEcologicalcharacteristicsofcoreareasusedbywesternArctic
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
bowheadwhales2006Y2012
AnchorageAK
21PJanP2014(
George
WesternArcticbowheadwhalebodyconditionandlinkstosummerseaice
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
andupwellingintheBeaufortSea
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
21PDecP2015(
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SynthesisofArcticResearchPhysicstoMarineMammalsinthePacificArctic
Poster
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
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ChukchiandBeaufortSeas
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
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TheSynthesisofArcticResearch(SOAR)ProgramStatusampPlans
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
22PDecP2015(
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LimitstoviabilityofacriticalArcticmigrationcorridorduetolocalizedprey
changingseaiceandimpendingindustrialdevelopment
AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
25PJanP2016(
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
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OceanographicCharacteristicsAssociatedwithBowheadBehaviorsinthe
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AlaskaMarineScienceSymposium
AnchorageAK
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Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nations natural resources and cultural heritage provides scientific and other information about those resources and honors the Nationrsquos trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians Alaska Natives and affiliated island communities
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)
The mission of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is to manage development of US Outer Continental Shelf energy and mineral resources in an environmentally and economically responsible way
BOEM Environmental Studies Program
The mission of the Environmental Studies Program is to provide the information needed to predict assess and manage impacts from offshore energy and marine mineral exploration development and production activities on human marine and coastal environments The proposal selection research review collaboration production and dissemination of each of BOEMrsquos Environmental Studies follows the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct in support of a culture of scientific and professional integrity as set out in the DOI Departmental Manual (305 DM 3)
61
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Caption
-