Proceedings of the Fifth

Symposium on

FrequencyStandards

and

Metrolog1995

Woods Hole, Massachusetts

15-19 October 1995

Editor

James C. BergquistNotional Institute of Standards & Technology, USA

W>fe World Scientificl» Singapore •NewJersey •London •HongKong

CONTENTS

Preface vii

Oral Sessions

Part I Opening Session

Welcome and opening remarks.

A. De Marchi 3

Laser cooling of neutral atoms for frequency standards.

W. D. Phillips, C. R. Ekstrom, W. M. Golding, S. L. Rolston 5

Application of laser-cooled ions to frequency standards and metrology.D. J. Wineland, J. C. Bergquist, D. Berkeland, J. J. Bollinger, F. C. Cruz,

W. M. Itano, B. M. Jelenkovic, B. E. King, D. M. Meekhof, J. D. Miller,

C. Monroe, M. Rauner, J. N. Tan 11

Quantum motion of a trapped ion: Schrodinger cats, ion interferometry and

quantum tomographyR. Blatt, J. F. Poyatos, J. I. Cirac, P. Zoller 20

Part II Microwave Standards

A microwave frequency standard based on trapped, buffer gas-cooled171Yb+ ions.

P. T. H. Fisk, M. J. Sellars, M. A. Lawn, C. Coles 27

Record frequency stability with mercury in a linear ion trap.

R. L. Tjoelker, J. D. Prestage, L. Maleki 33

High precision time transfer to test an H-maser on MIR.

R. F. C. Vessot, E. M. Mattison, G. U, Nystrom, L. M. Coyle, D. Boyd,

T. E. Hoffman 39

xiii

xiv

Part III Cesium Fountains

Preliminary accuracy evaluation of a cesium fountain frequency standard

A. Clairon, S Ghezah, G Santarelh, Ph Laurent, S N Lea, M Bahoura,E Simon S Weyers, K Szymaniec 49

Multipulse operation of cesium atomic fountain

S. Ohshima, T Kurosu, T Ikegami, Y Nakadan 60

Coihsional effects in cold alkalis

K.Gibble 66

Some considerations on the cesium atomic fountain standard

Y. Wang, Y Li, J Gan, X Chen, D Yang 74

Part IV Stability and Accuracy in Frequency and Time Standards

The stochastic realization shift and atomic clock operationJ. C. Camparo 83

Cause and cures of a limitation to the frequency stability in passive

frequency standards

D. Venot, R Banllet, B Boussert, G Selo, C Audom 91

A10"1S international frequency reference available now

D. W. Allan, A Lepek, L Cutler, R Giffard, J Kusters 97

Part V New Directions and Applications

Spin squeezing applied to frequency standards

J. J. Bollinger, D J Wineland, W M Itano, D J Hemzen 107

XV

3D cooling of cesium atoms with isotropic laser light.N. Dimarcq, E. Aucouturier, G. Champagne, M. Tchagaspanian 115

Generation of a continuous beam of cold cesium atoms.

G. Dudle, N. Sagna, P. Thomann, E. Aucouturier, P. Petit, N. Dimarcq ....121

Tests of relativistic gravity with a low mass spaceborne frequencystandard.

L. Maleki, J. Prestage, J. Armstrong, M. Haugan 127

Part VI Fundamental Constants

Precision measurements in atomic hydrogen.M. Weitz, D. Leibfried, A. Huber, H. Geiger, W. K6nig, M. Prevedelli,

T. Udem, T. Heupel, K. Pachucki, T. W. Hansch 137

High resolution spectroscopy of the hydrogen atom.

S. Bourzeix, B. de Beauvoir, F. Nez, M. D. Plimmer, F. deTomasi,

L. Julien, F. Biraben 145

High precision spectroscopy of the helium atom at 1083 nm.

P. Cancio, G. Bianchini, G. Giusfredi, F. S. Pavone, M. Prevedelli,

M. Inguscio 151

Part VII Absolute Optical Frequency Measurements

Absolute Measurement of the 2S« - 2DM 411 nm interval, and the search

for the 2Sj4 - 2F7/2 467 nm transition in laser-cooled trapped 172Yb+.

P. Gill, H. A. Klein, M. Roberts, W. R. C. Rowley, P. Taylor 159

Precision absolute frequency measurements with single atoms of Ba+

and Sr+.

A. A. Madej, K. J. Siemsen, B, G. Whitford, J. E. Bernard, L. Marmet 165

XVI

Nonlinear optics for optica! frequency synthesis and an optical divide by 3.

M. Murtz, 0. Pfister, J. H. Marquardt, M. Stephens, J. S. Wells, S. Waltman,L. Hollberg, H. G. Robinson, R. W. Fox, D. Mehuys, E. R. Brown,

K. A. Mcintosh 171

Part VIII General Physics

Applications of optically pumped mercury to fundamental measurements.

S. K. Lamoreaux 181

Precision measurements with new hydrogen, rubidium, and noble gas masers.

R. L. Walsworth, E. M. Mattison, E. R. Oteiza, R. E. Stoner, K. Y. N. Tan,

R. F. C. Vessot, I. A. Yu 187

Atomic clocks and variations of the fine structure constant.

J. D. Prestage, R. L. Tjoelker, L. Maleki 202

Part IX Atom Interferometers

Atomic and molecular interferometers: From basic concepts to applications

as field sensors.

C. J. Borde 211

Atom interferometers and precision measurements.

B. C. Young, M. Weitz, J. M. Hensley, S. Chu 223

Atomic cavities and traps.IM. Arndt, J. Daiibard, P. Desbiolles, W. Hansel, P. Lemonde, 0. Morice,

E. Peik, H. Perrin, J. Reichel, C. Salomon, A. Steane, P. Szriftgiser 231

Interference fringes of the atom interferometer comprised of four

copropagating traveling laser beams.

A. Morinaga, Y. Ohuchi, S. Yanagimachi, T. Tako 243

PartX QED/General Physics

XVII

Towards cavity quantum electrodynamics with slow atoms.

S. Durr, S. Kunze, G. Rempe, S. Wolf 251

Millimeter-wave measurement of the Rydberg frequency.R. Lutwak, J. Holley, J. De Vries, D. Kleppner, T. W. Ducas 259

Part XI Optical Standards (I)

Optical frequency standards: Some improvements, some measurements,and some dreams.

J. L. Hall, J. Ye, L. S. Ma, S. Swartz, P. Jungner, S. Waltman 267

Optical frequency standard based on laser-cooled Ca atoms.

F. Riehle, H. Schnatz, B. Lipphardt, G. Zinner, P. Kersten, J. Helmcke ...277

Optical frequency standard investigations on trapped, laser-cooled 17,Yb ions.

C. Tamm, D. Engelke 283

He-Ne/CH4 laser frequency standard for precise measurements.

S. N. Bagayev, A. K. Dmitriyev, P. V. Pokasov, B. N. Skvortsov 289

Part XII Optical Standards (II)

New prospects for compact laser clocks.

R. Loe-mie, S. Briaudeau, Z. D. Liu, P. Juncar, D. Bloch, M. Ducloy 299

New approaches towards high precise, compact methane optical

frequency standard (A = 3.3 urn).M. A. Gubin, D, A. Tyurikov, A. N. Kireev, E. V. Koval'chuk,

A. S. Shelkovnikov, D. Depatie 305

XVIII

Toward the frequency measurement of a laser diode locked to 5S-5D rubidiumtwo-photon transition (2 x 385 THz).J. -J. Zondy, D. Touahri, 0. Acef, A. Clairon, R. Felder, F Nez, L. Hilico

... 310

Part XIII Optical Frequency Synthesis

Experimental progress toward realizing a 3:1 optical frequency divider.

N. C. Wong, B. Lai, P. Nee, E. Mason 319

Progress in an optical frequency comb generator.M. Kourogi, M. Ohtsu, T. Saito 327

A cw optical parametric oscillator for optical frequency measurement.

T. fkegami, S. Slyusarev, S. Ohshima, E. Sakuma 333

Part XIV Standards, Flywheels and Applications

Optical frequency standard using individual indium ions.

W. Nagourney, E. Burt, H. G. Dehmelt 341

Frequency-stabilization of Nd:YAG lasers to room temperature and

cryogenic cavities.

S. Seel, R. Storz, G. Ruoso, S. Schiller, J. Mlynek 347

Injection-locked Nd:YAG laser for the interferometric detection of

gravitational waves.

R. Barillet, A, Brillet, R. Chiche, F. Cleva, L. Latrach, C. N. Man 353

Part XV Post-deadline Oral

Precision spectroscopy of muonium.

K.P. Jungmann 361

xix

Two-photon spectroscopy of trapped atomic hydrogen.C. L. Cesar, D.G. Fried, T. C. Killian, A. D. Polcyn, J.C. Sandberg,

J. M. Doyle, I. A. Yu, T. J. Greytak and D. Kleppner 365

The dynamic free pendulum method for G measurement.

A. De Marchi, M. Ortolano, F. Periale, E. Rubiola 369

Single-ion spectroscopy of indium: Towards a group-Ill monoion oscillator.

E. Peik, G. Hollemann, J. Abel, J. V. Zanthier, H. Walther 376

The evaluation of NIST-7: A new era,

J.H. Shirley, W. D. Lee, R. Drullinger 380

Poster Sessions

Part XVI Microwave Frequency Standards

Microwave spectroscopy of 171Yb+ stored in a Paul trap.A. Bauch, D. Schnier, C. Tamm 387

Precise temperature control for precision frequency standards.

E. M. Mattison, D. Boyd, L. M. Coyle, R. F. C. Vessot 389

The impact of laser optical pumping on the physics and on the performances

of the rubidium frequency standards.

G. Mileti, P. Thomann 392

A novel high performance microwave local oscillator based on laser light

modulation.

X. S. Yao, L. Maleki 394

A signal theory approach to the analysis of the Dick effect.

L, L. Presti, G. D. Rovera, A. De Marchi 401

Early stability test results for GPS block MR rubidium clocks.

W. J. Riley403

XX

Part XVII Cesium

Current status of the LPTF optically pumped Cs beam standard.

E. de Clercq, A. Makdissi 409

The design of an atomic fountain frequency standard prototype at NIST.

C R. Ekstrom, W. M. Golding, R. Drullinger, F. L. Walls, A. De Marchi,S. L. Rolston, W. Phillips 411

The PTB's primary clock CS3.

T. Heindorff, R. Schroder, A. Bauch 413

Research on the cesium cold atoms at the Institute for Atomic Physics in

Bucharest, Romania.

C. Mandache, T. Acsente, M. Bengulescu 415

Design and preliminary results of a vertical cesium beam frequency standard.

K. Nakagiri, J. Umezu, Y. Ohta, M. Kajita, N. Kotake, T. Morikawa 417

Research on small optically pumped cesium beam frequency standards

at Peking University.D. Yang, F. Wang, Y, Wang 419

Optically pumped cesium clock operation with high spectral purity laser diodes.

G. Selo, B. Boussert, N. Dimarcq, P. Cerez 421

Part XVIII Laser Cooling and Trapping

Quantum theory of laser cooling of the Paul trap.V. A, Alekseev, D. D. Krylova 425

Minimizing time dilation in Penning trap ion clocks.

J. N. Tan, J. J. Bollinger, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland 427

Laser-cooled Ca+ -ions in a Paul trap: Influence of collisions.

M. Knoop, J. Rink, M. Vedel, F. Vedel 430

XXI

Characteristics of buffer-gas-cooled and laser-cooled Yb+ in rf traps.K. Sugiyama, J. Yoda 432

Part XIX Optical Standards

Laser spectroscopy of molecular iodine with a tunable semiconductor laser

around 633 nm.

J. Aman, M. Hammersberg, L. R. Pendrill, H. Talvitie, A. Zarka,J. -M. Chartier 437

Preliminary steps in Ca beam spectroscopy.G. Brida, F. Bertinetto 441

Stabilized laser diode at 729 nm for a Ca+ optical frequency standard.

B. Fermigier, M. Houssin, F. Plumelle, M. Desaintfuscien 443

Shift of diode laser frequency which locked to cesium D2 line by the FM or ZM

stabilization technique.R. Gamidov, L Taskin, V. Sautenkov 445

Optical-microwave frequency standard based on the reference comb of the

strong CH4 lines (X=3.3 urn).M. A. Gubin 45°

Intensity and frequency resonances in a He-Ne/CH4 laser with synchronized

modes.

N. V. Naumov, V. N. Petrovskiy, E. D. Protsenko, V. M. Yermachenko 454

Observation of Os04 absorption line in a thermal molecular beam.

M. P. Sassi, M. Q. Pisani, M. Zucco, C. Foglia 456

Frequency stabilization of a semiconductor laser under some direct FSK

modulation techniques.T. Sato, H. Watanabe, M. Ishiguro, H. Azuma, H. Nakano, M. Ohkawa,

T. Maruyama, M. Shimba 458

Stabilized CO laser for absolute frequency measurements near 60 Thz (5 um).

M. H. Wappelhorst, M. Murtz, T. George, S. Saupe, P. Palm, W. Urban....

460

xxii

PahXX Frequency Synthesis

Frequency mixing to the 4th order in metal-insulator-metal diodes at 193 Thz,

1.55 urn.

D. J. E. Knight, K. I. Pharaoh, M. Zucco 465

Frequency synthesis and metrology at 10"17 and beyond.F. L. Walls, F. Ascarrunz, C. W. Nelson, L. M. Nelson 468

A method for the absolute measurement of the 445 THz clock frequency of a

single, cooled Sr ion and of the 474 THz HeNe/l2 laser frequency.B. G. Whitford, J. E. Bernard, A. A. Madej, K. J. Siemsen 471

XXI Frequency Metrology

A 10 ps event timer for precise time transfer in space.

E. M. Mattison, L. M. Coyle, R. F. C. Vessot, R. C. Smith 475

30 THz up-conversion of an AIGaAs diode laser using an AgGaS2 crystal:Bridging several THz frequency gap in the near-infrared.

D. Touahri, O. Acef, J. -J. Zondy 478

Reducing the 1/f am and pm noise in electronics for precision frequencymetrologyF. L. Walls, E. S. Ferre-Pikal, S. R. Jefferts 480

Part XXII QED/General Physics/Interferometry

An atom interferometer based on Bragg scattering from standing light waves.D. M. Giltner, R. W. McGowan, S. A. Lee 485

Deposition of aluminum grating using light forces.

R. W. McGowan, D. M. Giltner, S. A. Lee 488

XXIII

Population- and coherence-induced gain and self-oscillations inalkali vapor.

A. S. Zibrov, H. G. Robinson, V. L. Velichansky, V. V. Vasiliev,L. Hollberg, E. Arimondo, M. D. Lukin, M. 0. Scully 490

Spontaneous coherence of atomic states within a metallic slit.V. G. Pal'chikov, Y. L. Sokolov, V. P. Yakovlev 493

Atom interferometry in a static electric field.K. Zeiske, G. Zinner, F. Riehle, J. Helmcke 495

Part XXIII Post-deadline Posters

Temperature of cesium atoms in gray optical molasses.

D. Boiron, A. Michaud, P. Lemonde, C. Salomon, S. Weyers,K. Szymaniec, A. Clairon 499

High-magnetic-field corrections to cesium hyperfine structure.W. M. Itano 503

Stability measurements of 637 nm extended cavity diode lasers stabilized

to Doppler-free iodine spectra.C, S. Edwards, G. P. Barwood, P. Gill, F. Rodriguez-Llorente,W. R. C. Rowley 505

Proposed infra-red to visible frequency chain at NPL.

S. N. Lea, P. Gill 507

Observation of fluorescence from cold trapped Sr ions in a near-zero

magnetic field and 674 nm probe laser development.G. P. Barwood, P. Gill, H. A. Klein, W. R. C. Rowley 509

An all solid-state Hg+ optical frequency standard.

F.C. Cruz, M. Rauner, J. H. Marquardt, L Hollberg, J.C. Bergquist 511

Mutual phase instabilities between semiconductor lasers injection-lockedto a common master laser.

J. Genest, P. Tremblay, M. Chamberland, M. Tetu 514

XXIV

Results of absolute frequency measurements of He - Ne/CH4 laser during

ten years.

Y, S. Domnin, A. N. Malimon, P. S. Shumyatsky, V. P. Tenishev 517

Hydrogen maser frequency standard for scientific experiments in space.

H. S. Schweda, L. G. Bernier, G. Busca, A. Jornod 522

Part XXIV Banquet Address

The role of scientists: A societal issue or about being excluded.

J. Vanier 527

List of Participants 543

Index of Contributors 547