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2/24/2017 1 “Achieving Health Equity through Interprofessional Care: Focus on U.S. Veterans.” “Management of Stress among U.S. Military Veterans Dr. DeAnna M. Burney, Professor Florida A&M University February 24, 2017 Disclosure Statement I, do not have a vested interest in or affiliation with any corporate organization offering financial support or grant money for this continuing education program, or any affiliation with an organization whose philosophy could potentially bias my presentation. 3 Presentation Topics The Stress Management Presentation will address the following objectives: Define stress and types of stress conditions Discuss PostTraumatic Stress Disorder Describe the physiological and psychological impact of stress on health; Explain the current research related to allostatic load and the implication for health disparities Discuss Resilience and recovery from traumatic stress Psychobiological Techniques for Stress Management

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Page 1: Symposium Health Equity Veteran Stress Management - Dr. …pharmacy.famu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Symposium... · 2017. 2. 24. · “Management of Stress among U.S. Military

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“Achieving Health Equity through Inter‐professional Care: Focus on U.S. Veterans.” 

“Management of Stress among U.S. Military VeteransDr. DeAnna M. Burney, Professor

Florida A&M UniversityFebruary 24, 2017

Disclosure Statement

I, do not have a vested interest in or affiliation with any corporate organization offering financial support or grant money for this continuing education program, or any affiliation with an organization whose philosophy could potentially bias my presentation.

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Presentation Topics

• The Stress Management Presentation will address the following objectives:

• Define stress and types of stress conditions

• Discuss Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

• Describe the physiological and psychological impact of stress on health; 

• Explain the current research related to allostatic load and the implication for health disparities

• Discuss Resilience and recovery from traumatic stress

• Psychobiological Techniques for Stress Management

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Presentation Objectives

• Upon completion of this CE activity, the pharmacist should be able to:Describe the physiological and psychological impact of stress on health; explain the current research related to allostatic load and the implication for health disparities; and explain how improved mental health improves overall health outcomes.

• Upon completion of this CE activity, the technician should be able to: Define allostatic load; List non‐pharmacological options used to manage stress; and list common symptoms associated with stress.

“When we were children, we used to think that when we were grown up we would no longer be vulnerable. But to grow up is to accept vulnerability.. to be alive is to be 

vulnerable”.

Madeleine L’Engle

Define stress and types of stress conditions

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National Causes of Stress

Celebs on '23 Ways You Could Be Killed if You Are Black

in America'

Personal Causes of Stress

Stress is an Intensified Event

What is Stress?• Stress: nonspecific response of the human organism to 

any demand made upon it.

• Stressor:  factor   or condition causing stress.

• Acute stress: body’s response to imminent danger –

• most common type.

• Chronic stress: caused by prolonged physical or emotional stress, more than can be coped with.

• Distress: negative stress

• Eustress: positive stress

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Discuss Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

DSM‐IV‐TR Diagnostic Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder • A. Exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following were present:

• experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others 

• response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. Note: In children, this may be expressed instead by disorganized or agitated behavior

• B. Persistent reexperience in one (or more) of the following ways:• Recollections: images, thoughts, or perceptions. Note: In young children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of 

the trauma are expressed. 

• Dreams Note: In children, there may be frightening dreams without recognizable content

• Acting or feelings of “reoccurance” (sense of reliving the experience, illusions, hallucinations, dissociative flashback episodes, including when intoxicated). Note: In young children, trauma‐specific reenactment may occur.

• Psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues 

• Physiological reactivity on exposure to internal or external cues

• C. Avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness (not present before the trauma), as indicated by three (or more) of the following: 

• efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated 

• efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse recollections 

• inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma

• markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities

• feeling of detachment or estrangement from others 

• restricted range of affect (e.g., unable to have loving feelings) 

• sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., does not expect to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span)

DSM‐PTSD CON’T• D. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal (not present before the trauma), as indicated by two (or more) o

the following: 

• difficulty falling or staying asleep

• irritability or outbursts of anger 

• difficulty concentrating 

• Hypervigilance 

• exaggerated startle response

• E. Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in Criteria B, C, and D) is more than 1 month.

• F. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

• Specify if:

• Acute: if duration of symptoms is less than 3 months

• Chronic: if duration of symptoms is 3 months or more

• Specify if:

• With Delayed Onset: if onset of symptoms is at least 6 months after the stressor.

DREAMS

Detachment

Re‐experiencing the event

Emotional effects

Avoidance

Month in Duration

Sympathetic hyperactivity or hypervigilance

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Three Different Types of Stress Injuries

Combat/Operational Stress

Stress Adaptations

Stress Injuries

Positive Behaviors

Negative Behaviors

Traumatic Stress

Operational Fatigue

Grief

Due to a terrifying or horrible event

Due to the wear and tear of deployment

Due to the loss of friends and leaders

Injury

Due to physical injurylimited functioning

Describe the physiological and psychological impact of 

stress on health

The Dynamics Between Stress and Disease

• To understand the relationship between stress and disease, one needs to understand that several factors act in unison to create a pathological outcome including:

• Cognitive perceptions of a threatening stimuli

• Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

• Engagement of the endocrine system

• Engagement of the immune system

Once stress is perceived, the sympathetic division of the ANS is activated and mobilizes the body’s resources

“Flight or fight” response ‐ the body is readying to either attack or escape

Physiology of the Stress Response

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Perception

• Is a person’s interpretation of reality.

• People with different personalities perceive things differently. (agreeable, open, neurotic, psychotic)

• Perception is influenced by heredity, environment, personality, intelligence, needs, self concept, attitudes, and values.

Neuro‐hormones INFLUENCE ON THE BODY

• Cortisol

• Can be used as an index of stress

• Assess in saliva and urine

• Norepinephrine

• Both a hormone and a neurotransmitter (produced in many places in the body)

• Epinephrine

• Produced in the adrenal medulla

• Used as an index of stress

• Measured in urine 

“Stress” Hormones

Serotonin and Mental Health

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The General Adaptation Syndrome

General Adaptation Syndrome

1.  AlarmThis is any signal that is recognized as stress.This causes the activation of adrenal glands.

2.  ResistanceThis takes place as your body tries to adjust to the stressful event.Readjustment of your body to a normal state.

This is called “homeostasis.”

3.  ExhaustionOnce you have experienced a stressful event, have you ever felt like you could sleep for days?Exhaustion allows your body to heal itself, and recharge its batteries. If this stage is not complete, sickness or death could result.  (Allostatic Load).

Explain the current research related to allostatic load and the implication for health disparities

What is Allostasis?

•Homeostasis implies that an organism remains within a certain 

range of physiological parameters to maintain stable function.

•Allostasis implies that an organism constantly varies and adjusts 

physiological parameters to maintain stable function.

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•Allostasis is an alternative hypothesis that takes environmental 

stimuli into account.

•Allostasis could this consturct imply that homeostasis is an 

unrealistic goal? (a pipe dream)?

“Homeostasis emphasized that the body’s internal environment is held constant by the self‐correcting (negative feedback) actions of its constituent organs. Allostasisemphasizes that the internal milieu varies to meet perceived and anticipated demand. This variation is achieved by multiple, mutually reinforcing neural and neuroendocrine mechanisms that override the homeostatic mechanisms.  The allostatic model, in  emphasizing the subordination of local feedbacks to control by the brain, provides a strong conceptual framework to explain social and psychological modulation of physiology and pathology.”

Peter Sterling and Joseph Eyer, 1988

Allostatic LoadStress and Disease

Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking, 

poor nutrition and sleep)

Negativeemotions

Stresshormones

Health Despairing Conditions –Cancer Types

Immunesuppression

Autonomic nervoussystem effects

(headaches,hypertension)

Negative emotions and health-related consequences

Allostatic Load and Health

• Diabetes 

• • Cardiovascular disease 

• • Rheumatoid arthritis 

• • Depressive disorders 

• • PTSD 

(e.g., Gallo et al., 2014; Juster et al., 2011; Pace & Heim, 2011) A

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Discuss Stress as a risk factor for physical illness

Chronic Illness as a Crisis

• Illness is a crisis because it is a turning point in an individual’s life.

• Disruption to established patterns of personal and social functioning produces a state of psychological, social, and physical disequilibrium

• Adaptation = finding new ways of coping with drastically altered circumstances. Restore equilibrium. 

Crisis Theory of Chronic Illness –A Model

Background andPersonal Factors

Illness-relatedFactors

Physical and SocialEnvironmental

Factors

CognitiveAppraisal

AdaptiveTasks

CopingSkills

Outcomeof Illness

Adherence

Crisis Theory (Moos, 1982)

• A model describing the factors that affect people’s adjustment to having serious illness.

• Coping process (3 stages) is influenced by 3 factors• Illness‐Related Factors

• Background and personal Factors

• Physical and Social Environment Factors

• Coping process influences outcome of crisis

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Frequency of Possible Diagnoses Among OEF and OIF VeteransDiagnosis (n = 347,750)

(Broad ICD-9 Categories) Frequency * %

Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (001-139) 40,956 11.8

Malignant Neoplasms (140-208) 3,248 0.9

Benign Neoplasms (210-239) 13,910 4.0

Diseases of Endocrine/Nutritional/ Metabolic Systems (240-279) 75,850 21.8

Diseases of Blood and Blood Forming Organs (280-289) 7,675 2.2

Mental Disorders (290-319) 147,744 42.5

Diseases of Nervous System/ Sense Organs (320-389) 121,473 34.9

Diseases of Circulatory System (390-459) 56,900 16.4

Disease of Respiratory System (460-519) 71,087 20.4

Disease of Digestive System (520-579) 110,449 31.8

Diseases of Genitourinary System (580-629) 37,118 10.7

Diseases of Skin (680-709) 55,797 16.0

Diseases of Musculoskeletal System/Connective System (710-739) 165,439 47.6

Symptoms, Signs and Ill Defined Conditions (780-799) 138,043 39.7

Injury/Poisonings (800-999) 73,767 21.2

*These are cumulative data since FY 2002, with data on hospitalizations and outpatient visits as of March 31, 2008; veterans can have multiple diagnoses with each healthcare encounter. A veteran is counted only once in any single diagnostic category but can be counted in multiple categories, so the above numbers add up to greater than 347,750.

Cognitive and emotional changes associated with Stress

Traumatic Events in OEF/OIF

• Multi‐casualty incidents (SVBIEDs, ambushes)

• Friendly fire

• Death or maiming of children and women

• Seeing gruesome scenes of carnage

• Handling dead bodies and body parts

• “Avoidable” casualties and losses

• Witnessed or committed atrocities

• Witnessed death/injury of a close friend or leader

• Killing unarmed or defenseless enemy

• Being helpless to defend or counterattack

• Injuries or near misses

• Killing someone up close

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Beliefs That Can Be Damaged By Traumatic Stress

Belief in one’s basic safetyBelief in being the master of oneself and one’s environmentBelief in “what’s right” — moral orderBelief that our cause is honourableBelief that every troop is valuedBelief in the basic goodness of people (especially oneself)

Cognitive Symptoms of Stress

• Memory/concentration difficulties

• Difficulty problem solving

• Feelings of helplessness/hopelessness

• Denial 

Emotional Symptoms of Stress

• Anxiety

• Depression

• Flat affect

• Heightened anger

• Panic attacks

Discuss Resilience and recovery from traumatic stress

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Psychobiological Techniques for Stress Management

How Do we Help?

Integrative Medicine ‐mixture of both conventional medicine and 

CAMs

“Best of both worlds” 

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Treatment: PTSD

• Requires multiple modalities

• Initial education, support and referrals important to establish trust

• Pharmacotherapy

• Psychotherapy

• Relaxation Training

Treatment: PTSD‐Pharmacotherapy

• Duration of at least 8‐12 weeks

• Adequate dosages

• Maintenance treatment for at least 1 year

• Antidepressants

• Mood stabilizers

• Propranolol, clonidine

• Atypical antipsychotics

QUESTION & ANSWER