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Lesson1

Hydrocarbonsandalkanes

Whatarehydrocarbonsandalkanes?

Hydrocarbonsarecompoundsthataremadeofcarbonandhydrogenatomsonly;theseatomsarecovalentlybondedtogether.Manyhydrocarbonsareusedasfuelsastheyareachemicalstoreofenergyandtheyburninacontrolledway.

AlkanesareanexampleofahomologousseriesthathavesimilarchemicalpropertiesandhavethesamegeneralformulaofCnH2n+2,wherenisthenumberofcarbonatoms.Thismeansthatifthereare4carbonatoms,therewillbe(2x4)+2hydrogenatomsgivingaformulaofC4H10.Ifthereare6carbonatoms,therewillbe(2x6)+2hydrogenatomsgivingaformulaofC6H14.

Alkanescontainthefunctionalgroupofacarbon–carbonsinglebond.

Examplesofalkanes

Allofthealkaneshavethesuffix‘-ane’

1. Methane(toptip!Remembertheprefix‘Me-’asthereisonlyoneofyou!)

MethaneisthefirstalkanewithinthehomologousseriesandhastheformulaCH4.Thisformulashowsthereisonecarbonatomand4hydrogenatoms.

2. Ethane–C2H6

3. Propane–C3H8

4. Butane–C4H10

BBCbitesize–hydrocarbonsandalkanes

Toptip!Afterbutane,thenamesofthealkanehydrocarbonshavethesameprefixesasshapes.E.g.pentaneisahydrocarbonwith5carbonatomsandtheshapepentagonhas5sides.

5. Pentane–C5H12

Non-examplesofalkanesarealkeneswhichhavethefunctionalgroupofacarbon–carbondoublebond.Youwillfindoutaboutthehomologousseriesofalkeneslaterinthebooklet.

Propertiesofalkanes

Thefirstfouralkanes(methane,ethane,propaneandbutane)aregasesatroomtemperature.

Theyhaveverylowboilingpointsbecausethereareweakintermolecularforcesofattractionbetweenthemolecules.Theseforcesofattractiondonotrequiremuchenergytobeovercomeformeltingandboilingtohappen.

Asthenumberofcarbonatomsinahydrocarbonmoleculeincreases,thelengthofthecarbonchainincreases,sodoestheboilingpointofthealkane.Thisisbecausethereismoresurfaceareaofthemoleculefortheintermolecularforcestoform.

Example:StateofPentaneandmethaneatroomtemperature

Methaneisamuchsmallermoleculethanpentane,sothereislesssurfaceareaforintermolecularforcesofattractioninmethane.Thismeansthatlessenergyisneededtomovemoleculesofmethaneapartcomparedtopentane.Therefore,methaneisagasatroomtemperatureandpentaneisaliquid.

Youwilllearnmoreaboutthepropertiesofdifferentlengthhydrocarbonsinthenextlesson.

Lesson1Glossary

Keyword Definition1. Alkane Ahomologousseriesofsaturated

(containcarbon-carbonsinglebond)hydrocarbons

2. Boilingpoint Thetemperatureatwhichaliquidboilsandturnstovapour.

3. Covalentbond Asharedpairofelectronsbetweennon-metalatoms.

4. Functionalgroup Thegroupofatomsandbondswhichcharacterisesagroupoforganicchemicals.

5. Homologousseries Afamilyofcompoundsthatwillhavethesamegeneralformulaandsimilarpropertiesbutdifferbythenumberofcarbonatoms.Homologousseries:•differbyCH2inmolecularformulaefromneighbouringcompounds•showagradualvariationinphysicalproperties,suchastheirboilingpoints•havesimilarchemicalproperties

6. Hydrocarbon Acompoundmadeupofcarbonandhydrogenatomsonly.

7. Intermolecularforces Interactionsbetweenmoleculesthatdetermineacompoundsmelting/boilingpoint.

Practice

1. Whattwoelementsdohydrocarbonscontain?2. Whattypeofbondsarefoundwithinhydrocarbons?3. Whatisthefunctionalgroupofanalkane?4. Drawoutandnamethefirstfouralkanes5. Writetheformulaforanalkanecontaining

a. 4carbonsb. 6carbonsc. 8carbonsd. 25carbonse. 100carbonsf. 90hydrogensg. 82hydrogens

6. Drawamoleculeofnonane,whichhas9carbonatoms7. Alkanesaresimplemolecularsubstances.Whatpropertieswouldyouexpectthemtohave?8. Explainwhymethanedoesnotconductelectricity.9. Explainwhymethaneisagasatroomtemperature.10. Whichalkanehasahigherboilingpoint:propaneorpentane?Explainwhy.

Interleavedpractice

1. WhatistheMr(relativeformulamass)ofoctane?2. Howmanymolesofmethanearepresentin100gofmethane?3. Howmanyatomsarepresentin2molesofmethane?

Examquestions

Q1.

Thisquestionisabouthydrocarbons.

(a)Thenamesandformulaeofthreehydrocarbonsinthesamehomologousseriesare:

EthaneC2H6

PropaneC3H8

ButaneC4H10

Thenextmemberintheseriesispentane.

Whatistheformulaofpentane?(1)

(b)Whichhomologousseriescontainsethane,propaneandbutane?(1)

Tickonebox.

Alcohols

Alkanes

Alkenes

Carboxylicacids

(c)Octane(C8H18)isahydrocarbonfoundinpetrol.

Explainwhyoctaneisahydrocarbon.(2)

Q2.

Thisquestionisaboutcompoundsproducedfromcrudeoil.

Thetablebelowshowsfourofthesecompounds.

Compound Meltingpointin°C Boilingpointin°C

methane(CH4) −183 −164

ethene(C2H4) −169 −104

decane(C10H22) −30 +174

icosane(C20H42) +37 +343

(a)Tick( )twocorrectstatementsaboutthefourcompounds.(2)

Statement Tick( )

Methanehasthelowestmeltingpointandicosanehasthehighestboilingpoint.

Etheneandmethanearealkanes.

Methaneanddecanearegasesatroomtemperature(20°C).

Decaneandicosaneareliquidat100°C.

Q3.

Crudeoilisamixtureofhydrocarbons.Mostofthesehydrocarbonsarealkanes.

(a)ThegeneralformulaofanalkaneisCnH2n+2

Completethestructuralformulaforthealkanethathassixcarbonatomsinitsmolecules.(1)

(b)Theboilingpointsofalkanesarelinkedtothenumberofcarbonatomsintheirmolecules.

Describethelinkbetweenthenumberofcarbonatomsinanalkanemoleculeanditsboilingpoint.(1)

Q4.

Thetableshowssomeinformationaboutalkanes.

Name Formula Relativeformulamass Boilingpointin°C

methane CH4 16 –160

ethane C2H6 30 –90

propane 44 –40

butane C4H10 58

pentane C5H12 72 36

hexane C6H14 86 68

(a)Givetheformulaofpropane.(1)

(b)Whathappenstotheboilingpointsofthealkanesastherelativeformulamassincreases?(1)

(c)Drawagraph.Plotthepointsanddrawabestfitline.(3)

(d)Whatistheboilingpointofbutane?(1)

(e)Showclearlyonthegraphhowyoufoundtheboilingpointofbutane.(1)

(f)Circlewhichofthefollowingisnotanalkane.(1)

C71116C9H18C11H24C24H50

Q5.

Themanyhydrocarbonsincrudeoilareseparatedintofractions.

(a)Someofthelargerhydrocarbonmoleculescanbebrokendowntoproducesmaller,moreusefulhydrocarbonmolecules.

Hexaneandbutanearealkanes.Describethestructureofalkanes.(3)

1. Whatisthecorrectformulaofbutane?a. C4b. C4H8c. C4H10

2. Whichcompoundcouldbedescribedasahydrocarbonandanalkane?

a.

b.

c.

3. Whatdoesthislinerepresent?(seepurplearrow)

a. Anionicbondbetweencarbonandhydrogenatomsb. Asinglecovalentbondbetweencarbonandhydrogenatomsc. Adoublecovalentbondbetweencarbonandhydrogenatoms

IfyouansweredA,youaremistakenlythinkingthatbutaneonlycontainscarbonatoms.Butaneisahydrocarbonandcontainscarbonandhydrogenatomsonly.Thereare4carbonatoms,youarecorrectinthinkingthisbuttherearealso10hydrogenatoms.To‘fixit’,writetheformulaofethane,pentaneandheptane.

IfyouansweredB,youhaveusedthegeneralformulaCnH2n+2incorrectlyandhavedoubledthenumberofcarbonatomsbuthavenotaddedtwoadditionalcarbonatomsafterdoubling.To‘fixit’,ifpentanehas5carbonatomsusethegeneralformulaCnH2n+2tocalculatethenumberofhydrogenatoms.

IfyouansweredC,youthinkthattheformulaofbutaneisC4H10.Thisiscorrect!WelldoneforcorrectlyusingthegeneralformulaCnH2n+2todeterminetheformula.Tostretchyourknowledgefurther,explainwhytheformulaofdodecaneisC12H26.

Lesson2

Crudeoilandfractionaldistillation

Introduction

Crudeoilplaysanimportantroleinmodernsociety.Ourunderstandingofthechemicalsfromcrudeoilcontributestotheproductionofmanyusefulthingssuchasplastics,cosmetics,medicinesandfuels.

Whatiscrudeoil?

Crudeoilistheremainsofancientoceanbiomass,plankton,thatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Whenthe plankton died their remainswere trapped undermud.Over time, themudbecame rockwhichheatedandpressurisedtheremains.Theydidnotdecayorrotbutchangedchemicallyintocrudeoil.Crudeoilisextractedbydrillingunderground.

Crudeoil isamixtureofmainlyhydrocarbons.Hydrocarbonsarecompoundswhichcontainonlyatomsofhydrogenandcarbon.Crudeoillooksdifferentdependingwhereintheworlditisfrom.Thisisbecausetherearedifferentmixturesofhydrocarbonsineachsampleofcrudeoilbecauseofhowtheoilwasformed.

CrudeoilisbeingusedupfasterthantheEarthcanmakemore,therefore,crudeoilisanexampleofafiniteresource.

BBCbitesize–crudeoil

Fractionaldistillation

Fractionaldistillation

FractionaldistillationisthenameoftheprocessusedtoseparateoutCrudeOilintousefulfractions.

Whathappensduringtheprocessoffractionaldistillation?

1. Crudeisheatedtoahightemperature(e.g.600degrees)toformavapourandthenpumpedintothebottomofthedistillationtower.

2. Thevapourrisesthroughthetowerandcoolsdown.Ifasubstanceinthevapourbecomescoolenough,itcondensesbacktotheliquidstate.Theseliquidscollectontraysandarepipedoutofthetower.

3. Differenthydrocarbonsreachdifferentheightsinthetowerbecausetheycondenseatdifferenttemperatures.

4. Hydrocarbonswiththelowestboilingpointsaregasesatroomtemperature.Theyrisetothetopofthetower.Theydonotcondenseatall,andleaveatthetopasgases.Thesecanthenbecooledorputunderpressuretoproduceliquefiedpetroleumgases.

5. Thehydrocarbonswiththehighestboilingpointsdonotturnintoavapour.Instead,theyfalltothebottomofthetowerasaresidue.Thisispipedoffandcooledtoformamixtureofhydrocarbonsinthesolidstate.

Propertiesofcrudeoilfractions

Thereisageneralpatternthatlinksthesizeofahydrocarbontohowitbehaves.Asthenumberofcarbonatomsinthehydrocarbonincreases,the:

• boilingpointincreases• viscosityincreases• volatility(howeasilyitbecomesagas)decreases.• Thecolourgetsdarker• Flammabilityincrease

Examplesoffractions:usesandproperties

Nameanduseoffraction

Numberofcarbonatoms

Boilingpointin°C Howvolatile? Howviscous?

Petrol

Usedasafuelincars

5–6 40–100 Veryvolatile–evaporatesveryeasily

Verylowviscosity–flowsveryeasily

Kerosene

Usedasjetfuel

10–15 175–325 Volatile–evaporateseasily

Lowviscosity–liquidthatflows

Lubricatingoil

Usedforenginesandwaxes

25–40 300–350 Lowvolatility–doesnotevaporate

Highviscosity–thickliquidthatflows

slowly

Bitumen

Usedforroadsurfaces

40+ 500+ Verylowvolatility–doesnotevaporateat

all

Highviscosity–flowsextremelyslowly

Lesson2Glossary

Keyword Definition1. Boilingpoint Thetemperatureatwhichallthe

particleswithinaliquidsubstancebecomegaseous.

2. Condense Theprocessinwhichasubstancechangesfromthegasstatetotheliquidstate.

3. Crudeoil Afiniteresourcemadeupofamixtureofhydrocarbons

4. Finite Aresourcethatisbeingusedupfasterthanitcanbereplenished.

5. Flammability Howeasilyachemicalcatchesfire.6. Fraction Amixtureofsimilarlengthhydrocarbon

alkanesformedduringfractionaldistillationthathavesimilarphysicalproperties.

7. Fractionaldistillation Achemicalprocessthatdescribesheatingandseparatingpetroleumbydistillationintomoreusefulproducts(orfractions)basedontheirboilingpoints.

8. Property Acharacteristicorfeatureofasubstancethatcanbemeasured.

9. Viscosity Ameasureofhowaliquidflows.Highviscositydescribesasubstancethatdoesnotfloweasily.

10. Volatility Howeasilyaliquidevaporates.

Practice

1. Wherewillthealkaneswiththelowestboilingpointsbecollected?2. Wherewillthealkaneswiththehighestboilingpointsbecollected?3. Wherewillthemostflammablealkanesbecollected?4. Wherewillthemostviscousalkanesbecollected?5. Analkanewith10carbonsiscollectedhalfwayupthecolumn.Onewith3carbonsis

collectedatthetop,andonewith30iscollectedatthebottom.a. Wherewouldonewith20carbonsbecollected?b. Wherewouldonewith5carbonsbecollected?c. Wherewouldonewithtwocarbonsbecollected?

6. Icosanehasaboilingpointof343.1°Candhas20carbonsinitschain.Completethesentencekernelsbelow:Icosanehasahighboilingpointbecause…Icosanehasahighboilingpointbut…Icosanehasahighboilingpointtherefore…

7. Octanehasaboilingpointof125.6°C.Describehowitcanbeseparatedusingfractionaldistillation(normally4marks).

Examquestions

Q1.Crudeoilcontainsmanydifferenthydrocarbons.

(i)Whichformulainthelistrepresentsahydrocarbon?Drawaringaroundthecorrectformula.

CO2C6H12O6C8H18H2O(1)

(ii)Whichwordfromthelistbelowbestdescribescrudeoil?Drawaringaroundthecorrectword.

alloycompoundelementmixture(1)

(iii)Choose,fromthelistbelow,wordstocompletethepassageabouttheseparationofthehydrocarbonsincrudeoilbyfractionaldistillation.

atomsburnedcondensedevaporatedfiltered

fractionsionsmoleculesneutralised

Duringfractionaldistillationthemanyhydrocarbonsincrudeoilareseparated

into_________________eachofwhichcontains________________witha

similarnumberofcarbon__________________.

Todothistheoilisfirst__________________andthen__________________

atanumberofdifferenttemperatures.(5)

Q2.Crudeoilisafossilfuel.

(a)Tomakecrudeoilmoreusefulitisseparatedintofractions.

Usethecorrectwordfromtheboxtocompleteeachsentence.

boiling compound decomposition distillation

filtration mixturemolecule

(i)Crudeoilisa_________________________ofdifferentsubstances.(1)

(ii)Thesubstancesincrudeoilhavedifferent

_________________________points.(1)

(iii)Crudeoilisseparatedbyfractional_________________________.(1)

Q3.Thetableshowsthecompositionofsomecrudeoil.

Fraction Percentageincrudeoil

Gases 3

Petrol 7

Naphtha 10

Kerosine 15

Gasoil 20

Fueloil 45

(a)Completethepiechartforthecompositionofthiscrudeoil.Remembertolabelthechart.

(3)

(b)Thediagramshowstheprocessofseparatingadifferentsampleofcrudeoilintofractions.

(i)Whatisthenamegiventothisprocess?(1)

(ii)Whichfractionhasthelowestboilingpoint?(1)

(iii)Whichfractionistheleastvolatile?(1)

Q4.Crudeoilisacomplexmixtureofhydrocarbons,mainlyalkanes.Thenumberofcarbonatomsinthemoleculesrangesfrom1toover100.

(a)Howdoestheboilingpointchangeasthenumberofcarbonatomsinthemoleculesincreases?

(1)

(b)Namethemethodusedtoseparatepetroleumintofractions.(1)

(c)Thesimplesthydrocarbonismethane,CH4.Itsstructurecanberepresented:

Drawthestructureofethane,C2H6.(1)

Q5.Tomakecrudeoilmoreusefulitisseparatedintodifferentfractions.

(a)Completethegapsinthefollowingsentences.

Crudeoilisseparatedintodifferentfractionsbyaprocesscalled______________

_________________.Eachfractionhasadifferent________________________.(2)

(b)Eachfractionisamixtureofcompounds.Mostofthesecompoundsarehydrocarbons,madeupoftheelementshydrogenandcarbon.

(i)Explainthedifferencebetweenamixtureandacompound.(2)

(ii)Explainthedifferencebetweenacompoundandanelement.(2)

Q6.Thisquestionisaboutoilreserves.

(a)Dieselisseparatedfromcrudeoilbyfractionaldistillation.

Describethestepsinvolvedinthefractionaldistillationofcrudeoil.(3)

(b)Dieselisamixtureoflotsofdifferentalkanes.

Whatarealkanes?(2)

Q7.Crudeoilisamixtureofmanydifferentchemicalcompounds.

(a)Fuels,suchaspetrol(gasoline),canbeproducedfromcrudeoil.

Mostofthecompoundsincrudeoilarehydrocarbons.Hydrocarbonswiththesmallestmoleculesareveryvolatile.

InthisquestionyouwillbeassessedonusinggoodEnglish,organisinginformationclearlyandusingspecialisttermswhereappropriate.

Describeandexplainhowpetrolisseparatedfromthemixtureofhydrocarbonsincrudeoil.

Usethediagramandyourknowledgetoanswerthisquestion.(6)

Q8.Crudeoilisaresourcefromwhichfuelscanbeseparated.

(a)Thenameofthemainfuelfractionsandoneofthehydrocarbonsineachfractionareshowninthetable.

(i)Howdoesthenumberofcarbonatomsinahydrocarbonaffectitsboilingpoint?(1)

(ii)Suggestthelowesttemperaturetowhichcrudeoilneedstobeheatedtovaporizeallthehydrocarbonsinthetable.

(1)

(iii)Dodecaneboilsat216°C.Atwhattemperaturewilldodecanegascondensetoliquid?

(1)

1. Whichofthefollowingisnottrueforcrudeoil?

a. Itisamixtureofmanydifferentcompoundsb. Mostcompoundsincrudeoilarehydrocarbonsc. Itisarenewableenergyresource

2. Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthepropertiesoffractionscollectedat

thetopofadistillationcolumn.a.Lowboilingpoint,highviscosityandhighlyflammableb.Lowboilingpoint,lowviscosityandhighlyflammablec.Highboilingpoint,highviscosityandhighlyflammable

3. Whatiskeroseneusedfor?a. Carfuelb. Aeroplanefuelc. Gasstoves

IfyouansweredA,yousaidthatcrudeoilisnotamixtureofmanydifferentcompounds.Youshouldkowthatcrudeoilisamixtureofhydrocarbons.Thesearecompounds.Youalsoknowthoughittruethatcrudeoilisarenewableenergyresource.Tofixit:

1. Writedownthedefinitionofahydrocarbon2. Whatismeantbyarenewableresource?3. Findtwoexamplesofrenewableenergyresourcesandtwoexamplesoffiniteresources

IfyouansweredB,yousaidthatitistruethatmostcompoundsincrudeoilarehydrocarbons.Unfortunately,thisstatementistrue!Youalsothoughtthatcrudeoilisarenewableenergyresource.Tofoxit:

1. Whatismeantbyarenewableresource?2. Findtwoexamplesofrenewableenergyresourcesandtwoexamplesoffiniteresources

IfyouansweredC,youthinkthatitisnottruethatcrudeoilisarenewableresource.Thisisindeedtheonlyfalsestatement.Welldone!Toimprovefurther,describewhycrudeoilisafiniteresource.

Lesson3

Alkenesandcracking

Whatarealkenes?

AhomologousserieswiththefunctionalgroupC=C(carbon–carbondoublebond).AlkeneshavethegeneralformulaCnH2nwherenisthenumberofcarbonatoms.

Alkenesarenamedinasimilarwaytoalkanesbuttheyhave–eneontheendoftheirname(thesuffix).

Thismeansthatifthereare2carbonatoms,therewillbe(2x2)hydrogenatomsgivingaformulaofC2H4.Ifthereare4carbonatoms,therewillbe(2x4)hydrogenatomsgivingaformulaofC4H8.

Examplesofalkenes

Allofthealkeneshavethesuffix‘-ene’

1. Ethene–C2H6

EtheneisthefirstalkenewithinthehomologousseriesandhastheformulaC2H4.Thisformulashowstherearetwocarbonatomsand4hydrogenatoms.Toptip!Methenedoesnotexistasthefunctionalgroup(carbon–carbondoublebond)requirestwocarbonatomstobepresent.

2. Propene–C3H6

3. Butene–C4H8

BBCbitesize–alkenes

Note–reactionsofalkenesisTRIPLEONLY

Cracking

Toptip!Asperthealkanes,afterbutene,thenamesofthealkeneshavethesameprefixesasshapes.E.g.penteneisahydrocarbonalkenewith5carbonatomsandtheshapepentagonhas5sides.

4. Pentene–C5H10

Non-examplesofalkenesarealkaneswhichhavethefunctionalgroupofacarbon–carbonsinglebond.Youlearnedabouttheseinlessonone.

Propertiesofalkenes

1. Reactivity

AlkenemoleculeshaveaC=Cbond(adoublecarbon–carbonbond),soaredescribedasunsaturated.ItisthepresenceoftheC=Cbondthatmakesalkenesdifferenttoalkanes;theyaremorereactivethanalkanesasthedoublebondcanbreakandopenuptojoinwithotheratoms.

2. Boilingpoint

Asperalkanes,asthechainlengthofalkenesincreasetheboilingpointincreasesduetotherebeingmoreintermolecularforcesbetweenmolecules.

Testingforalkenesandalkanes

Anindicationofthepresenceofdoublebondsisthatunsaturatedcompounds(containacarbon-carbondoublebond)readilyreactwithhalogenssuchasbromine.

Reagent/Test:Addanalkenetobrominewaterandshake

Observation:Brominewaterchangesfromabrown/orangecolourtoacolourlesssolution.

Cracking:whatisthisprocessimportant?

Crackingisusedintheindustrialmanufactureofalkenes.

Crackingisanimportantchemicalprocess.Afterfractionaldistillation,thereisnotenoughofthefractionswithsmallmoleculesandtoomuchofthefractionswithlargemolecules.Crackingconvertslongermoleculesintotheshortermoleculeswhichareusedinimportantfuelslikepetrolanddiesel.

Insummary,crackingisthebreakingoflongalkanechainsintosmallermoreusefulhydrocarbons.

Generalequationforcracking

Longchainalkaneàshorterchainalkane+alkene

Summaryofwhycrackingisaneconomicallyimportantprocess:

• Thereislessdemandforthelongerchainhydrocarbonslikekerosenethanshorterchainhydrocarbonslikepetrol.

• Crackingproducesmoreshorterchainalkanesforfuelsaswellasanewgroupofhydrocarbonscalledalkenes.

• Alkenesarereactivemoleculesandcanbeusedtomakepolymers.

Cracking:TheChemistryofthereaction

Crackingisachemicalreactionthatisanexampleofadecompositionreactionanduseshightemperatures,pressureandcatalysts.

Therearetwotypesofcracking:catalyticandsteamcracking

1. Steamcracking

Steamcracking(alsocalledthermalcracking)usesahightemperature(approximately800 °C)tocausethethermaldecomposition.Intheprocessalkenes(e.g.ethene)andhydrogengasareproduced.

Disadvantageofsteamcracking:Theneedforsuchhightemperaturesmeansthiscanbeanexpensiveprocesssoanotherformofcracking,catalyticcracking,wasdeveloped.

a. Steamcrackingequationexample

Ethaneàethene+hydrogen

2. Catalyticcracking

Catalyticcrackingusesahotcatalystsuchasaluminiumoxide.Theoperatingtemperatureismuchloweratapproximately500°C.

Catalyticcrackingequationexamples

a. Crackingofdocane(C10H22)

DecaneàOctane+ethene

C10H22àC8H18+C2H4

b. Crackingofparaffin

ParaffinàShorterchainalkane+pentene

C22H46àC17H36+C5H10

Catalyticcrackinginthelaboratory

Aim

Toproduceanalkenebycrackinganalkane.

Safety

Weareyeprotection.Brominewaterisharmful.

Summaryofmethod

Apparatussetupforcrackinganalkane.

1. Placesomemineralwoolintoaboilingtubeanduseapipettetoaddafewcm3ofliquidparaffin(analkane)totheboilingtubesothatitissoakedupbythewool.

2. Placeafewchipsofyourcatalyst(forexample,porcelainchips)intothetesttube.Clampthetesttubehorizontallywithoutlettingthecatalystcomeintocontactwiththeparaffin-soakedmineralwool.

3. Attachabunganddeliverytubedirectedintoawaterbathtotheendoftheboilingtube.4. Heatthecatalystandparaffinalternatinglyandcollecttheproductbyplacinginvertedtest

tubesfilledwithwaterattheendofthedeliverytube.5. Testtheproductbytryingtoigniteitoraddingbrominewatertoit.

Results

Collecttesttubesfullofproduct.

Bytestingoneofthetesttubesforflammabilityyoushouldfindthattheproductignites.

Thesecondtest,whichistheadditionofafewdropsofbrominewater,shouldchangethecolourofthebrominewaterfromorange/browntocolourless.

Thisisapositiveresultforthepresenceofanalkene.Alkanesarelessreactivethanalkenessodonotreactwithbrominewater.

Lesson3Glossary

Keyword Definition1. Alkene Ahomologousseriesofunsaturated

(containcarbon-carbondoublebond)hydrocarbons

2. Catalyst Asubstancethatincreasestherateofareactionandisnotusedup.Althoughitspeedsupareaction,thecatalystitselfisnotchangedbythereaction.

3. Catalyticcracking Thebreakingupoflargerhydrocarbonsintosmalleronesthroughheatingandtheuseofacatalyst.

4. Thermaldecomposition Thebreakingdownofasinglecompoundtoformtwoormorenewproducts.

5. Unsaturated Describesahydrocarbonthatcontainsacarbon-carbondoublebond,suchasanalkene.

Practice

1. Whatisthefunctionalgroupofanalkene?2. Drawoutandnamethefirstfouralkenes3. Writetheformulaforanalkenecontaining

a. 4carbonsb. 6carbonsc. 8carbonsd. 25carbonse. 100carbonsf. 90hydrogensg. 82hydrogens

4. Drawamoleculeofbutene5. Whyarealkenesdescribedassaturatedmolecules?6. Whydochemicalplantownerscommonlycracklonghydrocarbons?7. Balancetheequation:C20H42àC10H22+C3H6+C2H48. Astudenthasthreebottles.Twohavealkanesandonehasanalkene.Howcouldtheytellwhich

iswhich?9. Whatarethetwomaintypesofcracking?10. Howcanalkanesbeseparatedbasedontheirboilingpoints?11. Useyourglossarytowriteadefinitionforthermaldecomposition12. Howiscrackinganexampleofthermaldecomposition?13. Dodecane(alkanewith12carbonatoms)canbecrackedintooctane(eightcarbons)and

ethene(C2H4).Writeawordandbalancedsymbolequationforthisreaction.14. Writeawordandbalancedsymbolequationforthecompletecombustionofoctane.15. Inwhatwaywouldyouexpectdodecaneandoctanetobedifferent?(thinkabouttheir

properties)16. Writeawordandsymbolequationforthecombustionofmethane.Usepage118fromthe

textbookoryourenergychangesbooklettoworkouttheenergychangeofthisreaction.ThebondenergyinC=OfromCO2is799kJ/mol

17. Repeatthisprocessforpropane.

Casestudywithinterleavedpracticequestions

Catalyticcrackingofdecane

Lookatthisequation:C10H22àC4H10+C3H6

1. Balancetheequation2. Explainhowyouknowthatcrackinghasoccurred3. Whyiscrackingcarriedout?4. Whatarethetwotypesofcracking?5. Crackingisanendothermicreaction.Drawareactionprofileforcracking,andlabelthe

activationenergy6. Acatalystisoftenusedforcracking.Whatisacatalyst?7. Howdocatalystsincreasetherateofareaction?8. Allsubstancesinthereactionaregases.Howcouldtherateofthereactionbeincreased?9. Thisisareversiblereaction.Whatisareversiblereaction?10. Thereactionisallowedtoreachdynamicequilibrium.Whatisdynamicequilibrium?11. Whatwilltheeffectofincreasingthetemperaturebeonthepositionoftheequilibrium?

Explainyouranswer.12. Whatwilltheeffectofincreasingthepressurebeonthepositionoftheequilibrium?Explain

youranswer.13. Areallthreesubstancesintheequationhydrocarbons?Explainyouranswer.14. Thereactantiscalleddecane,andisfoundincrudeoil.Whatiscrudeoil?15. Whyiscrudeoilconsideredafiniteresource?16. Decanehasaboilingpointof174°C.At200°whatstatewillitbe?17. Describehowfractionaldistillationisusedtoseparatedecanefromcrudeoil.18. Whataretheproductsofthecompletecombustionofdecane?19. Constructasymbolequationforthisreaction

Examquestions

Q1.Crudeoilisusedtomakeusefulsubstancessuchasalkenesandplastics.

(a)Thealkeneshownisethene.

(i)Tick( )thecorrectformulaforethene.

Formula Tick( )

CH4

C2H4

C2H6

(1)

Q2.Thisquestionisaboutfuels.

Octane(C8H18)isahydrocarboninpetrol.

(a) Crackingbreaksdownlargehydrocarbonmoleculesintosmallerhydrocarbonmolecules.

Whichhydrocarbonmoleculecanbecrackedtoproduceoctane,C8H18?

Tickonebox.

C4H8

C4H10

C8H16

C12H26

(1)

(b) Whattypeofcarboncompoundisoctane,C8H18?

Tickonebox.

Alcohol

Alkane

Carboxylicacid

Ester

(1)

Q3.Thediagramshowsanapparatusthatcanbeusedtocarryoutcrackingreactionsinalaboratory.

(a)Whyisaluminiumoxideorbrokenporcelainused?(1)

(b)Paraffincontainsdecane.Thecrackingofdecanecanberepresentedbytheequationbelow.Adecanemoleculeissplitintotwosmallermolecules.

Completetheequationbyaddingtheformulaoftheotherproduct.

C10H22(l)→__________(l)+C2H4(g)decane

(1)

(c)WouldyouexpectC2H4moleculestocollectatpositionAorBshownonthediagram?

Explainyouranswer.(1)

(d)Crackingreactionsinvolvethermaldecomposition.

Whatismeantbythermaldecomposition?(2)

(e)Explain,asfullyasyoucan,whycrackingisusedintheoilindustry.

TogainfullmarksinthisquestionyoushouldwriteyourideasingoodEnglish.Putthemintoasensibleorderandusethecorrectscientificwords.

(3)

(f)Thecrackingreactionproducesamixtureofproducts.Themixturecontainshydrocarbonswithdifferentboilingpoints.

Suggestamethodofseparatingthismixture.(1)

Q4.Alkanesarehydrocarbonsfoundincrudeoil.

(a)(i)Completethesentence.

Hydrocarbonscontaintheelements_____________and_____________only.

(1)

(ii)EthaneisanalkanewiththeformulaC2H6

Drawaringaroundthecorrectanswertocompletethesentence.

Alkanesarehydrocarbonswiththegeneralformula

CnHnCnH2nCnH2n+2

(1)

(b)Crudeoilisseparatedintousefulfractionsbyfractionaldistillation.

Describeandexplainhowcrudeoilisseparatedintofractionsbyfractionaldistillation.

Usethediagramtohelpyouanswerthequestion.(4)

(c)Dodecane(C12H26)fromcrudeoiliscrackedtoproduceethene(C2H4).

(i)Completetheequationforthisreaction.

C12H26 2C2H4+______________(1)

(ii)Givetwoconditionsneededforcracking.(2)

Q5.Amoleculeofethene(C2H4)isrepresentedas:

(a)Asampleofetheneisshakenwithbrominewater.

Completethesentence.

Thebrominewaterturnsfromorangeto__________________________________.(1)

(b)Mostetheneisproducedbytheprocessofcracking.

(i)Completethesentence.

Crackingisatypeofthermal______________________________________.(1)

(ii)Decane(C10H22)canbecrackedtoproduceethene(C2H4)andoneotherproduct.

Completetheequationtoshowtheformulaoftheotherproduct.

C10H22 C2H4+_____________(1)

Q6.Thisquestionisaboutalkenesandcrudeoil.

(a)Penteneisanalkenemoleculecontainingfivecarbonatoms.

Completetheformulaforpentene.

C_____H_____(1)

(b)Buteneisanalkenemoleculecontainingfourcarbonatoms.

Thediagramshowsalloftheatomsandsomeofthebondsinthedisplayedformulaforbutene.

Completethedisplayedformulabyaddingtheremainingbonds.

(1)

Penteneandbuteneareproducedfromcrudeoil.

Thetableshowsthepercentagesofdifferentfractionsintwosamplesofcrudeoil.

FractionPercentagesbymassin%

CrudeoilA CrudeoilB

Liquefiedpetroleumgases 14.7 7.1

Petrol 28.6 11.1

Dieseloil 20.5 17.2

Kerosene 15.4 38.5

Heavyfueloil 12.0 16.0

Otherfractions 8.8 10.1

ThegraphshowsthepercentagesofdifferentfractionsincrudeoilA.

(c)Plotthedataforpetrolinthetableaboveonthegraph.(1)

(d)WhatmassofcrudeoilAisneededtoobtain12tonnesofheavyfueloil?.

Usethetableabove.

10tonnes

100tonnes

1000tonnes

10000tonnes

(1)

(e)WhatmassofcrudeoilAisneededtoobtain12tonnesofheavyfueloil?.

Calculatethetotalmassofcarfuelthatcanbeproducedfrom2000kgofcrudeoilB.

Usethetableabove.(3)

(f)CrudeoilBisabettersourceofhydrocarbonsforcrackingthancrudeoilA.

Suggestwhy.

Usethetableabove.(1)

(g)Alkenesareobtainedfromcrudeoilusingfractionaldistillationfollowedbycracking.

Explainhowalkenesareproducedusingfractionaldistillationfollowedbycracking.(6)

Q7.Thisquestionisabouthydrocarbons.

(a)Mostofthehydrocarbonsincrudeoilarealkanes.

(i)Largealkanemoleculescanbecrackedtoproducemoreusefulmolecules.

Theequationshowsthecrackingofdodecane.

Givetwoconditionsusedtocracklargealkanemolecules.(2)

(ii)Theproductshexeneandethenearealkenes.

Completethesentence.

Whenalkenesreactwithbrominewaterthecolourchanges

fromorangeto_________________________.(1)

(iii)Butane(C4H10)isanalkane.

Completethedisplayedstructureofbutane.

(1)

1. Whichisthecorrectequationforthecrackingofoctaneintoetheneandhexane?a.C8H16àC2H4+C6H12b.C8H18àC2H4+C6H14c.C8H18àC2H4+C6H12

2. Whatisthecorrectformulaofethane?a. C2b. C2H6c. C2H4

3. Whatconditionarerequiredforcatalyticcracking

a. 800℃andpressureb. 500℃andporcelaincatalystc. Laboratoryroomtemperatureandporcelaincatalyst

IfyouansweredA,youaremistakenlythinkingthatoctanehastheformulaC8H16.Thisistheformulaforthealkeneoctene.Octanehas8carbonatomsbutusingthegeneralformulaCnH2n+2octanehas18carbonatoms.To‘fixit’,writetheformulaof

1. penteneandpentane2. buteneandbutane

IfyouansweredB,youthinkthattheformulaofbutaneisC4H10.Thisiscorrect!Welldoneforcorrectlyusingthegeneralequationforcrackingandthegeneralformulasforalkenesandalkanes.Tostretchyourknowledgefurther,constructapossibleequationforthecrackingofdodecane,C12H26.

IfyouansweredC,youaremistakenlythinkingthat2differentalkenesareformedduringcrackingasbothproductsfollowthegeneralformulaCnH2n.ThecorrectformulaofhexaneisC6H14followingthegeneralformulaCnH2n+2.To‘fixit’,completethefollowingcrackingequationswiththecorrectmissingformulaofanalkeneoralkanetoensuretheequationobeystheconservationofmass.

1. C9H20àC2H4+_________2. C10H22àC7H16+_________

Lesson4

Polymerisation

WhatarePolymers?

Uses

1. Plasticistheeverydaywordforpolymer.2. Mostpolymerscomefromorganiccompoundsfromtheprocessingofcrudeoil.3. Polymersareveryusefulmaterials,usedinmanyeverydayobjects.Insomecases,theyhave

eventakentheplaceoftraditionalmaterialssuchaswood,stone,leatherandglass.

Thestructure

1. Polymersaremadefromthousandsofatomstheyaremadefromsmallrepeatingunits.2. Apolymerislikeanecklaceandeachbeadisliketherepeatingunitknownasamonomer.

TypesofPolymers

PolymerscanbenaturallikethosefoundinDNAandrubber,ortotallyman-madeorsyntheticlikepoly(ethene).Wearegoingtofocusontheformationofsyntheticpolymersformedfromalkenemonomers.

ThechemistryinvolvedinformingPolymers

Alkenesundergoadditionpolymerisationtoformsyntheticpolymers.

Themonomerinadditionpolymerisationisanalkene(unsaturatedandcontainsacarbon-carbondoublebond)thatcanjoinwithothermonomerstoformaverylargemolecule.

ThispolymerisationreactionispossiblebecauseetheneishighlyreactiveduetotheunsaturatedC=Cdoublebond.

Duringthepolymerisationprocess,afewthousandmonomerunitsjointogethertoformaverylongmolecule.Duringthereactionthedoublebondopensandformsandsaturated(singlecarbon–carbonbond)longchainpolymerofrepeatingunits.

BBCbitesize–alkenes

Note–Forcombinedscience,youareonlyrequiredtoknowadditionpolymerisation.

ExamplesofPolymers

Polymer Properties Uses

1. Poly(ethene)'polythene' Flexible,cheap,canbemadeintothinfilms

Carrierbags,shampoobottles,foodwrap

2. Poly(propene)'polypropylene'

Flexible,strong,resistsshattering

Buckets,bowls,crates,ropes,carpets

3. Poly(chloroethene)'PVC' Tough,electricalinsulator,canbemadehardorflexible

Insulationforelectricalwires,windows,gutters,pipes

4. Poly(tetrafluoroethene)'PFTE'

Slippery,chemicallyunreactive

Non-stickcoatingsforpans,containersforlaboratorysubstances

1. Polyethene

Themonomerusedtoformpolyetheneisethene.

Anadditionpolymerisationreactiontakesplacewheremanyunsaturatedethenemonomersreacttogetherunderhightemperaturesandusingacatalysttoformthelongchainsaturatedpolymerofrepeatingunits.Nootherproductisformedinthereaction.

Toptips!

Thenmeansalargenumberandisusedsowedonothavetodrawmanymonomersandthelongchainpolymers.

Thebracketsareusedwithanntoshowthatthepolymerisalongchainrepeatingunit.

Stepstosuccessindrawingpolymers

1. Removethedoublebond

2. Changetheangleofthegroups

3. Addbrackets

4. Addan‘n’value

2. Polypropene

Themonomerusedtoformpolyetheneispropene.

Anadditionpolymerisationreactiontakesplacewheremanyunsaturatedpropenemonomersreacttogetherusingacatalysttoformthelongchainsaturatedpolymerofrepeatingunits.Nootherproductisformedinthereaction.

Toptip!

Thegroupsoneachcarbondonotchange.Thereisonlyaremovalofadoublebond.

Lesson4Glossary

Keyword Definition1. Additionpolymerisation Atypeofpolymerisationreactionthat

takesplaceinthepresenceofacatalystwherebymonomersreacttoformapolymerwithouttheformationofby-products.

2. Monomer Smallmoleculesthatreactstoformapolymer.Inadditionpolymerisation,monomersareunsaturated.

3. Polymer AlongrepeatingchainofmonomerunitsInadditionpolymerisation,polymersaresaturated.

Practice

1. Whatchemicalstructureareplasticsmadeupof?2. Whattypeofpolymerisationreactiontakesplacewhenalkenesareinvolved?3. Whatismonomerinadditionpolymerisationreactions?4. Whycanalkenesreact?5. Arepolymerssaturatedorunsaturatedstructures,explainwhy.6. Whatconditionisneededinanadditionpolymerisationreaction?7. Whatdoesannmeaninapolymerequation?8. Whydopolymershavesquarebrackets?9. WhatisthemonomerinPVC?10. Whatisthemonomerinpolypropene?

Examquestions

Q1.Supermarketcarrierbagscanbemadefrompoly(ethene).

(a) Poly(ethene)isproducedfromethene.

Thestructureofetheneis:

Completethestructureofpoly(ethene).

(2)]

Q2.

Figure2showspartofalargehydrocarbonmolecule.

Figure2

(a)Whichtwoelementsareinallhydrocarbons?(2)

(b)Completethesentence.

Choosetheanswerfromthebox.

anatom ametal apolymer asalt

ThelargemoleculerepresentedinFigure2is__________________________.(1)

Q3.Figure1showsakiteflyingintheair.

Figure1

(a)Thekitestringismadefrompoly(propene).

Figure2representsthestructureofpropene.

Figure2

Whichstructurerepresentspoly(propene)?

Tickonebox.

(1)

Q4.Polymershavemanyimportantuses.

Thepiechartshowsthepercentage(%)ofpolymersusedindifferentways.

(a)Whatisthepercentageofpolymersusedforpackaging?(1)

(b)(i)Shrink-wrapisaformofpoly(ethene).Poly(ethene)isproducedfromethene.

Thedisplayedstructureofamoleculeofetheneis

Whatisthechemicalformulaofamoleculeofethene?(1)

(ii)Poly(ethene)isproducedfrometheneinapolymerisationreaction.

Theequationforthereactionis

Whichtwostatementsaboutthepolymerisationreactiontoformpoly(ethene)arecorrect?

Tick( "#)twoboxes.

Tick( "#)

Apolymerisasmallmolecule.

Manyethenemoleculesjointogether.

Poly(ethene)containsadoublebond.

Themonomerisethene.

(2)

Q5.Polymershavemanyimportantuses.Eachyear45megatonnesofpolymersareused.

Thepiechartbelowshowsthemassinmegatonnesofpolymersusedindifferentways.

(a)Whatpercentageofpolymersisusedinpackaging?(2)

(b)(i)Poly(ethene)isoftenusedforpackaging.Poly(ethene)ismadefromethene.

EtheneisanalkenewiththechemicalformulaC2H4

Drawthedisplayedstructureforethene.(1)

(ii)Poly(ethene)isformedfrometheneinapolymerisationreaction.

Describe,intermsofmolecules,whathappensinapolymerisationreaction.(3)

Q6.Figure1showssomeAustralianbanknotes.InAustralia,banknotesaremadeofpoly(propene)notpaper.

Figure1

©MaxBlain/Hemera/Thinkstock

(a)CompleteFigure3toshowthestructureofpoly(propene).

Figure3

Poly(propene)

(2)

(b)Propeneisanalkene.Describeatestthatcanbedonetoshowthatanalkeneispresent.

(2)

1. WhichdiagramshowsthecorrectimageofthepolymerPTFE?

a.

b.

c.

2. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutadditionpolymerisationisnottrue?a. Therepeatunithasidenticalatomstothemonomerb. Asmallmoleculeisformedinthereactionc. Alkenescanbeusedtomakepolymerssuchaspoly(ethene)

3. Whatisamonomer?a. Asmallunsaturatedalkenemonomerb. Asaturatedlongchainmoleculemadeupofrepeatingunitsc. Asmallunsaturatedalkenemonomer

IfyouansweredA,youaremistakenlyconfusingamonomerandapolymer.Themonomertetrafluoroethenecanbeseeninthisimage.Amonomercanbeidentifiedfromthepresenceofadoublebondandnobracketswithinthestructure.

To‘fixit’,drawthemonomersof

a. Poly(propene)b. PVC

IfyouansweredB,youarenotfullyapplyingthestepstosuccesswhendrawingpolymers:

1. Addbrackets2. Addan‘n’value

Apolymerunitcontainsbracketsandannvaluetorepresentitbeingalongchainrepeatingunit.

To‘fixit’,drawthepolymersof

a. Poly(propene)b. PVC

IfyouansweredC,youarecorrect!Welldoneforcorrectlyapplyingthestepsforsuccessindrawingpolymersfromamonomerunit.Tostretchyourknowledgefurther,drawthepolymerofacrylonitrile(apolymerusedinmanufactureoffleecejumpers).

Lesson5

Burninghydrocarbons

Thecombustionoffuelsisamajorsourceofatmosphericpollutants.However,carbondioxideisnottheonlyairpollutantproducedwhenfuelsareburned.Thegasesthatarereleasedintotheatmospherewhenafuelburnsinclude:

• carbondioxide• watervapour• carbonmonoxide• sulfurdioxide• oxidesofnitrogen.

Solidparticlesofcarbonorsootandunburnedhydrocarbons(fuelmolecules)arealsoproducedasparticulatesandpollutetheatmosphere.

YouwilllearnmoreabouttheseatmosphericpollutantsinChemistryoftheatmosphere.Thislessonisfocusedoncompleteandincompletecombustionoffuelsandtheproductionoftheatmosphericpollutantscarbondioxideandcarbonmonoxide.

Completecombustion

Thevastmajorityoffuelsaremadeupofmoleculesthatcontainjusthydrogenandcarbon,withotherelementspresentinthemixtureasimpurities.Thesemoleculesareknownashydrocarbons.Whenhydrocarbonsburninaplentifulsupplyofairtheproductsofthereactionarecarbondioxideandwater.Thistypeofreactionisknownascompletecombustion.

Thegeneralwordequationis:

hydrocarbon+oxygen→carbondioxide+water

Examples

Methane+oxygen→carbondioxide+water

Propane+oxygen→carbondioxide+water

Butane+oxygen→carbondioxide+water

BBCbitesize–combustion

Balancedsymbolequationsappeartolookcomplextobalancebutwehavetoptipstohelpyoubalance.

Toptips!Thecombustionbalancingtrick:1.Howmanycarbonatomsinthefuel?2.Placethenumberofcarbonatomsinfrontofthecarbondioxideproduct3.Howmanyhydrogenatomsareinthefuel?4.Dividethenumberofhydrogenatomsbytwoandplaceitinfrontofthewatermoleculeproduct.5.Calculatethenewnumberofoxygenatomsnowontheproductside.6.Dividethenumberbytwoandplaceinfrontofthereactantoxygenmolecule.ExampleThecombustionofbutane,C4H10Butane+oxygen→carbondioxide+water

C4H10+O2àCO2+H2OThisequationisnotyetbalancedbutwecanusethestepstosuccesstobalanceit.1. Howmanycarbonatomsinthefuel?42.PlacethenumberofcarbonatomsinfrontofthecarbondioxideproductC4H10+O2à4CO2+H2O3.Howmanyhydrogenatomsareinthefuel?104.Dividethenumberofhydrogenatomsbytwoandplaceitinfrontofthewatermoleculeproduct.10/2=5C4H10+O2à4CO2+5H2O5.Calculatethenewnumberofoxygenatomsnowontheproductside.4x2=8and5x1=5.5+8=136.Dividethenumberbytwoandplaceinfrontofthereactantoxygenmolecule.13/2=6.5oxygenatomsC4H10+6.5O2à4CO2+5H2O

Laboratorymethodtoshowtheformationofcarbondioxideandwater.

1. Methane(fromagastap)isburnedinthepresenceofaplentifulsupplyofoxygen(Bunsenburnerairholeopen)

2. Thegasesmovethroughthetubing

3. Thewatervapourcondenses(gastoaliquid)intheinvertedUtube(surroundedbyice)andturnsthebluecobaltchloridepaperfrombluetopink.

4. Thecarbondioxidemovesthroughthetubingandformsbubblesinthefinalboilingtubeturningthelimewaterfromcolourlesstomilky-white.

Whatgasisproduced?

Carbondioxideispresent. Watervapourispresent.

Whatisthetest? Limewaterturnscloudy. WatercondensesintheU-tubewithintheicebath.

Cobaltchloridepaperchangescolour.Whatistheresult? Limewatergoescloudywhen

CO2ispresent.Bluecobaltchloridepapergoespinkinthepresenceofwater.

Incompletecombustion

1. FormationofcarbonmonoxideIfthesupplyofoxygenislimited,forexampleinatentorinafaultyboiler,thenincompletecombustionoccurs.Theproductsofincompletecombustionarecarbonmonoxideandwater.

Thegeneralwordequationfortheincompletecombustionofafuelis:

hydrocarbon+oxygen→carbonmonoxide+water

Examples

Methane+oxygen→carbonmonoxide+water

Propane+oxygen→carbonmonoxide+water

Butane+oxygen→carbonmonoxide+water

Carbonmonoxideisapoisonous,toxicgasthatcombineswiththehaemoglobininredbloodcellspreventingthemfromcarryingoxygenwhichreducestherateofrespirationwithinthebodiescells.Itiscolourlessandodourless(doesnotsmell)andsoitisnoteasilydetected.Thismakesitparticularlydangerous.

2. FormationofsootIfthesupplyofoxygenisevenmorelimitedthenparticlesofsootorcarbonareproduced.

Methane+oxygenàcarbon+water

CH4+O2àC+2H2O

Lesson5glossary

Keyword Definition1. Combustion Thereactionofasubstancewithoxygen

toreleaseenergy.2. Completecombustion Afuelburnsinaplentifulsupplyof

oxygenandcarbondioxideandwateraretheonlyproductsofthereaction.

3. Exothermicreaction Areactioninwhichenergyistransferredtothesurroundings.

4. Haemoglobin Themoleculewithinaredbloodcellwhichtransportsoxygen.

5. Incompletecombustion Afuelburnsarestrictedsupplyofoxygenandcarbonmonoxideand/orsootareproduced.

6. Particulates Smallparticles,suchassootorunburnedhydrocarbonsthatarereleasedaspollutantswhenfuelsburn.

7. Pollutant Asubstancethatisreleasedintotheenvironmentandcontaminatesair,waterorsoil.

8. Toxic Asubstancethatcandamageanorganisme.g.Human.

Practice

1. Whatarethetwotypesofcombustion?2. ExplainwhyablueflameinaBunsenburnerboilswaterquickerthanayellowflame3. Writewordandbalancedsymbolequationsforthecompletecombustionof:

a. Ethaneb. Propanec. Butaned. Analkanewith10carbons(decane)e. Analkanewith20hydrogens(nonane)

4. IntheinvertedU-tubeexperimentdescribehowtotestforthepresenceofcarbondioxide5. IntheinvertedU-tubeexperimentdescribehowtotestforthepresenceofwater6. Writewordandbalancedsymbolequationsfortheincompletecombustionof:

a. Ethaneb. Propanec. Butane

7. IntheinvertedU-tubeexperimentdescribewhatyouwouldobserveifincompletecombustionhadtakenplace.

8. ExplainwhycarbonmonoxideisdescribedastoxicfortheHumanBody9. Explainwhencarbonisformedinsteadofcarbonmonoxide

Interleavedpractice:

1. Combustionreactionsareexothermic.Drawareactionprofileforacombustionreaction.2. 10gofethaneiscompletelycombustedinoxygen.Whatmassofcarbondioxideisproduced?

Examquestions

Q1.Somegascookersburnnaturalgas,methane.Methane,CH4,isahydrocarbon.

(a)Whatismeantbyhydrocarbon?(2)

(b)Whenmethaneburnstheremustbeagoodsupplyofair.

(i)Completethewordequationbychoosingthecorrecttwochemicalsfromthebox.

carbondioxidehydrogenoxygenwater

methane+oxygen→____________________+______________________(2)

(ii)Withoutagoodsupplyofair,carbonmonoxideisformed.Whyiscarbonmonoxideadangerousgas?

(1)

Q2.Inthecarboncycletheamountsofcarbondioxideandoxygenintheairarechangedbyseveralprocesses.

(a)Thenamesofsomeprocessesaregivenintheboxbelow.

combustiondecompositionneutralisationphotosynthesisrespiration

Choosethecorrectprocessforeachboxinthediagram.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.

(2)

(b)Fossilfuels,suchasnaturalgas,reactwithoxygen.

CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O

_____________+oxygen→carbondioxide+_____________

Completethewordequationforthisreaction(2)

(c)Whatproblemiscausedbytheformationoflargeamountsofcarbondioxide?(1)

Q3.Naturalgasisafuel.

(a)Completethesesentences.

Whenthefuelburnscompletely,wecannotseethenewsubstancesproducedbecause

theyaremainlycolourless____________________________.

Theenergyofthefuelisreleasedas____________________.(3)

(b)Choosewordsfromthislisttocompletethesentencebelow.

carboncarbondioxidehydrogennitrogen

oxygensulphurdioxidewatervapour

Threegaseswhichcanbeproducedwhenfuelsburnare:(3)

Q4.Petrolburnsinoxygenfromtheairinacarengine.

Twoofthegasesintheexhaustfumesarecarbondioxideandwatervapour.

Thisindicatesthatpetrolcontainstheelements______________________and

____________________________.

Q5.Thisquestionisabouthydrocarbons.

(a)Thenamesandformulaeofthreehydrocarbonsinthesamehomologousseriesare:

EthaneC2H6PropaneC3H8ButaneC4H10

Thenextmemberintheseriesispentane.

Whatistheformulaofpentane?(1)

(b)Whichhomologousseriescontainsethane,propaneandbutane?

Tickonebox.

Alcohols

Alkanes

Alkenes

Carboxylicacids

(1)

(c)Propane(C3H8)isusedasafuel.

Completetheequationforthecompletecombustionofpropane.

C3H8+5O2→3_______________+4_________________(2)

(d)Octane(C8H18)isahydrocarbonfoundinpetrol.

Explainwhyoctaneisahydrocarbon.(2)

Q6.Thisquestionisaboutorganiccompounds.

Hydrocarbonscanbecrackedtoproducesmallermolecules.

Theequationshowsthereactionforahydrocarbon,C18H38

C18H38→C6H14+C4H8+2C3H6+C2H4

(a)Whichproductofthereactionshownisanalkane?

Tickonebox.

C2H4

C3H6

C4H8

C6H14

(1)

(b)ThehydrocarbonC4H8wasburntinair.

Incompletecombustionoccurred.

Whichequation,A,B,CorD,correctlyrepresentstheincompletecombustionreaction?

AC4H8+4O→4CO+4H2

BC4H8+4O2→4CO+4H2O

CC4H8+6O2→4CO2+4H2O

DC4H8+8O→4CO2+4H2

Tickonebox.

A

B

C

D

Q7.Methane(CH4)isusedasafuel.

(a)Thedisplayedstructureofmethaneis:

Drawaringaroundapartofthedisplayedstructurethatrepresentsacovalentbond.(1)

(b)Whyismethaneacompound?

Tick( )onebox.

Methanecontainsatomsoftwoelements,combinedchemically.

Methaneisnotintheperiodictable.

Methaneisamixtureoftwodifferentelements.

(1)

(c)Methaneburnsinoxygen.

(i)Thediagrambelowshowstheenergyleveldiagramforthecompletecombustionofmethane.

Drawandlabelarrowsonthediagramtoshow:

•theactivationenergy•theenthalpychange,ΔH.

(2)

(ii)Completeandbalancethesymbolequationforthecompletecombustionofmethane.

CH4+_____ CO2+_____(2)

(iii)Explainwhytheincompletecombustionofmethaneisdangerous.(2)

(iv)Explainwhy,intermsoftheenergyinvolvedinbondbreakingandbondmaking,thecombustionofmethaneisexothermic.

(3)

Q8.Amixtureofpetrolandairisburnedinacarengine.Petrolisamixtureofalkanes.Airisamixtureofgases.

Thetablesgiveinformationaboutthecompositionofpetrolandthecompositionofair.

Petrol Air

Alkane Formula Gas Percentage(%)

hexane C6H14 nitrogen 78

heptane oxygen 21

octane C8H18 carbondioxide 0.035

nonane C9H20 Smallamountsofothergasesandwatervapour decane C10H22

(a)Usetheinformationabovetoanswerthesequestions.

(i)Givetheformulaforheptane(1)

(ii)Completethegeneralformulaofalkanes.n=numberofcarbonatoms

CnH(1)

(b)Alkanesinpetrolburninair.Theequationsrepresenttworeactionsofhexaneburninginair.

Reaction12C6H14+19O2→12CO2+14H2O

Reaction22C6H14+13O2→12CO+14H2O

Reaction2producesadifferentcarboncompoundtoReaction1.

(i)NamethecarboncompoundproducedinReaction2.(1)

(ii)Giveareasonwhythecarboncompoundsproducedaredifferent.(1)

1. Whichofthefollowingequationsiscorrectforthecompletecombustionofoctane?

a. C8H18+8O→8CO+9H2b. C8H18+6O2→8CO2+4H2Oc. C8H18+10O2→8CO2+4H2O

2. Whatproductsareproducedduringcompletecombustion?

a. carbondioxideandwaterb. fuelandoxygenc. carbonmonoxideandwater

3. AninvertedU-tubecanbeusedtoshowthataproductiswater,whatisthetestforthepresenceofwater?

a. Orange/brownbrominewaterturnscolourlessb. Bluecobaltchloridepaperturnspinkc. Colourlesslimewaterturnscloudy

IfyouansweredA,youaremistakenlyconfusingtheproductsofincompletecombustion.

To‘fixit’,whataretheproductsofcompleteandincompletecombustion?Writethenamesandformulaeofproductsofeachtypeofreaction.

IfyouansweredB,youhavecorrectlyidentifiedthecorrectproductsofcompletecombustionascarbondioxideandwater;however,yourbalancingisincorrectbecausethenumberofreactingoxygenmoleculesshouldbe10andnot6.Youhaveincorrectlyidentifiedthatthereare20oxygenatomsformedwithintheproducts.

To‘fixit’,balancethecompletecombustionequationsfor:

a. Propaneb. Hexane

IfyouansweredC,youarecorrect!Welldoneforcorrectlyapplyingthestepsforsuccessinbalancingcompletecombustionequations.Tostretchyourknowledgefurther,writethewordandbalancedsymbolequationforahydrocarbonthathas10carbonatoms.