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AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Swimming Pools 3 MbOD DDMT3 25andNatural Bathing Places

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPH1957-196

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFAREPublic Health Service

Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental ControlNational Center for Urban and industrial Health

Cincinnati, Ohio


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Public Health Service Publication No. 1586i-or .sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Governnnent Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Price 25 cents


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CONTENTSPage^^

PoolsDisease and Water Quality 1Safety 3Design and Construction General 5Design and Construction Heating, Lighting, Ventilation and Noise Control 14Design and Construction Recirculation System 18Operation and Maintenance 19Water Treatment General 23Water Treatment Filtration 27Water Treatment Disinfection 30Water Treatment Algae Control 36Pool Management and Training 37Regulations 40

atural Bathing Places 43Publications Cited 46

Index 47

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PREFACESwimming continues to be one of the most popular of aquatic outdoor

activities for today's physical-fitness and recreation-minded population. Thisis reflected in the steady increase of swimming pool construction which in1964 was at a rate of 80,000 pools annually.

Public health oflScials have been concerned with sanitation and safetyproblems involving swimming and bathing. The construction and operationot swimming pools and outdoor bathing places should provide an environmentof safe water and attractive facilities for adequate protection against diseasetransmission and to prevent accidents.

This bibliography is intended for use by health and recreation authori-ties and others responsible for the construction, operation, and maintenanceof swimming pools and natural bathing places. This initial publication coversthe 1957-66 period. Plans are to update the series at 2-year intervals.

IV


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I. SWIMMING POOLSDISEASE AND WATER QUALITY

C. R.1. The Problem of Surface Film onSwimming Pool Water. Swimming Pool

Age, 31:11:62, November 1957.The concept of pollution from surface films wasstudied experimentally in order to assess itsimportance as a practical problem. It wasfound that surface water contained considerablymore organisms than the same volume of watercollected at a depth of one foot. The organismspresent on the surface were predominantly sta-phlycocci and viridans streptococci with veryfew conforms while results of samples takenbelow the surface were just the opposite.

Harold F. ; and Kabler, Paul W.2. Reevaluation of the Significance ofTHE COLIFORM BACTERIA. Jourmal, Amer-

ican Water Works Association, 56:7:931,July 1964.The intended water use should determine thetechnical procedures used in bacteriological e.x-amination of the waters. Criteria are suggestedfor interpreting the significance of the variousmembers of the coliform group in the investi-gation of water pollution. The scientific basisfor the use of the coliform groups as pollutionindicators is reviewed and the various methodsused in interpreting coliform data are dis-cussed.

pool is a nonchlorinated, flll-and-draw type poolwith rough concrete and rock walls. Mycrobac-terium balnei, isolated from the pool and thelesions, was indicated as the causative organism.

Dick, Elliot C. ; Shull, Ivan F. ; andArmstrong, Alan S.5. Surface-Subsurface Distribution ofBacteria in Swimming Pools Field

Studies. American Journal of PublicHealth, 50:5:689, May 1960.Seven outdoor swimming pools, located in Kan-sas City, Kans., Topeka, Kans., or the environsof these two cities were sampled without warn-ing during the summer of 1958 to determine sur-face-subsurface distribution of bacteria. Twopools were typical fill and draw pools which werehand chlorinated with hypochlorites ; the remain-der of the pools examined were recirculatinpools with different filtration and recirculatiosystems. Although the surface-subsurface sam-pling results indicated that there may be concentration of bacteria in the surface film, thconcentration does not appear to be alarmingAlmost all surface or subsurface counts felwithin the standards set by the American Public Health Association for swimming pools tbe labeled as "fair."

Farrington, Joseph; Murray, Nelson A.; andJeffries, Mildred

6. Swimming Pool Granuloma, Journaof the Florida Medical Association, 47 :4400, October 1960.

Roy L.3. Resume of Swimming Pool Granu-loma. The Sanitarian. 23:2:105, Sep-

tember-October 1960.Reports the clinical features and laboratoryfindings of 262 cases of granulomatous lesionsof the skin. All cases gave a history of swim-ming in a warm mineral water pool in Glen-wood Springs, Colo. The construction of thedraw and fill pool is outlined. It is pointed outthat due to the rough surface of the walls thepool cannot be completely drained thereby pro-viding a habitat for the growth of bacteria.

Reviews some medical literature showing thagranuloma which causes skin lesions has beelinked to abrasive accidents in swimming poolsFour cases of granuloma occurring in northerFlorida are reported in which each case hareceived an abrasion at the site of the lesionwhile swimming.

Favero, Martin S. ; Drake, Charles H. ; andRandall, Georganne B.

7. Use of Staphylococci as IndicatorOF Swimming Pool Pollution. PubliHealth Reports, 79:1:61, January 1964

Roy L. ; Mollohan, Cecil S. ; andRomer, Mary S.4. The Mystery of the Swimming Pool.Rocky Mountain Medical Joumal,bS :3 :31,March 1961.

Public health authorities investigated an epi-demic of 262 cases of "sore elbow" occurring inbathers in the Glenwood Springs, Colo. pool. The

The predominant bacterial flora of 12 publicuniversity and private swimming pools werstudied for a 2-year period to determine thvalidity of present standards for measuring thwater's sanitary quality. The results indicatethat present standards based on the presence othe coliform bacteria and the total count arinadequate. It is suggested that the staphylococci be adopted as indicators of pollutionswimming pools with an allowable maximum oless than 100 staphylococci per 100 ml. of water


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Greenberg, Arnold E.; and Kupka, Edward7 Swimming Pool Injuries, Mycobac-teria, AND Tuberculosis-like Disease.Public Health Reports, 72:10:902, Octo-ber 1957.Reports studies that indicate the possibility thatabrasive accidents in swimming pools may leadto inoculation lupus vulgaris, granulomatoustuberculosis lesions, or other tuberculosis-likelesions. The authors conclude that since theswimming pool appears to be a factor in diseasetransmission, smooth-surface vi^alls and break-point chlorination will prove effective in curtail-ing epidemics.

Kelly, Sally; and Sanderson, Wallace W.9. Enteric Viruses in Wading Pools.

Public Health Reports, 76:199, March1961.The isolation of viruses from urban wadingpools showing no chlorine residual indicated thata potential health hazard may exist. The failureto detect viruses in chlorinated swiiiiming poolssampled during the same period and in the samearea suggested that chlorination of wadingpools is needed.

Freshwater bathing beaches where the waterunchlorinated were found to have relatively hindices of enteric bacteria.

McLean, Donald M. ; Brown, John R. ; andNixon, Murray C.13. Microbiological and Chemical Invetigations OF Outdoor Public Swi

ming Pools. Canadian Jout^nal of PubHealth, 52:61, February 1961.During summer 1960, coliform organismsother enteric bacteria were recovered fromoutdoor public swimming pools in Torontospite levels of free residual chlorine which wmaintained above 0.2 p.p.m. No virus waslated from 88 samples of water. While levelsammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogenmained relatively unchanged in an overflrefill pool, concentrations of these constitueincreased steadily toward the end of the summin the recirculating pool.

Meslin, Jerry14. Watch Out for Pool GranulomSivimming Pool Age, 34:12:164, Dece

ber 1960.Mailman, W. L.

10. Cocci Test for Detecting Mouth andNose Pollution of Swimming PoolWater. American Jotirnal of PublicHealth, 52:12:2001, December 1962.

Discusses a skin disease, granuloma, that maycontracted in swimming pools from scratcheabrasions. Points out that studies in SwedenCalifornia have revealed that rough pool sfaces, particularly walls, and poor water difection are contributing factors in the spreathe disease.

Fourteen school swimming pools were tested foithe presence of cocci from September 28, 1960,to March 1, 1961. Intensive spot examination ofswimming pool water during heavy bathingloads yielded varying numbers of cocci per sam-ple. Pollution appeared to be in pockets of con-tamination that disappeared as a result of dis-semination and destruction by chlorine. Therelation to spread of disease was not studied.

McLean, Donald M.11. Contamination of Water by Viruses.Jownal, American Water Works Associa-

tion, 56:5:.585, May 1964.Reviews studies of chemical, bacteria, and viruscontent of swimming pools, wading pools, lakeshores, and drinking water supplies. In mostcases no viruses were detected in the water.

12. Infection Hazards in Swimming Pools.Pediatrics, 31:5:811, May 1963.Studies of the microbiological and chemicalcharacteristics of outdoor public swimmingpools in Toronto, Canada, during three succes-sive summers indicate that it is unlikely thatadequately halogenated swimming pools willprovide a serious infection hazard for children.

Mollohan, Cecil S. ; and Romer, Mary S.15. Public Health Significance of Swiming Pool Granuloma. American Jonal of Public Health, 51 :6 :883, June 19Reports an outbreak of more than 200 caof "sore elbow" (swimming pool granulocaused by Mycobacterium balnei with the souof the infection being a swimming pool in Glwood Springs, Colo. Describes the case findiclinical features, treatment, laboratory findinthe swimming pool, epidemiology, tubercureaction, and doses with several factors havmarked public health implications that hbeen raised by the study.

Morgan, John K. ; and Blowers, Robert16. Swimming Pool Granuloma in Br

ain. The Lancet, One for 1964; 731034, May 9, 1964.Two cases of swimming pool granuloma arescribed. Two young boys who grazed tnoses, while diving, on the bottom of a saltwswimming pool developed lesions at the sitthe injury. Points out that this is only theond reported outbreak of granuloma inwater.


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Ralph S., Jr. ; Berg, Gerald ; Clarke,Norman A. ; Stevenson, Robert E. ; Pooler, Bar-bara G. ; and Hyde, Robert T.17. Viruses and Illnesses in a Boy's Sum-mer Camp. American Journal of Hygiene,70:3:254, November 1959.

This report concerns virus infection and minorillnesses in a boy's summer camp in 1957. Theintensity and frequency of exposure to specificcommunal objects, including the swimming pool,did not increase the risk of enterovirus infec-tion. No virus was recovered from swimmingpool water sampled daily during the camp sea-son.

Mary; Heacock, Charlotte; andTakacs, Virginia

18. An Epidemic of Swimming Pool Gran-uloma. Nursing Outlook, 8:12:690, De-cember 1960.Of 262 cases of swimming pool granuloma, allgave histories of swimming in the GlenwoodSprings, Colo., pool. Mycobacterium balnei, thesame organism found in the lesions of cases, wasisolated from crevices in the rock which formedthe walls of the non-chlorinated, native stone,mineral pool.

22.

23.

Suggests how to make a swimming pool as safas possible. Included are safety rules for overflow gutters, drainage outlets, diving boardsand diving towers. The importance of having aadequate number of qualified lifeguardsstressed.

Handlingming Pool1957.

Chlorine Safely. SunmAge, 31:11:92, Novembe

Provides suggested safety measures for handling chlorine gas equipment including first ameasures, good pipe jointing practices, and tesing systems for chlorine gas leaks.The Lifeguard Must Know His Pool'Prime Danger Areas. Swimming PooAge, 33 :4 :38, April 1959.a list of chief pool danger areas with reasowhy they are considered dangerous has beecompiled from questionnaires filled out by lifguards of the Department of Recreation anParks, City of Los Angeles. Some of the dangeareas are: the bathers' entrance; the pool decpool ladders; and diving towers.

24. A Manual for the Lifeguard. Swimming Pool Age, 33 :5 :32, May 1959.SAFETY

Jeffrey18C Four Ways to a Safer Pool. Swimming^ Pool Age, 38:10:30, October 1964.

A discussion of the need for qualified lifeguardsto maintain safety in the pool. The followingstandards are suggested: (1) The head guardat any public pool should be a college graduateand preferably one with a major in physicaleducation; (2) Half of the guards should bewater safety instructors with a minimum of 3years in water safety work, (3) The remaininghalf of the lifeguards should he certified as hav-ing passed senior life saving and be at least 18years old; (4) All guards should be expected tokeep abreast of new developments in watersafety.

20. ARC Adopts Mouth-to Mouth Resus-citation. Swimming Pool Age, 33:9:65,August 1959.Outlines the mouth-to-mouth technique of arti-ficial respiration that has been approved by theAmerican Red Cross.

21. Basic Rules for Safety. SwimmingPool Age, 38:4:45, April 1964.

Gives some general rules plus some "do's" an"don'ts" for a lifeguard, and some rules that tpublic should follow. Provides a list of suggetions to aid in orienting swimming personnelproper emergency procedures.25. The New Resuscitation TechniquesA Review. Swimming Pool Age, 33 :6 :5June 1959.

Discusses the mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-nosand arm-lift, back-pressure methods of artificirespiration, along with the Richard method,technique of resuscitation of infants and smachildren. Diagrams are given showing the tecniques to be used in each method. The impotance of immediately starting artificial respirtion on a person who has stopped breathingstressed.

26. New Safety Tip for Pools. SivimminPool Age, 39:4:46, April 1965.A new idea in marking pool depths is a "contodepth line" which is a painted or taped linea wall or fence showing the graduated depththe pool. By standing beside it, a child can copare his height with the pool depth, and hopifully will play only in areas where he can safeaccommodate himself.

27. Pool Personnel: The Lifeguard anSwimming Instructor. Sivimming PooAge, 31:4:50, April 1957.


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A list of the duties and responsibilities of apool lifeguard is given. It is recommended thatboth lifeguards and swimming instructors holdan American Red Cross water safety instruc-tor's certificate. Suggestions are offered for aprocedure that will permit servicing of accidentcases at the pool in a manner that will be tothe best interest of the victim, the city, and theinsurance company.

28. Public Safety Matter of Communi-cating. Swimming Pool Data and Refer-ence Annual, 33:158, 1966.Gives tips on how to effectively relay safetymessages to the public. The yardstick in measur-ing communication success is not how much wassaid or written, but how much got through topeople and what they did with it in terms offew accidents.

29. When a Life is in BalanceResusci-TATORS. Stvimming Pool Data and Refer-ence Annual, 33:153, 1966.Discusses the importance of having a resusci-tator readily available at a public swimmingpool. Points out that many resuscitator modelsare light, small, and completely portable. Every-thing fits into a lightweight carrying case.

Caldwell, Stratton F.30. Safety in the Swimming Pool. Stvim-ming Pool Age, 31 :9 :54, September 1957.

Qualifications that a lifeguard should possessare outlined. Swimming pool regulations arelisted with regard to the pool, the pool deck,conduct in the water, and diving board safety.A one-minute quiz is given that will aid in de-termining if a swimming pool possesses the re-quirements needed to be considered safe for itspatrons.

Damonte, Lowell31. Safety in Pool Design and Operation.Swimming Pool Age, 34:7:28, July 1960.

A review of some of the swimming pool fea-tures that can cause accidents including divingboards, diving board ladders, slides, and smoothpool decks. Stresses that reliable lifeguards arean important factor in pool safety.

Fisher, Jack32. Pool Safety Rules, Regulations, andProcedures. Swimming Pool Age, 31 :5

42, May 1957.Some general rules governing the behavior ofswimmers in the swimming area and good sani-tation practices are reviewed. Guidelines aresuggested for setting up rules and regulationsfor a pool or swimming area and for proceduresused to implement the regulations.

Fry, Eugene B.33. "Resuscitators Are a Must for PoAND Beach Areas." Swimming Po

Age, 40:7:30, July 1966.Included in this discussion of resuscitatorsrecommended criteria for selecting a resustator to meet pool or beach needs. It is notthat lifegTiards should be trained to operaresuscitation equipment and their rescue opetion geared to this piece of equipment.

Haapaniemi, Ed34. How To Revitalize the Safety Prgram AT Your Pool. Swimming PoAge, 32:11:58, November 1958.

Some major points in revitalization of a psafety program are: (1) condition the indivual to your safety effort by giving himdesirable facility to enjoy; (2) identify pubawareness of your safety effort; (3) conditthe individual to your safety effort by takadvantage of every educational opportunity tis available.

Jones, John C, Jr.35. Pool Safety for Motels, Hotels, aApartments. Siuimming Pool Age, 3

4:35, April 1962.Outlines items that should be considered icomprehensive safety program including resand first aid equipment, rules for patrons,lifeguarding. Points out the necessity of insption and maintenance of the pool as safety a

Kauffman, Earl36. Drownings Parks and Recreati

48:5:315, May 1965.Discusses human factors in drowning, envirmental factors in drowning, and the interacbetween man and his environment. The needa major offensive involving education, legition, and control is illusti-ated by two studiedrownings.

Lanoue, Fred R.37. Learn To "Drownproof" YourseThis Summer. Swimming Pool Age,

6:40, June 1959.The experiments conducted to perfectLanoue-Georgia Tech technique of "drownproing," together with an exact description ofprocedure are detailed. The experimentsducted showed that poor swimmers, usingtechnique, stayed afloat for an average ofhours and 40 minutes.


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John S.38. Warning! Underwater Swim Can BeDangerous. Swimming Pool Age, 38 :4

56, April 1964.

Pezolt, C. W.43. How Good Is Your Safety Program?Swimming Pool Age, 34:12:160, December 1960.

Discusses observations of a case of loss of con-sciousness as a result of hyperventilation. Theauthor concludes that hyperventilation is a dan-gerous procedure, particularly when carried toan extreme. No one is safe from its possibleharmful effects because the condition of anydiver varies sufficiently from day to day to theextent that no one can predict when unconscious-ness may appear.

William D.^ 39. Spotlight on Pool Safety. Swimming

Pool Age, 34:12:76, December 1960.In planning safely for pool and patrons fiveareas should be considered: (1) general con-struction plans; (2) sanitation; (3) insurance;(4) instruction for safety; (5) pool guarding.Each of the five areas is discussed with empha-sis on lifeguarding.

Discusses five types of emergencies which caoccur at a swimming pool and the procedure tfollow in each case: (1) a drowning person whis conscious when rescued; (2) a drowning person who is unconscious when rescued; (3) minocuts or bruises; (4) broken bones; (5) heavbleeding. Gives basic first aid procedures fogiving temporary care to a victim of illness oaccident, until a physician can be obtained.

Yavapai County, Ariz., Youth Center44. Pool Safety and Sanitation. Swimming Pool Age, 31:7:74, July 1957.

Requirements that are necessary for a competent lifeguard are suggested. Duties of a lifeguard concerning pool supervision and sanitation are listed. A complete set of rules is givegoverning swimmers in regard to the pool, thpool deck, the dressing room, and sanitation.

Paul40. Water Safety. Canadian Journal

Public Health, 56:6:239, June 1965.C. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

^/ General

Suggests facilities and equipment that shouldbe required to promote safety at waterfronts,swimming pools, and in boats. The importanceof public knowledge of general swimming andboating safety, rescue, and artificial respirationis stressed. Lists a set of rules that apply tothe behavior of the public at pools and water-fronts.

hael, Jerrold M.41. Safety: The Pool Designer's Respon-

sibility. Swimming Pool Age, 34 :7 :36,July 1960.Lists the features of a swimming pool thatshould be properly designed to reduce safetyhazards including steps, chlorination equipment,and electrical wiring. Suggests pool rescue andfirst aid equipment that should be at poolsideand discusses the responsibilities of lifeguards.

D. W., Jr.J 42. Increase Pool Safety With Attrac-tive Matting. Swimming Pool Age, 312:47, February 1957.The use of rubber matting as a safety measurein swimming pools is discussed showing howdifferent types of matting can be used aroundthe sides of the pool, the bottom of the pool,and on steps leading into the pool to aid in pre-venting accidents caused by slippery surfaces.

Anonymous45. Building the Home Swimming PoolPart I and Part II. Swimming PooAge, 31:8:22, August 1957; 3i:9:26

September 1957.Data and information are presented to aid ithe design and construction of small outdooswimming pools. Suggestions are included othe planning, operation, and maintenance ofpool along with design and construction i-ecommendations.

46. Design for a School Pool. SwimminPool Age, 34:12:64, December 1960.The indoor swimming pool at the McMurricSenior Public School in Toronto, Canada, serveas a recreation facility for both students anthe community. The deck-level pool featuressafety ledge at the deep end along the sides aa level below water of 4 feet. The concrete blocwalls of the pool building were finished with aepoxy paint. The architects claim the life anmaintenance costs of the epoxy finish to be aleast the equal of tile.

47. Flush Deck Swimming Pools. PubliWorks, 88:3:116, March 1957.The design features of a water level pool aroutlined. This type of pool utilizes an overflogutter located in recessed sections of the dec


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surrounding the pool. The surface scum in thepool is removed by a series of skimmers placedat intervals around the perimeter.

48. Hershey Builds Novel Indoor-OutdoorPool. Swimvdng Pool Data and Refer-ence Annual, 32:41, 1965.Discusses the enclosure of an indoor-outdoorpool in Hershey, Pa. The cover is glass insulatedand the roof is constructed of T-iron. The sidesand overhead are fully retractable.

49. New School Pool Stresses Safety,Utility. Sivimming Pool Age, 31:4:48,April 1957.This indoor pool in Long Island has such safetyfeatures as cleat-tread tile at both ends for non-slip, competitive turns; a nonslip tile deckaround the pool, and toegrip nosing, made ofceramic tile, around the pool's edge as an addedprecaution against slipping. Light reflection onthe pool is reduced by using prismatic glasswindows and by using lights with diifused lens.

50. Not an Ordinary Park Pool. ParkMaintenance, 19:3:50, March 1966.Describes how the swimming pool in Myersdale,Pa., has been improved each year and now thisyear a filtration system is being added. Initialconstruction was an earthen jiool and sandbeaches. Now the pool is completely concreted.Future plans call for the construction of a bath-house.

51. One Poolming Pool1957.

Two Overflows. Stvim-Age, 31:11:78, NovemberDetails are presented for a pool with overflowtroughs at deck level and 18 inches below. Thisarrangement allows the depth to be raised orlowered 18 inches providing a larger portion ofshallow or deep water as needed.

52. A Pool "For Employees Only." Swim-ming Pool Age, 33:10:35, October 1959.The Flick-Reedy Corp., when building a newplant included a swimming pool for the benefitof employees and their families. The 40- x 60-foot pool, in addition to recreational use, isbeing used as a test vehicle for a new chemicaland water filter developed by the company. Theswimming pool room walls are coated with animpervious, sprayed-on plastic designed to re-sist the attacks of a high humidity atmosphere.

53. Swimming Pool Covers. Swimming PoolAge. 32:9:32, September 1958.The biggest advantage of a swimming poolcover is its ability to keep out leaves and debriswhich would clog drains and foul filters if left

in the pool. There are a large variety of comaterials but the two major plastics usedcovers are vinyl and nylon. The different weigand sizes of pool covers and methods for tydown covers are described.54. Swimming Pool Design. Institutio

44:6:78, June 1959.Offers suggestions on designing the varioustures of a swimming pool including pool spool depth, safety features, pool fittings,mechanical equipment. Water quality requments are briefly discussed. The importancedesigning a pool with built-in safety featurestressed.

55. Swimming Pool Hall of Fame Becoing Reality. Swimming Pool DataReference Annual, 32:28, 1965.A description of the pool area and the builof the Swimming Hall of Fame in Fort Lauddale, Fla. Also included are the expectedpenses and revenues from operating the poo

56. Zero -Depth Shallow -End OutdoTherapy Pool. Swimming Pool Age,10:39, October 1959.The Easter Seal Society has constructed aat their summer residential camp near Harburg, Pa., that allows crippled children to ethe experience of swimming. The 60- x 40-wedge-shaped pool has a depth variance fzero to nine feet. The sloping shallow area,tending 36 feet, permits wheel chairs to ethe pool and has a maximum depth of 3 fThe shallow area is separated from the diarea by a safety rail and galvanized wire scr

Artz, Robert M.57. Covered Pool Gains DistinctiParks and Recreation, 47 :2 :72, Febru

1964.Describes the conversion of an outdoor swming pool in Springfield, Ore., to a combinaindoor-outdoor pool. Discusses the "Lameltype of roof support, and the heating, ventiing, and lighting systems.

58. A Summer Pool Dons a Winter CoThe American City, 79:8:94, Aug1964.See item No. 7.

Benson, Jewell R.59. The Soil - Isolation ConstructMethod. Sivimming Pool Data and Rerence Annual, 30:20, 1962.

The principles of soil-isolation and the methof construction are reviewed. Prefabric


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asphalt or asphalt-plastic linings are laid di-rectly over the soil and covered with a cushioncourse of permeable sand or sand-gravel provid-ing a barrier between the pool and the soil. Thistype of soil-isolation minimizes heaving andcracking of swimming pools due to the destruc-tive action of swelling soils and frost.

60. Where Soil and Water Should NotMix. Public Works, 92:11:109, Novem-ber 1961.

6ey

See item No. 59.

Tony' A Stunning "E"-Shaped Olympic Poolfor Recreation, Education, and Com-petition. Swimming Pool Age, 36:1:38,January 1962.This pool in Easton, Pa., is built on land whichwas formerly a dump. The gunite pool featuresa recirculation system consisting of 21 auto-matic surface skimmers which pull 513 gallonsper minute from the pool and 29 inlets to returnfiltered water to the pool. The specially builtdiatomaceous earth filters handle loads of 1,000to 1,500 swimmers daily and require back-wash-ing once a week.

vis, E. H. ; and McColIister, H. M.62. NEV\r Design and Construction Prin-

ciples FOR Pools Subject to SevereClimatic Conditions. Swimming PoolData and Reference Annual, 28:12, 1960.The nature of common structural failures inswimming pools of standard design is discussed.The steps leading to development of the newdesign concepts are reviewed. Typical swimmingpools are presented as evidence of the successwhich has been achieved through the applicationof the new principles.Vern

63. Building On-The-Job-Site "ExpandedMetal" Concrete Pools. SivimmingPool Age, 31 :3 :39, March 1957.Describes a method for building swimming poolsin which expanded metal is assembled on thejob site into a double-wall form into which con-crete is poured and the "forms" left in the wallto add to the reinforcing structural strength.Among the advantages claimed for this type ofconstruction are a very strong structural walllow-slump conciete can be used; and a mono-lithic poured concrete structure free of expan-sion joints.

Ronald64. Activity is Key to Six-Acre Park inFremont, Nebr. Park Maintenance, 18

3:56 March 1965.

Six-acre Ronin Park in Fremont, Nebr., includesplayground equipment, a swimming pool, and alighted Softball field. The design of the parkfacilities is discussed.

Donoghue, John L.65. Indoor Into Outdoor Pool in FourMinutes. Swimming Pool Age, 33:11:

67, November 1959.A pool in the Chicago Park District has anelectrically operated movable roof that is movedon a 20-inch tram beam from above the pool to aposition over the bathhouse. The heating andventilation of the natorium is provided by wall-hung steam unit radiators. The radiators arecapable of wiping condensation from the walls.

66/ No Unused Areas in Swimming Pooly Design. Public Works, 94:6:104, JuneV 1963.

T-shaped or L-shaped pools with shallow areasalong the entire longitudinal side are suggestedas a design for maximum usage of swimmingpool area. The design detail of a T-shaped poolin Morton Grove, 111., is outlined, showing maxi-mum usage of pool area.

Ellis, Virgil M. ; and LaBoiteaux, R. M.67. Aluminum Swimming Pools. ParkMaintenance, 11:3:24, March 1958.

The city of Hamilton, Ohio, found that an alum-inum swimming pool offered freedom fromcracking, leaking, and rust in addition to uniquebuilt-in design features. The rollout ledge ex-tending around the pool perimeter is part of themain structure combined with a specially formedextrusion which serves as the overflow drainand is covered by the rollout ledge with drainslots to provide skimming in every perimeterfoot of the pool.

Enbody, M. W., Sr.68. Is THE Home Pool "Engineered?"Swimming Pool Age, 33:6:35, June 1959.

The importance of having an adequate founda-tion for a swimming pool is stressed. Sand,sandy loam, and decomposed granite providestable foundations. Some of the diatomaceousshales, adobe, or other expansible soils are dan-gerous and the pool should be designed for thiscondition.

Friedland, Alan L. ; and Yonelunas, Robert J.69. New Trends in Swimming Pool De-

sign. Public Works, 96:4:121, April/l965.Some of the items that should be considered indesigning a swimming pool are discussed includ-ing pool shape, deck space, management facil-ities, filter units, gutters and skimmers, andlighting. Some of the new design trends in


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pools are outlined such as the modified T-shapedpool with the shallow area in the crossbar andthe deep section in the stem.

and bathhouses. Tables show a complete bredown of construction costs on five swimmpools of different size and shape.

Fritz, David H.70. Approach to Ecomomy in Pool De-

sign, Construction. Parks and Recrea-tion, 44:4:160, April 1961.Highland Park, 111., found careful planning,subcontracting, selfservice lockers, concretetrench supply and return water system, packagefilter, and concrete-block wall construction alladd up to substantial savings in pool construc-tion. A 6-point system that could save over$50,000 in construction costs is outlined.

Gottschalk, Jere L.71. The Pressure on the Pools. Parks and

Recreation, 43:1:14, January 1960.Points out that with increased leisure time morepools will have to be constructed to accommo-date patrons. Stresses that in planning for apool considerable thought should be given to theindoor-outdoor type pool which allows year-round use. Some of the new trends in swimmingpool construction such as package filter plantsand separate swimming, diving, and wadingpools are discussed.

Graves, Charles M.72. Guidelines to More Effective PoolPlanning, Development, Construc-

tion. Swimming Pool Age, 37:9:18B,September 1963.Suggestions are given on the pool size, poolmarkings and lines, pool depths, deck space, andwading pools. Points out that a pool, to bestserve the users should be designed to includeregulation lengths, proper water depths, ade-quate equipment, and safety control features.

73. Million Dollar Recreation CenterFeatures t-Shaped, Olympic-Size Pool.S'wimming Pool Age, 34 :7 :70, July 1960.This T-shaped pool in Cobb County, Ga., pro-vides separation of swimming and diving areas.The water surface is made visible to the diversby bubbles formed from pumping compressed airinto the diving area. Main drains are of theantivortex type which safeguard the swimmerbecause no vortex is caused by water drainingfrom the pool. After being filtered by diatoma-ceous earth filters and chlorinated the water is\ introduced into the pool by jet-type inlets.74. Nev^^ Trends in Swimming Pool De-sign. Siuimniing Pool Age, 37 :1 :40, Jan-uary 1963.Considers new design trends in construction,pool shape and size, gutters, inlets, main drains.

75. Now Under Construction Co$61,000. Swimming Pool Age, 33:7:July 1959.The walls and floor of the L-shaped poolDouglas, Ga., were poured as a monolithicthus eliminating the use of expansion jowhich can be a prime source of leaks. An avortex-type main drain was used for the saof swimmers. This type of drain eliminatesvortex over the drain which has been the cof accidents, the swimmers being held downthe force of the suction. Because the pool isneighborhood type and most people usingpool dress at home, the size of the bathhwas kept at a minimum.

76. The Outdoor Pool and BathhouSivimming Pool Data and Referencenual, 28:22, 1960.See item No. 75.

77. Successful Pool Centers are Plned That Way. Sivimming Pool Dand Reference Annual, 32:16, 1965.See item No. 72.

Griffin, A. E.78. Chemical Feed Equipment. Swimm

Y, Pool Age, 32:11:56, November 1958.Describes the specialized equipment used todle gas, liquid, and solid chemicals in pool wtreatment. The following conclusionsreached: (1) feeders are available forchemical that might be needed in swimmingwater treatment; (2) all chemical feederscorrosion resistant; (3) when ordering chemfeeders always specify the exact chemicalhandled and the form; namely, gas, liquidsolid; (4) where possible state the amountrate of chemical to be added: (5) modern cical feeding equipment is durable and accu

Hirsch, Phil79. Unusual Design Cuts Swimming P

Costs. Public Works, 88:2:113,ruary 1957.Two pools in Park Ridge, 111., were constrof welded steel plates and utilize "closed cirwater distribution systems. Both poolsequipped with floor trenches from which trwater is introduced into the pools. Withtype of supply arrangement most of the mathat would normally settle is carried to theface and removed by scum gutters therebducing the frequency of pool cleaning.


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Hubbard, Lloyd S.80. Design Problems of Large Pools.Swimming Pool Age, 37:6:16, June 1963.

Considers factors of preliminary desigfn includ-ing sizing and location of the facility, choice ofpool shape, choice of indoor or outdoor pool, bathhouse design, and budgeting. Points out theimportance of each factor and careful considera-tion of them before undertaking the specificdesign of a pool.

81. Hub of a Complete Community Recre-ation Complex. Stvimming Pool Dataand Reference Annual, 31:12, 1964.

eluded in the discussion are: location, pool siswimming lanes, water depth, diving, pomarking, pool deck area, and lighting.Leicester, John B.

85. Movable Bulkhead Provides Flexibiity. Swimming Pool Age, 39:4:1April 1965.The School of Physical Education of the Unversity of Saskatchewan found that the answto the problems of flexible pool length, a dtinct diving area, and adequate pool divisiwas a movable bulkhead. The specifications fthe bulkhead are discussed.

The Olympic size, L-shaped pool at Oak Park,111., employs a reverse flow type recirculationsystem which removes water at the shallow endfirst to reduce excessive contamiantion in thisarea. Mercui-y vapor floodlights, used to lightthe pool area at night, offer many advantages.It is estimated that the lamps will not bum outfor nearly 20 years since they are used for onlythree hours per evening during the swimmingseason.

Jackson, Howard E.82. Movie Theatre into Swim School.Swimming Pool Age, 33 :6 :50, June 1959.

A former movie theater in Everett, Wash.,houses a swimming pool. The pool, which is sup-ported by 21 reinforced concrete pillars set on4-foot pads on the hardpan, is located whereformerly the main floor had been. The theaterbalcony was left in to provide spectator seating.Existing restrooms were remodeled to providedressing rooms, showers, and toilets.

Jerus, George R.83. Design of Swimming Pools. Air Con-

ditioning, Heating, and Ventilating, 542:114, February 1957.A detailed review of items that should be con-sidered in swimming pool design including poolsize, recirculation system, filters, pumps, poolinlets and outlets, and disinfection. Numerousdiagrams illustrate such items as the recircu-lation system piping, hookup for diatomaceousearth filter and precoat unit, and piping ar-rangement for a scum gutter.

86. Movable Bulkhead Provides Flexibiity. Swiming Pool Data and ReferenAnnval, 33:128, 1966.See item No. 85.

MacDonald, Kenneth87. Column - Free, Supported - by - CablStructure. Swimming Pool Age, 35:

22, June 1961.The pool building of Central Washington Clege in Ellensburg, Wash., is completely suported by bridge strand cables on pre-stressconcrete pylons. The interior of the building hsprayed on insulation and zig-zag walls toduce noise.

MacKenzie, M. M.88. U.S. Air Force Academy Pool. Swiming Pool Age, 33:11:78, Novemb

1959.Both new pools were designed with movabbulkheads to allow for large or small teachistations and to permit swimming competitover various established courses. The bulkheadweighing about 8 tons each, are power operatThe intramural pool has a constant depth7 feet. The pool is used for intersquadron copetition in water polo and swimming as wellfor instruction. The second pool has a depranging from iVz to 18 feet. The bulkheapermit the diving and swimming area toseparated.

Kahms, Frederick W., Jr.84. What Makes a Good School Pool?Swimming Pool Data and Reference An-

nual, 30:51, 1962.A number of the country's leading coaches speakout frankly on those features which they con-sider goodand badin their own pools andwhat they would like to have built into the"ideal" pool if they could plan over again. In-

Mangan, Florence J.89. Pool-Skating Complex Gives GreNeck a Year -Around Center. Pa

Maintenance, 19:3:32, March 1966.This recreation facility in Long Island, N.includes a swimming pool for summer recrtion and an ice skating rink for winter recrtion. The pool and rink are both operated onannual membership basis.


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Alvin A.90. We Give an Old Swimming Pool New

Ideas. The American City, 73:91, Aug-ust 1958.For $57,000 the city of Portsmouth, N. H., hasconverted a fill and draw pool, 30 years old, hav-ing no treatment equipment, to a new pool with900,000-gallons capacity and diatomaeeous earthfilters.

cCloud, Paul W.91. "Twenty-Six Skimmers, Twenty FeetApart." Sivimmg Pool Age, 34:12:112,December 1960.

A community swimming pool in Wyomissing,Pa., has these unusual features: (1) water issupplied from a century-old spring house: (2)the recreation area and pool are built on a sitethat was once swampy wasteland; (3) the poolis equipped with 26 skimmers which in turn arefiltered through a vacuum-type filter. The 26skimmers, placed 20 feet apart, pull about 20gallons of water per minute to the filter.

Means, Louis92. Planning Aquatic Space and FacilityRequirements. Swimming Pool Age,

31:7:24, July 1957.Recommendations are given for designing swim-ming pools to accommodate elements of anaquatic program such as instruction, competi-tion, recreation, and diving. Design features in-cluding space requirements are given for facil-ities incorporated in pool planning includingbathhouse, checkroom and office. Pool heating,lighting, and water quality control are brieflyreviewed.

Meslin, Jerry93. An Operator's Advice to Pool Build-

ers. Siciming Pool Age, 33:10:21, Octo-ber 1959.Some examples of pool design and buildingerrors that impose hardships on the pool op-erator and his patrons. For instance, one de-signer installed a diatomaeeous earth filter tooclose to the ceiling. Consequently, when the filterseptums needed cleaning or repairing, a holehad to be chopped through the deck to removethe elements.

94. A Sidewalk View of U-Miami PoolConstruction. Sivimming Pool Dataand Reference Annual, 33:146, 1966.The pool at the University of Miami possessesthe newest features in pool design and will beheated in cold weather for year-round use.Among the new features are: an observationroom with an underwater window for coachingand "TV"; a surface rippling system to provide

better diving visibility; and the diving arealocated in the center of the pool.

Michael, J. M.95. How to Calculate Maximum Swimme

Load. Sivimming Pool Age, 33:11:17November 1959.An example problem of calculating used loing for a pool is solved using American PublHealth Association criteria for user loading.

96. How TO Calculate Maximum SwimmeLoad. Swimming Pool Data and Refeence Annual, 28:364F, 1960.See item No. 95.

97. How TO Determine the AccuracyBasic Pool Equipment. Sivimming PoAge, 33:11:124, November 1959.Sample calculations are given for determinif the basic equipment supplied for a 164-75-foot pool is adequate for a 6-hour turnovThe basic equipment includes: 5 horizontal sfilters, 8 feet in diameter and 14 feet loperating with a 50-foot head loss; 40 h.p. dble suction centrifugal pump with 50 per cefficiency at high load conditions, dry alfeeder with a maximum capacity of 200#/hrs. ; diaphragm pump soda ash feeder witmaximum capacity of 180#/24 hrs. ; gas chlinator with maximum feeding capacity of 7024 hrs.; 4 main drains spaced 15 feet on centat deepest point having 8" diameter outlet piwith 22-square-inch gratings; 30, 2" adjustainlets on equal centers completely around pool

Mills, G. David98. Lakewood "Waded" Into Small-FSwimming Pool Demand. Park Mai

tenance, 19:3:56, March 1966.Outlines design, construction, and operationsix wading-spray pools in Lakewood, Calif.pools were built to accommodate youngsteunder eight years of age, who were unableswim in the city's municipal pools because osafety policy.

National Swimming Pool Institute99. Corrosion in Swimming Pools andGeneral Guide to Materials Sel

tion. Sivimming Pool Data and Refence Annual, 31 :72, 1964.A review of: the general characteristics ofwaters; factors that determine the rate ofrosion ; how pool chemistry affects corrosiongalvanic action; the typical behavior of marials in pool water, including bare steel, copstainless steel, aluminum, and plastics; typbehavior of materials in soils ; atmosphericrosion and other factors influencing the chof materials for deck equipment.


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1100. The Many Uses of Plastics in Pools,Part I and Part II. Sivimming PoolAge, 38:10:16, October 1964; 38:11:24,November 1964.A report on the use of plastics for swimming

pool parts. Field experience has indicated no dif-ficulties with corrosion and few problems relatedto weathering or aging, but many failures dueto structural inadequacy. Of the problems beingencountered, most could be attributed to: (1)improper selection of material; (2) incorrectdesign of molded parts; (3) inferior fabricationtechniques. A few of the typical applications ofplastics in swimming pool parts are piping,pumps and valves, deck boxes, and surface skim-mers.

101. The Role of Aluminum in Pools,Part I and Part II. Swimming PoolAge, 39:4:52, April 1965; 39:5:38, May1965.A general report on aluminum including a dis-cussion of corrosion-resisting properties, corro-sion resistance in various environments, andcomponent application. Points out that galvaniceffects can promote corrosion of aluminum andrecommends that aluminum and more cathodicmetals be electrically insulated from each other.

102. The Role of Copper and Copper-BaseAlloys in Pools, Part I and Part II.Swimming Pool Age, 38 :6 :12, June 1964

;

38:7:20, July 1964.This report reviews the various characteristicsof copper and copper-base alloys such as corro-sion resistance in various environments, and theadvantages offered for various uses in swim-ming pools. It is concluded that copper is a verycorrosive resistant metal. Precautions are givenwhich should be maintained during construction,operation, and maintenance of the pool to as-sure satisfactory performance of copper and itsalloys.

103. The Use of Plastics in Pools. Swim-yning Pool Data and Reference Annual,32:179, 1965.See item No. 100.

104. The Use of Stainless Steels in Pools.Swimming Pool Data and Reference An-nual, 32:154, 1965.A general report on stainless steel including adiscussion of corrosion-resisting properties andcorrosion resistance in various environments.Stainless steels combine outstanding mechanicalproperties with excellent corrosion resistance toall types of pool waters, soils, and atmospheres.It is pointed out that in fresh water pools,regardless of application, good to excellentperformance can be obtained with type 304stainless steel for submerged components, un-derground piping, and deck equipment.

Newman, J. S.105. The Water Level Deck Design. Swimming Pool Data and Reference Annual

29:21, 1961.A review of principles governing the design ofwater level deck. The overflow gutter is locatnear the edge of the pool in a depressed sectiof the deck and is covered with metal gratinThe deck is sloped to the overflow gutter.

Nicholls, C. P. L.106. Swimming Pool Sidewall DesignPart I and II. Parks and Recreatio41:2:92, February 1958; 41:3:132March 1958.

In this discussion of sidewall design, diagrashow some of the steps in the evolution of posidewalls and various designs used in receyears. Among the items covered in the articare the "gunite" method of constructing sidwalls, listing some of the disadvantages and tdesign of an overflow trough or scum gutter.

Paddock, Pascal P.107. The Pool's Structural Shell. Swimming Pool Age, 33:5:25, May 1959.

The author notes that the structural shell ofswimming pool must be constructed to withstatemperature stresses and all tensile stresswhich may develop from any possible loadinThe shell should be unaffected by minor varitions which may be found in the bearing capaciof the subgrade. A suggested method of reforcing a concrete pool shell with steel is give

Prizier, Paul108. Plastics Becoming Big FactorBuilding Swimming Pools. Swimmin

Pool Data and Reference Annual, 33:151966.Advantages such as strength, ease of instaltion, corrosion resistance, and flexibility amaking plastics a popular material for swiming pool parts. Among the many parts beimanufactured are: surface skimmers, stefilter elements, strainer baskets, and chlorators. The design detail of a plastic skimmeroutlined in the article.

Rein, Martin109. The Inside Story of Vinyl Lin

Pools. Swimming Pool Data and Refeence Annual, 32 :24, 1965.The basic steps of constructing a vinyl lipool are outlined. Among the advantages of viliners are ease of maintenahce, less expensito care for than other pools, and the liner canreplaced. The main disadvantages of this p


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are that it can be punctured by sharp instru-ments and once emptied it is troublesome torefit the liner.

Jack110. The Precast Concrete Swimming

Pool. Sivimming Pool Age, 31:1:25,January 1957.The use of precast, prefabricated concrete wallsections for swimming pools is discussed. Amongthe advantages claimed for the precast pool arethe speed of installation; the concrete is accu-rately cui-ed under controlled conditions at themanufacturers plant; and the walls are stressedto stand up in any climate condition withoutreliance on the ground for support.

Ralph E.111. New Pool Equipment, Materials, andProject Design Features. Swimming

Pool Age, 34:8:40, August 1960.Outlines the features of the deck level, or roll-out pool. Among the advantages of this designare reduced water usage, reduced constructioncosts, and improved recirculation of pool \yater.A new feature in the recirculation system is theintroduction of return water back into the poolthrough a series of small nozzles in the poolfloor level. New features in deck area design,bathhouse design, and water conditioning equip-ment include uncovered bathhouses and pack-age-type water treatment units.

Ruskin, John H.112. Setting Proper Bathing Loads. Swim^ming Pool Data and Reference Annuxd,32:142, 1965.An accident in a public pool caused Detroit toreview its policy toward regulating pool facili-ties. A working subcommittee of an "ad hoccommittee" developed a system of maximumbathing loads and other safety considerationsfor Detroit pools. The committee used the"7-4.1" formula which provides for seven per-sons per 100 square feet of shallow water, fourpersons per 100 square feet of deep water, andone person per 100 square feet of usable deckarea. The controlling factors in setting userlimits were those related to life-guarding, swim-ming space, and other safety factors.

Schiller, Kenneth113. How TO Paint for Lasting Beauty.Swimming Pool Data and Reference

Annual, 29:154, 1961.

A report on the selection of proper pool paintsand adequate preparation of the pool surface.It is pointed out that good pool paint and surfacepreparation go hand in hand. A good pool paint

applied according to manufacturer's directionto a properly cleaned pool surface is a must.

114. How TO Save Time in Painting PoolsSwimming Pool Data and ReferencAnnual, 33:93, 1966.Discusses how to prepare concrete and stepool surfaces for painting, what type of paito use, and how to properly apply the paint. Thimportance of compatibility is stressed. On nepools, stay with the products of one manufaturer. Use his primer or undercoat, as the carequires, and his finish paints. Strict complianwith manufacturer's instruction is emphasizeA properly painted pool will reduce maintenanproblems.

115. Painting and Preserving. SwimminPool Data and Reference Annual, 30 :111962.When a plaster pool begins to show its apainting the pool is shown to be less expensithan replastering. This article tells how to ppare the pool surface for painting and howapply the paint. It is pointed out that to proply protect and revitalize a plaster pool, a quity paint that has been designed speciallyplaster pools should be used.

SchillmoUer, C. M.116. Corrosion : The Galvanic BehaviorMetals. Sivimming Pool Age, 34:9:4

September 1960.A discussion of galvanic corrosion including nsuggestions to minimize galvanic corrosiShows the galvanic series in which the metand alloys are arranged in such a manner asindicate their general tendencies to formvanic cells. Practical experience has shown tmetals and alloys within the nickel and copgroups have no great tendency toward mutgalvanic corrosion. Several of such materimay often be used togther.

117. Galvanic Corrosion of Pool MetalSivimming Pool Data and RefereAnnual, 2d -.158, 1961.See item No. 116.

Smith, H. S.118. Some New Ideas in a Swimming PoThe American City, 73:5:118, May 19

Describes the design features of a swimmfacility in Menasha, Wis., including the pool,bathhouse, the pool enclosure, and the lightThe pool was designed for a 50-year usefulby employing such features as monolitpoured-in-place concrete construction throout, and a peripheral pipe gallery aroundpool which allows access for maintenancthe piping system.


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1R. Jackson

119. Dartmouth College Updates its Swim-ming Facilities. Swimming Pool Dataand Reference Annual, 33 :7, 1966.Among the features incorporated in the newDartmouth College indoor pool and natatoriumare: an acoustical vapor barrier ceiling; a spec-tator-comfort heating and ventilation system; arecirculation system that permits access to mostof the pipes without costly underground tun-nels; and a deck-access glass-walled observationpit.

120. Separate Swimming and Diving Fa-cilities. Swimming Pool Data and Ref-erence Annual, 29 :24, 1961.The author suggests that separate diving facili-ties be placed at one end of the swimming pool;the pool be oriented so the diver faces north toavoid sun glare; and a watercurling arrange-ment be built in so the diver can see the watersurface. The design features of six facilitieswith separate swimming and diving facilitiesare outlined. A chart and diagram give Olympicdimensions for a swimming pool and diving plat-form

Presents the design detail of the indoor-outdoopool at North Bend, Ore., a Swimming Pool Agaward-winning public swimming pool. The pooenclosure was built facing south with high sloping windows to let in as much sunshine as possible. Overhead aluminum doors allow the pooto be opened to the outside in the summer. Thpool is "U"-shaped to provide separate swimming areas.

Weir, Allan A.125. Why Coating Pools is Important.Sivimming Pool Age, 39:1:134, Januar

1965.Discusses the various "paint" type coatings including chlorinated rubber, polyvinyl chlorideand epoxy polyamides, giving the advantageand disadvantages of each material. Factorthat may damage paints such as hydraulic pressure and osmotic effects are reviewed and solutions to such problems are suggested.

Whitney, Frank126. Our Indoor-Outdoor Swimming PoolsSivimming Pool Age, 33 :2 :24, Februar

1959.

121. Shapes and Sizes of Diving Pools.Architectural Record, 128:5:191, Novem-ber 1960.See item No. 120.

Philip122. Pool Equipment. Swimming Pool Data

and Reference Annual, 30:132, 1962.Discusses fittings, deck equipment, automaticskimmers, underwater lights, and the filter sys-tem in relation to what the equipment is ex-pected to do, what kind of design is best, andwhat to look for when purchasing equipment.Paul

123. Pool Equipment and Design. Swim-ming Pool Age, 32:11:136, November1958.Great strides have been made in equipment de-sign of pool products and choice of sv/immingpool materials during the past few years. Someof the new equipment is listed. The self-adjust-ing skimmer, which functions efficiently eventhough the water level in the pool varies asmuch as 4 inches, is described. Some recent re-search in filtration, such as that conducted onincreasing dirt storage capacity, is reported.

Gordon E.124. Tops in Design : SPA's Prize WinningPublic Pool. Swimming Pool Age, 33:

2 :44, Februaiy 1959.

Discusses the design features of the indoor-outdoor pools at Derby Junior High School anBirmingham High School in Birmingham, MichSliding glass doors, that compose one wall of thbuilding, ride on their own tracks and can bstacked in front of either end door to provide aoutdoor effect. This extensive use of glass created problems in heating, acoustics, and glarthat required special design and constructioconsiderations.

Weissner, F. H.127. Blacktop (Asphalt) Swimming PoolsParks and Recreation, 48:4:260, Apri

1965.Lists advantages of black top (asphalt) swimming pools over those of concrete constructioIncludes information about the construction oa blacktop (asphalt) pool under normal soconditions.

Williams, Howard M.128. Design and Operation of the Indoo

Pool. Sivimming Pool Data and Reference Annual, 30:24, 1962.Discussion of indoor swimming pool design anoperation including the pool, spectator spacelighting, insulation and acoustical treatmentwalls and ceiling, heating and ventilation, disifection, filtration, and dressing and showerooms.

129. Flush Deck Pools Prove Their WorthSivimming Pool Age, 39:1:149, Januar1965.


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139.

^40.

without damage to the installation or to itssound control function. Because cloKg'inu- of thesurface openings of the acoustical tiles will de-crease their porosity and therefore their sound-absorbing ability, it is important that theseopenings be kept free of foreign matter.

A Study of Light Distribution FromSubmersible Lighting Devices. Sivim-ming Pool Age, 35 :4 :22, April 1961.Reports the results of an intensive series oftests on underwater lighting and lighting de-vices. A set of footcandle distribution curves isgiven for each of six types of lights tested forunderwater lighting ability. Tests of the effectsof varying depths on lighting revealed that,within limits, the deeper a light is placed themore light it puts out.

Today's Pool Heaters. Sivimming PoolAge, 32:11:76, November 1958.Different models of direct and indirect pool heat-ers are described. It is noted that the majorityof manufacturers now make direct heaters. Thebasic problems of swimming pool heaters (scal-ing, condensation, and corrosion) have largelybeen overcome. The two ways to size pool heat-ers, the volume method and the area method,are illustrated by the use of examples.

William 0.141. Swimming Pool Heaters and TheirOperation. Swimming Pool Data and

Reference Annvul, 29:104, 1961.Discusses the principles of pool heater opera-tion. Points out that it is imperative that a poolheater be equipped with an aqua-stat which willcontrol the heater relative to desired pool tem-perature. Includes tables of "what to look for,""why did this happen," and "what to do" for thefollowing problems: When a scale has formed inone or more of the tubes in the heater; whenflames are coming out of the sides of the heater;when the heater will not come one; and whenthe heater will not heat pool water to the de-sired temperature.

J. W.142. Condensation Control Design for anIndoor Heated Pool. Air Conditioning,Heating, and Ventilating, 55:10:79, Octo-

ber 1958.Reviews the design procedure followed to controlcondensation in a 46- x 141/2 x TVi-foot nata-torium. Points out that the initial design stepis to determine the inside surface temperaturesof the wall, roof, and windows in order to recom-mend modifications or changes in proposed build-ing materials to minimize surface condensation.The ventilating system provided used 100 percent outdoor air. Schematic sketches of the ven-tilation and pool heating system are provided.

Bell, L. M. T.143. The Prevention op Heat Losses FromOpen Air Swimming Pools. Heating,32:187:229, July 1961.

Investigations were carried out to determine theffect of plastic swimming pool covers on thheat loss from a heated outdoor swimming poolThe covers were arranged to float on the watesurface, were sunk under the surface to severadepths, and some were airborne, to a height o2-3 feet above the surface. Plastic covers floating on a cushion of air above the surface of thpool were found to maintain the avei-age tem-perature of the water approximately 10 Fhigher than if the covers were absent.

Cribb, Lieutenant M.144. Solar Heating for a Large SwimmingPool. Heating, 25:209:156, May 1963.

Gives full construction details for a solar heating unit used to heat a 100- x 34-foot open aiswimming pool. The heating panels were fabricated of copper with parallel tubes. A graph igiven showing daily maximum and minimum aitemerature, hours of sunshine each day, and pootemperature from the end of May until October

Daley, Robert E.; and Bishop, Walter P.145. Condensation Problem Solved WithNew Method for Swimming Pool De-

sign, Part I and Part IL Air Conditioning, Heating, and Ventilating, 58:5:81May 1961; 58:10:63, October 1961.To simplify calculations in designing heatinand ventilation systems for indoor heated poolsa series of tables and charts is presented. Thuse of the charts and tables is discussed ansample problems are given illustrating their useFactors affecting condensation are reviewed.

Doughty, Donald L.146. "Ground to Safety." Swimming PooAge, 35 :3 :62, March 1961.

Outlines a procedure for installing underwatelights in a swimming pool to help eliminate thpossibility of electrocution of swimmers. In addition to properly grounded lights, the authorecommends that the circuit for underwatelighting have a fuse rated at a capacity nlarger than the size of the light, so that the fuswill blow quickly in the event trouble does develop.

Dowden, Alfred L.147. Keeping Pools Safe From ElectricalShock Hazards. Sivimming Pool Age,

35:8:56, August 1961.Pi'esents principles of electrical safety in connection with the exposure to electric shock tha


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16pools might present. The author recommends theNational Electric Code be followed when instal-ling electrical equipment in swimming pools.

heaters are principally in convenience, lmaintenance costs, and more flexibility as tcation.

Hans, Lawrence E.148. The Pool at Night : How To Plan the^ Best and Safest Lighting. SwimmingPool Age, 36:1:76, January 1962.

Discusses the advantages of color-correctingmercury vapor floodlights over incandescentlights including: 67 per cent less power is need-ed; longer life; less standards needed; eliminatesharsh glare. Outlines the mercury vapor flood-lighting system at a swimming pool in CorpusChristi, Tex.

Jacobi, Peter P.149. New School Pool Solves Echo Prob-lem. Swimming Pool Age, 38 :1 :45, Jan-uary 1964.

Monticello College in Alton, 111., solved theirswimming pool echo problem by installing a gridpattern of enameled brickbacked by an acous-tical blanket covering all or parts of threewalls of the pool chamber. The ceiling is ofpierced plastic squares at varying heights to re-duce reverberation possibilities.

Karns, E. B.150. How To Light a Pool. Swimming PoolAge, 39:6:14, June 1965.

Details installation data and recommendedstandards for underwater lighting of swimmingand wading pools. A typical layout is given forlighting a bathing beach along with recommend-ed equipment for this type of lighting.

Matson, Maury153. Ingenious Device Cools Tepid WatSwimming Pool Age, 31 :8 :30, Aug

1957.In order to lower the temperature of wwater in a recirculating pool caused byweather, an aeration system was employed.system of five spray nozzles on a headerwas able to lower the pool water temperaabout 10.

National Swimming Pool Institute154. NSPI Presents New Heater - SizData. Stvimming Pool Age, 40 :9September 1966.

A suggested sizing chart for pool heatersveloped by NSPI is presented. The chart contrates on the size of heater necessary to mtain a given temperature difl^erential. Insttions are given for using the chart to seleheater which will maintain the pool at thesired temperature.

Passman, Irving155. Consider Mercury Vapor Floodligh^ Park Maintenance, 16:3:42, March 1

Reviews the advantages claimed for mervapor floodlights to illuminate a swimmingand the surrounding area. This type of ligprovides more adequate illumination of thtire pool area, costs less to operate, and hrated life of 16,000 hours.Koch, Harold V.

151. Pool Heating and the Indirect PoolHeater. Sivimyning Pool Data and Ref-erence Annual, 31:104, 1964.

Pinkhus, Sheldon156. Electrical Hazards in SwimmiPools. Swimming Pool Age, 36:6June 1962.

Discusses combustion equipment, boiler con-struction, accessories and controls, service, andsizing of both the gas- and oil-fired indirectpool heaters. The indirect heater has been ableto overcome the following problems encounteredin heater design: (1) rapid scale formation andobstruction or failure on the heating surfaces;(2) severe and rapid corrosion on the water sideof the heating surface; (3) large amounts ofcondensation forming on the fire side of the heat-ing surfaces.

Martin, Vincent R.152. Electric Units Have a Number ofAdvantages. Siuimming Pool Data andReference Annual, 33:43, 1966.

Discusses installation and sizing of electric poolheaters. The advantages of the electric pool

Describes a new safety device that proagainst electrical hazards in swimming poolinstantaneously shutting off power when arent leakage occurs. One of the main advantclaimed for the new device is its ease of inlation. It can be installed in existing poolwell as those under construction.

Sperber, Philip157. Foolproof Electrical Safety in Ev

Pool. Swimming Pool Age, 37:4April 1963.Reviews studies of defective swimminglights which revealed that approximately 8cent of the facilities were occasioned by wentry through the cord. It was also founddeck boxes were susceptible to water and mture. A process has been developed for enca


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1lating the wiring chamber of lights and splicesin deck boxes with epoxy resin to exclude mois-ture. A description is given of the installationprocedure used at a pool in New Jersey to water-proof pool lights and deck boxes.Donald H.

158. How To Prevent Condensation inHeating This Pool? Heating, Pipingand Air Conditioning, 35:11 :126, Novem-ber 1963.Outlines how condensation was prevented in anindoor residential pool by employing a makeupair unit to heat outside air and mix it with re-circulated air; the mixture being discharged onthe glass areas.

W. P. ; and Arthur, R. J., Sr.169. Pool Lighting at 120 Volts. Electrical

Construction and Maintenance, 60:12:100, December 1961.Reports an investigation to determine the causesof and remedies for electric shock in swimmingpools with submerged 120-volt lighting. Thetest results indicated that: (1) dangerous po-tentials can exist and currents generally consid-ered lethal can be encountered by a swimmernear a defective 120-volt underwater light; (2)underwater lighting can remain safe eventhough water may come in contact with liveparts, provided all metallic non-current-carry-ing parts of the wiring are effectively groundedand properly maintained.

W. W.160. The Sound Barrier Falls to a Whis-per. Swimming Pool Data and ReferenceAnnual, 33:5, 1966.

To solve noise problems in an indoor swimmingpool an acoustical correction material, called a"patch" absorber, can be used. The "patch" is apanel made completely of glass foam and meas-ures ISVa inches square by 2 inches thick. It ab-sorbs and deflects sound on all six sides of thepanel. The material is called a "patch" absorberbecause it can be mounted anywhere on wallsand ceilings and in any pattern to achieve thedesired acoustical control in big and small areas.

ibbet, William M.161. The Effect of Pool Heaters on Cir-culation. Swimming Pool Age, 32 :7 :44,

July 1958.After the Los Angeles City Health Departmentrequired the installation of flow meters in publicand semi-public swimming pools, it was foundthat flow rates in many pools were dropping sig-nificantly below that required for proper circula-tion. In many instances, the heater installationtogether with the adjustment of the heater by-pass valve was causing the difficulty. Some cor-rective measures are: (1) check heater piping

for proper size; (2) provide a circulating pumwith enough capacity to handle the heater awell as the rest of the circulating system; (3) thbypass valve should be designed so that it cannot be completely closed.

Tinun, E. E.162. The Role of Electrical Epoxy Resi

IN Pool Safety. Swimming Pool Age37:7:16, July 1963.Discusses the use of epoxy resin for moisturproofing swimming pool deck boxes and undewater lights. The epoxy which is liquid aftbeing mixed with an activator is poured into tdeck box or underwater light. In the light, tresin enters the core of the cable and curaround the outside to keep moisture out. In tdeck box, the resin covers the bare wires and,encapsulating, insulates the wire and blocks omoisture and water.

Watt, J. H.163. Around-the-Clock Safety SystemsElectrical Construction and Maintenance

61:10:119, October 1962.Describes the operation and installation ofelectronic pool alarm on a residential pool to dtect unauthorized pool users. The general wiriof the 12-volt underwater lighting of the saresidential pool is outlined. A sketch shows tcomplete wiring system.

Whittell, A., Jr.1^4. Radiant Heating for Swimming Pool

[y Swimming Pool Age, 33 :12 :44, Decembe1959.A municipal pool in Oakland, Calif., was onethe first public pools to be radiantly heateSeveral thousand feet of copper pipe coils weembedded in the concrete floor of the pool.hot water is pumped continuously through tcoils, they warni the concrete floor slab, whiin turn transmits heat to water in the pool. Twarm water rises, thus setting up a continuocirculation within the pool creating an even teperature at all points. About 2,000 poolssouthern California have been heated radiantsince the Oakland pool. From the experiengained with these pools, the author lists nisuggestions to aid in the design and constructiof radiantly heated pools.

Wyard, Jack165; The Whys, Wherefores of Pool WateHeating. Swimming Pool Age, 40 :1 :10

January 1966.Discuses the features of the multijet, centrheating boiler, indirect, direct heating, aradiant heating types of swimming pool heaing systems. The total cost of heating a poolthe sum of three main items: depreciation, maitenance cost, and fuel cost. These three ite


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19Donald L.

175. The Design of the Hydraulic System.Swimming Pool Data and ReferenceAnmial, 31 :57, 1964.To aid in designing the hydraulic portion of theswimming pool, curves showing the relationshipbetween vai'ious fundamental variables aregiven, and the specific design of the return sys-tem is discussed in detail. "Rules of thumb" aregiven for application of skimmers and for linesizing.

Attmore E.176. What You Should Know About PoolsAND Pumps. Swimming Pool Age, 33:

11:109, November 1959.Discusses why the selection of an adequate waterpump and chemical solution pump is essential togood pool operation. It is recommended that onlythe best grade and adequately sized recircula-tion pumps, and the best chemical pumps avail-able be used.

177. What You Should Know About PoolsAND Pumps. Sivimming Pool Data andReference Annual, 28:180, 1960.See item No. 176.B. H. ; and Palmer, G. H.

178. Circulation and Skimming Efficiency.Stvimming Pool Data and ReferenceAnnval, 30:78, 1962.This study was undertaken to determine whatwater inlet and outlet arrangements will providethe best combination of water circulation pat-tern, disinfection, chemical mixing, and skim-ming efficiency in the pool. The most desii-ablefeatures ai'e tabulated, and the results are givenfor full and scale model investigation of relativeefficiencies and various arrangements. A schemeis recommended which embodies these featuresand details of an efficient skimmer of simpledesign are given.

Kenneth H.179. Modern Pool Design: The Case of"Top Water" or Closed Recirculation.Parks and Recreation, 40:4:6, April 1957.

Discusses closed recirculation in a swimmingpool where the gutter overflow water is returnedto the filter thus keeping the pool continuouslyfull. The design of pool overflow gutters, theirdrainage system, and the use of skimmers onlarge pools are considered.

J. G.180. Economical Sizing of Pipe. Swimming

Pool Age, 34:4:110, April 1960.Presents a chart that is set up to give the mosteconomic pipe size directly for any given flow of

water. It is based on the theory that the actuacost of operating pumping equipment is directlproportional to pipe size, while the functionacost of pipe and fittings, amortization, maintenance, and pump efficiency are inversely proportional to pipe diameter.

McLaughlin, Richard M.181. The Problem of Dirt Retention and

Recirculation. Swimming Pool Dataand Reference Annual, 30:156, 1962.a review and discussion of swimming pool recirculation systems including the sources of dirtfunction of recirculation systems, and the equipment that composes a recirculation system.

Meslin, Jerry182. How To Determine Gallonage; RateOF Flow. Sivimming Pool Age, 32:8:52August 1958.

In order to find the required rate of flow througthe filters, the number of gallons of water in ththe pool must be known. This article explainswith simple formulas, how to determine pool gallonage and filter rate of flow.

Nash, Floyd183. Pumps, Valves, Pipes. Stvimming PooData and Reference Annual, 30:168, 1962

Discussion of the pumps, valves, and pipes thacompose a swimmingpool recirculation systemTells about the operation and problems of eacplus giving tips on buying these items.

Smith, Harley184. Proper Pump is Essential for Efficient Filtering. Swimming Pool Datand Reference Annual, 32:62, 1965.

Semiopen and semiclosed impellers for centrfugal pumps are described and the advantageand disadvantages of each type are listed. Pumcurves, cavitation, pump head characteristicand pump installation are discussed. Possibpump problems include: (1) pump runs but donot pump; (2) pump is noisy; (3) pump will npump or at best, pumps only a little; and (pump will not run. Some of the possible causof these pump problems are listed.

F. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEAnonymous

185. Automated Pool. Swimming Pool Age39:1:109, January 1965.Describes the systems installed to provide autmatic operation of a public pool in North Ne


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20Hyde Park, N. Y. The control panel permits oneman on an 8-hour shift to control the operationof the pool. One of the unique features is anautomatic control system that allows the poolwater level to be maintained precisely at a fixedpoint, about % inch above the lip of the copingstone. This is done by means of a holding tankfor the storage of excess water when the bath-ing load in the pool is high.

186. Automation, 1964. Swimming PoolData and Reference Annual, 32:6, 1965.See item No. 185.

Advice is given on the care of a swimmingpump including when and how to service itwhere to look when trouble occurs. A roumaintenance schedule is recommended to getbest service out of any pumping equipment.

192. Some Common Pool Problems. Suming Pool Age, 38:1:108, January 19Gives possible remedies for some commonproblems such as: pool water is cloudy or grpool water is black; blue deposit on interiorsurface; and algae forming in the pool.

187. Can Recommended Standards be En-forced? Swimming Pool Age, 33:4:52,April 1959.

193. Winterizing Pools.Data and Reference1962.

Simmming PAnnual, 30:20

A study of 19 private swimming pools was un-dertaken to determine the efficiency of the pooloperation. On the basis of the study it wasrecommended that: private swimming pool own-ers run their filtering systems a minimum of 12hours per day; the filter be started at least 5 or6 hours before anyone used the pool; and chlor-ine residual between 0.3 and 1.0 ppm be main-tained.

188. A Check List for Winterizing a Pool.Sivimming Pool Data and ReferenceAnnual, 32:119, 1965.Provides a check list for winterizing pools inmild and severe climates.

v) 189. "Closing" Your Pool for the Season.Swimming Pool Age, 32 :9 :36, September1958.

A brief review of some duties that must beformed to prepare a swimming pool forwinter season.Asher, William M.

194. Proper Care Can Lengthen ElectPump Motor Life. Swimming Pool A40:4:41, April 1966.Some maintenance precautions for elemotors are suggested. Protecting motors fheat, moistui'e, and dirt can aid in prolonpump life as well as reducing repair expense

Baylor, Robert C.195. Set Procedure Offered for Clean

Restrooms. Swimming Pool Age, 3932, November 1965.

190.

Carrying out the proper maintenance procedureswhen closing down a pool at the end of a seasonis of vital importance if the pool and equipmentare to be in good condition at the beginning ofthe next swimming season. Tips are given onwinter preparation of filters, chlorinating equip-ment, pumps, drains, and inlets.Conserve Water When You Winter-ize Your Pool. Park Maintenance, 19:3:46, March 1966.

These suggestions for cleaning and disinfecpublic restrooms can cut maintenance costsprovide patrons with clean, odor-free faciliSuggested procedures are also given for conof insects in and around buildings.

Beatie, Russel H.196. A Clean, Safe Pool, Part I and P

IL Swimming Pool Age, 34:12:120,cember 1960; 35:1:71, January 1961.In addition to the advantages in conservingwater and the savings in not having to purchaseor pump it, retaining water in the pool year-round can also provide a prime source of waterfor fighting fires in outlying areas. To preparethe pool for winter, it should be covered, allsupply valves should be shut off, pipes and equip-ment should be completely drained, filters shouldbe cleaned, and all electric power should beturned off.

197.

A review of practical information of value topool operator, including preparing the poolopening, cleaning filters and chlorinators, station, safety, winterizing, chemicals, pH, acontrol, and electrolysis.

Your Pool Manual. Sivimming PData andReference Annual, 29 :130, 19191. A Pump Maintenance Timetable.Swimming Pool Age, 31 :8 :27, August

1957.

A review of recommended pool operationmaintenance practices including generaloperation procedure, the pool structure,equipment, pool chemicals, and pool problem


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21M. C.

198. Hydraulics: Theory Behind Opera-tion OF Pumps. Stvimming Pool Age,40:1:53, January 1966.Discusses the hydraulic theory behind the oper-ation of centrifugal pumps. Cavitation occurs ina pump whenever it cannot get enough waterfrom the suction line to satisfy its demand forwater. To avoid cavitation problems, it is im-portant to use ample size suction pining, to keepvalves open, and to make certain that the haircatcher is kept clean.

Paul M.199. Swimming Pool Operation and Main-tenance. New Jersey Municipalities,

43:6:18, June 1966.Lists the personnel responsible for swimmingpool operation and outlines their responsibilities.Suggestions are given for maintenance of themain and auxiliary pools, the filter and chlorinerooms, the bathhouse, and the pool grounds.

Tony200. FILTER Line Leaks. Swimming PoolData and Reference Annual, 30:202B,

1962.Simple methods are outlined for locating minorleaks in filter lines, skimmers, and the maindrain using ink or dye. Tells briefly how theleaks may be repaired once they are located.

201. Spotting Leaks in Filter Lines. Sivim-ming Pool Age, 36:1:80, January 1962.See item No. 200.

Hugh, Jr.202. Operator's Handbook. Swimming Pool

Age, 32:12:40, December 1958.Breaks care and maintenance of swimming poolsinto several classifications, which followed, willaid in assuring a well kept pool, with pure spar-kling water, free from troublesome bacteria. Thefollowing sections of care and maintenance arediscussed: (1) chlorination ; (2) filtration; (3)flocculation; (4) pH control; (5) algae control;(6) testing; (7) footbaths; and (8) cleaning andsanitation.

Robert203. A Local Health Authority ExaminesPool Water Chemistry. Swimming

Pool Age, 34:10:38, October 1960.

Green, R. F., Jr.204. Proper Maintenance and Repair CanProlong Chemical Feeder Life. Swim-ming Pool Age, 40:8:16, August 1966.

Procedures for mechanical service of chemicalfeeders are suggested including the motor, thcooling fan, the mechanical linkage, and thtimer. Nonmechanical service requirements arpresented to aid in preventing such feeder problems as clogging, blocking of the injection pointand deterioration of the feeder diaphragm.Honsa, W. M.

205. Some Tips for Pool Operators. Swim-ming Pool Age, 36:1:144, January 1962Some tips on disinfection, filtration, and cleaninthat will aid in keeping a swimming pool insanitary condition. Some suggestions are offereto prevent polluted matter from reaching thpool.

206. Some Tips for Pool Operators. Swimming Pool Data and Reference Annual30:174, 1962.See item No. 205

Hubbard, Lloyd S.207. Staining Shows Flow PatternsSwimming Pool Age, 39:1:126, Januar

1965.Outlines a simple method for studying the flopatterns and mixing characteristics of a recirculated swimming pool using a common analindye, "crystal violet." Discusses the importancof the following factors upon distribution effciency: turnover rate of the pool; quantity anlocation of inlets; volume oif water per inlevelocity of water escape at each inlet; and loction of outlets.

LaMotte, Charles V. B.208. Why Test Pool Water? Swimmin

Pool Data and Reference Annual, 29 :931961.Reports test methods for chlorine, chlorinatcyanurates, bromine, iodine, ionized silver, pHtotal alkalinity, copper sulfate, iron, and hardness. Five key rules for the proper use and carof pool test kits are stressed.

Los Angeles City Health Department209. A Manual for Pool Operators. Sivimming Pool Age, 31:11:66, Novembe

1957.Reviews the ortho-tolidine test for chlorine resi-dual and the procedure used in a laboratory testof swimming pool water. The importance of aproper pool testing prognram is stressed.

General guidelines for pool operators on thoperation and maintenance of a swimming pooAmong the items covered are filtration, disinfection, algae control, and safety.


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22Martin, Frank

210. Your Job as a Pool Operator. Swim-ming Pool Age, 33 :2 :30, Februaiy 1959.An outline of the responsibilities of swimmingpool management. Supervision of employees,operation and maintenance of the pool, accidentprevention, and swimming education are a fewof the duties of a pool operator.

211. Your Job as a Pool Operator. Swim-ming Pool Data ami Reference Annual,28:194, 1960.See item No. 210.

Meslin, Jerry212. How TO Properly Handle Gas Chlor-ine Tanks. Stvimming Pool Age, 38 :9 :

70, September 1964.Among the ways chlorine fumes can escape fromgas chlorine tanks are: a pinhole puncture in oldcorroded tanks; failure to use a new lead gasketwhen coupling the tank; and uncoupling a cylin-der without closing its valve. Competent poolpersonnel can insure the public against chlorinehazards. The pool manager should be in com-plete charge of the chlorine dispensing equip-ment and should be thoroughly educated on thesubject through appropriate training.

213. How TO Sense Pump, Motor Trouble.Sicimming Pool Age, 40:9:22, September1966.Explains how a pool operator can detect motorand pump trouble such as cavitation, bad bear-ings, and overheating by using his sense of hear-ing touch, smell, and sight. Emphasis is placedon the periodic reading of the filter gauges, rateof flow meter, and pump suction gauge to insurethe proper operation of the pool equipment.

214. Operation and Maintenance. Swim-viing Pool Age, 31:1:49, January 1957.Outlines the operation and purpose of water andchlorine pressure gauges on a solution-feedchlorinator, the vacuum gauge on a pump, thedifferential pressure gauges on the influent andeffluent sides of a filter, and the gauge thatmeasures the amount of water flowing throughthe system. The relation of these gauges to theproper operation of a swimming pool is empha-sized.

215. Pool Operator Shows How to SaveWater. Swimming Pool Data and Refer-ence Annual, 33:103, 1966.A few ways to save water in the operation of apool are: recirculate the gutter overflow, drainthe pool as infrequently as possible, and elimin-ate leaks in piping. A pool manager for the city

of Miami discusses how these, along with sother methods, can help conserve the usewater in swimming pools.National Pool Equipment Co.

216. Winter Maintenance and Pool CaSwimyning Pool Data and Referencenvxil, 28:142, 1960.A series of suggestions to assist in protecswimming pools against the winter elemeItems that need care include deck equipmfilter equipment, and underwater lights.gests that the pool be left full to preventfloor from heaving or buckling and that logplaced in the water to prevent ice from exerundue pressure against the pool walls.

Oswald, Vivian217. Important Winter Pool ChorStvimming Pool Data and Reference

nual, 32:114, 1965.Suggestions on what to do to safeguardpool and equipment during winter. Pointsthe importance of completely draining piand filter equipment to prevent damage by fing.

Ottinger, Geoi'ge218. Home Pool Care. Swimming Pool A

34:12:46, December 1960.Presents tips to pool owners on maintenancecare of a home swimming pool. It is noteda little work on the pool every day willprevent a buildup of problems that lead tocessive maintenance and repair bills. Strethe importance of having the pool supervisthe owner goes on vacation.

Schillmoller, C. M.219. Corrosion Clinic. Swimming Pool A

40:5:45, May 1966.Eleven questions and answers on galvanicrosion are presented. The first four questionon theory and the following seven questionswith practical aspects of galvanic corrosiswimming pools.

State Board of Health, Topeka, Kans.220. Corrosion and Freezing Water. Swming Pool Age, 35:10:16, October 1

Suggests how to prepare recirculation ement, inside building, pool and accessories,exterior grounds and equipment for the wiseason.

221. Corrosion and Freezing Water. Swming Pool Data and Reference Anni30:123, 1962.See item No. 220.


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2James F.

222. How Our State Courts are ViewingCases Arising from Suits AgainstClub, Hotel Pool Operators. Swim-ming Pool Age, 39:12:26, December1965.Cites court cases which have resulted from aninjury or drowning at a club or hotel pool. Em-phasizes that the pool operator must use ordin-ary and reasonable precautions to prevent guestsor patrons from being drowned or injured by hisown acts or by foreseeable acts of others.

Arthur A.223. Pool Pumps and Optimum Perform-ance. Swimming Pool Age, 37:1:124,January 1963.

Self-priming centrifugal pumps may fail toprime if there is air in the suction piping orcasing. Some of the possible causes may be anair leak at a poorly made pipe joint, poor hoseconnection from a chlorinating device, or im-properly fitted hair and lint catcher cover. Cavi-tation, which may cause pitting in the pump,may be caused by an obstruction in the suctionpiping or a partially plugged impeller channel.

224. Pool Pumps and Optimum Perform-ance. Swimming Pool Data and Refer-ence Annual, 31 :66, 1964.See item No. 223.David G.

225. Coach Puzzles Over Emerald GreenPool. Swimming Pool Age, 38:6:40,June 1964.In his efforts to change his green pool waterblue, the author tried many trial-and-error ex-periments, including lowering and raising thepH and chlorine residual, adding copper sulfate,and adding diatomaceous earth to the filters in-stead of alum. Clear blue water was finally ob-tained by limiting the pH to 7.0 or below witha chlorine residual of 0.3 ppm.

reene, William E.226. Proper Pump Maintenance. Swimming

Pool Age, 38:6:10, June 1964.Some suggestions are given on pump installationand starting the pump. Tips are given fortroubleshooting a pump when the pump will notprime, when the pump is noisy, and when theflow is low.

Excerpts from the U.S. DHEW's publicatio"Descriptive Guide: The Membrane FilterPoints out the easy way to determine the number and type of bacteria in water.White, Robert B.

228. Pool Records: Their ImportanceSwimming Pool Age, 32:10:40, Octobe1958.Every public and semi-public pool operatshould be charged, among his other