sweeg scientists annual report 1997-8centres.exeter.ac.uk/cee/publications/annual/98.pdf · sweeg...

SWEEG Scientists’ Annual Report 1997/98

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SWEEG SCIENTISTS’ANNUAL REPORT

1997-8


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MANAGEMENT SUMMARYThis Annual Report presents a résumé of work undertaken at the Centre for Energy and theEnvironment during the past twelve months. The publications list at the end of the report servesto indicate our earlier work. The projects described in the report are summarised below.

Sound Transmission Between Dwellings Neighbourhood noise is an environmental pollutantwhich can have a serious impact on residents’ contentment. Following a literature survey, areport was produced providing guidance on designing buildings that minimise soundtransmission between dwellings. The importance of high-mass or multi-layered constructionswas noted, along with the need to reflect sound back towards the source.

REVERB—Reverberation Time Software Development Continuing development of theCentre’s reverberation time software has added the ability to automatically calculatereverberation times for a range of different numbers of occupants. This is of particular relevancewhen studying multipurpose school halls.

Acoustic Study of Torbay Council Meeting Rooms Reverberation time tests were conductedin two rooms which were known to have poor acoustic qualities. Both had longer than optimalreverberation times. Guidance was given as to how the acoustics of the spaces could beimproved.

Improving the Design of High Performance Buildings The addition of an optimisationroutine to the Centre’s thermal building model has produced a tool which is able to identify arange of highly energy efficient buildings, which meet certain prescribed criteria. The power ofthis tool is likely to be of considerable value in the future.

The Dynamics of Ventilation The Centre’s thermal model has also benefited from adevelopment allowing the ventilation rate to be changed in response to elevated internaltemperatures. This has greatly improved our ability to model building behaviour as regardssummertime overheating.

Modelling of Underfloor Heating Systems Underfloor heating is commonly employed in newschool buildings. A finite element model has been constructed to allow the behaviour of suchsystems to be studied. The efficacy of different control strategies for such systems is now beingexamined using the model.

Modelling of a Fire Service Training Facility Jersey Fire Service have a new training facility,in the form of a “heat room”. On commissioning, it was found that the required temperaturescould not be obtained. Site measurements and subsequent computer modelling confirmed theinadequacy of the heating plant. The use of a different form of heating may be studied in thenear future.

Evaluation of an Auxiliary Boiler Control Device A “fuel saving” boiler controller was field-tested, in order to evaluate its claimed weather compensation feature. No evidence was found tosupport the claim.


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Energy and Food The Centre’s work in this area has attracted a great deal of attention world-wide. The study showed that the energy used to produce and retail food far exceeds its calorificvalue, and that there is great potential to change one’s diet so as to lessen its environmentalimpact.

Lighting Sticker Campaign Following work showing that the energy penalty implicit in thefrequent switching of fluorescent lights is insignificant, a sticker campaign was launched toexplode the myth that lights in classrooms should be left on all day.

Rainwater Collection Systems The effectiveness of the rainwater collection system installed ata new school in Cornwall was studied. The work highlighted the importance of roof slope andorientation in dictating the amount of rain collected.

Hippo Water Saving Devices The effectiveness of the cistern volume reduction vesselssupplied by South West Water was tested in two primary schools. Significant reductions inwater consumption were noted, implying a possible total annual saving of 100 000 m3 of waterin schools across the SWEEG region.

Design of Natural Ventilation Systems The Centre’s Computational Fluid Dynamicsmodelling capabilities have been used extensively in the design of such a system. The buildingin question is a church which is to be converted into a theatre. Natural ventilation systems relyon the buoyancy of warm air to induce upward movement of air through a space. The siting ofair inlets and outlets to give optimum airflow was investigated.

Development of a Sustainable Building Strategy “Sustainable development” has become apopular phrase, and the Centre has been working to develop a procedure to be applied to thedesign and refurbishment of buildings. A tangible product of this process has been thedevelopment of a building concepts database. This tool proposes coherent sustainable buildingconcepts, along with a justification of why they are sustainable solutions. It is hoped that theoptimisation work mentioned above will be able to provide much of the information required tocomplete the database.

Cornwall County Council Waste Scenario Modelling Various scenarios were modelled inorder to identify the likely life of existing disposal facilities. Differing levels of uptake ofmaterials recycling schemes and the availability of incineration facilities were considered, aswell as optimistic and pessimistic assumptions about the volume of waste arisings.

Waste Local Plan A technical document has been produced, which provides information on thecomposition and tonnage of waste produced in Devon, predictions for the future, and details ofexisting disposal facilities. This document will be of use when considering the development ofnew facilities.

SWEEG Seminar 1998—Electricity in my Back Yard The biennial seminar will examine theeconomic and environmental issues regarding small-scale “embedded generators”. Eight expertspeakers will provide a diverse coverage of this most interesting and relevant topic.

Revenues from Sales of Electricity from Embedded Generators The successful use ofrenewable energy sources depends on their economic competitiveness, as well as their technical


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feasibility. An economic comparison of the different arrangements available for the sale ofelectricity from embedded generators is being evaluated.

Energy in Devon The Centre has met increasing difficulty when trying to obtain local energyconsumption statistics. A spreadsheet model has been formulated to allow rationaldisaggregation of national statistics, and calculation of associated greenhouse gas emissions.Estimates of Devon’s consumption during this decade showed a slow growth trend in energyconsumption, but a slight fall in greenhouse gas emissions.

Reducing Electricity Consumption in Offices and Schools Computers and their peripheralsare often left running throughout the day, or even continually. The energy consumed by suchdevices were measured, and found to average 73 W per computer and screen. Potential savingsof £20 000 were estimated to be achievable, if good housekeeping measures were implementedin Cornwall County Council’s offices and schools.

Agenda 21 Activities CEE involvement in Devon’s Local Agenda 21 activities hasconcentrated on transport, contributions being made to the consultation process for Devon’sTransport Policy and Programme document.


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SWEEG SCIENTISTS’ ANNUAL REPORT1997-8

ABOUT SWEEGThe South West Energy and Environment Group (SWEEG) exists to promote the efficient use ofall forms of energy, and to examine environmental issues surrounding the consumption of energyand water and the creation of noise and waste. Although SWEEG's effort is concentrated in theSouth West, much of the group's work is of broader interest. SWEEG publications make thegroup's work available to the outside world.

SWEEG is a consortium of the County Councils of Devon and Cornwall, the States of Jersey,Torbay Council and Exeter University (who are full funding members). Exeter City Council andDevon and Cornwall Police Authority are associate members.

SWEEG employs a team of scientists located in the Centre for Energy and the Environment atExeter University. The team undertakes a wide range of research on energy and environmentaltopics, including the following:-

Energy in BuildingsAdvice on energy efficient designMonitoring of internal temperatures and energy useEnergy targets for domestic and non-domestic buildingsVentilation measurements using a tracer gas techniqueCombined Heat and Power feasibility assessmentOn-site monitoring and assessment of plant performanceAssessment of energy conservation options andequipmentNon-invasive sub-metering of electricity supplies

RecyclingAdvice on recycling and waste management policyAggregate recycling in road construction and repairRecycling options for paperRecycling options for glass

WaterReducing water usage in buildingsMonitoring water usage in buildingsUse of rainwater in buildings

TransportModelling of emissions from road networksModelling of emissions from regional scenariosRoad traffic noise surveys and predictions

Noise and VibrationNoise monitoring in relation to wind energy generation sitesNoise and vibration source investigations and diagnosisEnvironmental noise studies and subjective perception ofnuisanceBuilding acoustics measurement and analysis

Computer ModellingMathematical modelling of environmental systemsDevelopment of software tools

Other AreasEnvironmental impact assessmentsRenewable energy feasibility studiesAudits of regional energy use and greenhouse gas emissions

The team have particular expertise in computer-based mathematical modelling, electronic datalogging, system analysis and acoustics. They undertake contract research for outside bodies aswell as working for SWEEG.


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PREFACELocal Government reorganisation has made this a year of change for SWEEG. We are delightedto welcome Torbay Council as a full member, to join the existing full members (CornwallCounty Council, Devon County Council and the States of Jersey) and associate members (Devonand Cornwall Police Authority and Exeter City Council).

This transition has coincided with a change in the Directorship of CEE. Adrian Wyatt, havingfulfilled the rôle admirably and effectively for fifteen years, has resigned in order to concentrateon research. His enthusiasm and leadership have been valued immeasurably by both theSWEEG membership and the SWEEG scientists. I hope that, as his successor, I can emulate hissignificant contribution.

Notwithstanding these changes, the SWEEG scientists have been active on a diverse range ofenergy and environmentally related projects of relevance to SWEEG Local Authority members.Many of these issues have stemmed from directives and consultation documents flowing fromthe UK government and the European Community.

Energy conservation, global warming and environmental pollution remain appropriate broadheadings for the topics that dominate the national agenda. Steps towards the evolution of anintegrated transport policy and proposals that 20% of the UK's electricity demand could be metby renewable sources by 2010 represent government activity in these areas. The latter proposalsharpens the relevance of the SWEEG seminar in September, which will focus on the issuessurrounding embedded electricity generation.

It is these macro policy issues which set the agenda, but the achievement of defined goals hingeson effective implementation at the regional and local level. The cumulative body of workproduced by SWEEG over the past twenty years has resulted in a knowledge base which provesitself invaluable in many areas. The design of energy efficient buildings which fulfil theaspirations of Sustainable Development continues to be a topic of particular interest. Thisknowledge base is continually being refined and extended. The effort invested in gaining anunderstanding of the issues surrounding waste management has paid off; the Centre is nowequipped to assist Local Authority officers in responding to government pressures in this area.As a consequence of the enlightened support of the governing bodies of its constituent members,SWEEG is uniquely placed to make a significant contribution on energy and environmentalissues.

Finally, the technical information of the kind produced by the CEE and other similarorganisations can only be effectively used if there is the collective political will driven by thesupport of an informed public.

Trevor PreistOctober 1998


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CONTENTSAcoustics ...................................................................................................................................... 13Improving the Design of High Performance Buildings................................................................ 15The Dynamics of Ventilation ....................................................................................................... 16Modelling of Underfloor Heating Systems .................................................................................. 16Modelling of a Fire Service Training Facility .............................................................................. 17Evaluation of an Auxiliary Boiler Control Device....................................................................... 19Energy and Food........................................................................................................................... 19Environmental Campaign 1997—“Urban Myth”......................................................................... 20Rainwater Collection Systems...................................................................................................... 20Hippo Water Saving Devices ....................................................................................................... 23Heat Pump Monitoring ................................................................................................................. 24Design of Natural Ventilation Systems ........................................................................................ 24Development of a Sustainable Building Strategy......................................................................... 26Waste Scenario Modelling for Cornwall ...................................................................................... 28Devon County Council’s Waste Local Plan ................................................................................. 301998 Biennial SWEEG Seminar................................................................................................... 31“Electricity in my Back Yard”...................................................................................................... 31Revenues from Sales of Electricity from Embedded Generators ................................................. 32Energy in Devon........................................................................................................................... 33Reducing Electricity Consumption in Offices and Schools ......................................................... 34AGENDA 21 Activities................................................................................................................ 34Publications .................................................................................................................................. 35


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ACOUSTICSThere have been three particularly interesting acoustics projects this year. One was anexperimental investigation into the acoustic properties of two rooms in Torbay; the Centre’s real-time frequency analyser played a pivotal role in this work. Additionally, a briefing paper waswritten on the problems of sound transmission between flats, and the Centre’s reverberation timecalculator—REVERB—has been further developed.

Approximately one in three of the people interviewed in a national noise perception survey saidthat environmental noise spoiled their home life to some extent. Much of the most annoyingnoise was attributable to neighbours. This source of noise is often found to be most problematicin dwellings that share common walls, floors or ceilings and is particularly prevalent in flats.With this in mind a literature survey was carried out to gather knowledge on the structural issuesand how building design can be improved to help alleviate sound transmission betweendwellings. The Centre now has a body of material on this topic for anyone needing advice in thearea.

The most important acoustic principle to help avoid such problems is to design spaces so thatthey reflect as much sound as possible back into the space, rather than trying to provide surfacesto absorb it. Another important consideration is the rôle of flanking transmission, where soundis channeled through complex routes within the structure.

There are two basic approaches to providing a high level of insulation in walls and floors: useeither high mass elements, or multiple layer constructions. Both have a rôle to play, and dependcrucially on good workmanship to be successful.(For more information see Briefing Paper 49: Sound Transmission Between Dwellings)

Schematic of concrete screed floating on concrete base [BRE Digest 334: Sound Insulation of Separating Wallsand Floors, Part2: Floors].

REVERB—the Centre’s reverberation time calculator for the built environment—has undergonecontinual development since its first release. This year various new features have been added,including the ability to model multi-purpose spaces, such as school halls, where the number ofoccupants can vary greatly throughout the day.(For more details see Software Document 15: REVERB: A Reverberation Time Calculator for Educational Buildings)


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The new output screen from REVERB, showing reverberation times with different numbers of occupants.

Reverberation time analyses have not been confined to school premises. Two public meetingrooms used by Torbay Council were analysed for acoustic suitability. These spaces containedinteresting architectural features, such as ornate surfaces and, in one case, a domed ceiling. Thereverberation times of both spaces exceeded the optima for clarity of speech. In addition, one ofthe rooms suffered from a localised echo.

The rooms were modelled using theprinciples on which REVERB isbased, and agreement was obtainedwith measured reverberation times.The effects of various designchanges were then evaluated bymeans of further modelling. It wasimportant that the solution was inkeeping with the architecturalsplendour of the rooms. A colouredacoustic plaster was recommendedfor use in the room with the domedceiling; this would reduced thereverberation time sufficiently, andeliminate echoes created by the

shape of the ceiling. The problems in the second room were traced to a poorly designed soundamplification system and the layout of meetings held within the long and thin space. The effectsof dividing the room by means of mobile screens was modelled and predicted to be effective.Guidance was also given as to how the sound amplification system could be improved.(For more details see Internal Document 113: Acoustic Study of Oldway Ballroom and the Council Chamber atTorquay Town Hall)

Torquay Council Chamber, one of the rooms studied.


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IMPROVING THE DESIGN OF HIGH PERFORMANCEBUILDINGSFor many years, the building thermal simulation model EXCALIBUR has been at the centre ofSWEEG’s analyses of building design and performance. EXCALIBUR has many good points and afew bad ones, but on the whole both its utility and adaptability have continually surprised thosemembers of CEE who have used the program. A major new adaptation to the program has beenembarked upon that will allow EXCALIBUR to be used to automatically produce a series of highlyperforming building designs, each meeting the design brief. The architect may then select thefinal design from those output. An additional benefit of the system, which is called EX-GA, isthat it can be used in general studies of the performance of various design types and styles. Thiswill expand the Centre’s knowledge of precisely how buildings perform.

In essence EX-GA is EXCALIBUR expanded by the inclusion of an optimisation routine. Theoptimiser designs a series of buildings; EXCALIBUR reports their performance and the optimiserresponds to this information by designing higher performing buildings. This sequence—design,evaluate, design—is repeated until some criterion is met. This optimisation process was knowna priori to be very difficult and therefore required the use of a very special optimisation process.

The optimisation routine used is a geneticalgorithm (GA). Such algorithms havecertain characteristics that make themhighly suitable for performing the task inhand. In particular, they are good atsearching for highly performing solutionswithin large complex search spaces whichcontain numerous possible solutions to theproblem. GAs are based by analogy onthe ideas embodied within naturalselection and genetics. Their mostcharacteristic and novel features are theuse of a population of solutions andrepresentation of solutions in the form of apseudo-DNA coding. It is this populationof building designs, rather than a single

design, which is forced to evolve over time to produce ever better buildings.

The work is at an early stage, however it is clear from the results so far that the thermalperformance of buildings is a very complex subject and we still have much to learn.(For more information see Software Document 17: The Design of High Performance Buildings with the aid of EX-GA.)

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Plot showing evolution of energy use as optimisationprogresses.

Artist’s impression of two buildings created by EX-GA, both having the same low annual energy use.


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THE DYNAMICS OF VENTILATIONOne of the most obvious reactions of building occupants to overheating is to open windows.During the heating season this can have unfortunate effects on the energy efficiency of thebuilding, but is an understandable reaction nevertheless. During the summer however, it is apractice to be encouraged, as it allows natural ventilation to react dynamically to the internaltemperature without the use of additional controls.

Unfortunately, the Centre’s building thermal model, EXCALIBUR, allows only a fixed ventilationlevel during occupancy—thus the consequences of opening windows could not be studied.Because of buoyancy effects, the ventilation loss from a building changes as the temperaturedifference between the internal and external air temperature changes—even if more windows arenot opened. To get around this limitation, the Centre has usually carried out overheating studiesby modelling the situation at a series of constant ventilation rates and estimated the true responseof the building from this. Although such an approach is likely to provide an approximateanswer, much of the dynamics of the situation will be lost and the hourly temperature profileswill be incorrect.

One of this year’s extensions toEXCALIBUR has been the inclusion of amodule that increases the ventilationrate in response to elevated internaltemperatures. This serves as arudimentary simulation of windowsbeing opened. This leads to a highlycomplex and more realistic ventilationprofile (see figure), which in turnmoderates the temperature profile.

It is hoped that this extension toEXCALIBUR will, along with theCentre’s computational fluid dynamicssoftware, allow us to meet the growinginterest in naturally ventilated spaces.(For more information see Internal Document123: Allowing for a Variable Ventilation Ratein EXCALIBUR)

MODELLING OF UNDERFLOOR HEATING SYSTEMSA significant addition to the capabilities of EXCALIBUR has been the incorporation of anunderfloor heating module. A recent move towards underfloor heating in school buildingsproduced a need for such a model. In anticipation of the development of a software-basedsimulation tool, the underfloor heating system in a Cornish primary school was instrumentedduring its construction. A number of temperature sensors were embedded into the concrete floorslab; the internal air temperature was also recorded. These data have been used to validate thenew model.

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Plot of internal and external temperatures and ventilationrate over a week in May. The daytime ventilation rate is

increased in response to internal overheating.


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Initially, a simple “lumped parameter” model was constructed, but tests indicated the need tomodel the distribution of temperatures through a cross-section of the floor to allow the model torespond to real pipe temperatures. The model uses a finite element approach; a cross-section ofthe floor is divided into a grid of cells, each of which possesses thermal mass. Heat flowbetween the cells is modelled on a timestep of a few seconds, and the temperature progression of

each cell is calculated.

The model has been successfullyvalidated using the field data, andis available both as a modifiedversion of EXCALIBUR and as astand-alone model. Both versionsincorporate a graphical front-end(shown in the figure), which aidsvisualisation of how the slab isbehaving. Whilst modifyingEXCALIBUR for use with the model,the opportunity was taken to makesome other improvements,including the ability to runsimulations with a timestep of lessthan an hour.

Various different control strategies for underfloor heating systems are currently underevaluation, to ascertain which are favourable in terms of occupied temperatures and energy use.(For more details see Software Document 18: Programs for Modelling Underfloor Heating Systems and InternalDocument 124: Modelling of Underfloor Heating Systems Using a Finite Element Approach)

MODELLING OF A FIRE SERVICE TRAINING FACILITYTo allow firemen to train in hot conditions, Jersey Fire Service has a heat room. A gas-firedradiant heater, of the type often suspended from the ceiling in large factories, was fitted to supplyheat to a small concrete-walled room. However, on commissioning the facility, it was found that

the internal temperaturedid not exceed 80°C,even after several hours.Far higher temperatures(of up to 250°C atceiling height and 80°Cat floor level) wererequired.

The Fire Research andDevelopment Group,who advise fire brigadeson technical issues,classify exposureconditions in terms of airtemperature and radiant

Front-end of the underfloor heating model, showing thetemperature profile within a section of the floor slab.

Standard exposure conditions, defined by temperature and thermal radiation[Home Office Fire Research and Development Group, Measurements of the

Firefighting Environment].


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heat flux (see figure on previous page). The fire service expected different exposure conditionsto be obtained in different parts of the room. The CEE were asked to advise on the heat inputrequired to make the room serviceable.

Measurements of both radiant heat flux and air temperature were made in the room over a 2¼-hour period after switch on. In order to measure air temperature whilst excluding the radiantheat component, a temperature sensor was placed inside a vacuum flask, through which anairflow was induced.

Meanwhile, a model had been constructed to predict the radiant heat flux incident at any point ina space, given the position and output of the radiant panel heater. The Centre's thermal model,EXCALIBUR, was employed to model internal air temperatures. Both models were successfullyvalidated with respect to the field data.

Temperature progressionwith time was predicted fora number of differentheater outputs; the effectsof ventilation rate andexternal temperature werealso considered. Duringthe investigations it wasfound that an undersizedgas supply valve had beenfitted, which would reducegas supplied to the heaterby about one-third, to37 kW. It washypothesised that thiswould reduce the heateroutput by a similar amount

(this assumption resulted in agreement between the modelled and measured internaltemperatures). It was found that a panel output of 150 kW would be required to attain thedesired temperatures.

The effect of lining the room with insulation was shown to be quite effective, but would haveproved impracticable. Similarly, the available wall area would preclude the required heateroutput to be obtained by adding extra units similar to the existing heater. The heatermanufacturers have suggested that a non-recirculating blown-air heater be used. This would notincrease the radiant heat flux (which would exceed the 1 kW m-2 limit of routine exposureconditions only very close to the panel). It is planned to use the Centre's Computational FluidDynamics modelling capabilities to model the temperature profile within the room with such aheater installed.(For more details see Internal Document 119: Rouge Bouillon Fire Station. Modelling of Breathing ApparatusTraining Facility)

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Graph of temperature progression with time, for different heater outputs(legend denotes heater output in kW).


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EVALUATION OF AN AUXILIARY BOILER CONTROLDEVICELocal Authorities are frequently approached by the salesmen of gadgets that are claimed to aidthe efficient operation of heating systems. The Centre has evaluated several such devices in thepast. The latest device was an auxiliary boiler control, which was claimed to perform as anoptimum start controller, a load compensator, a weather compensator, and also to provide anti-cycling and back-end protection.

Cornwall County Council were particularly interested in the claimed weather compensationfeature, especially as the device did not require the installation of a temperature sensor externalto the building. Indeed, only the flow temperature of water from the boiler is monitored by the

device. If the claims were true, aweather compensation facility could beadded to existing installations at verylow cost.

The device was installed on a boilerserving a small industrial unit.Internal, external and pipe flowtemperatures were monitored for aperiod of just over a month duringNovember and December. Acomparison of flow temperature andexternal air temperature did not revealthe negative correlation that wouldhave been indicative of weathercompensation. There was also noevidence of load compensation, which

should have manifested itself as a negative correlation between flow temperature and internal airtemperature. The only discernible trend was for the initial boiler firing at the start of the day tobe delayed by a few minutes dependant upon the temperature to which the building interior hadfallen overnight.(For more details see Internal Document 114: The Feasibility of Using the MICROMISER Boiler Economy Device as aWeather Compensator)

ENERGY AND FOODThe Centre’s work on estimating the amount of energy used to produce and retail food hascontinued this year. The results of the work (which imply that many times more energy is usedin such activities than is contained in the food itself) have attracted much attention world-wide.Reports have appeared in over two hundred newspapers, publications such as New Scientist, andjournals dedicated to various aspects of the food industry.

The provision of food within a developed country requires the expenditure of large amounts ofenergy. This energy is used within the agricultural, transportation and retail sectors. Much ofthis will be energy derived from fossil fuels, implying a potential environmental impact. Byusing food consumption data from 2 197 individuals, an estimate was made of the shape of the

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Scatter plot showing the absence of negative correlationbetween heating system flow temperature and internal or

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distribution of embodied energies for typical UK diets. The mean of this distribution was foundto be surprisingly large, as was the width, indicating the potential for significant reductions infossil-fuel-related greenhouse gas emissions by simple changes in diet.

If the average embodied energy of a diet can be reduced then it is axiomatic that fossil-fuel-related greenhouse gas production will also fall. It is important that any such reduction does notimpact negatively on the nutritional value of the diet.(For more information see The Embodied Energy of Food: the Role of Diet, Energy Policy, 26(6), pp.455-459,1998)

ENVIRONMENTAL CAMPAIGN 1997—“URBAN MYTH”Whilst lecturing to school staff on howto encourage a good house-keepingapproach to energy conservation, it wasdiscovered that many staff erroneouslybelieved that fluorescent lightingshould not be extinguished during theday. Their belief was founded on theidea that large amounts of energywould be consumed if such lights werefrequently turned on and off.

The Centre measured this extra energyand demonstrated that it wasnegligible—as was the importance ofincreased tube failures. After thisconfirmation, all that remained was theneed to disseminate this knowledgeback to the school staff. This wasachieved by the production anddistribution of a sticker designed toshatter the Urban Myth that such lightsshould be left on during the day. Fiftythousand stickers were produced anddistributed the schools in the SWEEGregion. The launch was covered byradio, television and the local press.(For more information, see Internal Document95: Fluorescent Lighting: Switching—anEconomic and Environmental Analysis)

RAINWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMSAlthough water costs for schools are significant, the economic benefits of incorporating waterconservation systems such as rainwater collection are uncertain, particularly for existingbuildings. In new schools, such systems can be incorporated at the design stage to maximise theeffectiveness of the design and minimise costs. Furthermore, these costs are more readilyabsorbed into general expenditure on the building. The incorporation of rainwater collection

Lighting campaign sticker.


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schemes at some primary schools in Cornwall has provided an opportunity to evaluate theiroperational performance with a view to optimising the design of future schemes.

The particular system being monitored is at Trevithic County Primary School, Camborne. Therainwater collection system is depicted in the figure.

Arrangement of the rainwater collection system at Trevithic County Primary School.

Rain is collected from only part of the school’s total roof area. The collected water is stored inan underground tank and then pumped to small high level tanks via an ultra-violet disinfectionsystem. These tanks then feed the school’s toilet cisterns and the hot water system. During dryperiods, the underground storage tank is topped up by mains water to preserve a minimumworking water level.

Monitoring involved taking daily readings of water consumption, as measured by the schoolmains water meter and a separate meter monitoring the output from the rainwater collection tank.The readings were compared to daily rainfall data—as measured at the school and by the nearbyCamborne MET station.

Although only part of the school roof area was plumbed to collect rainwater, modelling showedit was sufficient to make a significant difference to school mains-water requirements (weatherpermitting), and that its effect should be easily detectable from the water meter readings. Themonitoring was carried out over periods of wet and dry weather. The underground rainwaterstorage tank held a water capacity of a few days supply. Therefore, its capacity was onlyoccasionally exceeded by the collected rainwater and, importantly for monitoring, mains-watertop-up was frequent. The effectiveness of the rainwater collection system was determined from


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measurements of mains-water supply during periods of rainfall of varying magnitude. Totalwater consumption has been assumed to be reasonably stable.

The results from the monitoring at Trevithic School are illustrated in the graphs. The first graphconfirms that periods of low water consumption corresponded with period of high rainfall, aswould be expected with a rainwater collection system. The second graph shows that duringperiods of high rainfall, the storage tank meter recorded unreasonably high levels ofconsumption.

The conclusions ofthe monitoringexercise were that:

• During themonitoring period,the proportion ofTrevithic School’stotal water demanddisplaced by thecollected rainwaterwas significant atabout 40% (60% oftoilet flushwater andhot water system(HWS) demand).This amounted toapproximately180 m3 of water overthe 82 school daysand was achievedduring a period whenrainfall was 20%below the region’slong-term average.

• This success is20% greater than thatpredicted using a

computer simulation of the system. It is also a greater quantity of rain than actually fellduring that period on the roof area from which rainwater was being collected (550 m2)! Anumber of reasons for this apparent anomaly have been considered. The most likely cause isthat the roof slope and the prevailing wind direction on rainy days increased the potential forthe roof to collect rainwater.

• The coincidence of high rainfall levels and high quantities of rainwater storage tank supplysuggests a plumbing error. The excess storage tank water appears to overflow via the meter,thereby giving a false reading of consumption during days of high rainfall.

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Comparison of mains water consumption and measured rainfall in the area.

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Comparison of supply from storage tank and measured rainfall in the area.


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The computer model used in this analysis was originally used in the design of the system (todetermine the optimal storage tank size). The apparent deficiency of the model (underestimationof system effectiveness) can be addressed, but not easily. It requires the input not only of dailyrainfall data, but also the angle and direction of driving rainfall relative to the roof orientationand slope. However, the model would still be relevant where a roof to be used for rain collectionis not significantly biased towards the collection of rain from a particular direction. The studyhas demonstrated that where a sloping roof is designed for rainwater collection, the prevailingwind direction should be considered.

The results serve not only to demonstrate a working scheme, but also to provoke someinteresting questions and provide insight into the problems of system design.(For more details, see Internal Document 108: Performance Measurements of a Rainwater Collection System)

HIPPO WATER SAVING DEVICESThe Centre was offered the opportunity of obtaining a quantity of HIPPO cistern bags, which areclaimed to reduce W.C. flushwater consumption. The device is an open-topped plastic bag,which sits on the floor of the cistern, and therefore reduces its effective capacity.

It was decided to field-test thedevices in order to estimate thepotential water savings forschool buildings, and theconsequent financialimplications. Two primaryschools, each with about 200pupils, were equipped withHIPPOS. Total waterconsumption for each school wasrecorded every weekday duringthe school term, over a period ofthree months.

The tests comprised three phases:consumption was measured for a

period prior to fitting the devices, then with the HIPPOS in place, and finally after they had beenremoved. Water consumption at each school was 10 - 15% lower with the devices in place.Extrapolating these savings to all schools within the SWEEG region suggests that over100 000 m3 of water could be saved per annum, the implied financial saving being in excess of£ ¼ million.

Following negotiations, South West Water have agreed to trial the devices in 40 schools withinDevon and Cornwall. Should this exercise prove successful, they plan to extend the supply ofHippos to all schools within these two counties.(For more details see Internal Document 115: Low Cost Water Saving by Reducing W.C. Cistern Volume)

A HIPPO bag installed in a cistern.


24 �

HEAT PUMP MONITORINGSmall split-unit heat pumps are frequently employed in office spaces as a convenient andefficient way of meeting both heating and cooling requirements. An external unit houses a heatexchanger, and a wall-mounted internal unit contains a second heat exchanger. The two unitsare connected by a piping circuit containing refrigerant.

The Centre was asked to carry out on-site monitoring of one such installation in order toascertain the achievable efficiency of operation, or Coefficient of Performance, of these units.

Monitoring took place over two periods, each of two weeks. The first was during the winter (toexamine efficiency in heating mode); the second was during the summer (for performance incooling mode). The temperatures at the air inlet and outlet of the internal heat exchanger, theexternal temperature and the electrical load were all recorded as half-hourly averages. Thevolumetric flow rate of air through the internal unit was determined by means of one-offmeasurements.

Once complete, analysis of the results will show the efficiency of these ubiquitous units underactual operating conditions.(For more details see Internal Document 118: Preliminary Analysis of Heat Pump Monitoring—Winter Period)

DESIGN OF NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEMSThe large, and currently unused, St James Church in St Helier, Jersey is to be converted for useas a theatre.

The main features of the existing building are to be retained. These include the spacious and airymain auditorium which has an attractive vaulted ceiling supported on six pillars. There is also adeep gallery running around the back and two sides of the room. Overall the auditorium isapproximately 13 metres high, 26 metres long and 16 metres wide. The base of the gallery is 3.5metres above the auditorium floor.

It is desired to provide the new theatre with effective natural ventilation and to provide winterheating with an underfloor system. Although natural ventilation is becoming recognised as a keyfeature of any low-energy building, its incorporation in the design does present significantdifficulties. Should the system fail to perform as required, occupant dissatisfaction will result.Whereas mechanical ventilation systems can be designed to meet any specified performancecriteria, it is much more difficult to be certain that a natural ventilation system will performadequately.Extensive computer modelling has been performed in an attempt to ensure that the heating andventilation system will be capable of maintaining acceptable comfort conditions in both summerand winter. The basic idea behind the natural ventilation system is that it should rely mainly onthe buoyancy-driven movement of warm air upwards through the building. Cool external air willbe supplied via an underfloor plenum and grids into the auditorium. Warm, stale air will beexhausted via a high level plenum above the ceiling. Special provision will be made to feed coolair to the back of the gallery seating. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies haveindicated that the flow of air will be adequate to maintain comfort on the majority of occasions.However, a simple, low-cost, boost is provided by fitting an extract fan at the exit from the


25 �

ceiling plenum.This will only beactivated if thepassive systemfails to maintainconditionswithin limits.

Further CFDstudies havebeen made of thearrangement ofinlet and outletgrids in the sub-floor plenum toensure thatadequate airflowis available. Theupper figureshows a planview of airvelocity vectorsin this space.The air is guidedand constrainedby a series ofstub walls shownin olive green,and exits viaslots and grids(white) into thespace above.Various layoutswere tried beforea satisfactoryflow wasobtained.

In addition, thermal studies were conducted to examine the performance of the underfloorheating system. These revealed that it was necessary to improve the insulation of the buildingand reduce its thermal response time by adding a layer of insulation to the internal wall surfaces.Whilst this measure enabled the heating system to achieve comfort conditions within anacceptable time, it made overheating in the summer more likely. The behaviour of the buildingwas studied at lower than optimum ventilation rates to examine potential overheating problemsduring a four hour evening performance in summer. With the insulation in place, the lowerfigure shows that a ventilation rate of at least three air changes per hour would be required toachieve reasonable comfort conditions. Without the insulation it was discovered that the heat

Plan view of air flow within the sub-floor plenum.

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

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400 occupants 1800-2200 hours 7 days per week

1 air change per hour 2 air changes per hour 3 air changes per hour

occu

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Frequency distribution of temperature resulting from different ventilation rates.


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absorbing properties of the bare walls enabled temperatures to be maintained with ventilationrates as low as 0.1 air changes per hour.(For further information see Report 79: St. James’ Church, Jersey—Conversion to a Naturally Ventilated Theatre)

DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING STRATEGYAt present Sustainable Development, insofar as it applies to energy-consuming systems, remainsa distant ideal. But as a guiding principle applied to building projects, it can have a beneficialeffect on building performance and environmental impact. Devon County Council have adoptedSustainable Development as a principle of policy under the Corporate Action Programme forSustainable Development. They therefore wish to develop mechanisms and procedures in theirday-to-day activities to encourage and achieve this aim.

The Centre has been working in conjunction with Devon County Council (to the ultimate benefitof all SWEEG members) to produce a practical procedure which may be applied to govern thedesign of new and refurbished buildings. The overall framework within which the procedure isbeing developed is that of LE-MAS—an environmental monitoring and auditing system forLocal Authorities being promoted by the European Commission. This envisages a managementframework comprising the following steps:

• A Policy stating the Authority's overall environmental aims and a commitment to continuousimprovement beyond compliance with minimum legislative requirements.

• An Evaluation of the environmental effects of the activities being considered.• A Programme of activities to achieve defined objectives.• A Management System which defines responsibilities and procedures for implementing the

programme.• Periodic Audits to assess whether the programme is being followed and the management

system is adequate.• A Statement of environmental performance designed for the public and made publicly

available.• Impartial external Verification of the quality and completeness of the process, leading to

formal Validation of the public statement.The strategy beingdeveloped locally forbuildings comprisesfour separate sectionsas portrayed in thediagram. TheStatement ofPurpose describesthe aim of theprocedure anddefines the range ofenvironmentalimpacts it is designedto reduce. A GeneralApproach to designis then described

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE

GENERAL APPROACH

TOOLS AND PROCEDURES

CASE STUDY LIBRARY

LAND USE ENERGY USE MATERIALS MANAGEMENT IN USE

COMPUTER DBASE REFERENCE BOOK

Structure of the Sustainable Building Strategy.


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under four main headings which relate to different environmental issues; these are land use,energy use, materials and management in use. Specific Tools and Procedures which assist inachieving the aims under each of these headings will be researched and specified. Finally, aCase Study Library will enable the lessons learned to be applied to new projects.

The main difficulty in forwarding this process is in trying to improve environmental performancewhen “environment” is a word with so many meanings. To make any progress it has beennecessary to set objectives and priorities, many of which remain open to discussion.

Generally, it has been agreed that new buildings should:• make sensitive use of land resources and

• generally be sited on pre-used land rather than green field sites• minimise the production of disposable waste• consider the adaptation and extension of existing buildings• be located and orientated on site to minimise environmental impacts• be sited to take maximum advantage of existing infrastructure

• minimise energy use in construction and operation and• be designed in accordance with a coherent energy efficiency strategy• use natural rather than mechanical ventilation• avoid the use of air-conditioning

• use environmentally benign materials in their construction and• use non-toxic materials selected from an approved list• employ materials of low embodied energy• maximise the use of recycled material• minimise the quantity of virgin materials in their construction• be designed and constructed with a view to re-use of materials upon demolition

• be designed to facilitate good management in use and• be carefully and fully commissioned prior to occupancy• incorporate systems and controls which permit and encourage good management• be provided with an operations manual for occupant use

In addition, it is an essential part of the sustainable design procedure that the need for anybuilding should have been fully considered and justified. The impact of a new building on thelocality in terms of transport, employment, land use, visual amenity and so on should have beenfully considered during this process. It is assumed, therefore, that buildings coming forward tothe design stage would have been established as fully justified new work during a pre-designappraisal of need.


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More specific progress has been made on setting up a design guidance tool to assist in achievinglow energy consumption. This takes the form of an interactive Computer Database which thedesigner can use to develop a coherent energy strategy for the building whilst preserving otherimportant aims for the design. The figure shows an example screen shot of the database.

Information on building design strategies for inclusion in this database is being derived from theproject “Improving the Design of High Performance Buildings” described elsewhere in thisannual report.

Other aspects of the procedure are being developed in parallel with this work.(For further information see Internal Document 120: Developing a Sustainable Building Strategy (Interim Report))

WASTE SCENARIO MODELLING FOR CORNWALLWaste disposal or management is increasingly subject to legislative change and tighteningregulatory control. Waste management development within Europe, together with harmonisationof standards, are key driving forces. This has resulted in a number of new directives coveringwaste—and more are being developed. A more environmentally informed and concerned publicare placing further pressures on the waste disposal industry, increasing the costs and complexityof disposal, and raising controversies. This is particularly the case for biodegradable wastesgenerated by householders, commerce and industry. Increasingly therefore, there is a need totake a long term view, including the formulation of future projections and plans, and toinvestigate all available options. Through the investigation of recent trends, together withestimates of possible future developments, future waste disposal requirements and their impact

Screen shot of the Building Energy Concepts Database.


29 �

can be investigated. As a step along this path, Cornwall’s biodegradable waste disposal situationhas been modelled using data on current waste arisings, current and possible future disposaloptions and factors affecting waste quantities.

The modelling considered a wide range of future waste scenarios intended to represent a range ofpossible future situations, ranging from highly optimistic to pessimistic. Pessimism andoptimism are measured in terms of the requirements to find landfill space for final wastedisposal. The model (based upon current levels of waste generation, treatment, disposal andexisting landfill void capacity in Cornwall) made certain basic assumptions regarding futuredevelopments, as follows:

Scenario1 2 3 4

Variables Optimistic �� PessimisticAnnual growth in number of households 0.91% 0.91% 0.91% 0.91%

Annual growth in waste generated perhousehold

-2% 0% 2% 2%

Percentage of waste composted at home 5% by year 2000 5% by year 2000 2.5% by year 2000 2.5% by year 2000Percentage of waste centrally composted 5% by year 2000 5% by year 2000 2.5% by year 2000 2.5% by year 2000Percentage of waste recycled 25% by year 2000

40% by year 200525% by year 2000 25% by year 2000 12.5% by year 2000

20% by year 2005

The benefits of an incinerator were also considered for each of the scenarios. The county wasassumed to be divided into two sectors; East and West. These represent the current state ofdisposal in Cornwall, with one major landfill serving each sector. This sub-division of thecounty for waste management purposes is expected to be maintained in the future, as facilitiesserving the entire county would probably generate unacceptable haulage costs.

Examples of results fromthe modelling exercise aregiven in the two figures.The year in which existinglandfill capacity willbecome exhausted inCornwall is shown for twoof the modelled scenarios.This is an important factorwhen determining where,when and how much newlandfill is required inCornwall. Of equalimportance are the

consequences the model’s assumptions upon landfill requirements. This is reflected in thefollowing conclusions derived from the study:

• Domestic waste generation in Cornwall per capita is rising but the rate of growth is uncleardue to significant variation between years. The most recent four years give an averagegrowth of around 1% per annum, which is similar to the growth in Cornwall’s economy overthat period. The average future rate of economic growth anticipated for the UK is 2%.

0

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Without Incineration

Cornwall landfill availability under the optimistic scenario and assumingincineration may be available for the treatment of post recycling waste

residue after the year 2006.


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• The publication of government recycling targets imply that the rate of increase in domesticwaste recycling must be significantly greater over the next three years if the target for theyear 2000 is to be met. This remains the case even if the year 2000 target is postponed to2005.

• With successful waste minimisation measures and a high degree of waste recycling, therewould be insufficient residual waste in either East or West Cornwall to support aneconomically sized incinerator. Combining the East and West waste streams is an option,however, there would be a high waste haulage costs associated with this alternative.

• Under pessimistic scenarios, implying increasing waste generation and poor recycling levels,there will sufficient waste to support economically sized incinerators in both East and WestCornwall.

• Existing landfill capacity can provide all of Cornwall’s waste needs throughout the 25 yearstrategy period with successful waste minimisation and optimistically high recycling.However, under pessimistic scenarios, capacity can be exhausted in about 10 years and theequivalent of several new large sites may be required, particularly if incineration is notdeveloped.

(For more information see Report 81: Predictions of Cornwall’s Landfill Requirements up to 2021)

DEVON COUNTY COUNCIL’S WASTE LOCAL PLANWaste Disposal Authorities are required to prepare Waste Local Plans as part of the area’soverall Development Plan. The Development Plan sets out conditions under which newdevelopment in the area (with land use implications) can proceed. The Waste Local Plan isconcerned specifically with waste management. Its objective is to ensure that a comprehensivenetwork of appropriate waste management facilities are operating within Devon.

The content or format of the Waste Local Plan can lie anywhere between two extremes. On onehand it could specify exactly where and what facilities are to be developed in the county. At theother extreme, it can specify only the criteria that any new facilities must meet. In the firstinstance the Disposal Authority is required to analyse the situation and determine the wastemanagement needs. Under the criteria approach, the waste industry must determine forthemselves where and what facilities are required, based upon the criteria laid down in the Plan.Devon has adopted a criteria-based approach. As a consequence, it is important that as muchrelevant ‘waste management’ information as possible is provided to the waste industry. This

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1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021Year

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Without Incineration

With Incineration

Cornwall landfill availability under the pessimistic scenario and assuming incineration may be available.


31 �

will enable the industry to identify waste facility needs, and avoid burdening the planning systemwith applications for facilities having little chance of success.

In this context, therefore, the Centre has been responsible for generating a ‘Technical Document’detailing waste quantities and waste facilities existing within the county. The purpose of thedocument is to provide some of the raw data from which developers can identify shortfalls in theprovision of facilities, both now and the foreseeable future.

The data contained in the report includes the following:• The types and quantities of waste generated within Devon;• A snapshot of the facilities currently used to deal with Devon’s waste;• Indication of the capacity limitations of the existing facilities;• Identification of waste quantity and treatment trends, where they exist;• Projection of future levels of domestic waste for treatment/disposal up to 2011.

Compilation and basic analysis of the data used in the Technical Document revealed thefollowing broad conclusions regarding waste generation and facility provision within Devon:

• The number of active and licensed inert landfill sites has almost halved in recent years, fromaround 80 to nearer 40.

• The quantity of inert waste landfilled in these sites has fallen from a peak approaching850 000 tonnes in 1996 to nearer 550 000 tonnes per annum at present. Approximately100 000 tonnes of inert waste is recycled for reuse as an aggregate, with a further 100 000tonnes (approximately) being disposed of as exempted waste (re-used for farm track repair,landscaping etc).

• Currently, in excess of 4 years inert landfill void capacity is available for Devon as a whole.However, different areas of the county have dissimilar levels of reserve.

• The number of biodegradable landfill sites in Devon is five with at least one in the North,South, East and West quarters of the County.

• The amount of waste collected from the doorstep has increased by 4.2% in the last two years.• Civic Amenity waste has increased by about 30% over the last four years. Simultaneously,

Civic Amenity waste recycling has increased thereby suppressing the increase in this wastebeing landfilled to 17% over the four years.

• The quantity of commercial biodegradable waste landfilled in Devon is around 200 000tonnes per annum, compared with 350 000 tonnes for biodegradable domestic waste.

• The current biodegradable landfill void capacity is in excess of eight years for Devon.However, different areas have varying levels of reserve.

(For more information, see Report 82: Devon Waste Local Plan. Technical Appendix)

1998 BIENNIAL SWEEG SEMINAR“ELECTRICITY IN MY BACK YARD”This year the South West Energy and Environment Group is holding the latest in its series ofbiennial seminars on issues of topical interest.

Entitled “Electricity in My Back Yard”, the seminar will examine the economic andenvironmental case for the growth in small-scale power stations. These stations are known as


32 �

“embedded generators” due to their siting in regions where the electricity distribution networkhas branched out to serve small groups of consumers, as distinct from the central positionsoccupied by the large power stations. Most power stations which exploit renewable energysources—mainly wind, water and biomass—are, of necessity, embedded generators located atthe most convenient site to exploit the power source. Other stations are designed to incineratedomestic and commercial waste, and produce electricity as a by-product. There are also somefossil-fuelled stations which are embedded in the distribution network in order, it is argued, toincrease the security of local supply. All embedded generators are operated as commercial,profit-making enterprises.

Because such generators are close to the consumers they serve, there are advantages in reduceddistribution losses that should have both financial and environmental benefits. However, theenvironmental benefits are seen mainly on a large geographical scale—such as the abatement ofglobal warming and acid rain. There are other effects on the local environment, which may notappear so beneficial to the people living there!

The seminar will draw together eight expert speakers and a specialist audience of interestedparties to examine the issues surrounding this recent development. The economic interests ofboth consumers and the industry will be examined, and a searching analysis of the environmentaleffects undertaken.

REVENUES FROM SALES OF ELECTRICITY FROMEMBEDDED GENERATORSDevelopment of renewable energy sources is fundamental for sustainable development.However, although the desire to use renewable energy may exist, significant development willvery much depend upon economics. This is particularly true in the new liberated energy marketplace. Therefore, it is important to analyse that market and to identify approximately what levelof income renewable generation might produce. The odd tenth of a penny per unit of energysold could make the difference between success or failure for certain renewable technologies—particularly those only just starting to compete with conventional fossil fuel sources.

The purpose of this study is to quantify the potential income from renewable electricitygenerators, given that the electricity generated can be sold through a number of differentcommercial arrangements. Furthermore, the small size of many renewable schemes requires thegenerator to be connected to the local (and lower voltage) electricity distribution rather than thenational transmission grid used by large fossil-fuelled generators. Therefore, direct competitionbased upon unit price of generation may be complicated by other costs and benefits that resultfrom ‘embedding’ these generators in the electricity system close to the consumer end of thenetwork. The four principal arrangements available for ‘embedded’ generators are:

1. NFFO (Non Fossil Fuel Obligation) This is a government-supported subsidy. The subsidyis generated by a small premium paid on the costs of electricity generated from fossil fuels.The benefits of this scheme include a fifteen year guaranteed income from sales and, fordeveloping technologies, an income at higher than the market rate.

2. Regional Electricity Company The local electricity distribution company (SWEB)publishes tariff rates at which it will purchase from generators embedded in their distributionsystem.


33 �

3. Pool Purchase The majority of electricity is traded via the ‘Pool’. This pool is managed bythe National Grid Company. Various mechanisms determine which electricity generators areto be operational and the price at which their output will be purchased.

4. Second Tier Supply A company can purchase electricity to sell to customers in anyRegional Electricity Company (REC) area. It can have its own arrangements with electricitygenerators independent of the pool or the local REC.

Analysis of the first three options indicate that trading via the pool and sales direct to SWEB (asthe local REC) would generate similar revenues. However, if the generator could be controlledto provide greater output at certain times of the day and year, pool purchase prices would exceedSWEB’s tariff. Furthermore, as embedded generators, there may be the potential to generateother income as a result of reduced costs to SWEB from a reduction in importation of electricityinto the region (on which Transmission Use of System Charges are levied). However, adisadvantage of the pool option is that it is subject to uncertainty as prices may fall or rise. Forthe NFFO option, the attractiveness depends upon the price per unit of electricity being offered.This depends upon the degree of development of the industry. For example, energy generatedfrom waste may be contracted at or below the average market rate. This reflects thetechnology’s competitiveness, but also a desire for long term income security through the NFFOsystem. The analysis of option 4 is continuing, but is very complex requiring the identificationof a customer base that is suitable in terms of the pattern of energy demand and the pricecompetition from other electricity suppliers.(For more details see Internal Document 128:Examining Prospects for Electricity Sales From a Waste Incinerator(Interim Report))

ENERGY IN DEVONCounty-level energyconsumption statistics are oftenrequired for policy makingpurposes. Such data are difficultto obtain, due to mismatchesbetween suppliers’ distributionareas and county boundaries,large numbers of suppliers ofcertain fuels (such as coal andpetroleum), and issues ofcommercial confidentiality ofdata. Frequently the only wayaround these problems is todisaggregate national energyconsumption statistics.

A spreadsheet based model,called REEGEN (REgional Estimation of Greenhouse gas emissions and ENergy use), has beendeveloped, to allow national figures to be disaggregated in a reasoned and efficient way. Thelocal-level statistics are obtained by applying a number of consumption indicators (such asemployment in various sectors, land use and population) to the national data. The structure ofthe model enables the indicators to be changed and refined with minimal effort. Emissions of

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Trends in Devon's energy consumption, 1990-1996.


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greenhouse gas pollutants implicit in the energy consumption are calculated according to thestandard methodology provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Estimates of Devon’s energy consumption over the past six years have been made; the figurescorrelated well with historical data. The model is currently being used to supply similar figuresfor Cornwall.(For more details see Internal Document 117: Energy Use in Devon (Estimates) and Internal Document 116:REEGEN: A Spreadsheet-Based Model to Estimate Regional Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

REDUCING ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN OFFICESAND SCHOOLSAt the request of Cornwall County Council, CEE were asked to investigate the potential forenergy savings in offices and schools from encouraging occupants to switch monitors off whennot using their computers for short periods. Ideally, such switching should be extended to thewhole machine; however, this has the potential to cause inconvenience because of the time takento re-boot the machine and for it to connect to any networks that might be in place.

The average energy saving to be gained from encouraging users to switch off computer monitorswhen they are not in use has been estimated by measurement (for a series of machines in variousmodes) and found to be approximately 73 Watts per machine. This indicates potential savings of£20 000 per annum within Cornwall County Council and its schools. The figure printed on theback of most PCs to indicate their current rating has been found to be unreliable even as anestimate of these savings and should not be used in any such calculations. The energy saved byscreen savers themselves is very small, thus if they are to be used, they should carry aworthwhile message rather than just look pretty. Machines that have Energy Star capabilitiesmust be set to an energy saving mode to be effective (this is not normally done by the supplier).

The ability to bring these saving about will depend on the willingness of computer users tochange their behaviour and on how the message is relayed to them. One possibility is viasuitably designed mouse mats, another via an environmental screen saver encouraging people toswitch their monitors off. Such a screen saver could also carry a series of educationalenvironmental messages and monitor the sum total of time each PC is not actively in use butturned on each day.(For more information see Internal Document 122: Reducing Electricity Consumption in Offices and Schools bySwitching Off Computer Monitors)

AGENDA 21 ACTIVITIESThe Centre has continued its involvement in Devon’s Agenda 21 activities. For CEE these havecentred on the Transport and Cleaner Air working party. One of the most important areasconsidered has been the new Transport Policy and Programme consultation document fromDevon County Council.

Many approaches to reducing traffic have been considered by the working party, including:setting targets, reducing road space, improving facilities for walking and cycling, increasing thecost of parking and encouraging teleworking. Additional consideration has been given toemphasising the importance of children’s health and welfare. This has led to the discussion ofelectronic speed control and improved “safe” crossings.


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PUBLICATIONSABOUT SWEEG PUBLICATIONS

SWEEG publishes Reports, Briefing Papers, Software Documents and Internal Documents.• REPORTS are based on in-depth studies by SWEEG scientists and are of general interest.• BRIEFING PAPERS tend to be shorter than reports. Often they are responses to topical issues,

or digests of technical or otherwise inaccessible material of interest to the Group.• SOFTWARE DOCUMENTS are instruction manuals for software written by SWEEG scientists.• INTERNAL DOCUMENTS usually result from investigations into a particular problem identified

by the SWEEG management, but will often be of interest as case studies to outsiders.Occasionally there may be some restriction on the issue of Internal Documents.

In addition, the Centre for Energy and the Environment publishes material in the technicaljournals and communicates the results of contract research as final reports to funding bodies.

This document lists current reports, internal documents, briefing papers, external publicationsand software documents produced by SWEEG and/or the Centre for Energy and theEnvironment. A complete document list may also be found at the Centre for Energy and theEnvironment's web site, at http://www.ex.ac.uk/cee/WWW_pubs.html.


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CURRENT YEAR TO 1ST OCTOBER 1998Reference Title Author Date Pages Cost

SCIENTISTS' REPORTSReport 82 Devon Waste Local Plan. Technical Appendix P.Brock September 1998

Not Yet AvailableReport 81 Predictions of Cornwall's Landfill Requirements up to 2021 P.Brock January 1998 64pp. £32.00Report 79 St. James' Church, Jersey - Conversion to a Naturally Ventilated

Theatre.J.A.Crabb July 1997 (Updated May1998) 15pp. £8.00

INTERNAL DOCUMENTSDocument 128 Examining the Prospects for Electricity Sales from a Waste

Incinerator (Interim Report)P.Brock September 1998Not Yet Available

Document 127 Energy Use in Cornwall (Estimates) T.A.Mitchell September 1998Not Yet Available

Document 126 CEE Road Traffic Noise Prediction Software: TN 1.0 T.A.Mitchell September 199810pp. £5.00

Document 125 Ozone Measurements at Roebuck House D.A.Coley September 1998 2pp. £5.00Document 124 Modelling of Underfloor Heating Systems Using a Finite Element

ApproachT.A.Mitchell September 1998Not Yet Available

Document 123 Allowing for a Variable Ventilation Rate in Excalibur D.A.Coley August 1998Not Yet Available

Document 122 Reducing Electricity Consumption in Offices and Schools bySwitching Off Computer Monitors.

D.A.Coley July 1998 5pp. £5.00

Document 121 Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Effect on Heat Lossof a Curtain at a Window

J.A.Crabb May 1998 9pp. £5.00

Document 120 Developing a Sustainable Building Strategy (Interim Report). J.A.Crabb May 1998 14pp. £7.00Document 119 Rouge Bouillon Fire Station. Modelling of Breathing Apparatus

Training Facility.T.A.Mitchell May 1998 10pp. £5.00

Document 118 Preliminary Analysis of Heat Pump Monitoring - Winter Period. T.A.Mitchell May 1998 7pp. £5.00Document 117 Energy Use in Devon (Estimates). T.A.Mitchell & P.Brock May 1998

16pp. £8.00Document 116 REEGEN: A Spreadsheet - Based Model to Estimate Regional

Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.T.A.Mitchell May 1998 20pp. £10.00

Document 115 Low Cost Water Saving by Reducing W.C. Cistern Volume. T.A.Mitchell March 1998 13pp. £7.00Document 114 The Feasibility of Using the Micromiser Boiler Economy Device

as a Weather Compensator.T.A.Mitchell January 1998 10pp. £5.00

Document 113 Acoustic Study of Oldway Ballroom and the Council Chamber atTorquay Town Hall.

T.A.Mitchell March 1998 41pp. £21.00Restricted.

Document 112 Evaluation of the Proposed Marsh Barton Waste To Energy Plant P.Brock November 1997 Restricted.Document 109 Devon's Energy Consumption and the Local Economic Impact P.Brock November 1997 18pp. £9.00Document 108 Performance Measurements of a Rainwater Collection System E.Goodliffe & P.Brock May. 1998

19pp. £10.00EXTERNAL PUBLICATIONS

EXT 48 The Embodied Energy of Food: the Rôle of Diet D.A.Coley, E.Gooldliffe &J.Macdiarmid, in Energy Policy 1998,V.26, No.6, pp.455-459

BRIEFING PAPERSPaper 49 Sound Transmission Between Dwellings D.A.Coley June 1998 25pp. £13.00Paper 48 Car Sharing for Schools - Background T.A.Mitchell May 1998 5pp. £5.00

SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATIONSoftware 18 Programs for Modelling Underfloor Heating System T.A.Mitchell September 1998 Not Yet

Available


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Software 17 The Design of High Performance Buildings With the Aid of EX-GA


Software 16 Variable Timestep Version of Excalibur T.A.Mitchell June 1998 7pp. £5.00

COMPLETE PUBLICATIONS LIST TO 1ST OCTOBER 1998Reference Title Author Date Pages Cost

SCIENTISTS' REPORTSReport 82 Devon Waste Local Plan. Technical Appendix P.Brock September 1998

Not Yet AvailableReport 81 Predictions of Cornwall's Landfill Requirements up to 2021 P.Brock January 1998 64pp. £32.00Report 80 Field Tests of Fuel Efficiency Magnets. J.A.Crabb July 1997 14pp. £7.00Report 79 St. James' Church, Jersey - Conversion to a Naturally Ventilated

Theatre.J.A.Crabb July 1997 (Updated May1998) 15pp. £8.00

Report 78 Comparison Between Alternative Street Lighting MaintenanceStrategies.

P.Brock April 1997 40pp. £20.00

Report 77 Prediction of Devon's Landfill Requirements Up To 2021. P.Brock Feb.1997 50pp. £25.00Report 76 Summary of: The Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from

Jersey, 1995.D.A.Coley March 1997 34pp. £17.00

Report 75 The Sustainable Road: Practical Solutions to the EnvironmentalProblems of Road Transport.

D.A.Coley (ed.) Nov. 1996 65pp.£33.00

Report 74 Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Alternative Waste Paper RecyclingStrategies

P.Brock April 1996 21pp. £11.00

Report 73 Assessing the Water Saving Potential of 5 High WaterConsuming Primary Schools.

P.Brock. Nov. 1995. 13pp. £6.50

Report 72 A Comparison of the Environmental and Financial Costs of Petroland Diesel Lease Cars

D.A.Coley. Feb. 1996. 33pp. £15.00

Report 71 Sustainable Transport Policies: Road Transport and the Effect ofEmissions.

D.A.Coley and T.A.Mitchell. July1995. 54pp. £26.00

Report 70 Emission Modelling of the Proposed Jetty Marsh Relief Road(Newton Abbot) Using the EXTEM Computer Model.

T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Feb.1996. 25pp. £12.50

Report 69 The Use of a Virtual Machine to Gauge Acoustic Annoyancefrom the Proposed Generator at County Hall Exeter.

D.A.Coley. Feb. 1995. 28pp. £15.00

Report 68 Comparison of Two Methods for Measuring the ReverberationTime of a Multi-Purpose Space

D.A.Coley. Feb. 1995. 16pp. £8.00

Report 67 Estimation of Road Traffic Noise Levels in the Small UrbanEnvironment

D.A.Coley. Jan. 1995. 38pp. £20.00

Report 66 Estimates of Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Exeter City J.A.Crabb. May 1995. 20pp. £10.00Report 65 Renewable Energy in Cornwall: Prospects to 2000 J.A.Crabb. December 1994. 25pp.

£12.50Report 64 Comparison of the Embodied Energy and Energy Use of a

Typical Local Authority Building.D.A.Coley and J.Waller. Dec. 1994(Revised Sept. 1995. by T.A.Mitchelland D.A.Coley) 38pp. £20.00

Report 63 The Embodied Energy of Pipe Insulation D.A.Coley and J.Waller. Sept. 1995.20pp. £10.00

Report 62 Rain Water Collection and its use for Toilet Flushing in SchoolBuildings in the South West

P.Brock. April 1995. 22pp. £10.00

Report 61 Reverberation Time and Acoustic Suitability of Multi-PurposeSchool Halls

D.A.Coley. July 1995. 19pp. £10.00

Report 60 The Energy Equation of Glass Recycling P.Brock. Aug. 1995. 30pp. £15.00Report 59 Assessment of Stand-alone Boiler Management Devices. J.A.Crabb. July 1994. £14.00Report 58 Energy Analysis of Cold In-Situ Road Recycling: Ide Straight

Road Reconstruction.P.Brock. July 1994. £14.00

Report 57 Energy Use in Cornwall. R.Manning and J.A.Crabb. July 1994.21pp. £10.00


38 �

Report 56 Renewable Energy in Devon to 2000: a Basis for DeterminingGrowth Targets.

J.A.Crabb. June 1994. 25pp. £14.00

Report 55 Energy Use in Devon. R.Manning P.Brock D.A.Coley andJ.A.Crabb. June 1994. 30pp. £15.00

Report 54 An Environmentally Sound Purchasing Policy for PersonalComputers.

D.A.Coley. March 1994. 5pp. £5.00

Report 53 CO2 Production from the Nuclear / Non-Nuclear Generating Mixin Jersey.

D.A.Coley. Sept 1993. 5pp. £5.00

Report 52 Optimum sizing ratio for a twin boiler set. J.A.Crabb. June 1993. 14pp. £7.00Report 51 The Utilisation of Off-Peak Electricity for Space and Water

Heating in the Domestic Sector on Jersey.D.A.Coley. May 1993. 17pp. £9.00

Report 50 Radiant heating as an energy saving measure in schoolclassrooms.

J.A.Crabb. Dec 1992. 17pp. £9.00.

Report 49 Computer model investigations of heating options for a well-insulated school -Rouge Bouillon Jersey.

J.A.Crabb. Oct 1992. 8 pp. £5.00

Report 48 Energy efficiency of domestic electrical appliances. J.M.Penman July 1990 31pp. £15.00Report 47 The Performance of a Condensing Boiler in an Old Peoples

Home.J A Crabb July 1990. £14.00

Report 46 Design of energy efficient small schools - a suggested approach. J A Crabb December 1989. 16pp.£8.00.

Report 45 Jersey Energy Report 1989: global background and statisticalinformation.

S A M Burek August 1989. 67pp.£34.00.

Report 44 Coefficient of performance measurements on air-water heatpumps used for space heating.

J A Crabb April 1989 16pp. £8.00.

Report 43 Second order system identification in the thermal response of aworking school.

J M Penman April 1989 24pp. £12.00.

Report 42 Theoretical energy targets for four Devon schools. J M Penman March 1989 19pp.£10.00.

Report 41 An approach to the design of energy efficient heated buildings. J A Crabb September 1988 55pp.£28.00.

Report 40 Experience with a heat pump and thermal store heating system ina primary school.

J A Crabb and G Dods September1988. £20.00.

Report 39 Energy targeting for schools - phase 2 methodology fortheoretical targeting.

J M Penman September 1988 30pp.£20.00.

Report 38 Energy targeting for schools - phase 1 analysis of historical data. J M Penman July 1988 42pp. £20.00.Report 37 A method for examining potential CHP applications. A

preliminary economic assessment procedure.J A Crabb April 1988 9pp. £5.00.

Report 36 Implications of installing a Combined Heat and Power Unit.Methodology for appraising CHP proposals applied to a DayCentre in Cornwall.

J A Crabb March 1987 16pp. £8.00.

Report 35 Heating and overheating in temporary classrooms. Study of spaceheating requirements and summertime overheating in lightweightschool buildings.

Report 34 Architects' Handbook for EXCALIBUR. Discussion of dynamicthermal response modelling written round the EXCALIBURprogram.

N Murdoch November 1986 48pp.£25.00.

Report 33 The admittance procedure: its use and applications. Discussion ofthe admittance procedure and conclusions to be drawn from it.

A Thorne October 1986 34pp. £16.00.

Report 32 UK Energy Supply. Discussion of UK energy supply referring asappropriate to local national and international issues.

J M Penman October 1986 77pp.£40.00.

Report 31 Energy management systems: a comparative study. Informationon the capabilities of typical currently available energymanagement systems.

A Thorne March 1986 25pp. £14.00.

Report 30 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 11Report 29 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 10Report 28 WITHDRAWN


39 �

Report 27 Fuel consumption in Jersey. R F Waller June 1985 44pp. £22.00.Report 26 Average variation of monthly mean temperatures over the South

West and Jersey. A summary of results for practical use in energytargeting agriculture etc.


Report 25 WITHDRAWNReport 24 WITHDRAWNReport 23 WITHDRAWNReport 22 WITHDRAWNReport 21 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 8Report 20 St Cleer County Primary School Cornwall: A design in passive

solar energy techniques.J M Penman and P Wingrave-Newell lApril 1984 40pp. £20.00.

Report 19 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 6Report 18 The major fuels - supply and demand in Devon and Cornwall.

Pattern of fuel use in Devon and Cornwall.R F Waller January 1981 42pp. £20.00.

Report 17 WITHDRAWNReport 16 WITHDRAWNReport 15 Domestic heat pumps. Theory heat sources domestic application

economics and commercial equipment then available.R H D Sedgwick October 1980 44pp.£22.00.

Report 14 Passive solar heating for buildings. A non-technical introductionto the principles of passive solar design.

R H D Sedgwick September 1980revised February 1981 32pp. £16.00.

Report 13 COMBINED WITH REPORT 2Report 12 Solar heating for swimming pools. R H D Sedgwick July 1980 34pp.

£16.00.Report 11 WITHDRAWNReport 10 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 4Report 9 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 3Report 8 REPLACED BY EXTERNAL PUBLICATION 1Report 7 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 2Report 6 Insolation maps for the South West Peninsula. Monthly mean

distribution of solar irradiation over the South West.J M Penman April 1979 29pp. £15.00.

Report 5 REPLACED BY INTERNAL DOCUMENT 1Report 4 Electricity supply and demand in Devon and Cornwall. R F Waller January 1979 revised

March 1980 supplement January 198249pp. £25.00.

Report 3 WITHDRAWNReport 2 Changes in fuel supply and demand in Jersey. R F Waller December 1978 August

1980 11pp. £10.00.Report 1 An appraisal of flat-plate solar collectors. Theory design and

siting principles of flat-plate collectors.R H D Sedgwick July 1978 revisedApril 1980 30pp. £15.00.

INTERNAL DOCUMENTSDocument 128 Examining the Prospects for Electricity Sales from a Waste

Incinerator (Interim Report)P.Brock September 1998Not Yet Available

Document 127 Energy Use in Cornwall (Estimates) T.A.Mitchell September 1998Not Yet Available

Document 126 CEE Road Traffic Noise Prediction Software: TN 1.0 T.A.Mitchell September 199810pp. £5.00

Document 125 Ozone Measurements at Roebuck House D.A.Coley September 1998 2pp. £5.00Document 124 Modelling of Underfloor Heating Systems Using a Finite Element

ApproachT.A.Mitchell September 1998Not Yet Available

Document 123 Allowing for a Variable Ventilation Rate in Excalibur D.A.Coley August 1998Not Yet Available

Document 122 Reducing Electricity Consumption in Offices and Schools bySwitching Off Computer Monitors.


Document 121 Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Effect on Heat Lossof a Curtain at a Window

J.A.Crabb May 1998 9pp. £5.00


40 �

Document 120 Developing a Sustainable Building Strategy (Interim Report). J.A.Crabb May 1998 14pp. £7.00Document 119 Rouge Bouillon Fire Station. Modelling of Breathing Apparatus

Training Facility.T.A.Mitchell May 1998 10pp. £5.00

Document 118 Preliminary Analysis of Heat Pump Monitoring - Winter Period. T.A.Mitchell May 1998 7pp. £5.00Document 117 Energy Use in Devon (Estimates). T.A.Mitchell & P.Brock May 1998

16pp. £8.00Document 116 REEGEN: A Spreadsheet - Based Model to Estimate Regional

Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.T.A.Mitchell May 1998 20pp. £10.00

Document 115 Low Cost Water Saving by Reducing W.C. Cistern Volume. T.A.Mitchell March 1998 13pp. £7.00Document 114 The Feasibility of Using the Micromiser Boiler Economy Device

as a Weather Compensator.T.A.Mitchell January 1998 10pp. £5.00

Document 113 Acoustic Study of Oldway Ballroom and the Council Chamber atTorquay Town Hall.

T.A.Mitchell March 1998 41pp. £21.00Restricted.

Document 112 Evaluation of the Proposed Marsh Barton Waste To Energy Plant P.Brock November 1997 Restricted.Document 111 A GWh Based Energy Audit of Jersey: Background. D.A.Coley Sept. 1997 11pp. £6.00Document 110 The Potential for Summertime Overheating at Penair School,

Cornwall.D.A.Coley Sept. 1997 13pp. £7.00

Document 109 Devon's Energy Consumption and the Local Economic Impact P.Brock November 1997 18pp. £9.00Document 108 Performance Measurements of a Rainwater Collection System E.Goodliffe & P.Brock May. 1998

19pp. £10.00Document 106 An Energy Cost Comparison Between Alternative Methods of

Hot Water Supply in Schools.E.Goodliffe & P. Brock Aug. 199710pp. £5.00

Document 105 The True Cost of Road Transport. R.S. Wilson & D.A.Coley Aug. 199717pp. £35.00

Document 104 The Embodied Energy of Food: The Rôle of Diet. D.A.Coley, E.Goodliffe &J.Macdiarmid July 1997 14pp.Replacedby External Publication 48

Document 103 Whiddon Valley Primary School - CFD Study of NaturalVentilation.

J.A.Crabb July 1997 12pp. £6.00

Document 102 Fluorescent Lighting: Paper II - Energy Efficient Alternatives. R.S.Wilson & D.A.Coley April 199712pp. £6.00

Document 101 Comment Upon Devon's Waste Management Strategy Document. P.Brock Nov. 1996 19pp. £10.00Document 100 Contributions to Devon's Local Agenda 21 Staff Awareness. E.Goodliffe & P.Brock March 1997

30pp. £15.00Document 99 Patterns of Air Flow in Heated Classrooms: A Computational

Fluid Dynamics Study.J.A.Crabb March 1997 15pp. £8.00

Document 98 Air Quality Investigations at Barnstaple Library. J.A.Crabb Feb. 1997 14pp. £7.00Document 97 Performance Tests on an Ultrasonic Flow Meter. J.A.Crabb Jan. 1997 4pp. £5.00Document 96 Tehidy Country Park Visitors' Centre - Assessing Thermal

Performance.J.A.Crabb Nov. 1996 9pp. £5.00

Document 95 Fluorescent Lighting: Switching - an Environmental andEconomic Analysis.

R.S.Wilson & D.A.Coley Feb. 199716pp. £8.00

Document 94 Emissions from Staff Car Use. I.Ross & D.A.Coley Feb. 1997 17pp.£9.00

Document 93 Greenhouse Gas Emissions associated with Food Production: thefunction of diet.

E.Goodliffe, D.A.Coley &J.Macdiarmid Feb. 1997 25pp. £13.00

Document 92 Car-engine Pre-Heating: An economic and EnvironmentalAnalysis.

R.S.Wilson & D.A.Coley Nov. 199615pp. £8.00

Document 91(Part II)

Use of Illsonic Sonex Acoustic Treatment at StokeclimslandSchool Hall.

T.A. Mitchell & D.A. Coley August1996 9pp. £5.00

Document 91(Part I)

Acoustic Improvements to Stokeclimsland School Hall. T.A. Mitchell & D.A. Coley August1996 30pp. £15.00

Document 90 An Examination of the Prospects for Electricity Sales from aWaste Incinerator.

J.A.Crabb June 1996 4pp £5.00

Document 89 Examining the Viability of Installing a Wind Turbine on a FarmProperty

J.A.Crabb June 1996 6pp £5.00


41 �

Document 88 Air Quality in Partially Sealed Classrooms. T.A.Mitchell & D.A.Coley June 199628pp. £14.00

Document 87 A Guide to the CEE World Wide Web Entry. T.A.Mitchell. May 1996. 124pp.£62.00

Document 86 Manual for the OCTOPUS Current Clamp Interface Unit. T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley 8pp.£5.00

Document 85 Future Boiler Replacement in the Physics and ChemistryBuildings - A Preliminary Examination of the Issues.

J.A.Crabb. Feb. 1996. 12pp. £6.00

Document 84 Interim Report on Energy Use in Ashburton School J.A.Crabb. Mar. 1996. 12pp. £6.00Document 83 Report of the Energy Working Group of Devon Local Agenda 21 A.F.G.Wyatt Feb. 1996 13pp £7.00Document 82 Reducing Heating Costs in Elliott Buildings - Summary of Work

by J.M.Penman.J.A.Crabb. Jan. 1996. 71pp. £35.00Includes appended copies of ExternalPublications 28 and 29.

Document 81 Analysis of Water Consumption in Cornwall County CouncilManaged Buildings

P.Brock. Jan. 1996. 48pp. £25.00Produced jointly with the EnergyManagement Unit Cornwall CountyCouncil.

Document 80 Construction Notes for the CEE Logging Current Clamp (II). T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Mar.1996. 13pp.

Document 79 The Reverberation Time of St. Minver School Hall. T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Jan.1996. 21pp. £10.00

Document 78 The Remote Analysis of Acoustic Reverberation Time TestRecordings.

T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Jan.1996. 11pp. £6.00

Document 77 Heat Loss and Embodied Energy Considerations for InsulatedValves.

T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Nov.1995. 14pp. £7.00

Document 76 A Compendium of Embodied Energies for Common BuildingMaterials.

T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. 13pp.£7.00

Document 75 Potential Overheating at Jersey Girls' College T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. 16pp.£8.00

Document 74 Modelling the Operation of Underfloor Heating Systems J.A.Crabb. April 1995. 13pp. £7.00Document 73 Energy Consumption and Pollution Loads for the SWEEG

Member Authorities - Preliminary Notes for the Rio WorkingParty

J.A.Crabb. Feb. 1995. 9pp. £10.00

Document 72 Correlation of Electricity Use and Degree Days in Cornwall. D.A.Coley. July 1995. 26pp. £13.00Document 71 Monitoring Water Consumption at Chudleigh Community

Primary School Devon.P.Brock. Aug. 1995. 15pp. £8.00

Document 70 Water Consumption in Local Authority Buildings P.Brock. Aug. 1995. 30pp. £15.00Document 69 Ventilation Rates to Control Summer Overheating at First Tower

Primary School Jersey.J A Crabb. April 1994. pp 9. £5.00

Document 68 Monitoring of Water Consumption as Kennal Vale PrimarySchool Ponsanooth Cornwall.

P Brock. April 1994. pp 9. £5.00

Document 67 Comparison of Operating and Embodied Energies of RivalHeating Systems.

P Brock. April 1994. pp 12. £6.00

Document 66 kVA Profiles at Lucombe House County Hall Exeter. D A Coley. Nov 1993. 19pp. £10.00Document 65 Initial appraisal of possible energy conservation measures for St

Luke's School of Education swimming pool.J A Crabb. April 1993. 10pp. £5.00

Document 64 Outline energy strategy for D'Hautree school Jersey. J A Crabb. March 1993. 19 pp. £10.00Document 63 The use of the EXCALIBUR thermal model as an aid to school

design - a summary of recent experience.J A Crabb. Nov 1992. 6pp £5.00.

Document 62 St Luke's primary school Jersey - an initial appraisal of energyperformance.

J A Crabb. Oct 1992. 3pp. £5.00.

Document 61 Options for the Reduction of Electricity Consumption of ExposedRefrigeration Units.

D A Coley. Oct 1992. 11pp. £6.00.

Document 60 The Design Construction and Testing of a Low Cost Clamp-OnCurrent Transformer.

D A Coley. Nov 1992. 8pp. £5.00


42 �

Document 59 Parametric study for identification of primary-energy efficientbuilding designs(application to SERC).

J A Crabb and A F G Wyatt. March1992. 5pp. £5.00.

Document 58 The development of a second order thermal response model withadaptive parameters(application to SERC).

D A Coley and A F G Wyatt. March1992. 5pp. £5.00.

Document 57 External temperature estimation for simplified thermal responsemodelling in building energy management systems (application toSERC).

D A Coley and A F G Wyatt. Sept.1991. 5pp. £5.00.

Document 56 The battery charging project. C Hughes. July 1992. 81pp. £40.00.Document 55 Initial assessment of the thermal performance of Tregadillet

junior and infant school Cornwall.J A Crabb. June 1992. 5pp. £5.00.

Document 54 Temperature profile measurements in an occupied classroom atAshburton primary school.

J A Crabb. May 1992. 6pp. £5.00.

Document 53 The charging of “non-rechargeable” batteries (an end of termreport).

C Hughes. March 1992. 9pp. £5.00.

Document 52 An adaptive lighting controller. D A Coley and J A Crabb. March1992. 6pp. £5.00.

Document 51 Project definition: Guidance on energy-efficient building designs. J A Crabb. March 1992. 10pp. £5.00.Document 50 Determination of ventilation rates at Star flats Pembroke Street

South Plymouth.M E Fry and J A Crabb. Feb 1992.16pp. £8.00.

Document 49 Assessment of proposed schemes for combined heat and poweroperation at County Hall Exeter.

M E Fry. Jan. 1992. 37pp. £20.00.

Document 48 Primary energy consequences of electric heating for a Cornwallprimary school - correspondence.

J A Crabb. Dec. 1991. 4pp. £5.00.

Document 47 Correspondence on energy-efficient school design. J A Crabb. Nov. 1991. 15pp. £8.00.Document 46 Papers arising from the RIBA Exmoor workshop. J A Crabb. Sept. 1991. 7pp. £5.00.Document 45 An updated appraisal of the prospects for combined heat and

power operation at County Hall Exeter.M E Fry and J A Crabb Sept. 1991.27pp. £15.00.

Document 44 4529 integrated circuit tester for the Datataker DT100 data logger. M E Fry. July 1991. 5pp. £5.00.Document 43 Feasibility study of prospects for Combined Heat and Power at

County Hall Truro. (Interim).J A Crabb July 1991. 10pp. £5.00.

Document 42 Thermal design studies for a low energy primary school -Ashburton Devon. (Interim).

J A Crabb April 1991. 10pp. £5.00.

Document 41 Determination of ventilation rates at Crownhill Police StationPlymouth.

M E Fry and J A Crabb April 1991.9pp. £5.00

Document 40 Use of the Excalibur energy targeting system to estimate therequired boiler capacity at the North Devon College.

M E Fry April 1991. 7pp. £5.00.

Document 39 An examination of energy conservation options for States Loanhousing Jersey.

J A Crabb March 1991. 6pp. £5.00

Document 38 Domestic hot water supply at Blackwood House OPH Camborne. J A Crabb June 1990. £6.00.Document 37 Correspondence on the thermal performance of a Renovated

Historical Building - Hamptonne Jersey.J A Crabb April 1990. 3pp. £5.00.

Document 36 Thermal design studies for the proposed Truro Sixth Form Centre. J M Penman November 1989. 15pp.£8.00.

Document 35 Electricity use at St Peters Church of England School Exeter. S A M Burek August 1989.Document 34 Estimated heating energy reductions due to window

refurbishment at Jersey Police Headquarters.J A Crabb May 1989 3pp. £5.00.

Document 33 Performance of the Middlemoor CHP unit March 1988 - February1989.

J A Crabb and G W Pettinger May1989 5pp. £5.00.

Document 32 Improving efficiencies of older-style cast-iron sectional boilers. A J Bourne S A M Burek M A PatrickApril 1989 8pp. £5.00.

Document 31 Intraregional temperature variations and the Audit Commissionyardstick.


Document 30 The prospects for combined heat and power at County HallExeter.

J A Crabb February 1989 14pp. £7.00.

Document 29 Controlling summertime overheating at Jersey PoliceHeadquarters.

J A Crabb December 1988 12pp.£6.00.


43 �

Document 28 Fort Regent swimming pool and leisure complex; a preliminaryexamination of energy saving measures.

J A Crabb November 1988. £6.00.

Document 27 Performance of Middlemoor CHP - second year of operation. J A Crabb and G Pettinger September1988. £6.00.

Document 26 Possible farm waste digestion at Bicton Agricultural College. J M Penman and G Pettinger June 19884pp. £5.00.

Document 25 Preliminary investigation of superinsulated school design. J M Penman April 1988 8pp. £5.00.Document 24 Performance of multiple-boiler heating systems. S A M Burek March 1988 44pp.

£22.00.Document 23 Implications of installing a wind powered generator at Cornwall

Technical College.J A Crabb December 1987 28pp.£6.00.

Document 22 Financial consequences of alternative heating strategies atBradworthy Primary School.


Document 21 Truro magistrates' court - an examination of energy conservationoptions. Discussion of the building at the design stage.

J A Crabb January 1987 8pp. £5.00.

Document 20 User guide to the University data logger. J A Crabb September 1986 47pp.£25.00.

Document 19 Interim report on the performance of the combined heat andpower unit at Middlemoor.

J A Crabb July 1986 20pp. £10.00.

Document 18 Study of the multiple boiler installation at Penair School Truro. A Thorne April 1986 24pp. £12.00.Document 17 Energy conserving features at Roskear School Cornwall. J A Crabb March 1986 10pp. £5.00.Document 16 Transport co-ordination in Devon and North Cornwall - a pilot

study.A Thorne March 1986 12pp. £6.00.

Document 15 Heat loss at Estover Church Plymouth. J M Penman and J A Crabb March1986 23pp. £12.00.

Document 14 Performance of the solar heating system at St Saviours HospitalJersey.

R F Waller May 1985 27pp. £14.00.

Document 13 Preliminary Report on the performance of the heating system atPenair Secondary School Truro.


Document 12 St Stephens in Brannel School - diagnostic study of heating plantperformance.

J A Crabb January 1985 18pp. £9.00.

Document 11 Study of heating requirements of Devon County Council propertyat Matford Lane (Matford Lane Huts).

J A Crabb December 1984 24pp.£12.00.

Document 10 Study of the implications of installing a combined heat and powerunit at Middlemoor Police Training College Exeter.

J A Crabb October 1984 22pp. £11.00.

Document 9 Performance monitoring of the solar water heating system at StSaviour's Hospital Jersey.

R H D Rawlings April 1983 23pp.£12.00.

Document 8 A study of the energy usage for 1981-1982 at Tidcombe LaneFirst School Tiverton.

R H D Rawlings October 1982 33pp.£17.00.

Document 7 EXSOL - A solar collector simulation program. R F Waller September 1982. £15.00.Document 6 Tiverton Tidcombe Lane School - Performance of the solar

heating system.R H D Sedgwick April 1982 12pp.£6.00.

Document 5 A summary of energy consumption in six junior schools onJersey.

R H D Sedgwick November 198042pp. £21.00.

Document 4 Solar heating for an indoor heated swimming pool - NorthbrookSchool Exeter.

R H D Sedgwick November 197910pp. £5.00.

Document 3 Solar heating for an outdoor unheated swimming pool - TruroEast Comprehensive School Penair. Use of a cover and unglazedsolar panels to raise water temperature.

R H D Sedgwick October 1979 13pp.£7.00.

Document 2 Feasibility study on the use of solar domestic water heating at BelRoyal Primary School and Gran Vaux Primary School Jersey.

R H D Sedgwick June 1979 10pp.£5.00.

Document 1 States of Jersey housing department - thermal insulation ofhousing.

R H D Sedgwick January 1979 19pp.£10.00.


44 �

EXTERNAL PUBLICATIONSEXT 48 The Embodied Energy of Food: the Rôle of Diet D.A.Coley, E.Gooldliffe &

J.Macdiarmid, in Energy Policy 1998,V.26, No.6, pp.455-459

EXT 47 Fitting Reflectivity Data from Liquid Crystal Cells using GeneticAlgorithms.

D.J.Mikulin, D.A.Coley &J.R.Sambles, in Liquid Crystals 1997,V.22, No.3, pp.301-307

EXT 46 An Artificial Intelligence Approach to the Prediction of NaturalLighting Levels.

D.A.Coley & J.A.Crabb in Buildingand Environment, 1997, V.32, No.2,pp.81-85.

EXT 45 Ground-State Energy of the ±J Spin Glass with DimensionsGreater than Three.

T.Wanshura, D.A.Coley &S.Migowsky in Solid StateCommunications, 1996, V.99, No.4,pp.247-248.

EXT 44 Genetic algorithms D.A.Coley in Contemporary Physics,1996, V.37, No.2 , pp.145-154.

EXT 43 Simplified Thermal Response Modelling in Building EnergyManagement: Demonstration of a Working Controller.

D.A.Coley and J.M.Penman. Publishedin Building and Environment, 1996,V.31, No.2, pp.93-97.

EXT 42 Field Testing of Boiler Economy Devices J.A.Crabb. Published in BSER&T,1996, V.17 No.2, pp. 55-64.

EXT 41 The Use of a Virtual Machine to Gauge the Level of Complaint tobe Expected from a Proposed Generating Set.

D.A.Coley and J.Waller. Published inJ. Sound and Vibration, 1996, V.190No.2, pp.283-287.

EXT 40 The Prediction of Road-Side Noise Levels for SustainabilityAssessments in the Small Urban Environment.

D.A.Coley. Published in AcousticLetters, 1995, V.18 No.7.

EXT 39 Preliminary theoretical study for a hydrogen-fuelled publicvehicle scheme. (2 papers. Detailed Statement and ProjectStatement). An application to the Leverhulme Trust for a grant toan institution.

D Ryden Feb. 1991. 11pp.

EXT 38 The South West Energy Group - an article on the work of theGroup for The Sou’ Wester (Journal of the South Western Regionof the Royal Institute of British Architects).

J A Crabb Dec. 1990. 2pp.

EXT 37 Real time thermal modelling and the control of buildings. J M Penman and D A Coley. Paperpresented to the Congrès Internationalde Domotique Rennes 27-29 June 1990(Proceedings). 10pp.

EXT 36 Design of energy efficient school buildings. J A Crabb. Paper presented to theCongrès International de DomotiqueRennes 27-29 June 1990 (Proceedings).10pp.

EXT 35 Refurbishment options for school buildings: Case in support ofEEC Thermie Grant Application.

J A Crabb June 1990. 7pp.

EXT 34 Building energy estimation by fast simulation. N Murdoch and J M Penman. Preprintof paper to be published in SolarEnergy.

EXT 33 Empirical and theoretical optimum start controllers. N Murdoch J M Penman and G JLevermore. Preprint of paper to bepublished in Building Serv. Eng. Res.Technol.

EXT 32 Second order system identification in the thermal response of aworking school.

J M Penman Bldg. Envir. 25 (2) 105-110 (1990).


45 �

EXT 31 Fast microcomputer building energy model. J M Penman A F G Wyatt and NMurdoch. Final report to the UKScience and Eng. Res. Council underresearch Grant No GR/E/99390. 6 9pp.December 1989.

EXT 30 Intraregional temperature variation and the Audit CommissionYardstick.

J M Penman Build. Serv. Eng. Res.Technol. 10 (4) 163-165 (1989).

EXT 29 Thermal response of temporary school buildings: I Heating. J M Penman and N Murdoch Build.Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 10 (2) 61-681989.

EXT 28 Thermal response of temporary school buildings: II Summertimeoverheating.

J M Penman and N Murdoch Build.Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 10 (2) 69-731989.

EXT 27 Determining the effective thermal capacity of the ground inhorticultural glass houses.

S A M Burek and B Norton Int. J. ofAmbient Energy 10 (2) 103-111 April1989

EXT 26 Practical use of transparent insulation materials in passive solardesign.

Proposed to EEC under JOULEscheme Energy Studies Unit April1989.

EXT 25 An examination of the financial and primary energy consequencesof combined heat and power generation at County Hall Taunton.Confidential report under contract to Somerset County Council.

J A Crabb March 1989 26pp.

EXT 24 Microcomputer dynamic building thermal response model. J M Penman A F G Wyatt and NMurdoch final report to the UKScience and Engineering ResearchCouncil under grant no D/7584.4Exeter University Energy Studies UnitJanuary 1989 11pp

EXT 23 Strategic necessity for diversity of supply. J M Penman The Power TrustBrompton Ralph Taunton December1988 30pp.

EXT 22 Insulation transmission characteristics of greenhouse coveringand shading materials.

S A M Burek B Norton and S DProbert. Proc. conference on energy inprotected cultivation Cambridge 4-9September 1988.

EXT 21 The effects of structural and operating parameters on heat lossesfrom greenhouses.

S A M Burek B Norton and S DProbert. Ibid. Cambridge September1988.

EXT 20 Experimental validation for an air-supported structure of a high-level simulation of greenhouse thermal environments.

S A M Burek B Norton and A SProbert. Ibid. Cambridge September1988.

EXT 19 Forward scattering of insulation through transparent andtranslucent materials.

S A M Burek B Norton C J P Girodand D E Papras. Proc. UK-ISESconference on solar optical materialsOxford April 1988.

EXT 18 Analytical and experimental methods for shadow-band correctionfactors on inclined planes under isotropically diffuse and overcastskies.

S A M Burek B Norton and S DProbert. Solar Energy 40 151-1601988.

EXT 17 Use of dynamic thermal response model in sizing windows fornatural ventilation.

J M Penman. Report of DES/SCOLAworkshop on natural ventilation forschool buildings Cheltenham October1987.

EXT 16 Thermal performance of rain-wetted walls. J M Penman Vol 2 of Energy SavingThrough Landscape Planning J Dodd(ed) HMSO for the PSA London 1988.


46 �

EXT 15 Validation Study of EXCALIBUR a simplified thermal responsemodel.

J A Crabb N Murdoch and J M PenmanBuilding Services EngineeringResearch and Technology 8 13-191987.

EXT 14 Operating experience with 132 kW gas engine CHP. J A Crabb and G W Pettinger. Paperpresented to CIBSE TechnicalConference Brunel University 1987.

EXT 13 Microcomputer dynamic models for design energy targeting andthermal calibration of buildings.

Final report to the SERC on grantGR/D/20762. J M Penman A F GWyatt and N Murdoch May 1987 13pp.

EXT 12 Building energy assessment by simplified dynamic simulationmodel.

N Murdoch J M Penman and J ACrabb. Paper presented EuropeanConference on Architecture MunichApril 1987.

EXT 11 Computers and climatic data. Account of seminar held at theBuilding Research Station (Garston) under the auspices of theConseil Internationale du Batiment

June 1986. J M PenmanMeteorological Magazine 116 56-59February 1987. Also published in theCIB journal Building Research andPractice.

EXT 10 Heat recovery in a catering kitchen. Final report under contract to ETSU onthe extract air heat recovery system atthe College of Further EducationDevonport J M Penman February 198662pp.

EXT 9 Simplified building thermal response model. Final report to the SERC on grantGR/C/62512. A F G Wyatt J MPenman and J A Crabb.

EXT 8 Final report under contract to the EEC on the performance of thesolar water heating system.

R F Waller January 1985 35pp.

EXT 7 Mesoscale mapping of mean temperature using polynomial trendsurfaces.

J M Penman Building and Environment19 111-120 1984.

EXT 6 Ventilation rate determination using atmospheric carbon dioxide. Final report to the SERC on grantGR/B/82042. G N Fowler J M PenmanA A M Rashid and P N Smith. June1984 15pp.

EXT 5 Development of thermal models based on the PASOLEsimulation.

Final report to the SERC on grantGP/B/47904. G N Fowler J M Penmanand L A Fraser March 1984 25pp.

EXT 4 Theoretical modelling and experimental testing of a ground solarcollector.

R H D Sedgwick and M A PatrickEnergy conservation in the BuiltEnvironment proc CIB W67 3rdInternational Symposium Dublin 1982.Vol 4 184-195.

EXT 3 Experimental determination of air-flow in a naturally ventilatedroom using metabolic carbon dioxide.

J M Penman and A A M RashidBuilding and Environment 17 243-2561982.

EXT 2 The use of a ground solar collector for swimming pool heating.Account of the novel solar heating system at the communityswimming pool Topsham Devon.

Proceedings of the Solar World ForumBrighton 1981. R H D Sedgwick andM A Patrick Vol 1 632-636

EXT 1 An experimental determination of ventilation rate in occupiedrooms using atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.

J M Penman Building and Environment15 45-46 1980. Proceedings of theSolar World Forum Brighton 1981.

BRIEFING PAPERSPaper 49 Sound Transmission Between Dwellings D.A.Coley June 1998 25pp. £13.00Paper 48 Car Sharing for Schools - Background T.A.Mitchell May 1998 5pp. £5.00Paper 47 Health Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields. A.F.GWyatt February 1997 3pp. £5.00


47 �

Paper 46 The Water Disinfection Performance of Silver:Copper Ionisation- A Summary of Research Results.

P.Brock Nov.1996 18pp. £9.00.

Paper 45 Simulations to Save Money. D.A.Coley April 1997 8pp. £5.00.Paper 44 Managing Traffic to Reduce Pollution. D.A.Coley Jan.1997 37pp. £19.00.Paper 43 Extracts from International Council for Local Environmental

Initiatives World Wide Web Entry.J.A.Crabb. Dec. 1995. 34pp. £16.00

Paper 42 The Future of Building Services. J.A.Crabb June 1996. 12pp. £6.00Paper 41 CEE Contribution to Devon Agenda 21 Initiative. J.A.Crabb. Nov. 1995. 4pp. £5.00Paper 40 The Effect on Gaseous Emissions of Various Proposals Made by

the Devon Local Agenda 21 Transport and Cleaner Air SpecialWorking Group.

T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. April1996. 30pp. £15.00

Paper 39 The Effect of Cold Starting on Emissions from Cars T.A.Mitchell. Feb. 1996. 16pp. £8.00Paper 38 A Review of Underfloor Heating Technology. P Brock. April 1994. pp 27. £15.00Paper 37 The Performance of Retro-fitted Compact Fluorescent Lamps. D A Coley. April 1994. pp 10. £5.00Paper 36 Improving the Thermal Performance of Glazed Areas. R Twomey. Sept 1993. pp 11. £5.00Paper 35 The prediction of air movement in buildings. M E Fry. June 1992. 48pp. £7.00.Paper 34 Issues relating to lighting and energy conservation. M E Fry June 1992. 26pp. £14.00Paper 33 Energy saving controls for refrigeration equipment. D A Coley March 1992. 16pp. £8.00.Paper 32 Renewable energy - today and tomorrow. M E Fry Feb. 1992. 35pp. £18.00Paper 31 Devon County Council energy seminar 22/7/91 M E Fry Sept. 1991. 16pp. £8.00.Paper 30 The environment impact of electricity generation from renewable

sources.M E Fry. May 1991. 12pp. £6.00.

Paper 29 A note on the use of rigid foam insulation board. J A Crabb June 1991. 5pp. £5.00.Paper 28 Potential savings in building heating requirements through the use

of shelter belts.M E Fry April 1991. 27pp. £15.00.

Paper 27 Energy efficient buildings - the rational approach - a talk given tothe South Western Region of the Royal Institute of BritishArchitects.

J A Crabb April 1991. 14pp. £7.00.

Paper 26 Energy use in transport - implications for Local Authority policy. D Ryden November 1990. 35pp.£20.00.

Paper 25 Electricity from wind power in the South West. Status of currentproposals.

D J Ryden February 1990. 5pp. £5.00.

Paper 24 Regional energy surveys and County policy. J M Penman January 1990. 5pp. £5.00.Paper 23 Advances in glass technology for window glazing. S A M Burek 15pp. £8.00.Paper 22 Solar-optical materials. Report of Oxford conference. S A M Burek April 1988 4pp. £5.00.Paper 21 Electricity use in commercial buildings - reasons for growth and

opportunities for saving.S A M Burek March 1988 17pp.£9.00.

Paper 20 EEC funding - Report of Cardiff seminar. J M Penman February 1988 12pp.£6.00.

Paper 19 Utilising geothermal energy in Cornwall for greenhouse heating. S A M Burek December 1987 9pp.£5.00.

Paper 18 Ground floor heat losses. J A Crabb October 1987 6pp. £5.00.Paper 17 Report on the London heating and ventilating show. S A M Burek November 1987 3pp.

£5.00.Paper 16 Briefing Paper on EXCALIBUR users. N Murdoch September 1987. £6.00.Paper 15 Superinsulation. A summary of the presentations made to the

conference on superinsulated buildings organised by UK-ISES inMarch 1987.

J M Penman March 1987 11pp. £6.00.

Paper 14 A common sense approach to energy conservation. Text of a talkgiven to the Institute of Internal Auditors.


Paper 13 Guidance on initial site selection for CHP installation (SWEBarea).


Paper 12 Landfill gas as a vehicle transport fuel. A Thorne January 1987 3pp. £5.00.Paper 11 Energy efficient lighting: a briefing report. A Thorne October 1986 22pp. £11.00.


48 �

Paper 10 Land use and energy production. Discusses prospects for energycrops in the context of changing patterns of land use.

J A Crabb October 1986 11pp. £6.00.

Paper 9 Evacuated tube solar collectors - a briefing. Comparesperformance and economics of evacuated tube and flat plate solarcollectors.


Paper 8 Oil prices - April 1986 collapse and future prospects. J M Penman April 1985 9pp. £5.00.Paper 7 Impact of rain exposure on space heating requirements. J M Penman April 1985 7pp. £5.00.Paper 6 Human exposure to radon decay products in the South West.

Non-technical discussion of the issues.J M Penman May 1986 12pp. £6.00.

Paper 5 Ground source heat pumps. A Thorne April 1986 9pp. £5.00.Paper 4 Solar heating using a ground collector. R Sedgwick R Peachey M A Patrick

February 1982 8pp. £5.00.Paper 3 The wind resource. W M Grylls May 1980 9pp. £5.00.Paper 2 The effect of fuel oil additives on boiler efficiency. M A Patrick March 1979 8pp. £5.00.Paper 1 An appraisal of the heat pump. E F C Ferrett January 1979 9pp. £5.00.

SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATIONSoftware 18 Programs for Modelling Underfloor Heating System T.A.Mitchell September 1998

Not Yet AvailableSoftware 17 The Design of High Performance Buildings With the Aid of EX-

GAD.A.Coley July 1998 10pp. £5.00

Software 16 Variable Timestep Version of Excalibur T.A.Mitchell June 1998 7pp. £5.00Software 15 REVERB: A reverberation time calculator for educational

buildings.D.A.Coley July 1997 22pp. £11.00.

Software 14 Instruction Manual for the CEE Logging Current Clamp (II) T.A.Mitchell and D.A.Coley. Mar.1996. 21pp. £10.00

Software 13 TR500-a Reverberation Time Calculator for Building Designers D.A.Coley. Sept. 1995. 10pp. £5.00Software 12 Tariff Analysis of Four Properties In Devon - A Demonstration of

QuickTariff 2.1.D.A.Coley. Sept 1994. 17pp. £9.00

Software 11 Tariff Analysis for SWEB Tri-banded Tariffs. D A Coley. Jan 1994. pp 12. £6.00Software 10 VARI - a Variable-name Checker for QuickBASIC. D A Coley and R Twomey. Nov 1993.

pp 10. £5.00Software 9 Tariff 1 - an Electricity Tariff Analysis Program D A Coley and J A Crabb. Nov 1993.

pp 22. £11.00Software 8 Fuel Use Efficiency Logger - a program for the rapid storage and

retrieval of fuel consumption data.D Ryden 1991. 11p. £6.00.

Software 7 Energy base Module 1. Program for the storage and analysis ofmonthly fuel consumption data.

D J Ryden March 1990. 3pp. £5.00.

Software 6 Excalibur based energy targeting system for schools. Part 1 -General description and site manual.

J M Penman February 1990. 19pp.£10.00.

Software 5 Excalibur based energy targeting system for schools. Part 2 -Setting up and running the system.

J M Penman February 1990. 32pp.£16.00.

Software 4 User guide to Tariff - a program to calculate electricity charges(SWEB).

J A Crabb May 1988 10pp. £5.00.

Software 3 User guide to Tariff - a program to calculate electricity charges(Jersey Electricity).

J A Crabb May 1988 10pp. £5.00.

Software 2 EXCALIBUR/3. User guide - a guide to the multizone buildingenergy program.

N Murdoch March 1988 63pp. £32.00.

Software 1 EXCALIBUR/3 Systems guide - systems guide to the multizonebuilding energy program.

N Murdoch May 1988 58pp. £30.00.


49 �

OBTAINING SWEEG PUBLICATIONSDocuments may be ordered using the form below.

Ref. No. Title Quantity Unit Price Total£ ££ ££ ££ ££ ££ ££ £

£

Internal Documents Internal documents will always be supplied to local authorities and academic institutions.Occasionally they may not be available to other purchasers. Please contact the group secretary about possiblerestrictions.

External Documents External documents can often be obtained through libraries. Otherwise contact the groupsecretary.

Software The Centre is willing to supply some of its software tools to third parties. Please contact the groupsecretary to discuss prices and system requirements.

Format Documents may be A4 offset printed, or Xerox copies as appropriate.

Terms Private individuals, pressure groups, small firms: cash with order please. Local authorities, academicinstitutes and other large organisations: cash with order if at all possible but if your system is unable to cope, wewill invoice you. Cash with order greatly reduces our administrative costs.

Please make all cheques, postal orders, etc. payable to UNIVERSITY OF EXETER. All prices include postage.Contact the group secretary about special rates available to schools requiring multiple copies.

Documents may also be ordered via E-Mail and the World Wide Web. To order, follow the E-Mail link fromhttp://www.ex.ac.uk/cee/WWW_ordr.html, or E-Mail [email protected] and inquiries to:

Dr J A Crabb, Centre for Energy and the Environment, Physics Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, DevonEX4 4QL. Telephone: (01392) 264145. Fax. (01392) 264111

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