sustainable urban living prototype

Sustainable Urban Living PrototypeWiSe 2011/2012 . Research

SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN STUDIO

msa | münster school of architecture

Prof. Hans Drexler & Gastdozent Ed Liu

ArcosantiDana Alraheb

WS 2011/2012

A r c o s a n t i : Many Architects throughout History, tried to leave their Footprints on this Earth. Some with their design con-cepts, some with the materials they used, some with their effort to start a new era of architecture and some with their ideas of a better planet , a planet where all or-ganisms work together in order to create a place whe-re people have a safe and healthy social environment.

A r c o l o g y : Concept of Arcology:Arcology is a word made of the combination of the two words Architecture and Ecology. The concept has been primarily popularized by the architect Paolo Soleri, and one sees it or reads about it in scince fiction. An arcolo-gy is distinguished from a merely large building in that it is supposed to sustainably supply all or most of the re-sources for a comfortable life: power, climate control, food production, air and water purification, sewage treat-ment, etc.. It is supposed to supply these items for a lar-ge population. An arcology would need no connections to municipal or urban infrastructure in order to operate.The largest arcology project under current development

is Masdar City near Abu Dhabi, in the United Arab Emi-rates. Designed by the British architectural firm Foster + Partners, the city will rely entirely on solar energy and other renewable energy sources, with a sustainable, zero-carbon, zero-waste ecology. The city is being con-structed 17 kilometers (11 mi) east-south-east of the city of Abu Dhabi, beside Abu Dhabi International Airport.Frank Lloyd Wright proposed an early version of Ar-cology, in his Broadacre City. Soleri worked for a while with Wright and he was obviously influenced by is idea. The Broadacre City was an urban or subur-ban development concept , which had similar ideas to the garden city movement of Ebenezer Howard.

The Generations of Archology:The First Generation Arcology (1° GA)The Second Generation Arcology (2° GA)The Third Generation Arcology (3° GA)The Fourth Generation Arcology (4° GA)

Arcosanti

History and Background of the Project:

In 1970, the Cosanti Foundation began building Arco-santi, an experimental town in the high desert of Arizo-na, 70 miles north of metropolitan Phoenix. When com-plete, Arcosanti will house 5000 people, demonstrating ways to improve urban conditions and lessen our de-structive impact on the earth. Its large, compact struc-tures and large-scale solar greenhouses will occupy only 25 acres of a 4060 acre land preserve, keeping the natural countryside in close proximity to urban dwellers.Arcosanti is designed according to the concept of arco-logy (architecture + ecology), developed by Italian ar-chitect Paolo Soleri. In an arcology, the built and the li-ving interact as organs would in a highly evolved being. This means many systems work together, with efficient circulation of people and resources, multi-use buildings, and solar orientation for lighting, heating and cooling.

Paolo Soleri:Born in Turin, Italy on June 21, 1919, Paolo Soleri was awarded his Ph.D. with highest honors in architecture from the Torino Polytechnico in 1946. He came to the United States in 1947 and spent a year-and-a-half in fel-lowship with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Ari-zona, and at Taliesin East in Wisconsin. During this time, he gained international recognition for a bridge design displayed at the Museum of Modern Art and publis-hed in The Architecture of Bridges by Elizabeth Mock.Soleri made a life-long commitment to research and ex-perimentation in urban planning, establishing the Co-santi Foundation, a not-for-profit educational foundation.

The Foundation‘s major project is Arcosanti, a proto-type town for 5,000 people designed by Soleri, under construction since 1970. Located at Cordes Junction, in central Arizona, the project is based on Soleri‘s concept of „Arcology,“ architecture coherent with ecology. Arco-logy advocates cities designed to maximize the inter-action and accessibility associated with an urban envi-ronment; minimize the use of energy, raw materials and land, reducing waste and environmental pollution; and allow interaction with the surrounding natural environment.

Environment of Arcosanti:

Arcosanti, as a city concept made for 5000 people is made of many buildings and parts, which help make the idea of social sustainability come true. The town buildings were built and designed for maximum social interaction.Arcosanti is made of the following buildings:

Crafts lllCeramics ApseFoundry ApseEast & West Housing V a u l t sLab BuildingColly Soleri Music CenterA m p h i t h e a t e rSky SuiteEast CrescentSoleri Office Drafting UnitSwimming PoolGreenhouse Guest Rooms

Future Projects:Master Plan: The Arcosanti 5000

Teilhard Chardin Complex:B a s i l i c a sArcomedia CenterLa LoggiaEnergy Arpon Experimental Greenhouses

Arcosanti and Utopia:

Utopia: is an ideal community or society possessing a perfect so-cio-politico-legal system. Ecological utopian society describes new ways in which society should relate to nature. They react to a perceived widening gap between the modern Western way of living that destroys nature and the traditional way of living that is thought to be more in harmony with nature. According to the Dutch philosopher Marius de Geus, ecological utopias could be sources of inspiration for green political movements.

Many People and Researchers refer to Arcosanti as an attempt of Utopia but the architect Paolo Soleri disagrees and rejects this idea. In one of the Interviews Soleri said: „ Utopia speaks about Perfection , a group of people somehow get together and decide they have something im-portant to say which s perfection, so they move out somewhere and built Utopia. It’s an incredibly naive notion and also damaging because it doesn’t consider the fact that we are dependent on everything , so a little bit of perfection here is dependent from all the perfections sur-rounding it. So it’s not really perfection. It can be in fact a parasitic.“

One of the aims of Arcosanti is Social Inter-action. As one sees in the photo above, how people are sitting around a table discussing something. What Soleri did is that he made an town that shares lots of things. All The Residents of Arcosanti who come from all over the Worls( Mostly Students) and with so many different interests share a town with a cafe‘, a bakery, a giftshop and mostly the same nature. With his idea of a car-free city, he encourages people living in there to walk, which will lead them to meet new people living in the same area and which helps them interact with each other. Peo-ple living in Arcosanti also work in Arcosnti, they are either working in the cafe‘ or the bakery or in the Arcosnti Bells production. This also leads to friendships and to communications. Arcosanti also offers workshops for students coming to visit. Many Ecology and Architecture students are interested in Arcosanti as an experiment of the age, many also want to experience Arcosan-ti while Soleri is still alive, this also encourages Social Interaction.

Many described Arcosanti as the most ambitious ur-ban experiment of our age. Soleri took sustainability , a car free city and social interaction into considerati-on before others. And yet many people and many Ar-chitects around the World are unaware of Arcosanti’s Existence. Many People are also not aware of the Term Arcology . The questioning of the Success of the Ex-periment Arcosanti , is not easy to answer. Paolo So-leri had a vision and an idea since the beginning of the 1970s. However today after about 40 years only 3-10% of his vision, was made into Reality. Does that mean the experiment failed? Well, before judging if it failed or not, many points should be taken into consideration. Soleri faced many financial problems, which made the finishing of many buildings impossible. He also dealt with many investors and every one of them had his own ideas that he wanted to add to the Project, and many of these suggestions didn’t get along with Soleri’s thoughts and vision. However Soleri did somehow over-come the financial difficulties, he had designed a cera-mic factory once which made him familiar with the pro-cess of Ceramic production. So he used his knowledge in designing Bells in Arcosanti and People living there helped him in the production and then they sold them. To his surprise those bells became an income for Ar-

cosani. Arcosanti is famous for its bells made of either bronze or ceramic. Arcosanti now makes 50,000 bells a year which brings 2,000,000 dollars to Arcosanti. Arcosanti was planned for 5000 people, and yet Re-sidents of Arcosanti are between 50 and 200 . Most of them are workshop visitors and students who want to either experience Arcosanti or do a research about Architecture or Ecology, r even sometimes Arcology.So why aren’t Soleri’s Thoughts known worldwide? For many people, it’s very difficult to accept new ideas. For many, Soleri is only a dreamer. A man with a visi-on that can’t be realized. For many people the Loca-tion of his Project is not interesting. Very few people are willing to leave the big cities, the comfortable life of cars and move to a place were cars are not used . This is why the idea of the Compact city found more welcome from people. Richard Rogers with the com-pact city, gave people the opportunity to live in the city, which is what most people want, and tried to find sustainable solutions in the city with his reduce of car using and the increase of the public transportation, offering people also the social interaction they want. People’s lack of knowledge of Arcosanti , doesn’t necessery mean Soleri failed. It could mean it just didn’t reach people’s minds yet. Leonardo da vin-

Space TravelJonathan Wiederin

Wise 2011/12

During the cold war the so called Space Race between the Sowjet Union an the United States took place. They com-peted with each other for the domination in outer space to convey technical superiority, caused by the United Sta-tes on July 29 th,1957 by telling it`s intiontion to launch an artificial satellite. The Soviets succeeded with launching Sputnik 1 on Oktober 4th,1957, which lead to the Sputnik-Shock in the United States. On April 12,1961 the Sovjets an-nounced their first launch and return of their first cosmonaut.Because of the increasingly shocked americans President John F. Kennedy announced on May 25 to land a man on the moon by1970. The US succeeded with the landing of Apollo 11 on 20th of July in 1969. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first men to set their feet on the moon. The Space Race found its end in July 1975 with the Apollo-Sojuz-Test-Pro-ject a joint Space Flight of the United States and USSR.

On April 12th, 1981 the United States started their first reusable spacecraft. The program was operating until 8th of July 2011 with its 135th start. The space shuttle pro-gram was operated by the NASA. Its Tasks were analy-sing interplanetar probes, launching several satellites and the construction of the international Spacestation (ISS).The space shuttle is built up modular of the reusable Or-biter with the crew of maximum 8 astronauts the main part of the space shuttle. The Orbiter is attached to an external tank (ET) and two solid rocket boosters (SRBs). After achiving 7,8 km/s the main engines are shut down, the external tank gets jettisoned and the orbital ma-nouvering system (OMS) was used to adjust the orbit.

Eyecatcher (über die komplette Seite)

The rooms are divided in the areas of the flight deck where the crew is adjudged untill arival in orbit, middeck, and airlock.After achieving weightlessnes the seats of the cockpit are storedfor more room. Middeck was living and working area of the shuttle with toilette, sleeping compartement, equipement for preperation of meals and an ergometer for physical fitness.The Orbiter was built as light weight frame construction, mainly of Titanium with only a weight of 4,5kg/dm³ (about half of steel) and extracting resistance of 686 N/mm² (more than steel) and aluminium. Three fuel cells ran by hydrogen and oxygen each generating power of 7kw/h supplying the Orbiter with energy. Moreover the shuttle was able to draw energy form the ISS. A big challenge in buidling the Orbiter was the thermal protection as the shuttle is exposed to high heat when breaking in the atmosphere. Special heat protection cladding shields the shuttle to burn up. The biggest part of the heat protection are 20.000 special thermal tiles on the lower side of the Orbiter. The so called high temperature reusable surface insulation could last up to 1260°C.Those tiles with a thickness of 12 cm were made up of 90% hollow space and 10% silizia. The most heated part of the shuttle as it`s nose are made of carbon fiber rein-forced carbon (CFRC), which can stand heat up to 1300°C.

The international space station (ISS) is a manned spacesta-tion, being built since 1998 and with 110*100*30m is the biggest man made figure in space. The station is a projekt of several countries as the United States (NASA), Russia (Ro-kosmos), several european countries (ESA) , Canada (CSA), Japan, Brasil. The ISS is built up modular after the examp-le of russian space station Mir. Several assembly groups are carried with launch vehicles and spaceshuttles into Earth orbit. For completion of the ISS 40 flights are necessarry.Ten solar arrays supply the station with electrical power.There are modules for several needs and tasks on the ISS, they vary in modules under atmospheric pressure and modules not under pressure. Living and working is only possible in modules, which are under atmospheric pressure, since vacuum would kill people without space suit. Modules under pressure are nodes like „Unity“, living and service modules like „Swesda“, labour mo-dules like „Columbus“, a module for eating , sanitation and slee-ping, and modules with airlocks for abandoning of the station.Modules which are not under pressure are solar modules, heat rejection systems, a module with robotic arm (Canadarm) etc.

Living in a space station means dealing with a lot of difficul-ties in everyday life. Because of weightlessness the astronauts have to sleep not in regular bed but in sleeping bags which are attached to the inner or sleeping capsules. Eating and preparing the meals means another challange for the team in a space shuttle. The solution for this problem are special kit-chen tables with bungee straps and hook and loop fastener in the service module which is also the social centre of the ISS. Furthermore there are handrails on the floor to stabilize crew members while eating. They only use spoons and eat canned or vacuum-packed food. Every simple task on earth gets a big challenge for living in space and requires a lot of in-ovation since those men are pioniers in there business.

Container System StructureMohamed Baranan

WS 2011/2012

An intermodal container (also container, freight con-tainer, ISO container , shipping container, hi-cube con-tainer, box, conex box and sea can) is a standardized reusable steel box used for the safe, efficient and se-cure storage and movement of materials and products within a global containerized intermodal freight trans-port system. „Intermodal“ implies that the container can be moved from one mode of transport to another without unloading and reloading. Lengths of containers, which each have a unique ISO 6346 reporting mark, vary from 8-foot (2.438 m) to 56-foot (17.07 m) and heights from 8-foot (2.438 m) to 9 feet 6 inches (2.9 m). There are approximately seventeen million inter-modal containers in the world of varying types to suit different cargoes. Aggregate container capacity is of-ten expressed in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU / teu) which is a unit of capacity equal to one standard 20 × 8 ft (6.10 × 2.44 m) (length × width) container.For air freight the alternative and lighter IATA-defi-ned Unit Load Device is used. Non-container me-thods of transport include bulk cargo, break bulk cargo and tankers/oil tankers used for liquids.The worldwide spread of the container and the deve-

lopments in the field of logistics, which have resulted from it to this day is referred to as containers or con-tainerization revolution. Experts believe this trend cul-minated has not yet been reached. The importance lies in the closed chain of land and water transportation. However, the container revolution not only leads to de-tachment from other forms of transport, but carries considerable cost savings to the growth of the total transport volume and the structural change of trade and production of goods. The safety of transport was standardized by the fixation on the vehicles and impro-ved ways of sealing and the fact that the contents of containers remain invisible, is greatly increased. To con-trol this system, each container is fitted with a num-ber of four capital letters that stand for the owner of the container, supplemented by six digits and a check digit, excellent. It is discussed, each container also equipped with satellite navigation. Today, 70% of all car-gos transported in containers. 356 million containers are shipped by the shipping companies with ships per year. On average, 30% of empty containers are trans-ported by sea (Asia Westbound, Atlantic Eastbound).

27,5 .

million containers worldwide

HistoryAs the inventor of the modern container is the American Malcolm P. McLean, because in 1956 he have began at first to transport the large containers for transport on trucks and ships. To save the usual reloading in the port may, he seems to have had as a young trucking companies in 1937 with the idea to first load all trucks on ships, later only the trailer along with its contai-ners and finally just loaded the containers themselvesMcLean founded the shipping company Sea-Land Cor-poration Ltd.. (Since 2006,Maersk-Sealand line) and old converted oil tanker left so that in addition to the deck containers were loaded. The first trip resulted in the so-Ideal X, 26 reconstructed April 1956 with 58 containers from Newark (New Jersey) to Hous-ton (Texas).McLean had a breakthrough of the en-trepreneurs with the cargo supply the U.S.military during the Vietnam War. But it took another ten ye-ars until the second May 1966 by container ship, the country fair, in a European port (Rotterdam) do-cked, four days later the ship reached Bremen.Containers were then constructed still exclusively by American standards. Since their dimensions but not ap-plicable to European road conditions were, after long ne-gotiations, used to date ISO containers were introduced.

Standard ContainerContainers at the port of BarcelonaFor the transport of in cartons or boxes on pallets or goods packed with ordinarystandard size containers are available in sizes 20 ft, 40 ft or 45 ft high cube used.The values given in the following dimensions and weights are based on averages. In practice, the data caused by different models differ slightly.

TEU capacities for common container sizes

1956Malcolm P. McLean

15 million

20 foot: 6,058 m / 2,438 m / 2,591 m

40 foot: 12,192 m / 2,438 m / 2,591 m

40 foot; High-Cube: 12,192 m / 2,438 m / 2,896 m

45 foot; High-Cube: 13,716 m / 2,438 m / 2,896 m

Bild o.ä. (quadra-tisch)

StructureContainers are made mostly of steel (usually the resis-tant COR-TEN steel). The production of a standard con-tainer in several steps: First, the so-called superstruc-ture, the basic structure of the container very sturdy steel parts assembled. At the corners are the corners, cast-steel containers, known in technical jargon or sim-ply corner-castings corners. Then be moved longitudi-nally on the ground pursuit. In this pursuit of the con-tainer floor is installed, consisting of several layers of wood treated with preservatives. The walls of the con-tainer are made of trapezoidal steel plate (corrugation). Then the container roof and the doors are mounted.Then the container is provided with a protecti-ve coating and receives its container number.For quality control, several containers of each series are tested at random by a classification society. Comply with the requirements of the container receives the se-ries, the CSC approval. Most containers are now being produced in China. The price of shipping containers fluctuates due to the volatile steel prices and dollar ra-tes. In general, the price moves 1950-2300 dollars.

Types of containersOn the basis of ISO containers are more ty-pes of containers have been developed.

The most important are:Storage containers - lighter design available in the following main sizes: 6 ‚, 8‘, 10 ‚, 15‘, 20 ‚Container building (also: office container) - to have in common with ISO containers, only the size (usually 20 ‚) and the locks at the four corners of the bottom plate, usually the locks on the roof. It is fully insulated contai-ners that are already installed and initially only on cons-truction sites as a „container construction“ were used. Meanwhile, these are used by offices to kindergartens. The load capacity (batch load), however, lies far below that of ISO containers, it can also be little or no light of-fice containers are stacked one above the other. Thanks to the standard sizes they can be easily accommodated with a suitable transport container to the truck to the site, where a normal construction site crane lifts it out of the back and over to her place. Recent projects use the stronger resilience of actual new or used ISO con-tainers for the construction of larger buildings (up to nine floors) or buildings with longer life (hotels, student residences). It comes back to the temporary nature of the benefits of fast and cost structure of the building. Used are fully insulated and equipped 20 ‚and 40‘ con-tainers. Example: The Nomadic Museum by Shigiru Ban.

ground- and roof construction

1. Roof

2. Side Panel (Left)

3. Longitudinal roof croos Member

4. Door, Roof Rack

5. Corner Casting Top

6. Door (Left)

7. Locking Rod

8. Corner Casting down

12

3

45

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

9. Door, floor cross Member

10. Front Roof cross Member

11. Front Wall

12. Front, Corner Post

13. Corner Casting Down

14. Floor Side Members

15. Floor cross Members

16. Lashing Eye

The Nomadic Museum by shigiru ban

There are already some good examples of architects and private persons who havebuilt with container. At the first picture we see the nomadic museum by the Japanese Architect Shigiru Ban. Here, was the necessity to build a museum on the harbor, and thus have the container very suitable place for this. Since the container in the City of Santa Monica is no longer possible to think already.

Designed for easy assembly and disassembly, the entire exhibition is packed into eight containers as it travels from place to place. The additional 144 con-tainers are rented at each new location. The steel containers are stacked in a checkerboard pattern 34 feet high to form the walls of the three wings of the museum. The openings between the containers are secured with a diagonal fabric-like membrane.

The structure of the internal Sonotube system con-sists of triangular trusses of paper tubes resting on a colonnade of 35 feet tall paper tube columns. The aluminium roof trusses and tensile roof fabric are engineered and fabricated to be easily decon-structed, stored and shipped to future locations.

On the top picture we see „the sevent-killometer-mar-ket“ in Ukraine, this market hasdeveloped urban awe-some as the dealer can place there, henceforth their own container or lease without much effort on it touts.The advantage of this type (with container) of buildings and of course they can be created again and again to build off that it is more flexible and mobile than the traditional art of.Pictures on the bottom you can see on the one hand, the transformable coffee-shop and an example of a mo-bile space, you can always move out by type of function.

Source:

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO-Containerhttp://www.ran.cz/wohn-und-sanitarcontainer.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unithttp://www.globalsecurity.orghttp://www.finkenwerder.de/forumhttp://www.wagners-nz.com/?tag=containerhttp://www.contrucker.de/container.php?id=63http://www.arcspace.com

Passive Techniques, Learning from the vernacularammar ghazal

Amos Rapoport, m his book „House Form and Culttare,“ defmes vemaculararchitecture m terms of hs process as:

.[a] lack of theoretical or aesthetic pretensi-ons; working with the site and microclimate;respect for other people and then houses and hence for the totalenvironment, man-made as well as na-tural; and working within an idiom withvariations within a given order.

architecttire is an indigenous building sty-le method using local materials and traditionalmethods of constuction and ornamentati-on, usually „architecture without architects“

In addition, Suha Ozkan defines vemacu-larism as a „building tradition that hasexisted and excelled over centuries,“ a tradi-tion that has been recently recognized by thearchitectural community as a design ap-proach within the architecture realm.Vemacularism demands a relationship and ad-aptability of the built forms to the social,

economical, ecological, and climatic environ-ment. A more unadventurous approach tovemacularism, conservative vemacularism, in-herits traditional constmction technologyand the use of local materials, linking both to the natural environment. It focuses onreviving building traditions based on a spe-cific culture and society. Conservativevemacularism, however, is limited in buil-ding types, mainly focusing on residentialdevelopment. some emerging examples in the pre-sent time try to understand the concept of the ver-nacular and tries to use it in a new way for the people to accept and it is called neo-vernacular where it uses the regional materials and the regi-onal architecture as an expression of the people

in this presentation we will see some examples from the Arabian culture and from the area of South america and some from the cold areas and how could the present time architects make use of these examples to produce more efficent architecture.

an arabian city is known to have an irregular shapes and formations, this formation wasnt an act of igno-rance but it is a way to protect the city from the sun exposure in the hot-arid zones. so compact planning is required in order to give shade to each other and to provide a shadedd network of narrow streets and small places in between the patio like areas, archa-des, collonades, cantilevered buildings or other buil-ding components, membranes and small enclosed courtyards are traditional responses to the climate, even larger public open spaces should be enclosed inward looking and shaded for the most of the day

we can see here how the old arabian houses used ve-getation and water features in order to soothen the hot wind that is coming from outside of the houseand we can see also how they used to have cel-lars in the house inorder to use them in the sum-mer when the weather is very hot, the earth works as a natural insulation for the house

they arabian house had also a seperated roof system that works as insulation, also it had hallways on the sides of the house working aslo as insulation but in this case it works as circulation, another trick if you want to make a sitting area on the street side, you need to make an ornamented sunbreaker (mash-rabya) which deffuses the glare and decrease the amount of light and heat getting inside the house.

„Dense settlement patterns require a particular type of building consisting of compact structures and forms. Subterranean spaces are also adjusted to climatic stress. In hot-arid zones, external and internal living spaces have to be protected against solar radiation, glare, and hot, dusty winds. Compactness can be achie-ved by “carpet-planning” layouts with courtyard houses or cluster settlements of high buildings to create sui-table patterns. Particular solutions may utilize under-ground (subterranean) buildings or caves. Some heat gain and storage in the winter season is desirable.“

the wind catcher: is an air duct or chimney that catches the wind blowing in a certain direction which usually is cooler and deflect it inside the house. it is one the classic ventillation solutions in the middle eastren architecture,this shaft or window serves three purposes: lets the air in, lets the light in, and lets you see out these three functioms are inseprarable but the buildres in the middle east used to seperate them

„in old Cairene houses the function of ventillation in the principal hall is preformed by a device called the Malkaf that catches the wind high up where it is strong and clean, and by a special design of a room with the central part is very high, that lets the hot air escape at the top, such a wind catch may be set as precisely the right angle to catch the wind, irrespective to the height of the house

in the second picture we can notice that the wind catcher has some devices inside that can work as filterizers for the air and also as an Air Conditioning device whic consists of a sloping metal tray filled with charcoal that could be wetted by a tap . sometimes a water container is used instead of the charcoal tray which is placed in the end of the wind catcher so as soon as the air enters the house it will be confronted with a large water container that can work the same as the wet charcoal but not in the same quallity.

examples from Equador for Vernacular architecture:

Given Ecuador‘s hot-humid climate and the lack of air conditioning in rural areasit is very difficult to architecturally satis-fy the thermal comfort needs of users. Inaddition, solar radiation, humidity, high tem-peratures, and glare are causes of climaticstress. Nevertheless, the structure of the hou-ses responds adequately to the environmentby taking advantage of wind pattems, ac-curately controlling heat gain and providingadequate ventilation. Hence, to achieve ther-mal comfort in hot-humid climates, solar heatgain is reduced, while ventilation and evapo-rative cooling is be maximized, allowing heatto dissipate from the inside of the building.

The roof is considered the best defen-se the houses have against sun and rain. Thegable roof not only covers the house space, but also extends beyond the limits of thehouse, creating large and useful overhangs that provide shade for the walls during theday. The sunlight only reaches the lower part of the walls, penetrating through theinterstices left between the split opened bam-boo walls and floors. At the same time, thesplit open bamboo allows the wind to pass through and refreshes the inside of thed w e l l i n g

Ventilation of Roof Spaces:Roofing materials (thatch andpalm leaf) work as good thermalmsulation with its various layers. Inaddhion, the opened pediment

Vegetation:Tall and dense foliage allowseffective ventilation for the housesand effective shadows during theday, keeping a cool environ-ment in Cross Ventilation:

Split opened bamboo walls allowcross ventilation through the houseand all spaces as well.

Wind Velocity Gradient:The wind speed increases withaltitude. The house, sitting-on-stilts,captures wmds of higher velocity at ahigher level. This is especially vitalin areas where there are plants

Overhangs:Large overhangs provide goodprotection for driving rain and avoiddirect sun radiation contact with

Urban Layout-^ Vemacular houses are randomlysettled. This enhances crossventilation by high velocity windsthroughout and between the

Orientation^Houses are oriented consideringsun trajectory (east-west), thus majorwall surfaces are facing north-south.

Building MaterialsM Vemacular houses uselightweight constmction of wood andother natural materials. Low thermalcapacity materials hold low heat andcool effectively at night.

Spatial LayoutM Spaces are not restricted to aparticular activity development. Onthe contrary, spaces are used withflexibility for any deshed activity.Privacy is not a concem.

The house‘s shape gable roof is conside-red efficient because it allows ventilationthrough the roof space. The walls which face the pedhnent of the roof do not reach theridge. The pediment is constmc-ted with opened bamboo widelyseparated from one another, allowing air cir-culation and dissipation of heated air.For additional ventilation the house is raised on stilts. Indeed, this design exploitsthe fact that winds above the low-lying fo-liage travel at higher speeds. The raisedstmcture also responds to circumstances other than ventilation. The places where thehouses are situated are constantly threate-ned by Guayas river floods and wild animals andinsects. On the one hand, the floods bring the opportunity for rice crops, but, on the other,the floods are also harmful for houses and their surroundings. The raised Guayas house isan effective response to these concems.

Igloos are vernacular, often temporary Inuit buildings made of compressed snow that can be found in extremely cold climates. The igloo uses several tricks to achieve and maintain a comfortable indoor clima-te. Firstly, compressed snow is wind-proof and has insulating qualities that can maintain a temperature difference between inside and outside. Secondly, the interior of the igloo, which can be heated by an open fire, is terraced and uses thermal updraft to create a warm sleeping zone on the highest level and a working zone on a middle terrace, while the lowest terrace and entrance are dug into the ground and form a sort of ‘cold sump’ that collects all the cold air from inside the igloo, allowing the upper sections to stay warmer.



there has been trials from some architects to use these ancient techniques of architecture and use it in their architecture and by that they combine the old concepts with the new ones. some of those architets had some real projects, and some had some concep-tual projects.-the first picture shows an accomidation built from bamboo instead of the modern materials like con-crete, and also used the vernacular ways in saving energy. in the other picture he used steel as a repla-cement for the wooden structural elements trying to use the vernacular architecture in more than residen-tial buildings.-the next one is a building by hassan fathy where he also used his Ideas in creating accomidational buil-dings in this case he made it affordable and sustaina-ble for living. -another trial by the Rural Studio is to make a 20K house which is also affordable and sustainable but it took them few trials to make the best example.

-Multistory Apartments; Netherlands (Big and Green, D.Gissen 2003, p96.) A direct application of a verna-cular principle; cooling the breezebefore it enters the domestic environment.-Glen Murcutt; Marika Alderton House, Australia, 1991-4 (Lauber W. 2005 p146-7.)A vernacular design in a current context.Materials:in the 1800 they changed the building materials from wood into concrete, the concretet is considered to have a high thermal capacity, and in hot-humid climate that is inapproperiate, the thermal resistivity of timber is 10 times greater than concrete, in countries like malaysia and equador wood is considered a better building material than concrete.

Submarine TechnoligieJörn Christian Timmas

Wise 2011/12

A submarine is watercraft that can operate below the surface of the water. It has to resist the waterpressure and create an living enviroment at a place where humans normaly could not survive.The history of submarines began 1775 with the „Turtle“, a hand-powered wood-shaped vessel with space for a single person and an operation time of ca. 25 minutes. Modern sunbmarines are more than hundred merters long, equipted with nuklear reactors and systems to produce oxygen and drinking water. They can supply more then 80 humans for month and operate in several hundred meters depth of water.

Nearly all inventions and developments in submarine-technology are military motivated. Civil use of underwa-ter vessels has a small importance. But in the following small reseach I will leave out the military equiptment and concentrate on a few architectural relevant aspects: Modular design Hull construction Life support system

1. Nuklear reactor2. Generator3. Propulsion4. Maneuvering room5. Control room6. Crew bunks7. Crew Mess8. Weapons9. Sonar

1.

2.3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

Los Angeles-class, 110m length, 10m diameter

Modular designThe fact that in a submarines a lot of technology has to find place on a very limited space makes as-sembling very complicated. Exchanging a System later is almost impossible. To handle this problem many modern submarines are concepted modular. Each section with its functions can be prefabrica-ted, assbembled and tested before fitting to a unit. The modular construction is even cheaper an faster.

Hull constructionBesides airtightness the hull of a submarine hast to resist the high pressure of the water that increases proportional to the depth.For example: in a depth of 300m the enviromental pressure amounts to 30 bar. That creats a stress of 30kg/cm² or 300to/m². The tube-design guarantees a uniformly distribution of the load to the frame construction. Most submarines have an in-ner and an outer hull. The space between them can be flooded and used as ballast tanks.

WWI submarines had hulls of carbon steel, with a 100-metre maximum depth. During WWII, high-strength alloyed steel was introduced, allowing 200-metre depths. High-strength alloy steel remains the primary material for submarines today, with 250–400-metre depths, which cannot be exceeded on a military submarine without design compromises. To exceed that limit, a few submarines were built with titanium hulls. Titanium can be stronger than steel, ligh-ter, and is not ferromagnetic, important for stealth.

frame construction

inner and outer hull

Archimedes‘ principle is the law of buoyancy. It sta-tes that „any body partially or completely submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.“ The weight of an object acts downward, and the buoyant force provi-ded by the displaced fluid acts upward. If these two forces are equal, the object floats. Density is defi-ned as weight per volume. If the density of an object exceeds the density of water, the object will sink.

To control their weight, submarines have ballast tanks, which can be filled with outside water or pressurized air.

Life support systemsIn the 1950s, nuclear power partially replaced die-sel-electric propulsion. Equipment was also develo-ped to extract oxygen from sea water by electrolyse. These two innovations gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months. Most of the naval submarines built since that time in the Uni-ted States and the Soviet Union/Russia have been powered by nuclear reactors. The limiting factors in submerged endurance for these vessels are food sup-ply and crew morale in the space-limited submarine.

A crewmember of typical size requires approximately 5 kg (total) of food, water, and oxygen per day to perform the standard activities on a missi-on, and outputs a similar amount in the form of was-te solids, waste liquids, and carbon dioxide. The mass breakdown of these metabolic parameters is as follows: 0.84 kg of oxygen, 0.62 kg of food, and 3.52 kg of water consumed, converted through the body‘s physiologi-cal processes to 0.11 kg of solid wastes, 3.87 kg of liquid wastes, and 1.00 kg of carbon dioxide produced.

Nuklear Reactor(ca. 20 years)

Generator Main Drive

Electrolyse

Sea Water(unlimeted)

Oxygen

Filtering Drinking Water

Steam

Electricity

Food(ca. 3 month storrage)

bee cells + colony formationAnn-Kathrin Lorek

Wise 2011/12

construction

_building material wax_dimension of cell 5-6mm, thickness of cell wall 0,07mm_at first a compact formation of tubes_warming by bodytemperature_melting of tubes_development of hexangular formation_inner balance of the bees affords them to build vertically cor-rect_cells change colour by and by

beehive

_densely packed matrix of bee cells (parallel structure)_differentiation between natural and man-made beehives_natural nesting sites caves, rock cavities, hollow tries_entrance mostly facing downwards_upper part honey- and pollen-storage, lower part - brood cells

using

_breeding offspring_storing nutrition

communication

_bee language_information about direction and distance of nutrition source_walkaround announces source of nutrition nearby

_waggle dance announces farther sources of nutrition_direction of bee moves indicates direction of nutrition_moving vertically upwards - source is located directly towards the sun (or other way around)_duration of waggling signifies the distance

Eyecatcher (über die kom-plette Seite)

what is special about bee cells and colony formation

_hexangular form is very efficient_geometrical shape with biggest number of vertex, which can completely cover a plane_maximum utilisation of plane - maximum space_selfproduced wax (sustainability)_form of cell perfectly concerted to bee body - body as a tem-plate_maximum stability_to cells share one cell wall (efficient use of material)_accurate building of cells by choice of buildingmaterial and mode of processing_solution for hot-dry-climate regions: mingle of wax and special plant compounds to make cells heat-resistant

sphere packing

_challenge of reaching density_irregular „jammed“ packing configuration promises highest density (64%)_analogy to hexagonal formation soap bubbles_when merging, bubbles adopt the shape with the smallest pos-sible surface area --> the common wall bulges into the larger bubble

natural hexagon structures

_dry earth cracks in hexagonal formation, occurring while coo-ling of magma or clay mass _ice crystals consisting of artfully arranged diamond dust struc-tures

bee cells in bionics and building material technologies

_energetically perfect lightweight construction geometry_light and solid at the same time_application areas aviation space travel communication-/medical technologies robotics engine building architecture_examples bricks (lightness, structural stability) aluminium tubes (ventilation technology) luminaire (wide diffusion, low reflection) honeycomb panel (low floor construction, low weigth, high stability)

bee cells in architecture

_Papierhaus, Wall AG walls contain bee cell structure, made of synthetic resin and cellulose

_Harpa concert hall, Henning Larsen Architects, Reykjavik, 2011 glas facade with bee cell structure, variety of shine according to insolation

_hanna-honeycomb house, Frank Lloyd Wright, Standford, 1937 design based on hexagonal geometry

_Centrum Warenhaus, Ferenc Simon, Ivan Fokvari, Dresden, 1978

_honeycomb apartments, OFIS Architects, Izola, 2006

_walking house, N55, copenhagen, 2008

references

_Agkathidis Asterios, Hudert Markus, Schillig Gabi, form defi-ning strategies - experimental architectural design, Ernst Was-muth Verlag, 2009_Nachtigal W., Bau-Bionik, Springer Verlag, 2003_Nachtigal W., Biologisches Design, Springer Verlag, 2005_Teichmann Klaus, Wilke Joachim, Prozeß und Form „Natürli-cher Konstruktionen“, Ernst und Sohn Verlag, 1996

http://heike-dommnich.suite101.de/bienenwaben-aus-wachs--sechseckiges-wunderwerk-a98092h t t p : / / a b e n t e u e r w i s s e n . z d f . d e / Z D F d e /inhalt/1/0,1872,7231105,00.html?dr=1http://www.biotechnologie.de/BIO/Navigation/DE/root,did=67228.html?view=renderPrinthttp://venture.cashcowpaddock.com/2009/01/papier-haus-fur-5000-dollar/http://hannahousetours.stanford.edu/index.php?p=abouthttp://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Konzert-_und_Konferenzzentrum_fast_fertig_1113643.htmlhttp://www.n55.dk/MANUALS/WALKINGHOUSE/walking-house.htmlhttp://www.wissen.de/wde/generator/wissen/ressorts/natur/lebewesen/index,page=1144660.htmlhttp://www.wissenschaft-online.de/abo/lexikon/biok/1478http ://www.kre is .aw-onl ine .de/kvar/VT/hjb1964/hjb1964.26.htm

WEARABLE ARCHITECTURERena Giesecke

Wise 2011.12

The topic wearable architecture is related to architec-ture as well as to the body. Fragmenting the word compostion and looking at the synonyms makes it clear: wearable [adj. of wear: a covering designed to be worn on a person‘s body] and architecture [the art and science of designing and superintending the erec-tion of buildings and similar structures]. Essential is, how clothing can be considered housing. Consequent-ly we will have a look the differences, similiarities of both. Generating a basis to understand the essential idea of wearable architecture, it is also useful to defi-ne the different layers or shelters covering the body. The [1st] skin of the human being is everlasting part of the body, for the entire life. It is indispensable in its function. The 2nd skin is clothing. Covering the body it provides a climatic and visual protection, minimal pro-tection. In contrast to the [1st] skin it is flexible, be-cause it can be changed or removed. Because clothing is mainly made of fabric, it is flexible and lightweight. Additionally it usually generates comfort and an extre-

mely individual, intimate space for the body. The 3rd skin is architecture. It also offers visual and climatic protection and creats privacy, but it is discrete in its existence, it is stabile and independent from a per-sons body because of the use of solid materials and a frame structure. Apart from psychological aspect of having a constant place to return to, possessions can be stored there. Since people can step in and step out, architecture s mobility -imagining architecture as a solid building- is limited. Clothing is for the individual, architectural space can be shared. Human beings are free to move with 1st and 2nd skin, since architecture usually remains in one place. Wearable architecture consists of objects, that are both: dress and temporary architecture at the same time. It is often both and sometimes more of one and deals with the relations, parallels and differences of 2nd and 3rd skin. Thus it is situated at the border between those two components and often deals with the gradient of transformation, that is necessary to

make one object another. One aspect, often related to wearable architecture, is extension. Architecture -as a building- offers the user more space; there is a big-ger distance between body and the [protecting] shel-ter limiting the room. Some objects are really close to clothing only complemented with one architectural aspect. Others can be transformed into minimal ar-chitectural sturctures, so that a ´frame structure´ is needed to make the shelter independent from the body and allow an other use. In the following artistic, practical and utopian examp-les of different stages will be explained. Rebecca Horn´s Icarus Redeemed broaches the issue of enlargement of extremities the artist´s interest. In this case a frame attatched to arms and legs lengthens them. A textile construction inbetween can be spanned. Although this example does not build a minimal home transformed from clothing to architecture, Rebecca Horn deals with the topic of extending the body struc-ture with structural additions to define lager space. Extension will also be an iussue in terms of practical examples of wearable architecture following. Erwin Wurm is famous for his sculptures. Most of them are either deformed, reshaped or enlarged. The project in the picture below deals with the enlargement of the body expanding clothing. Furthermore the is reshaped into a block playing with the body as an architectural component. These artist examples operate with the themes of body, clothing and architecture as well as the following practical examples shown.

Icarus Redeemed | Rebecca Horn

Untitled | Erwin Wurm

Final home by the fashion designer Kosuke Tsumura is a practical example being very close to clothing. It is supposed to really provide the minimal protection from wheather and it equates to the idea of it being the „ul-timate shelter“. Kosuke Tsumura was inspired by the question: „If we lose our house because of a disaster, war or unemployment, as a fashion designer, what kind of clothes would I propose – and how would they look in the trouble free time?” The coat is made of nylon and can be a shelter for the entire body. To protect against the cold, the pockets can be filled with newspapers. In case of a refuge, the pockets can be equiped with sur-vival rations or a medical kit.The concept of clothing that gains the architectural as-pect of increasing protection from the cold by adding a cheap insulating product becomes „a cloth which can be adapted according to need“. Clothing in this case is not extended in terms of having more space inside to move, but in terms of a shelter that offers minimal storage and protection from the weather. Another concept of clothing that can be transformed into a minimal home is Refuge Wear by the artist Lucy Orta. The textile shelter playing with the similarities of clothing and architecture are her passion. Some pro-jects are made for practicalyl usable, others are mainly artistic. Orta desings coats that can become a usual tent with a hood on top by adding a frame structure.Final home as well as Refuge Wear both deal with ur-ban normadism, indeed as an artist approach, but still aiming practical usability. The following projects shown will demonstrate vionsary, even utopian approaches concerning wearbale architecture. Especially interesting about Ortas and Tsumuras works is the aspect that they actually generate an even more comfortable, personal space for a refuge or homeless than a simple roof does. Consequently her objects play an important social role. It has to be questioned what makes wearable architecture and clothing more indiv-dual than simple architectural structures and -the other way around- how can architectural structures become more individual and personalized. Is it the design of a shelter, the relation to the body, the simple ownership of the home? How can we learn from clothing in terms of the design of housing?

Bild o.ä. (hochkant)

Final home | Kosuke Tsumura

A further way of transforming a shelter fitting the body into a „room“ is shown by Archigram, a group of visiona-ry architects that has to be mentioned in this context. The Inflatable Suit Home can be inflated, filled with air. It is a working mock up for the Suitaloon [1967] by Mike Webb. A suit providing an envelope for living whene-ver and whereever needed can be used as a normadic home. The inventor said: „Clothing for living in�or if it wasn‘t for my Suitaloon I would have to buy a house.“ The Suitaloon reduces the essence of architecture to a climatic shelter giving minimal space. „Fitting the body like clothes, the Suitaloon is a reductive dwelling that reduces the components and support systems needed to sustain an entire community down to the necessi-ties for supporting a single individual.“ In this case the suit itself provides the necessary services such as a cushion-like surface.As well as the Suitaloon the previously designed Cus-hicle by Archigram considers the urban normad as the user of a minimal shelter. However whereas the later Suitaloon only consists of an inflatable suit, the Cushicle is a combination of a chassis, a mechanism or a rigid spine, and an inflatable skin attached to it. The interes-ting aspect about it caompared to the projects before is, that additional equipment apart from a shelter is

provided. Services such as food, water supply, radio, miniature projection tv and heating apparatus are car-ried by the mechanism. Consequently it is a complete nomadic unit. The Cushicle is not carried like a suit, but on a person´s back. It enables an explorer or wanderer to have a high standard of comfort with a minimum effort. The illustrations on the following page show the cushicle being expanded out from its packed state to the domestic condition. One component is the spinal system, inspired by the human skeleton. The other ele-ment is the enclosure part which is basically an inflated envelope with extra skins as viewin screens. Both sys-tems open out sucessively. The Cushicle also can be used without the inflatable shelter, so that it is movable and a mechanism like car. Each suit has a plug having a similar function to the key to your front door. Ano-ther person can be pluged into, so that both are in one envelope. The plug also allows the Cushicle to become part of a more widespread urban system of persona-lized enclosures and to connect envelopes together to forming larger spaces. The idea of urban and mobile structures is important for Archigram and raised in Plug in City, Instant City and Walking City.The presented examples all play with the interface of

Inflatable Suit Home . working mock up for Suitaloon | Archigram Suitaloon | Archigram

Cushicle | Archigram

clothing and architecture. Starting with artist examples dealing with the extension of the body, coming to actual clothing that provides a minimal shelter, up to more equipped portable structures. The main question for us as architects is: What can we learn from wearable architecture for the design of housing? For instance, how can housing become more personal like clothing? What functions are necessary and how are they organized?

EVOLUTION OF THE KITCHENSimon Könemann

Wise 2011

From the antiquity till tomorrow. The evolution of the kit-chen is linked to the invention of the cooking range and the development of water. The earliest historical structures of a kitchen, so one distinguishable from a pure fire pit area for food preparation, can be found in northern america, dating from around 8350 BC. The-se consisted of very simple clay ovens, open fireplaces and millstones in the courtyards of thatched mud huts. In the ancient greece, the kitchen was mostely placed in a seperated room beside the bath, so that both rooms could be heated by the kitchen fire. In such houses, there was often a separate small storage room in the back of the kitchen used for storing food and kitchen utensils. In the Roman Empire, common folk in cities often had no kitchen of their own; they did their cooking in lar-ge public kitchens. Wealthy Romans had relatively well-equipped kitchens. In a Roman villa, the kitchen was typically integrated into the main building as a separate room, set apart for practical reasons of smoke and sociological reasons of the kitchen being operated by slaves. The fireplace was typically on the floor so that one had to kneel to cook. There were no chimneys. Early medieval European longhouses had an open fire un-der the highest point of the building. The „kitchen area“ was between the entrance and the fireplace. In wealthy

homes there was typically more than one kitchen. The kitchens were divided based on the types of food prepa-red in them. In place of a chimney, these early buildings had a hole in the roof. Besides cooking, the fire also served as a source of heat and light to the single-room building. The kitchen remained largely unaffected by ar-chitectural advances throughout the Middle Ages; open fire remained the only method of heating food. European medieval kitchens were dark, smoky, and sooty places, whence their name „smoke kitchen“. With the advent of the chimney, in the 12th century, the hearth moved from the center of the room to one wall, and the first brick-and-mortar hearths were built. Pots made of iron, bron-ze, or copper started to replace the pottery used ear-lier. Beginning in the late Middle Ages, kitchens in Europe lost their home-heating function even more and were increasingly moved from the living area into a separate room. The living room was now heated by tiled stoves, operated from the kitchen, which offered the huge ad-vantage of not filling the room with smoke. The medie-val smoke kitchen remained common, especially in rural farmhouses and generally in poorer homes, until much later. In a few European farmhouses, the smoke kitchen was in regular use until the middle of the 20th century.

Kitchen in 15th century

“Satellite Kitchen“,by Colani

Industrialization. Technological advances during industri-alization brought major changes to the kitchen. Iron sto-ves, which enclosed the fire completely and were more efficient, appeared. These stoves were still fired with wood or coal. Although the first gas street lamps were installed at the beginning of the 1820s and the first U.S. patent on a gas stove was granted in 1825, it was not until the late 19th century that using gas for cooking became commonplace in urban areas. The ages of the gas ovens did not last long, because of the advancing urbanization at the beginning of the 20th century the elec-tricity grid became more reliable and the technology began to take off. Industrialization also caused social changes. Most appartments had only one or two rooms and the kitchen often was used for living, sleeping and as a bath at the same time. Pots and kitchenware were typically stored on open shelves, and parts of the room could be separated from the rest using simple curtains. In contrast, there were no dramatic changes for the upper classes. The kitchen, located in the basement or the ground floor. In some houses, water pumps were installed, and some even had kitchen sinks and drains. The kitchen became a much cleaner space with the advent of „cooking machines“. The middle class tried to imitate the luxurious dining styles of the upper class. Living in smaller apartments, the kitchen was the main room - here, the family lived. The study or living room was saved for special occasions such as an occasional dinner invitation. Because of this, these middle-class kitchens were often more homely than those of the upper class, where the kitchen was a work-only room occupied only by the servants. Besides a cupboard to store the kitchenware, there were a table and chairs, where the family would dine. In the early 1910s rationa-lization in the industry began. In all production proces-ses, norms and standards were installed to optimize the working processes. The taylorism took place in the kitchen planning, too. As a result the „Frankfurt kitchen“ was developed in 1926. This kitchen measured 1.9 m by 3.4 m. It was built for two purposes: to optimize kitchen work to reduce cooking time and lower the cost of buil-ding decently equipped kitchens. The design, created by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, was the result of detailed time-motion studies and interviews with future tenants to identify what they needed from their kitchens. Schüt-te-Lihotzky‘s fitted kitchen was built in some 10,000 apartments in the housing projects erected in Frankfurt in the 1930s. The reception was critical: it was so small that only one person could work in it. But the Frank-furt kitchen embodied a standard for the rest of the 20th century in rental apartments: the „work kitchen“.

Smoke-Kitchen,12th century

Kitchen with a sto-ve in roman villa

Poggenpohl led innovation in the kitchen area by pre-senting the „reform kitchen“ in 1928 with interconnec-ting cabinets and functional interiors. The reform kit-chen was a forerunner to the later unit kitchen and fitted kitchen. Poggenpohl presented the form 1000, the world‘s first unit kitchen. The idea of standardized dimensions and layout developed for the Frankfurt kit-chen took hold while Poggenpohl began exporting to neighboring countries which for the first time required a kitchen specifier known today as a kitchen designer. The equipment used remained a standard for years to come: hot and cold water on tap and a kitchen sink and an electrical or gas stove and oven. Not much later, the refrigerator was added as a standard item. The concept was refined in the „Swedish kitchen“ using unit furniture with wooden fronts for the kitchen cabinets. Unit construction since its introduction has defined the development of the modern kitchen, with pre-manufac-tured modules using mass manufacturing techniques developed during World War II greatly bringing down the cost of a kitchen. Units which are kept on the floor are called „floor units“, „floor cabinets“, or „base cabinets“ on which a kitchen worktop, originally often formica and often now made of granite, marble, tile or wood is placed. The units which are held on the wall for sto-rage purposes are termed as „wall units“ or „wall cabi-nets“. In small areas of kitchen in an apartment, even a „tall storage unit“ is available for effective storage. In cheaper brands, all cabinets are kept a uniform color, normally white, with interchangeable doors and acces-sories chosen by the customer to give a varied look.Technicalization. A trend began in the 1940s in the Uni-ted States to equip the kitchen with electrified small and large kitchen appliances such as blenders, toasters, and later also microwave ovens. Following the end of World War II, massive demand in Europe for low-price, high-tech consumer goods led to Western European kitchens being designed to accommodate new appliances such as refrigerators and electric/gas cookers. Open kitchensStarting in the 1980s, the perfection of the extractor hood allowed an open kitchen again, integrated more or less with the living room without causing the who-le apartment or house to smell. The re-integration of the kitchen and the living area went hand in hand with a change in the perception of cooking: incre-asingly, cooking was seen as a creative and someti-mes social act instead of work. The enhanced status of cooking also made the kitchen a prestige object for showing off one‘s wealth or cooking professionalism.

Frankfurt Kitchen, 1928

Today and tomorrow. Another reason for the trend back to open kitchens is changes in how food is prepared. Whereas prior to the 1950s most cooking started out with raw ingredients and a meal had to be prepared from scratch, the advent of frozen meals and pre-pre-pared convenience food changed the cooking habits of many people, who consequently used the kitchen less and less. For others, who followed the „cooking as a social act“ trend, the open kitchen had the advantage that they could be with their guests while cooking, and for the „creative cooks“ it might even become a stage for their cooking performance. The „Trophy Kitchen“ is highly equipped with very expensive and sophisticated appliances which are used primarily to impress visi-tors and to project social status, rather than for ac-tual cooking. Pollsters and kitchendevelopers are con-vict that the individual note of the kitchen will become more important and the extreme technologisation of the kitchen will continue to move forward. In the future the refrigerator will be able to write the shopping list, and the herd is doing cooking tips. But a more impor-tant role will have energy efficiency, because although Induction hobs for example are an important progress, there are still many things where a backlog exists.

Kitchen catalogue of the 40‘s

Modern kitchen

Evolution of the bedroomLisa Schulze Blasum

Wise 2011/12

Sleeping space Nearly every place can be used for sleeping. But the most im-portant aspect is to have a place for shelter during the night.

One can distinguish between a sleeping space and a be-droom. A bedroom is part of a flat/house and stands in re-lation to other rooms, whereas a sleeping space is more flexible and temporary useable. It can also be placed in a room that is both kitchen and living/sleeping room. Related examples are a tent, a park bench, a meadow, a towel, a cardboard box etc. It can be said the sleeping space is dependent on cul-ture, environment, climate and financial possibilities.

History / EvolutionPeople who lived in caves were hunters and hikers. Caves offe-red them protection against wild animals and the weather. Besi-des, they could be replaced if they had to be abandoned quickly. So you can say, that the human pulled a line between the inner, protected areas and the unprotected outside world already at that time.After some time people got more and more sedentary.

The history of the bedroom is young compared with the history of mankind. Even during the Stone Age bedrooms were com-

pletely unknown. Mostly you had just one room available for eating, working and sleeping. Often straw was used as beds.

In the old days of field work, people slept in fields near their housing or next to their workplace during the day to work in the pleasant coolness of the night or just to relax. There are countless examples of how and where people slept in contrast to today.

The existence of the first bed is passed down until the Middle Ages. Like so many other things beds were a privilege of the nobility or very rich farmers. Simple farmers slept in the same room as their animals in order to benefit from the heat, de-livered by the beasts. Craftsmen and laborers were sleeping in the living room, which served as the kitchen at the same time. Servants often even possessed their own small chamber in which they could retire. In general, these chambers were equipped only with a bed or a bed alcove, and a wash basin or a single sink. But even the servants seemed to have to share a room to sleep. Sometimes even the beds had to be shared.

So the distinction between working, living and sleeping area had developed and also seeped into the lower classes.

In Victorian times, compartmentalisation was es-sential to keep servants and the masters separate. In normal households before the industrial revolution, a husband and his wife would have seperate bedrooms and only share a room for certain activities. It was only because of space shortage that cities desified that there became a shared master bedroom.

The privacy and intimacy in the context of the living function of sleep is a taboo, because the bedroom has become a ta-boo area, which has nothing more from the comfort of upper-class bedroom about the beginning of the 19th century. At that time, a secretary of the writing was present in the be-droom, and the hostess greeted a visitor here, for example.

Until the twentieth century a separate bedroom was a rarity and unaffordable luxury for most people. In the course of industrialization, housing was scarce in the cities. The beds were often occupied by several people. Families rented their beds at so-called „sleepers“. Thus, the family tried to get a side business. If a bed was ren-ted to several sleepers, it has been slept in different layers.Even after the Second World War housing was scarce in Ger-many. Refugees and homeless were billeted with people who had a more or less intact home. Therefore many people were forced to spend their nights in the living room. To sleep a litt-le better, special sofa beds and chair beds were developed. In the sixties there was a relaxation of the situation. The housing shortage until then had been contained so far that in small families not only the parents had their own bedrooms, but also the children.

Today, in most apartments and houses a separate bedroom can be found. But this achievement is relatively new. It was a result ofsocial injustice and then taken as representative of all modern humans.

In summary, one can state that the bedroom evol-ved from an open, collaborative space that was shared by several people simultaneously and served for diffe-rent functions, to a sheltered privacy of the individual.

Defining the bedroom space is important for two main rea-sons: home value and safety.The bedroom as an intimate space reflects the views and the indi-viduality of the residents. We shape our rooms and they shape us. Furniture and other items (various accessories) in be-drooms vary greatly, depending on taste and local tradition.

As Cedric Price writes, the house is an invisible sandwich: „Design is about more than the juxtaposition of planes, wheter vertical, inclined or horizontal, whether audio, visual, thermal or material. There are additional qualities which add up to much more than the sum total of each plane’s individual qualities. For example, the three-storeyed building invests each floor with particular qualities purely because of its relation to the other two.(...) Strange qualities of the three-floored buliding are: GROUND FLOOR: Capacity for direct physical con-tact with an indefinite outside; variation of external doorways; variation of „ground level“ by excavation. MIDDLE FLOOR: Equal opportunity for easy access by foot to volu-mes above and below which together comprise the total volume. TOP FLOOR: Capacity for high-level access enab-ling a wide range of vehicular traffic underneath; va-ried heights, flexible roofs and ceilings retractable.“

Different demands in different regionsOf course there are different requirements to bedrooms dependig on climate and culture. Whether to protect yourself from heat or cold, noice, lighting conditions, etc. Thereby also the size of the room and openings play a role. Small rooms keep you warmer. In cold regions you use blankets and furs additionally (for example the Inuits).In warm regions you use only a thin sheet, and the rooms are bigger and more open to make it comfortable in relation to the air circulation.

The culture influences us. So there are conditions and traditions, for example, using a „futon“ in Japan. Or sleeping on the ground in Africa (– not only because its a developing country with many poor people, but also because of the pleasing coolness of the floor).Moreover the location of the bedroom in the house is different. In our regions it is mostly reclu-sive and located in distance to the entrance area.

Official claims of a bedroom„Code requirements that vary from state to state will determine what can and cannot be considered a bedroom despite how that space may have been used. Codes are in place primarily for safety purposes. A space can only be defined as a bedroom when it meets these code requirements, which can include spe-cifications on fire safety measures and means of egress. (...)It is in the interest of homeowners, sellers, and buyers to know the subtle bedroom definition differences between the safety/builder perspective and the real estate/home value perspective, and to know one’s state and local guidelines for determining what can and cannot be considered a bedroom.“

Some bedroom styles of the history

- 13th century With the appearance of the canopy the bed was ele-vated to a ritual object. Bed curtains had a practical purpose. They should protect against cold and drafts.

- 16th/17th century Since the 14th century the heating of small rooms was possible. - coming of „chamber“The word sleep chamber is first mentioned in 1265, but only in the 16th century passed into general usage.

- 18th centurythe bed of a nobleman: The sumptuous bedroom was one of the the most important rooms of the house. It was equipped with expensive drapery and textiles.

- 19th centuryAround the mid 19th century, the Victorian room filled gradually with furniture and all kinds of accessories.It was now separated from all the activity in the lower floors of the house and become a very intimate place.

Comment

Nowadays, the requirements for a bedroom include the pos-sibilities to retreat and relax the body during sleep - which also depends on the equipment. Usually this is (in our area) a bed (mattress, slatted frame, bed frame, blanket and pil-lows) and a cupboard. A bedside table, lamps, and other de-coration/furnishings support the habits/comfort of the resident and his individual needs to his recreation place. Considering that we spend a third of our lives sleeping, the bedroom is devoted to less attention than other areas. This is probably due to the fact that it is no common room and not meant for visitors.

One should bear in mind that the bedroom affects the recovery, the atmosphere and spirit and thus the soul. That is why many people have already dealt with the outside influences on the sleeper. A concrete example would be the feng-shui-method, which produces an optimum flow of space.

The bedroom of the future

featured on the BBC Tomorrow‘s World programme, Wednes-day 10 July 2002.

The intelligent dormitory (iDorm) is fitted with tiny computers and sensors which allow it to learn the user‘s preferences. For example, it could learn how to save energy (and money) by turning down the heating when the occupant is tucked up in bed, and switch it back on ahead of when the person normally awakes. It might also learn how best to help the user awaken for work, perhaps opening the blinds (if it was light outside, else turning on the lights) or turning on the radio to provide extra encouragement. Of course the bedroom can communicate with other rooms to ensure the rest of the house is equally welco-ming when the occupant ventures further from the bedroom, maybe signalling to the microwave and kettle to start breakfast! The ground-breaking technology works by the gadgets interacting with each other ‚intelligently‘ to get to know the user‘s preferences and then carrying out the tasks for them. It could be used in the fu-ture to improve the quality of life for elderly or disabled people.(...)

References: - „Schlafräume“ by Susan Irvine- „Von der Höhle zum Schlafzimmer - Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Aspekte des Schlafes“ by Murat Kütük- http://www.wohnsektor.de/geschichte-schlafzimmer-11.html-http://www.bobvila.com/articles/406-what-makes-a-room-a-be-droom/pages/1- http://www.schlafzimmer-planer.de/geschichte-des-schlafzimmers/- http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/iieg/tomorrow.htm

THE DYMAXION BY RICHARD BUCKMINSTER FULLERTim Christossek

WiSe 2011 | 2012

Richard Buckminster FullerRichard Buckminster Fuller was bron on July 12, 1895 in Massachusets. He was expelled from Havard twice and was the father of two daughters. In the Age of 32 he was out of money and he was almost commited suicide because his youn-gest daughter died from complications from polio. That was the time Fuller decided to embark on an experiment to find what a single individual could contribute to changing the world and benefiting all humanity. More precisely fuller made every 15 mi-nutes an entry in his diary. Fuller‘s most popular invention was the geodesic dome. He also did a patent application on that. In general you can say that Fuller was an early en-vironmental activist. He thought about that waste materials from products could be recycled into making more valuable products, increasing the efficiency of the entire process. Ri-chard Buckminster Fuller also dealed with the topic synerge-tics. This was an encompassing term which he used broadly as a metaphoric language for communicating experiences by using geometric concepts. The interesting thing on that is that fuller dealed with this term long before synergy beca-me popular. Fuller died eleven days before his 88 Birthday.

Dymaxion In 1928 Fuller comissioned the advertising expert Waldo Warren to search for an word to discribe Fullers inven-

tions. In order to that Warren spennt two days listening to Fuller and trying to get a feel fot the language he used. Warren then playes randomly with syllables from typi-cal Fuller words, until the word „Dymaxion“ was invented.

The Dymaxion Map The Dymaxion map is a projection onto the surface of a polyhed-ron which can be folded flattened to two dimension. It was invet-ned by Fuller in 1927 . Fuller was convinced that this projection has several advantages in comparision to the normal Merca-tor-Projection. On the one hand the dymaxion map has less dis-tortion of the relative size of areas and on the other side it has not any right way up. That means that there is no north and sout no up and down. It was likely unussualy to show a map in this way but Fuller said that ist is like the universe because theres also no up and down or north and south - there is only in and out.

The Dymaxion CarThe Dymaxion car has had a fuel efficiency of 7.8 litres on 100 km and could transport eleven passangers. Fur-thermore it could reach a speed of 190 km/h. This spe-cial shape was a result by making windcanal-studies.It was a three wheeled car and steered by a single rear wheel . This has had the advantage that the car could do a U-Turn onto his own length. Although this huge ad-

vantages the Dymaxion car was not produced because of an accident at the Chigagos Worlds. Nevertheless the design was influential on several subsequent designs. ellt werden.

The Dymaxion HouseThe Dymaxion house was an prototype by Fuller. It was completly moveable and demountable if the family was moving to another city. Its shape was an circle because Fuller said that this was the most economical shape, It has 97 sqm and a weight of 2200 kg. The Dymaxion house was intended to reduce water use by a greeywater system, a packaging toilette, and a „fogger“ to re-place showers. Furthermore fuller has invented the first prefab-ricated bathroom, which was also part of the dymaxion house.

Hakka RoundhouseKerstin Daniel

WS 2011/2012

These unique ring-shaped buildings are found exclusively in Fujian in South China, particularly around Jongclingr. They are standing either as single buildings or in groups constitutes a complete self-contained residential village. Exceptional though they are, there are several thousand of these structures in ex-istence. They were built from the seventeenth century to the present, with diameters varying from 17m to 85m. Besides the round variety, there are a great many square ones and all man-ner of intermediary forms. Although inward facing and closed to the outside world, they make a less impenetrable impres-sion in the landscape than one might expect. They are inhab-ited by communities of entire families of Hakkas (guests) who migrated to this region from the north looking for better living conditions. In these fortress-like buildings they could protect and defend themselves against onslaughts and often lengthy sieges. Otherwise the surrounding walls are entirely blank with perhaps the occasional tiny window placed as high as possible.

All dwelling units are located against the outer wall, where-as the central area is either open or built-up to the same ex-tent. On the ground floor are the living and eating quarters and kitchens, all ranged in accordance with Chinese traditi-on. Round small internal courts giving onto the open cen-tral area. The bedrooms, like the storage rooms, are located along the galleries above and curiously can only he reached

from two of four public stairs. In other words, with a few ex-ceptions you are unable to proceed directly from your living quarters to the bedrooms except by way of the front door, across the public space. Evidently there is less need of priva-cy, though these are after all, large family groups which built in China the basic units of the social structure. Privacy be-sides, is a privilege of the rich who are more in a position to indulge in it, as they have less need to rely on one another.

Each tulou housed multiple families (up to 300 people). The oldest occupied tulou in Fujian near Xiamen is over 900 years old. This is a photo of the largest one in the area.

Fujian Province, China

The central area whether open or closed is collective. Here the harvested crops are prepared with some de-gree of collaboration and stored in barns. Alongside rooms set for production, there may be schools, boar-ding houses and general cafe-like spaces where you can meet together or simple socialize. Finally, there are the remains of religious places, in the shape or open corners resembling miniature squares along the galle-ries, where modest ceremonies are enacted. In some complexes there is space for a temple in the center that doubles as a theatre. Presumably the religious activities are still not accepted by the authorities and have been reduced during the last fifty years to their present marginal form. Divided into living units that all emerge at a different communal areas, these housing complexes are in effect, fully fledged towns which like medieval settlements could hold out almost indefinitely against attackers. Their shape suggests a comparison with a built-up Amphitheater such as the one at Arles. Most roundhouses have only one entrance, a thick so-lid wooden door heavily reinforced and protected by a water dousing system in the event of siege by fire. The frames of the gate are made of solid steel ano-ther security they Hakka used to defend themselves.

The Hakka houses follow all the same layered architecture inside and outside as well for the materials used to built.

Ground level and 1st floor occupy a cooking and eating area as well as place for socializing and working. Depen-ding on the size of the Hakka house the central courtyard features a well, mill, a threshing floor, an ancestor hall.

The 2nd floor is mainly an elderly people area and for storing grains. Grains are dryed on the over-lapping roof structure surrounding the inner circle.

The 3rd and 4th floor is basi-cally for young folks and their children.The main material used for constructing the Hakka house is raw earth, therefore the name „earth house“ is equally found on the inter-net as well as its Chinese translation „tulou“. The outside wall is at least 1m thick and consit of raw earth, sand, limestone, glutinous rice and brown sugar. To support the static and workforces bamboo and wood are used as reinforcement.

Positive aspects about the Hakka houses

The basic advantage of the Hakka buildings is low cost of construction and maintenance, the last one built in 1962 cost around $30,000. Another huge advantage is the longelivety of the houses. If they aren‘t destroyed or being demolished they can last for centuries. The later is highly unlikely hence the buildings are listed as World Heritage since July 2008.

The quality of the earthen houses lies not only in the aest-hetic appearances. The thickness of the outside walls block outside sounds and minimize temperature variations (cool in summer and warm during the winter months). For me the ma-jor quality of the Hakka roundhouses is their recylability and the efficient use of materials found in the area. Another inte-resting fact is of statistic value. The Hakka roundhouse only uses 1/700th of the energy required for traditional brick firing.

Copenhagen, Ørestad Denmark

In the winter of 2001/2002 four architecture firms were invi-ted to an architecture competition, in which the participants were expected to present a proposal for the future student residence that, inspired by the classic and well functioning form of dormitories, should be the future form of student housing – offering a housing milieu that supports and deve-lops an attractive environment for both living and studying.


Tietgenkollegiet by Lundgaard & Tranberg (comple-ted 2006) has won the 2007 RIBA European Award.

The principle inspiration for the project is the mee-ting of the collective and the individual, a charac-teristic inherent to the dormitory building type.The simple circular form of the Tietgen Dormitory is an ur-ban response to the context, providing a bold architectural statement in the newly planned area. The building‘s circular form - symbol of equality and the communal - is contrasted by projecting volumes expressing the individual residences.The upper levels are organized with 360 residence units along the perimeter and the communal functions are ori-ented toward the inner courtyard. Facilities common to the entire dormitory are grouped at ground level.The apartments are set at differing depths in an alterna-ting rhythm, which expresses the individual‘s unique iden-tity through its form and gives the exterior form of the building it‘s characteristic, crystalline expression and neutra-lises the possibly monumental shape of the cylindrical space.The apartment groups‘ communal spaces are for-med correspondingly. They stand out as dramati-cally protruding building masses that face the midd-le of the courtyard - the centre-point of the entire form.

The dormitory‘s facade of copper alloy panels is complemen-ted by a glass partition and sliding screen profile system of oiled american oak. The building‘s interior is characterized by an exposed concrete structure and plywood clad partitions. Poured magnesia flooring and acoustic ceilings of expanded metal are used throughout the dormitory.

Apartment Categories:

A 26 sqm, single room apartmentB 29 sqm, single room apartmentC 33 sqm, single room apartmentD 45 sqm, two room apartment

Each apartment has a balcony either smaller or bigger depen-ding on the size of the apartment.

10% are permanently reserved for international exchange students. Each block ( in total 12) has shared kitchen and living room, with each living room having a unique set of furniture and other items.

Bild o.ä. (längs)

Summary of the intentions of Lundgaard & Tranberg Ar-chitects:

:: To create a building that is in harmony with the present and future construction and landscape structures of the surround-ing area, as well as having a pronounced independent identity:: To make the building itself stand out as a distinctive symbol of the dormitory’s principal value of community:: To ensure optimum overview and accessibility in every part of the dormitory:: To achieve uniform and equal conditions for every apart-ment and apartment group in the building (a “democratic” dormitory):: To let the dormitory manifest itself within the surroundings by giving it an easily recognizable and characteristic architec-tonic expression:: To accentuate essential lines of sight from the dormitory to-wards the surrounding cityscape and create spacious passages across the landscape between the two canals wards :: To reach a structure that is simple and rational in a construc-tional / engineering perspective, yet still flexible in terms of spatial and expressive variation

New fabrication methods: CAD, CAM, CNC, BIM, customized prefabricationJoshua Tempel | Wise 2011/2012

New fabrication methods are CAD, CAM, CNC, BIM and customized prefabrication.

CADCAD means Computer Aided Design and refers to the use of computers as tool for technical drawing.The drawing will be made as a two dimensional or three dimensional model by the computer.It is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, and many more.

CAMCAM connoted Computer Aided Manufacturing. It refers to the direct control of production and the support of transport and storage systems.CAM is a program that converts CAD files by using software interfaces and transfers it to a CNC machine or production line.

CNCCNC is Computerized Numerical Control. CNC machines are machine tools that are using modern control techniques to produce component automatically with high precision.The axes of control of the production machine are computer controlled by programming or a CAM program.

BIMBim means Building Information Modeling and describes a method of using software optimized planning, execution and management of buildings.It is a building constructed as a 3D building model, that combining and networks all the relevant information.From this 3D model to develop all plans, elevations, perspectives, sections, amounzs and mass of documentation.Changes to the model result in an update of all drawings and reports.

Customized prefabricationmeans that the product is plannend according to the wish of the customer and tailored to the application area. After that the product is prefabricated industrially.The prefabricated parts are brought to their applications area and assembled.

At a modern application flow, the product is drawn with the CAD programm, then converted to the CAM program and prepare for the CNC machines. This produces the customized prefabrication product based on the data.

nomad housing typologiesEugen Gelb

wise 2011/2012

nomad housing typologies nomadism can be subdivided into a few types. there are hunter-gatherers, vertical and horizontal noma-dism, semi nomadism, traders and craftworkers and the more `classic` full nomads, te pastoralists. most nomads live in marginal areas like deserts, steppes and tundras, where mobility becomes a logical and effici-ent strategy for harvesting scarce resources spread unevenly across wide territories. one type of nomadism, which most tribes fit in, is semi nomadism, that means, a certain group goes out and a little group stays at home. this is where nomadism is subdivided further. according to the reason these groups go out, the tribes are compiled in the types previously mentioned. some go out for hunting like the inuit or the aborigines. some go out to trade their pieces of craftsmanship or their farm produce like the roma. horizontal nomadism me-ans that these people spent the winters with the flock in a winterquarter in the valley and in the summer they go up to he summerquarter on a hill or mountain. best example for that is, as strange as it may seem, the alpine dairy farming in bavaria, austria and switzerland. this example might show the expansibility of the defini-tion, so it is self-evident to focus on the full nomads.

taking local material - the inuit as explained before, nomads live in marginal areas and have the necessity to create either a home to carry with or to create a home they can build of what they find at the place they want to stay. if you decide for a mobile home, you have to make the construction eays to carry, easy to build up, easy to take apart and it has to be packable in quite small size. a really good example for housing made of local material is the inuit igloo. it is easy to build and all you need is a long knife and al lot of compact snow. if there is no compact snow, the snow is just being compacted by walking around on it with snow-shoes or rolling around on it. for a longer stay the inuit cut out blocks of snow, 40x60x50 cm, for a quickly built up the block can be thinner, about 15 cm. all blocks have to be beveled a bit in orde to close the spirals to the top, creating a dome. the blo-ckes are stacked up in a circle. after the first circle is built, the blocks are beveled and the next rows can be stacked, each time situating the blocks slightly in ward. the last one has to be cut to make it fit properly in the hole on the top, the becoming holes between the blocks are filled with snow. after that the inuit dig a tunnel from the outside under the wall into the inside. and build a little roof over it to prevend it from being snowed close again. this tunnel avoids the warm inner air to get out. at temperatures of -45° outside the in-side can reach temparatures between -7° and 16°. but even if it is only about 0°, it is still a difference of about 50° and quite warm and comfortable for the inuit.

mobile home - the pastoralists another way is to carry the housing with you, which makes it a more tent-like structure. one group, that is known for that are the desert nomads, which most peo-ple think of first, when they hear `nomad`. these tents are simple constructed. they consist of larger stakes in the middle and smaller stakes around them. these sta-ke are first stuck into the ground a bit and then covered by chunky woven panels, which are then strained with ropes made of goat-hair; these ropes are then tied to pegs, stuck into the ground. the planes are also made oh hair from goat-hair, which gives them the mostly black color. the nomads prefer goat-hair more than other, because it guarantees more tensile strength than hair from sheeps or camels. the black color is also useful, the reason will be described in the last part about the clothing. the panels hang loose on the side and can be folded up to allow the air to flow through for a little cooling. in case of a sandstorm they can be folded down and sand or rocks, depending on the surrounding, are banked up to prevent them from being blown open.

another groups of pastoralists are the ones from step-pes and tundras, like in mongolia. they use another structure, the yurt, due to climate reasons. the yurt consists of lattices, set up as a circular wooden frame for the walls, bended timber for the roof and a ring for the opening at the tp of the roof. this structure is first covered by canvas tarp, then by felt planes. this first layer of canvas was necessary, because the felt was made of sheep- and goat-hair, which was let dirty and the canvas avoids the dirt from falling into the inside. the felt is then covered by a second layer of canvas as a rain shield and finally tied together to avoid the layers from being blown away. an opening is left for the entrance. this opening was traditionally covered by the layers of canvas and felt, hanging loose, which could be tied to the wooden structure framing the entrance. this opening is replaced in modern yurts by a normal door with a doorframe. the felt serves as an insulation and this construction has not been changed for hund-reds of years. it is even so well working, that people prefer to live in a yurt rather than in a `normal` house.

clothing - a microclimatewhile doing a research on nomads and nomadism, one may find himself asking, why the nomads in the desert wear so much cloth and why it is mostly painted black. their clothing is really clever chosen and it is obvious-ly best for this climate for various reasons. at first, the different layers of cloth serve as a insulation. the hotter outer air is cooled step by step in every layer of air between the layers of cloth, creating a cooler temperature in the inner layer, the layer right on the skin. this reduces the evaporation. because their clo-thes are normally wide, the inner layer- air can circulate on the body and cool it down a bit. still the question about the color. scientists found out, that tha color black reflects uv light. therefore, wrapping yourself in black cloth will avoid the body from overheating. alt-hough the top layers of cloth will actually get warm by the sun, they get cooled by the wind, as they flatter around. it is proven, that blue reflects uv light even better than black, which also can be found within the desert nomad tribes. the tuareg are known for colo-ring their clothes with indigo, providing a beautiful blue color. and although they reprocess it with resin, they indigo gets always washed out a little bit by the sweat.

after wearing these indigo clothes, the people get a light glint of blue on their skin. that ist why the tuareg are sometimes called ‘the blue knights of the desert‘‚

plants adaptation in extreme enviornmentsIna Hinz

WiSe 2011/12

General facts:

- important factors: light, temperature, water/damp ness, soil

- every species adapts to a specific ecological niche, in which they have their minimum, maximum or opti mum to live

- spread of plants is only possible in these extent of tolerance

- often used by humans, for example: dispatching bacilli by heat

- important for architecture or conservation of an- chient monuments, for example we have to keep wood dry to conserve it from corruption

Definitions:

- air spaces: filled with gas and air, feeding cells and roots

- cuticula: waxed coat that covers epidermis, it pro tects against water loss

- epidermis: cells that covers plants‘ leaves, roots and stems, it protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and

(especially in roots) absorbs water and nutrients

- photosynthesis: is a chemical process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy of sunlight

- transpiration: leaf evaporation occurs through stomata, to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. It also cools plants and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots

- stomata: openings, to feed with air, carbon dioxide gas

Comparison to human/ artificial functions:

- photosynthesis --> vitamin D production (skin) --> solar energy (photovoltaics)- transpiration --> cooling with water (hydrothermal climate control system) --> sweating- nutrient collection/ recycling --->photovoltaic, water purification, waste water clarification --> built with recycling material- epidermis/cuticula --> skin/ building envelope : conservation adaptation (climate) influences well-being

bromeliads growing on telephone lines

Hydrophytes

Biotope: wetlands

Exemple: water water--> a precondition to live --> as reactant of photosynthesis, transport for nutrients, for plants transpiration, for despersion of waste materials

Adaptation of water lily:

- submerged leaves and stems are flexible to move with water currents

- afloat leaves: upper surface: exposed (photosynthesis) stomata, to feed the plant with air

- stems: air spaces lack strong water transport system -->absorb water, nutrients, dissolved gases through total surface directly from the water --> reduced stela, thin epidermis/ cuticula

- roots/ root hairs: reduced only needed for anchorage, not for absorption of nutrients and water

‚ar-che‘- designed by steeltec37, Lausitz, Germany 2009

- npevmbs ipvtf, qsfgbcsjdbujpo (61-261n)- basic: pontoon system -->floats, airtight hollow structures, airfilled- modular steel system, corosion prevention- wall, ceiling: frame system with retangle tubes made of steel - vaulted roof made of metal - conduction of environmental conditions (sea breeze, spume)

- high standard, energie efficiency, (EnEV): insulating glazing with heat protection, slat blinds (window), windowpanes layered with photovoltaic film, photovoltaic roof sheeting hydrothermal climate control system (with available water) steelframes: hydrothermal cooling water purification system, fresh/ grey water reservoir, waste water clarification, controlled ventilation system, - connection at the pier (communication, power)

cut through stem

Halophytes

Biotope: northern coast (Eurasia, North America)- grow at dune- flooding - soil: sandy- winds: strong, dry out plants

Adaptation from sea sandwort:- needs salted soil with chlorinity till 0,9%- leaves: thick cuticula/epidermis, small sunk-in stomata --> protection from extreme environments filtrate water carnose and strong plant materials for saving water special glands/openings to deposit salt- roots: absorb water needed for anchorage

--> ‚arche‘

protection for steel/ metal: - protective coating- zinc coating- to avoid standing water --> vaulted roof--> fast drainage

protection for wood: - choice of correct one- protective lacquer- stain

water conditioning/ saving:- water purification system - fresh/ grey water reservoir- waste water clarification

cut through leaf, opening

Epiphytes(plants that live on other plants)

Biotope: wetlands, heat an dampness

Example: tropical rainforest- rain periods (about 80 to 180 inches per year)- abundance of water -->promoting of bacteria and fungi - high air humidity,- high differences in temperature (day:82°F,night:41°F)- high botanical closeness: light deficiency near the ground- light is indispensable to life --> pursuit of light --> vertical differentiation

Adaptation from bromeliad:-leaves: drip tips and waxy surfaces developed funnel-shaped-->catching water, charged with nutrient special hairs to absorb the water long, lot of stomata, thin epidermis/cuticula -->increase in transpiration - roots: only needed for anchorage, --> weakly constructed stela and root system (like water lily)

‚parasite‘Werner Aisslinger, Korteknie Stuhlmacher Architecten Rotterdam, 2001

General definition: a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host

- designed for unusual urban situations- redensification- mobility- erected on the roof of the lift shaft of the Las Palmas building- benefits host‘s services and access- structure: lightweight, flexible, low-cost - construction: frame of timber thick laminated glued timber prefabricated

Shibam„the oldest skyscraper city in the world“„the Manhattan of the desert“

- in Yemen with about 7,000 inhabitants- built in 3rd Century AD- houses: most originate from the 16th century tower houses made out of mud brick, up to 11 storeys in height (100feet) rain,erosion and naturell decay: routinely maintained by applying fresh layers of mud (10-15 years) inner support system: baulk- protection against rain: whitewash upper storeys- mud bricks: immune to high air dampness lack of thermal insulation good accumulation of heat (walls several meters, thick)- at night: water absorbing, loss of stored thermal -->warm- in the daytime: bricks store thermal, evaporative cooling occurs as the water escapes the pores of the construction (like transpiration) --> cool

Xerophytes

Dry biotope

Example: desert- hot dry climate- water defiency (short thounder showers, <10 inches per year)- high insolation and a low air humidity- high differences in temperature (136°F-14°F)- nutrient defiency- soil: sandy or rocky, unable to hold much water- winds: strong, dry out plants

Adaptation from cactuses:- slower growing requires less energy- roots: long, spread out wide/go deep to absorb/ save water- stela to transfer water- stem: carnose,strong plant materials for saving water thick cuticula/epidermis, small sunk-in stomata waxy coating --> reduced water loss (transpiration) conducts photosynthesis- thorns/hairs: to reflect the sunlight - lack of leaves --> reduced water loss(photosynthesis/ transpiration)

cut through stem

References

http://www.bioboard.de/topic,2441,-anpassung-von-pflanzen-und-tieren-%28feucht--trockenbiotop%29.htmlhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Adaptations_of_desert_plants?topic=58074http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/MathNat/Biologie/Didaktik/Wasserhaushalt/dateien/5_oekol/dateien/2_oeko.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromeliaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismhttp://132.72.139.12/desert/EngSite.aspx?SiteId=4282&ItemId=4502

-Shibam-utopia “Water-Scraper” designed by eVolo skyscraper, zero input/zero output, floating cities-parasite, Werner Aisslinger, Korteknie Stuhlmacher Architecten, Rotterdam, 2001- Tuscon Mountain House (2001) by Rick Joy, mud bricks

-Villa Welpeloo, Jan Jongert and Jeroen Bergsma, 2012Architects recycled materials-Solar housing estate „Am Schlierberg“, Freiburg,Rolf

http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/adapt.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibamhttp://www.steeltec37.comhttp://www.detail.de/rw_5_Archive_En_HoleArtikel_4711_Ar-tikel.htm„Alternative Architektur“ , Horst Schmidt-Brümmer„water house“ , Felix Flesche Ed.„ClimaSkin“ , Gerhard Hausladen, Michael de Saldanha,Petra Liedl„Desert Works“, Rick Joy

sailing boat Sebastian Czichon

Sose 2010

they are means of locomotion, which belong to a very small group. the group of vehicles driven solely by the force of the wind. that alone is a fascinating thing today. in a time where the debate about resource shortages and environmental protec-tion, sustainability-in short, is bigger and more important than at any time before.

...one method of locomotion which incidentally is not a new dis-covery, the sailing ship sailed since the antique, the world‘s oce-ans. but since that time a lot has happened.

the sailing ship of today is a high-tech device, where a huge lob-by daily works to find new changes to make it more and more efficient. which is most evident in the world of racing yachts, where high-tech giants, made out of carbon fiber meet to the annual locean-runs.

materials such as carbon or glass fiber in the yacht sector are no longer a rarity.

the combat about lightness, and therefor the slightest displace-ment, of the yacht is an important topic. The less weight the less displacement, the higher the acceleration and speed. the goal is the 100 percent utilization of wind power, a natural force for which one needs neither oil nor nuclear power. a not entirely

uninteresting thing in today‘s debate on sustainability.

the disscusion about the price which is to pay for it has every right to be controversial.apart from the wind power-the materials are not ecological. wood is too heavy for racing in the sport and the lobby for en-vironmentally friendly adhesives for the bonding of the hull and deck components is very small if they exist. you are no longer just happy with the sailing ship to sail some-where, quietly and slowly. it has to go fast, faster, and wood sailboats, as we remember them in times of columbus, built according to ancient tradition, are only asked by fans. they take too much work, are too slow and cumbersome, they say.but thank goodness it is sure that the discussion about a soluti-on is only a matter of time.

However, there is another fascinating facet. due to the shape of the hull, and the fact that a sailing ship is usually not very huge, affects the way of planing the cabin. this always has top priority to exploit the available space as efficiently as possible.

so the interior is permanently installed and connected to other home furnishings. Similar to installments within a plane or for instance a toilet on a train, interior elements on a boat also have different functions and usage combined into one and the

same objectThus, under any one bank or bed are shear elements, the table,for example, is folded in a flap.in racing yachts, even the beds are made out of hammocks. hammock beds are not only lighter than the conventional, they are also more flexible. if one day the space is needed for other treatments, you can disconnect and roll them up, and then ea-syly stow them away somewhere else. it is also not beyond them to ensure that the crew does not fall out during sleep, when the ship is at heavy sea.also hammocks are not a new invention. already in the boots with which Christopher Columbus sailed the world has slept in them.The wet cell, containing a washing basin with the diameter of 20 cm, and a toilet, a bowl with its apparent size giving the im-pression of only dwarfs using it, is a 3/4qm shower, using the 40cm wide door simultaneouls as the shower curtain. The wet cell is basically only a small room with toilet and sink, but also a shower using the entire room.

in a normal sailing yacht it is imore comfortable. it has proper beds and a kitchenette to cook comfortably, one of the main ta-bles, when folded out is more or less the size of a normal dining table, and benches are padded out of leather. this, ofcourse has a price, more weight.

a balance between luxury and hammocks must therefore still be worked on.

but it is clear, the potential is definitely there.

The deal with the small space and the search for its efficient uti-lization is definitely worth considering, especially if you discuss the matters of life in a prototype of living space. the integrated and for the functions optimized elements, which are also designed ergonomically for the person which is using it, within a room or a prototype of living, will, next to the subject of sustainability, be a main and broad aspect of planning in the future.

Bild o.ä. (quadratisch)

Recycling, Downcycling, Cradle-to-CradleSuzanna Smolija

WiSe 2011/12

Recycling is the process of taking a product at the end of its useful life and using all or part of it to make another product. The internationally recognized symbol for recycling in-cludes three arrows moving in a triangle. Each ar-row represents a different part of the recycling pro-cess, from collection to re-manufacture to resale.Recycling is a simple way that you, as a consumer, can help out the environment, save energy, create a pro-fitable market for recycled goods and help preser-ve natural resources from being depleted. Some facts: • 1 recycled tin can would save enoughenergy to power a television for 3 hours. • 1 recycled glass bottle would saveenough energy to power a computer for 25 minutes. • 1 recycled plastic bottle would save enoughenergy to power a 60-watt light bulb for 3 hours. • 70% less energy is required to recyc-le paper compared with making it from raw materials.

Recycling is important. The amount of rubbish we create is constantly increasing because: • Increasing wealth means that people are bu-ying more products and ultimately creating more waste. • Increasing population means that the-re are more people on the planet to create waste.

• New packaging and technological pro-ducts are being developed, much of them con-tain materials that are not biodegradable.

EnvironmentalImportance. Recycling is very important as was-te has a huge negative impact on the natural environment. •Harmful chemicals and greenhouse gas-ses are released from rubbish in landfill sites. Recyc-ling helps to reduce the pollution caused by waste. •Habitatdestructionandglobalwarmingare someof the affects caused by deforestation. Recycling reduces the need for raw materials so that the rainforests can be preserved. • Huge amounts of energy are used when makingproducts from raw materials. Recycling requires much lessenergy and therefore helps to preserve natural resources.

ImportanceToPeople • Reduce financial expenditure in the econo-my. Making products from raw materials costs much more than if they were made from recycled products. h t t p : / / e a r t h 9 1 1 . c o m / r e c y c l i n g /h t t p : / / w w w . r e c y c l i n g - g u i d e . o r g . u k

Recycling symbol:Mobius Loop

Recycling symbols

Downcycling is a term used to refer to the recycling pro-cess when the resultant material has reduced functio-nality and is below the quality of the original source.The goal of downcycling is to prevent wasting potentially useful materials, reduce consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air and water pollution, and lo-wer greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin pro-duction. Anexampleofthis istheconversionofplastics intolower-quality plastics. The term downcycling was used byReinerPilz in an interviewbyThorntonKayof Salvo in1994.The term downcycling was also used by William Mc-Donough and Michael Braungart in their book „Crad-le to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things“ (2002).

Characteristics•lowerreusability(incomparisonwith„classic“recycling)•loweramountofiterationsinsidethecycle•witheachiterationofdowncycling: •qualityofdowncycledthingsdeteriorates •theirvaluesdiminishes•afterthelastiterationtheproducthasbeendowncycledtothe par of general waste

Examples•transferringdisposablebatteriestolower-powerdevices(e.g.taking batteries from a digital camera to use in a TV remote)•reusingtowels,oldclothesforothercleaningenvironments•waterbottletoplasticsaladdressingbottle•plasticsaladdressingbottletoquartofmilk•quartofmilktoplasticbag•printpaperorrecyclingusedofficepapertotoiletpaperorcardboard

Upcycling is the process of converting waste materi-als or useless products into new materials, products of better quality or a higher environmental value.ThefirstrecordeduseofthetermupcyclingwasbyReinerPilzofPilzGmbHinaninterviewbyThorntonKayofSalvoin1994.There are several companies, collectives, who exist and fol-low the eco-minded lifestyle to make interesting stuff out of trash, like -„TerraCycle,“„ecoist,“„Junk to Funk,“„greenUP-GRADER.“ The goal of those green-thinking companies isto eliminate the idea of waste by creating collection and so-lution systems for anything that today must be sent to a landfill. There is also an upcycling-based philosophy, who is aiming to create something from nothing - Trashion. It‘s aterm for art, jewelry, fashion and objects for the home crea-ted from used, thrown-out, found and repurposed elements.

h t t p : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / U p c y c l i n ghttp://www.enviro-news.com/glossary/downcycling.html

In 2002, designer and architect William McDonough andchemist Dr. Michael Braungart published „Cradle to Crad-le“, encapsulating a journey of discovery about materials as biological or technical nutrients and their use periods and evolution. They created a framework for quality assessmentand innovation: the Cradle to Cradle certification system.Itsuggeststhat industrymustprotectandenrichecosystemsand nature‘s biological metabolism while also maintainingsafe,productivetechnicalmetabolismforthehigh-qualityuseandcirculationoforganicandsyntheticmaterials.Putsimply,it is a holistic economic, industrial and social framework that seekstocreatesystemsthatarenot justefficientbutessenti-ally waste free. The model in its broadest sense is not limited to industrial design and, manufacturing; it can be applied to many different aspects of human civilization, such as ur-ban environments, buildings, economics and social systems.The model has been implemented by a number of companies, organisations and governments around the world, predomi-nantly in the European Union, China and the United States. Cr-adle to cradle has also been the subject matter of many docu-mentary films, including the critically acclaimed Waste=Food.In addition todescribing thehopeful,nature-inspireddesignprinciples that are making industry both prosperous and sus-tainable, the book itself is a physical symbol of the changes tocome.Itisprintedonasynthetic‚paper,‘madefromplasticresins and inorganic fillers, designed to look and feel like top qualitypaperwhilealsobeingwaterproofandrugged.Andthebook can be easily recycled in localities with systems to coll-ectpolypropylene,likethatinyogurtcontainers.This‚treeless‘book points the way toward the day when synthetic books, like many other products, can be used, recycled, and used again withoutlosinganymaterialquality—incradletocradlecycles.

C2C design assignment criteria are:1. Buildings that, like trees, produce more energy than they consume and purify their own waste water.2. Factories that produce effluents that are drinking water.3. Products that,when their useful life is over, do not be-come useless waste but can be tossed onto the ground to decompose and become food for plants and animals and nu-trients for soil; or alternately, that can return to industrial cy-cles to supply high-quality raw materials for new products.4. Billions, even trillions, of dollars worth of materi-als accrued for human and natural purposes each year.5. Transportation that improves the quali-ty of life while delivering goods and services.6. A world of abundance, not one of limits, pollution and waste.

Extracted from: (Braungart and McDonough, 2008, p90-91)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_designh t t p : / / c 2 c c e r t i f i e d . o r g

Recyclable materialsWaste can be divided into several categories accor-ding to origin and structure: household, industrial and special(construction, green, medical etc.). Household wasteconstitutes around 59% of total waste (Countryside travel-ler, 2009). Packaging is made out of a wide variety of ma-terials such as wood, paper, aluminum, plastic, glass etc.

GlassDifferent kinds of products are made from glass, but only glass packaging (bottles, jars) are recycled. The recycling of glass al-lows considerably save energy and prolong the working life of glassmeltingmachines. Italsodecreasestheamountofwas-te in landfills,asglassconstitutesaround7-8%oftotalgene-ratedhouseholdwasteweight(Vilcinaetal,2004).Animpor-tant aspect is that a part of collected glass bottles are refillable and therefore can be used for several times. (Bierande, 2010).

AluminumThe recycling of aluminum is beneficial for several reasons. First, the aluminum production from used cans requires 23timeslessenergyand8timeslesscapitalinvestmentthanpro-ductionofaluminumfromore(Grinbergaetal,2004).Second,italsoallowssavingscarceresources,forexample,byrecycling1 kgof aluminum8 kgof ore is saved.Third, the amount of

wastestoredisreducedbyrecyclingaluminum(Kalnina,2007).

PlasticThe recycling of plastic is very important because most of the plastic products do not decompose at all or decompose only after a very long time. Around 30% of all plastic is used forproduction of packing (Kalnina, 2007). The recycling of PETbottles provides several benefits. First, the plastic is produ-ced from oil, thus oil is saved by recycling. By recycling 1 ton ofplastictheusageof1.8tonsofoil isavoided.Furthermore,theenergyneededintherecyclingprocessis70%lowerthanin the new plastic production process. Finally, as plastic almost does not decompose in the nature, recycling helps to redu-cetheamountofwastestoredinthelandfills(Kalnina,2007).

Designexamples,wherethematerialsarerecyclable1Kissingsaltandpepperpots,KarimRashidforNambe(aerospace-mixedaluminium)2MiuraBarstool,JasperMorrisonforPlank(clear polypropylene, where plastic is a molding in a single piece)3GlassLamp,GijsBakkerforNVVereenigdeGlasfabriekenLeerdam (glass)

„Materials for Inspirational Design“, Chris Lefteri, 2006

1 2 3

ProductsfromrecycledwastematerialsThe growing awareness of waste management has produ-ced many innovative ways of recycling waste into new pro-ducts and materials. Much of our waste is packaging related. After use it is thrown into our trashcans and transported to expensive landfill sites or incinerators. There aremany com-panies across the world commited to sourcing and develo-ping innovative ideas and markets for recycled materials.One of them is SmilePlastics, which is concentrated plastics into multicolored sheets, which contain of layers of disgarded sham-poo bottles, rain boots, yogurt pots. These sheets can be sawn, drilled, routed and planed using conventional workshop tools.

Many metals can be reused and recycled, once separated from any additives. Designer Boris Bally not only embraces metals for their sustainable qualities, he also ensures thattheir former life is respected in the new forms he creates.

Waste is sometimes a subjective concept, because items that some people discard may have value to others. But the great deal of opportunities trash offers are neverending. Get inspired by the homepage www.weupcycle.com -„Here we create one product per day out of discarded ma-terial. Our goal is to design beautiful and useful things. Find trash, be creative and post your masterpieces.“

Recycling ArchitectureIsitpossibletobuildahouseoutofnaturalmaterialsanddis-carded tires, plastic and glass bottles, and soda cans? Yes, and Michael Reynolds is a living proof to this kind of trash architec-ture. Connected with clay those „artificial„ materials are making newhybrids,whereit‘sdifficulttodividethemasthey‘reinacompleted state. Thick walls made from sand- or waterfilled cans as well as clayfilled cans or earthfilled tires create a ple-asant temperature balance. The tire rubber respectively can wallsheatupthemselves in thesummersunupto70degreeand give a part of their heat later the day to the inside of the building. The circulation proceeds the other way around during thenight.NewMexicoisaproperplaceforthosekindofhousesbecause of the serious temperature amplitude and the easy-to-get building permit in case the project fits in the landscape and is appropriate for the characteristic topography. Those kind of house are called Earthships andhe‘sbuilding them togetherwithhiscrew,they‘researchingfortheshortcutwheretheener-gy is taken from direct sunlight and the building materials are trash. Reynolds is a very inspiring person fighting a crucial battle that could well move us along toward a sustainable way of life.

„Materials for Inspirational Design“, Chris Lefteri, 2006h t t p : / / w w w . w e u p c y c l e . c o m„Alternative Architektur„, Schmidt-Brummer, Horst, 1983

HOME MADE used waterWater purification and wastewater treatmentJulia Modlinska

Wise 2010

Much of the water must be treated befo-re it is released back to the environment. Natu-ral habitat has amazing ability to cope with small amounts of water wastes and pollution, but it would be overwhelmed if we didn‘t treat the billions of gal-lons of wastewater and sewage produced every day before releasing it back to the environment. All water users especially the architects, urban planners and also water managers have a decisive influence on improving the water situation. What is crucial is the collaboration between them. Nowadays they are capable of developing overall concepts that take into ac-count the existing local conditions. Only in this context, an ecologically economically optimal solution can be found. Human interfere into natural water cycle by ex-ploiting economically the land, collecting the rain water from impervious surfaces direct or through the sewage system. Overground and underground run-off water as well as dirty water – usually after treatment in a cen-tral sewage treatment plants supplies the settlements, agriculture, industry and is back in the water cycle. Rapid removal of rainwater and sewage can cause overuse of natural water, which effects lasting and ne-gative consequences for the natural water balance.

Wastewater includes substances such as human waste, food scraps, oils, soaps and chemi-cals, which are home and industry made. Used wa-ter also includes storm runoff. Rain that runs down the street during a storm is full of harmful substan-ces that wash off roads, parking lots, and rooftops and can harm rivers and lakes. Wastewater according to its definition (DIN 4045) regardless of the ingre-dients is each runoff water which comes into the se-wer. Also drinking and rainwater is treated as a used water when it flows from settlements to channels. In wastewater treatment can gene-rally be distinguished technical and natural cleansing process between the mechanical, physical, biological and chemical cleaning processes, and as also between central and decentralized wastewater treatment sys-tems. Technical methods are predominantly used, for example coarse screens as the first filter unit, as a mechanical pretreatment sedimentation basin, ae-rated sewage ponds, trickling filters and activated sludge basin as a biological treatment. The others are removed by mechanical purification rakes, sand trap and settling the first solids from the wastewater. Here, with the help of microorganisms and oxygen ea-sily degradable substances are bound in the sludge.

Almost all municipal regulations compel water consumers to connect to the central public sewer. It is also a duty for remote settlements, single estates and farms. The connection rate for the population, for instance in Germany, at key facilities of sanitation – compared to other European Union countries - is very high. The costs incurred by the high degree of sewer connection and the often very long transport routes of the waste water are enormous. The sewage fees are disproportionally high for many households. In the central sewage system, the dome-stic, commercial and industrial use waste water collected together and mixed of different waste frac-tions and their constituents. In the central wastewa-ter treatment plants has developed adequate pro-cedures, with which each component of used water can be treated separately. Since there is a separate treatment of each fraction, a complex treatment of the entire wastewater is necessary for these pollu-tants. Otherwise, such substances are with the ef-fluent into the aquatic environment and leads to the accumulation of pollutants and nutrients in the water. The schema shows the possibilites of obtaining nutrients from the home wastewater treatment. What is more there is also an opportunity to separate and then treat accordingly to its quality and nutrient content (sour-ce control). In this way, recycling the most nourishing wastewater starts to be very beneficial. A separation of the wastewater can be used in case of rain water, gray water, black water, biowaste and residual waste. A positive side effect of the separation of nutrient-rich streams is the discharge of wastewater which reduces cleaning costs of the treatment plants or in part, even their abandonment. A discharge of the existing central sewage treatment plants makes sense only if they are overloaded. With oversized central treatment plants there may be problems with the treatment outcome. Basically, the treatment of the individu-al currents is technically simpler, more effective and less costly than treating the mixture. To recover the nutritive materials from the nutrient-rich streams with less effort, there shouldn’t be a strong dilution.To obtain this situation it is advisable to use water-saving plumbing, such as water-saving toilets, water-less urinals, composting toilets and vacuum toilets.

The above sketch simplifies the build of gray water treatment systems. The safest way to handle grey water is to introdu-ce it directly to the biologically active topsoil lay-er, where soil bacteria can quickly break it down. On the schema we can distinguish two me-thods of water treatment: technical and natural pro-cess. The most positive effects were made by soil filter and membrane - filter technique. For a long time wet-lands were those, that helped in grey water treatment. In this method black water was usually routed into the sewer. Grey water systems can be designed as single or collective systems. Which type is used depends on the outer framework: the number and acceptance of users, supply of apartment space, if there is a base-ment or an open space. Filters-systems equipped with a biological membrane consists of three parts. One of them is a airßfilled tank, in which gray water is initially treated by special bacteria. The pump pumps the purified water into the tank equipped with a biological membrane filter. Here bacteria and other contaminants are retained in the ultrafiltration process so that they will not get to the clean water tank. Purified water in a tank equipped with a biological membrane filter is hygienically clean.

This schema shows alternative sus-tainable sanitation system. Its ultima-te goal is the closure of the water cycle on the spot. Gaining the nutrients from the waste water circulati-on is possible through appropriate sanitation. The separation of domestic and industrial wastewater and the distinction between black and gray water are here the most important starting points. It must be possible to capture the nutrients at their origin place and separate from the rest of the wastewater into a valuable product. This can be done by compos-ting, separating urine treatment and fermentation. Urine and feces are sorted in toilets, so-called separation toilets. Feces (black water) are drying in ventilated, rotting containers. Later they are composted and used as fertilizers in agriculture.While yellow water is captured separately. With special surfaces (lotus effect) of sanitary techniques it is possible to avoid urinary remains, which are largely re-sponsible for the odor. Sorters or separating toilets are mostly available with water-saving functions. Such high-tech concepts are mainly for large buildings or buildings with regular service. In most cases, the separation of urine, feces and gray water in combination with wa-ter-saving techniques makes sense with 1-liter toilets.

The hotel complex „Arabel-la“ in Offenbach has a capacity of 600 beds. Here in January 1996 a six-stage gray water purifi-cation system started working with a cleaning capa-city of 20,000 l/day. The plant occupies an area of 35m2. 225 flush toilets are supplied with 100% the above gray water harvesting system. The water from showers and bathtubs (not hand wash basins) is used there. It was considered while planning that the demand for potable water is about five times higher than in a normal household. This surplus of water is directed into a rain water cistern and used from the-re to the green space irrigation and the grease trap.Because of the high gray-water attack and the high demand for recycled water in the hotel, the high technical complexity of the system are justified.

schema of water recycling in hotel Arabellahotel‘s facadegroup of trickling filters with recirculation

Project Flintenbreite - housing estate in Lübeck, included 180 housing cha-racteristics for 350 residents in an area of 3.5 ha. Since the settlement was not connected to the mu-nicipal sewage system, a settlement could own was-tewater treatment system, based on the separation of the resulting nutrient-rich water. The water plan for the settlement provides treatment of stormwater flows, black water and gray water. The rainwater from the roofs is supplied via local drains of the local wa-ter cycle. The water channel is in the open space. The obtained gray water is cleaned in separate lines in a wetland and then introduced into the receiving wa-ter. Biogas is producted through the use of the black water from vacuum toilets. This biogas will be delivered as a liquid fertilizer to agricultural, local producers.

before planting the wetland at Flintenbreite green wetland

The motto of Lambertsmühle pro-ject (in Burscheid) is - „from grain to bread - from bread to grain“. The target concept, by Otter-wasser GmbH from Lübeck, is the recycling of nutri-ents, water purification facilities, the natural water cycle and the energy saving. Lambertsmühle, a former grain mill was restored in 2000 and is now a muse-um. Also the wastewater system was restored from scratch. the concept envisages the use of water-saving separation toilets. Yellow water, brown water (feces with washing-up water) and gray water is treated sepa-rately. Slightly contaminated gray water is pre-cleaned in the sedimentation tank and then by the wetland fil-ters cleaned. The yellow water is collected in a tank and used as a concentrated liquid fertilizer. Sanitation is done by an appropriate length of storage. the con-tent of the rotting container is composted together with organic waste from the kitchen and the garden.

rotting bag at Lambertsmühlemill‘s facade

A mechanical biological treatment system known as MBT is a type of waste proces-sing facility that combines a sorting facility with a form of biological treatment such as composting or anae-robic digestion. MBT is also sometimes termed BMT – biological mechanical treatment – however this sim-ply refers to the order of processing, i.e. the biological phase of the system precedes the mechanical sorting.MBT plants are designed to process mixed household waste as well as commercial and industrial wastes. The „mechanical“ element is usually an automated mechanical sorting stage. This either re-moves recyclable elements from a mixed waste stream (such as metals, plastics, glass and paper). It typically involves factory style conveyors, industrial magnets, eddy current separators, trommels, shredders and other tailor made systems, or the sorting is done ma-nually at hand picking stations. The mechanical element has a number of similarities to a materials recovery facility. Some systems integrate a wet MRF to separate by density and floatation and to recover and wash the recyclable elements of the waste in a form that can be sent for recycling. MBT can alternatively process the waste to produce a high calorific fuel termed: Refu-se Derived Fuel (RDF). RDF is generally made up from

plastics and biodegradable organic waste. But it is a common misconception that all MBT processes pro-duce RDF. It depends strictly on system configuration. The „biological“ element refers to either: Anaerobic digestion, Composting and Biodrying. Anae-robic digestion harnesses anaerobic microorganisms to breakdown the biodegradable component of the waste to produce biogas and soil improver. Biological can also refer to a composting stage. Here the organic component is broken down by naturally occurring aero-bic microorganisms. In the case of biodrying, the waste material undergoes a period of rapid heating through the action of aerobic microbes. During this partial com-posting stage the heat generated by the microbes re-sult in rapid drying of the waste. Possible products of this system: renewable fuel (biogas), recovered recy-cable materials such as metals, paper, plastics, glass etc., digestate - an organic fertiliser and soil improver, carbon credits – additional revenues. According to a 2007 World Health Organiza-tion report, 1.1 billion people lack access to an impro-ved drinking water supply. 1.8 million people die from diarrheal diseases each year. 94% of these diarrheal cases are preventable through water purification and wastewater treatment.

WOVEN STRUCTURESStefanie Treus

WiSe 11/12

Table of content:

- Definition „weave“, „woven structures“ & „tensegrity“- Where to find woven structures- Materials that can be woven- Techniques of weaving- Architectural weaving- Examples in architecture and design

Definitions:

„weave“ to make cloth, a carpet, a basket, etc. by crossing threads or strips across, over and under each other by hand or a machi ne called loom. (Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary)

“woven structures” In the same way a loom holds the warp threads facilitating the interweaving of the werf threads, WS (woven structures) cons tructs a system of complex intersections within a three-dimensional frame. Through repetition, this process generates a range of simple to highly sophisticated spatial assembles. (DAG)

“tensegrity” An architectural system in which strutures stabilize themselves by balancing the coun teracting forces of compression and ten sion – gives shape and strength to both natural and artificial forms. (Donald E. Ingber)

Where to find woven structures:

- Woven fabric/clothes- Woven baskets- Ropes, fishing nets- Woven steel patterns- Woven furniture- Woven building envelopes- …

Materials (fiber) that can be woven:

Natural fibers: plant fibers: seed fibers (cotton) bast fibers (bamboo, hemp) hard fibers (wood & leaf fiber) fruit fibers (coco) animal fibers: wool & silk

synthetic fibers: cellulose fibers mineral fibers (Fiberglass, metallic fiber, carbon fiber, silicon fiber, stainless steel fiber) polymer fibers (based on synthetic chemi cals) microfibers

Techniques of weaving:

Weft = the tightly stretched lengthwise core of a fabricWarp = is woven between the weft threads to crate various patterns

Two sets of yarns mutually interlaced into a textile structure. Weft and warp are separate.Mechanical properties of woven structures depend on:- type of raw materials- type and count of warp and weft yarns- yarn density- type of weave structure

Fiber type, direction, spacing and volume fraction can be varied to meet specified strength, modulus, density, electrical and thermal properties.Composite preforms can be woven with fibers oriented in three directions. In addition, fibers may be oriented in 4-, 5-, 7- or 11- directions, which are referred to as „N-D“ construc-tions.

Architectural weaving:

Weaving is most often associated with textiles, but it is also relevant to architecture. It is a construct and a craft that can purposefully and aesthetically order building systems. Just as a thread can be pulled from a woven fabric and a new one in-serted in its place, so too can building and urban systems be removed, replaced, or added when the whole is conceived as an exposed woven tapestry.

In modern architectural usage, fasteners often provide the required friction in place of the deformation of the individual strands of material at work in textiles.

Weaving, however can never be completely closed; it always has space between its strands. While the woven surface se-parates and contains, it breathes and connects. it is a scrim, a screen that is at once space and surface, Never quite a mem-brane, but part joint, part surface, part volume, part system, weaving is unique in architecture in being simultaneously open and closed.

(Stephen Kieran and James Timberlake)

Examples in architecture and design:

Wooden constructions:

Shigeru Ban and Frei Otto: Japan Pavillion, Expo 2000

- basic concept: create a structure that would produce as little industrial waste as possible- The goal was either to recycle or reuse almost all of the materials that went into the building- The system consists of a grid shell using lengthy paper tubing without joints- he chose a grid shell of three-dimensional curved lines with indentations in the height and width direc tions, which are stronger when it comes to lateral strain- Another goal was to construct the pavilion using methods that were as low-tech as possible, so they ar- gued for simple joints of fabric or metal tape- As the intersection between two paper tubes was pushed up to form the three-dimensional grid, an angle would open and a suitable amount of tension would be applied.

Shigeru Ban: Metz Centre Pompidou, 2007

- The entire geometry was modelled using proprietary form-finding software. - The architects chose wood because it is an inexhaustible and easily recycled material. - The architecture of the Centre Pompidou-Metz meets environmental quality and sustainable development criteria- The roof structure was assembled by weaving six beams into a hexagon- Every single beam was CNC-machined to unique proportions

Daniel Ramirez:

- He used grasshopper in Rhino to create a weave generator tool that can be applied to any surface- The pattern consists of a simple over and under logic but can be updated to allow for different methods of woven structures.

Steel constructions:

Herzog & de Meuron: The Bird’s Nest Stadium, Peking

- The stadium design was inspired by the formation of nesting birds- It is a complex woven structure created from steel. - - The weave is quite open, allowing movement between the strands. - The stadium has an inner skin which makes it weather proof.- The woven structure is quite deep, forming an outer skin which people can move through. - The outer skin acts as a transitional space between outside and in.- The scale of the woven structure is very large, you imagine it might be like looking at a delicate textile fabric under a microscope.- the meeting of the various elements and the direction taken in the nest, are the result of precise calculations.

Stone constructions:

Kengo Kuma: Chokkura Plaza (Tochigi, Japan)

- A diagonal construction system is employed wherein the Ooya stone is stacked in pairs and woven together like a basket- Steel plates form the broad skeleton of the structure and the stone surfaces are woven between them.- The stone here emerges not as a mere cladding material but as an element integral to the structure itself.

Kurilpa bridge, 2009, Cox Rayner Architects, Brisbane

- The first large scale tensegrity bridge- The resulting tensegrity bridge is a network of cables held apart by numerous struts recalling the ropes and spars of sailing ships and boats- Additionally, due to its tensegrity system the bridge offers high transparency with great views over the river to pedestrians.

Tensegrity constructions:

Kenneth Snelson: Needle Tower (1968)

- made of aluminum & stainless steel- 18.2 x 6 x 6m- The aluminum tubes are held together by the stainless steel wire, which is threaded through in the ends of the tubes. - Tensegrity describes a closed structural system composed of a set of three or more elongate compression struts within a network of tension tendons, the combined parts mutually supportive in such a way that the struts do not touch one another, but press outwardly against nodal points in the tension network to form a firm, triangulated, prestressed, tension and compression unit.

References:

Manual: The Architecture of KieranTimberlake by Stephan Kier-an and James Timberlakehttp://tensegrity.wikispaces.com/Weavinghttp://maisdcharlottes.blogspot.com/2010/06/birds-nest-stadium.htmlhttp://my.qoop.com/store/galleria/tag/woven/http://www.kennethsnelson.net/icons/scul.htmhttp://www.fibermaterialsinc.com/2Dws.htmhttp://scriptedbypurpose.wordpress.com/participants/dag/http://formfarm.blogspot.com/http://constructedtextiles.blogspot.com/2010/10/woven-structures_05.htmlhttp://www.architecture-page.com/go/projects/chokkura-plaza__allh t tp ://www.arch i tectureweek .com/2003/0423/building_1-1.html

Truss/Geodesic/monocoque fuselage StructuresAlexander Quiring

Wise 2011/12

When we are talking about Building construction, and Structures, which have to be exposed and light at the same time, we have to look at truss constructions.Instead of using monolithic Structures, Trusses pro-vides the same and needs less material. In the Gra-phic (Bearing Structures) you can see how different static systems can be and how they accomplish with Truss constructions. The Geometry depends on the demands. Every construction provides different re-quests. For a prototype house for example it is very interesting to check out the possibilities of this topic.

Definition: In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes. External forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members which are either tensile or compressive forces. Moments (torques) are explicitly excluded because, and only be-cause, all the joints in a truss are treated as revolutes.

A planar truss is one where all the members and nodes lie within a two dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and nodes extending into three dimensions.

By constructing a prototype house we have to create an optimized bearing structure, which come up to these new ideas. And may-be Truss-Constructions are a solution for that.

By looking for light and reduced Strucures there is a term, which have to be mentioned, too: Geodesic.Here is a Global Definition: In mathematics, a geo-desic is a generalization of the notion of a „straight line“ to „curved spaces“. In the presence of a Rie-mannian metric, geodesics are defined to be (lo-cally) the shortest path between points in the space. In the presence of an affine connection, geode-sics are defined to be curves whose tangent vec-tors remain parallel if they are transported along it.The term „geodesic“ comes from geodesy, the science of measuring the size and shape of Earth; in the original sense, a geodesic was the shortest route between two points on the Earth‘s surface, namely, a segment of a great circle. The term has been generalized to include measurements in much more general mathematical spaces; for example, in graph theory, one might consi-der a geodesic between two vertices/nodes of a graph.Geodesics are of particular importance in general relati-vity, as they describe the motion of inertial test particles.

Walnut

Fusealge

During the Research for me it became a more and more interesting topic, because when you look at the example (Geodetic Line) you can see, that the shor-test way is not, what everyone firstly thought. And that is also why Airplanes fly curves on the map of earth. It‘s no detour, it‘s the straightest way to destination.

It‘s the shortest line that can be drawn between two points on the elipsoidal surface of the earth; a curve drawn on any given surface so that the oscu-lating plane of the curve at every point shall contain the normal to the surface; the minimum line that can be drawn on any surface between any two points.

And I think we need this ‚different thinking‘ for our pro-totype Houses. Finding new ways in facing problems like costs, transportation, assemble/disassemble, ...It really could be an instrument for Designers andArchitects to create efficient and thought-out Architecture for a prototype house.

Geodetic Line

Geodetic Line

The third and last Topic of my research are monocoque & fuselage structures.

These structures are usual, because we use them daily. Cans, Pipes, Boats, Airplanes, ...

But inherently we find these structures in na-ture. For example the Seashell: It‘s shape is sta-ble because of the monocoque structure. Also the walnut get it‘s resistance by the scape.These micro-structures in nature were the prototy-pes for today‘s architecture. For example the media center in London by future systems. One of the first architects who studied the monocoque structures was Félix Candela (1910-1997). He developed Buil-dings like the Bacardi-Fabrik, Mexiko in cooperation with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, or the L‘Oceanografic in Valencia, Spain. He was a professional in building monocoque constructions - for Shure - and he said:

The Shape of each Cup appoints it’s construc-tive load. Geometry is the main criteria of sta-tic bearing for monocoque constructions.

So there is very much potentiality in shapes likes that.

In a Book named Diatomeen, Schalen in Natur und Technik i found connections between the sub-ject geodesic and the structures of monocoque & fuselage constructions. The peelings in nature in the very microscopic view are using these ge-odesic ‘shortcuts‘ (Sphere enveloped by a Net).Experiment Documentation from Diatomeen, Schalen in Natur und Technik:

It is quite probable that the three-branched nodes and the 120° angles between the struts or bars are a cha-racteristic of all minimal nets, whether these be in a pla-ne, in a curved surface or, as we shall see later, in space.The length of the individual bars, the mesh shape and the size can, however, vary. In accordance with the already described experiment of arranging a den-se cluster of bubbles between two curved surfaces, minimal nets can beformed on any curved surface.The question of whether the network structures of the radiolaria > 1 are - similar to the structure of the struts in dragonfly wings -approximate minimal nets, cannot as yet be answered. The configuration of a minimal net around a sphere is not yet known.In order to achieve in the first experiments a net which is as evenly tensioned around a sphe-

Seashell

re as possible, we used coil springs > 2 to 4.The optimum configuration found so far consists of a network of hexagonal and 12 pentagonal meshes > 2 and 4. The pentagonal meshes are arranged in groups of six each in two latitudinal circles which are located symmetrically to the equator > 2; The expansion of the springs shows that the forces acting in the net elements are greatest in the areas of the two poles and are smal-lest in the latitudinal circles in the area of the penta-gons; these forces increase slightly towards the equa-tor. We therefore do not have a minimal net in which all network elements are subjected to the same forces. A freely floating soap bubble enclosed in such a net would deviate from the spherical form. In a pneu the internal pressure is equal at all points and the balancing of the forces can only take place via the radii of cur-vature. The soap bubble would develop a bulge where the forces are great (= reduction of radius) and flattenin those places where the forces are small (= increase in radius). A different configuration of a net consists of six square meshes at the equator with exclusively hexagonal me-shes elsewhere > 3. The differences in the force values are greater in this than in the one previously described.

Blueprints of Air-bus A 300 B-2

Sphere enveloped by a Net

It‘s great to find these connections between mi-croscopic small diatoms and the orbit of earth.

By looking at this net-enveloped Sphere I remem-ber the Bioshère in Montral by Buckminster Fuller. We can see the analogy between these Pictures. Also we notice that he used a truss-construction.

So this building combines all three To-pics of my research. > He did a good Job!

R E F E R E N C E SArchitecture in space structures / Eekhout, Mick / 1989Tragwerke in der konstruktiven Architektur / Ackermann, Kurt / 1988Candela und seine Schalen / 1965IL 28, Diatomeen, Schalen in Natur und Technik 1 / 1985IL 28, Diatomeen, Schalen in Natur und Technik 3 / 2004h t t p : / / w w w. m a t h e m a t i s c h e - b a s t e l e i e n . d e / w e g . h t mh t t p : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / G e o d e s i ch t t p : / / w w w . t h e f r e e d i c t i o n a r y . c o m /h t t p : / / w w w w . g o o g l e . d eh t t p : / / d e . w i k i p e d i a . o r g /h t t p : / / w w w . f l i c k r . c o m

Bioshère, Montral, Buckminster Fuller

science barge_new yorkchristian hagge

wise 2011/12

The Science BargeThe Science Barge is a floating prototyp and sustainab-le urban farm and science museum now docked in Yonkers, New York. It‘s an environmental education center for school-children and visitors from New York and around the world. These urban farm is managed by „Groundwork Hudson Val-ley“ an sustainable development organization and designed by „the New York Sun Works Center for Sustainable Enginee-ring“. The Barge uses a hydroponic greenhouse to produce and grow tomatoes, cucumbers and lettuce powered by solar panels, wind turbines and biofuels. The vegetables in the gren-house are provided by captures rainwater and desalinated ri-ver water. The result is no carbon emissions - no agricultu-ral waste gets into the watershed and river - no pesticides. The aim of the science barge is the demonstration of renewable energy supporting efficient and sustainable food production in New York and general big cities. It‘s so important to practise the-se urban agriculture because more than half the world‘s popu-lation now lives in cities. Conventional farming pollutes streams and rivers with fertilizers. Further the food delivering by rural farms pollutes the air and water. Therefore you can say that tra-ditional farming contributes to air pollution and global warming. The project wants to show the audience that in the future the ci-ties can produce some of their own food, energy and water. Urban agriculture is important for cities in a time of a changing world.

How does the Science Barge work?The Science Barge uses a recirculating greenhouse hydropo-nics system to produce lettuce, cucumber, tomatoes, peppers and other vegetables. Hydropoics are special because theydoesn‘t use soil and the greenhouse irrigates with rainwa-ter and river water. The greenhouse is powered by solar, wind (no carbon emissions) and biofuels (carbon neutral). At last the Science Barge shows you that it is possible to prac-tise urban farming without contribution to global warming. Our problems are climate change, great pollution and ra-pid urbanization. Urban agriculture help us to live efficient in contact to the nature and more sustainable in the future.

EnergyThe three renewable energy technologies demonstrated on the Science Barge are of vital importance in reducing carbon emissions. Solar: The Science Barge uses photovoltaic panels to directly capture the sun’s energy. Studies show that New York City has the potential to meet more than half its peak electricity demand using today’s solar technology on existing buildings. Wind: The wind turbines selected for the Science Barge are appropriate for urban settings, where noise con-cerns and fluctuating winds are challenges. New York State has a very significant wind resource: 10 Gigawatts, enough to supply one-fifth of all the electricity used in the state. Only 3% of this resource has been developed to date. Biofuels: The Science Barge runs a generator exclusively on biodiesel and waste vegetable oil, sharply reducing net carbon emissi-ons. Biofuels can be made from agricultural and food indust-ry byproducts. New York City restaurants generate enough waste oil to supply 10 million gallons of biodiesel fuel annually.

WaterAgriculture accounts for more than two-thirds of global fresh water consumption, which often exceeds natural replacement rates. The Science Barge conserves water in three ways: Recirculating Hydroponics: In many watersheds, chemicals in agricultural runoff contaminate ground water, further con-stricting supply. No water is discharged from the Science Barge’s urban farm...every drop is consumed in the green-house. Desalination: The Science Barge does not use the city’s drinking water. Our reverse osmosis system converts small quantities of brackish river water to fresh water. Rain-water Catchment: The Science Barge catches rainwater for beneficial reuse, a water conservation technique with im-plications for a major urban challenge: the contamination of waterways through stormwater and sewage overflows.

Food The Science Barge showcases hydroponic vegetable produc-tion, a form of greenhouse agriculture that offers strong envi-ronmental benefits: Conserving land and water: Greenhouse hydroponic systems can reduce agricultural land and water use by a factor of five to ten. Hydroponic production is soil-free, maximizes vertical space, and makes it possible to recycle ir-rigation water. Reducing emissions: Urban hydroponic sys-tems minimize the farm-to-table distance, which translates into far lower fuel use for food transport. Local food means lower carbon, particulate, and nitrogen and sulfur oxide emission. Eliminating pollutants: The modern agricultural sector relies on intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides, methods which contaminate lakes and rivers, degrade soil quality, and threa-ten biodiversity. The Science Barge greenhouse uses beneficial insects in place of pesticides. Fertilizer is contained for re-use.

HydroponicsWith the hydroponic method you can grow plants without soil, only in water with using mineral nutrient solutions.

The Greenhouse ProjectThe New York Sun Works Science Barge inspired in 2008 a small group of public school parents and educators to start the greenhouse project. They started on school rooftops with urban farms as an ideal place to learn how to use the sun as an ener-gy applicator. It is a good way to empower the children to give their impact on the environment. The aim is to motivate other schools and companys to invest in sustainable food production methods and specific interest in Building-integrated agriculture.The hydroponic greenhouse labs use sustainable local food pro-duction to teach environmental science, natural resource ma-nagement, food production and nutrition to urban kids.

Example:

Average american tomato:

CO2 emissions: 3/4 lb.

fresh water: 8 gallons

land: 0.7 square feet

pesticides: 300 mg

fuel: 1/2 ounce (diesel)

The Helix of sustainability

Science Barge tomato:

CO2 emissions: none !

fresh water: 2 gallons

land: 0.1 square feet

pesticides: none !

fuel: 1/2 ounce (biodiesel)

SOLAR PANELS are installed on a passive tracker to follow the sun across the sky, boosting their output by 20%.

WIND TURBINES Power rises with the cube of wind speed, so a location that’s twice as windy has eight times the wind power potential.

CROPS include tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers lettuces, and herbs.

EVAPORATIVE COOLING, relies on the absorption of heat by water as it changes from liquid to vapor, greatly reducing the amount of electricity needed for cooling.

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM has space for 40 visitors.

Refurbished SHIPPING CONTAINER houses the Science Barge power center, office space, and utility room.

T H E S C I E N C E B A R G EThe Science Barge is a sustainable

urban farm designed by New York Sun Works,

an environmental nonprofit organization.

The Science Barge tours New York City’s public

waterfront parks, offering sustainability education

programs to wide audiences.

Relying on sunlight, wind, and efficient design,

the Science Barge produces food using a fraction

of the resources consumed in conventional

agriculture, with greatly reduced emissions of

carbon dioxide and other pollutants.

The goal of the Science Barge is to stimulate

the sustainable development of New York City.

A city that can generate its own power, grow its own

food, and recycle its own wastewater helps secure

our common future and sets the standard for other

cities around the world.

Visit www.sciencebarge.org

3

3

3

WELCOME TO

...in terms of resource consumption rather than dollars. On the left, an average American tomato. On the right, a tomato grown using Science Barge methods.

3Average American Tomato 3 Science Barge Tomato

3/4 lb.

8 gallons

0.7 square feet

300 mg

1/2 ounce (diesel)

none!

2 gallons

0.1 square feet

none!

1/2 ounce (biodiesel)

CO2 EMMISIONS >

FRESH WATER >

LAND >

PESTICIDES >

FUEL >

The Cost of a Tomato

Please see www.sciencebarge.org for details. All figures are approximate.IMAGE CREDIT: Giles Ashford

Science Barge under construction, Fall 2006 Hudson River Estuary

flotation systemsewelina pawlik

wise 2011/2012

Flotation is a method of separating solids or liquids from water by introducing fine gas bub-bles. The bubbles attach to the particulate matter, and the buoyant force of the combined particle and gas bubbles is great enough to cause the particle to rise to the surface.Particles or liquids less dense than water such as oil will naturally rise, but also par-ticles more dense than water can be made to rise. Once the particles have been floated to the sur-face, a skimming process and collect them.In wastewater treatment the adventa-ge of flotation over sedimentation includes: -when the stream is variable and there is a tendency for some of the particeles to rise or oil is present, a sedimentation process could be com-promised as some of the waste naturally floats to the surface. Flotation will cause everything to go in the same direction, to the surface. -very small or light particles that other-wise would settle slowly can be removed more completely and in a shoter period of time.

Conventional flotation systems have been used for years for a variety of chemical processes in a broad range of industries. This proven process hydraulically lifts or floats solids, oils and other contaminates to the sur-face of the liquid phase. Once on the surface, these con-taminates are skimmed off and removed from the liquids.

Flotation process include these 3 kinds of separation: 1) Gas flotation separation dissolved gas flotation induced gas flotation 2) Air flotation separation : dissolved air flotation induced air flotation 3) Froth flotation

Eyecatcher (über die komplette Seite)

GAS FLOTATION:

Dissolved Gas Flotation (DGF) has proven to be one of the most effective solutions as a flotation system. The DGF pump works by using a dual sided impeller that pulls both water and gas into the pump volute. The backside of the impeller has a „sub-atmospheric“ zone that pulls vapor from the blan-ket gas source or other means and allows mixing with the incoming fluid. As this occurs the vapor is dissolved into the water creating micro fine bubbles that break out of solution once a pressure drop is experienced. This pressure drop occurs once the fluids and dissolved gas are flowed across a globe valve prior to entrance into the flotation vessel. Due to the close tolerance bet-ween the back vanes of the impeller and the back plate of the DGF pump the vapor is sheared into micro fine bubbles piped into a vessel or tank allowing the fine gas bubbles to attach to the oil droplets. As the gas bubble attaches to the oil droplet, the droplet floats to the sur-face at an accelerated rate. The DGF technology can produce bubbles that range from 1 micron and greater.Currently, there are no other technologies that of-fer the flexibility and effectiveness of altering bubb-le size to optimize the efficiency of a flotation unit.

Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) is a water treatment process that clarifies wastewa-ters (or other waters) by the removal of suspended matter such as oil or solids. The removal is achie-ved by injecting air bubbles into the water or waste-water in a flotation tank or basin. The small bubbles adhere to the suspended matter causing the suspen-ded matter to float to the surface of the water whe-re it may then be removed by a skimming device.Induced Gas Flotation is very widely used in trea-ting the industrial wastewater effluents from oil re-fineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, na-tural gas processing plants and similar industrial facilities. IGF Units in the oil industry do not use air as the flotation medium due to the explosion risk. The-se IGF Units use natural gas to create the bubbles.

Mechanical distribution

Hydraulic IGF

AIR FLOTATION: Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) System is an important unit of operation in waste-water treatment plant, which is used to separate oils and others solid particles from its liquid phase. It in-volves both mechanical and chemical mode to achieve a good separation and basically this is made possible by introducing fine gas, usually by using compressed air bubbles injected into the liquid phase. The flotati-on system here is a very crucial step that removes the solid waste resulting in high reduction of COD and BOD before proceeding to the next step of wastewa-ter treatment processes.The principle that enables the system to work is by using buoyant force of the combined waste particle and gas bubbles which will both attach together and then rise to the surface so that this can then be skimmed off easily by using me-chanical scrapper. In this case, air will act as a flotati-on agent to facilitate removal of unwanted materials. The bubbles have a range of sizes and can be qui-te varied.DAF is known for the micro air bubbles of 30-50 micron, which are formed as the pressu-rized water is released into the fluent stream. The bubbles quickly stick to the impurities in the water and therefore cause a high degree of clarification.

Inducated Air Flotation (IAF) System utilised microscopic air bubbles to attach to oil, grease, fats and solids in wastewater streams and floats them to the surface where they can be skim-med off. Although similar to dissolved air flotation (DAF) IAF is more efficient and far less costly to ope-rate and maintain. Also, buble size can easily varied to accommodate varation in feed, unlike DAF. IAF can be applied to any situation where gross contaminates need to be separated from water. Industries such as food processing transport, municipal water and was-tewater treatment, metalwrorking, mining and wood scouring to name a few, all can benefit from IAF tech-nology. IAF is generally regarded as a flotation process where the air bubbles are 70-150 micron in size. The microbubbles are then dissolved into the pumpa-ge and out the system. The air bubbles stick to the particles and then rise to the surface where they are scraped off by a scraper mechanism. The amount of air released by DAF is limirtedby the colubility of the air under the design pressure conditions. To achieve comparable effluent quality, IAF can introduce more air by operating at a higher pressure of say 100psig.

The Examples of impurity before the process The schema of typical Air Flotation System

Oily wastewaters are generated during the production, processing, transportation, sto-rage, and use of petroleum and its products. Removal of dispersed oil from water is usually ac-complished by either dissolved- or induced gas flo-tation. The processes are similar: gas bubbles are introduced into the oil-containing liquid and the oil drops are captured by the gas bubbles which quickly rise to the surface where the oil is removed. The significant differences between the two flotation processes are the bubble size and mixing conditions. In dissolved-gas flotation, the bubbles are about 50 to 60 m in diameter, whereas induced-gas bubbles are an order of magnitude larger. Dissolved-gas flotation units operate under fairly quiescent con-ditions and the liquid phase approximates plug flow. For induced-gas flotation, the submerged rotor imparts enough energy to the liquid that the tank con-tents are mixed nearly perfectly. This research focuses on the induced-air flotation process for the removal of dispersed oil droplets. Although induced-air flotation equipment is simple, the fluid mechanics of the process are not; and the arrangement of the turbine, sleeve, and perforations have been determined necessarily by trail-and-error experimentation with small-scale units. Gas bubbles produced by DGF are much smaller and provide a denser bubble curtain than IGF, allowing DGF to operate with much lower skimming rates than IGF. Despite this advantage, DGF is rarely seen in produ-ced water service as it requires more retention time and is sensitive to temperature, since gas solubility reduces as temperature increases. DGF efficiency tends to re-duce as water temperature rises. Given the adaptability of IGF to variations in flow and conditions and its rela-tively small equipment size compared to DGF, it is gene-rally the preferred flotation solution for produced water.It should be noted that demulsifying chemicals may be added in the initial gravity separation process to aid removal of water from oil. These chemicals may have a detrimental effect on flotation cell per-formance. For this reason, some type of foaming agent may be needed to improve performance.

FROTH FLOTATION can be used to separate any two different particles (hydrophobic materials from hydrophilicis. In flotation, bubbles are introduced into a pulp and the bubbles rise through the pulp. In the process, hydro-phobic particles become bound to the surface of the bubbles. These bubbles rise through the slurry and are collected from the surface. To enable these par-ticles to attach, careful consideration of the chemistry of the pulp needs to be made. These considerations include the pH, Eh and the presence of flotation re-agents.The addition of flotation reagents also effects the operation of these processes. The most important chemical that is added is the collector, This chemical binds to the surface of the particles as it is a surfac-tant. The main considerations in this chemical is the nature of the head group and the size of the hydro-carbon chain. The hydrocarbon tail needs to be short to maximize the selectivity of the desired mineral and the headgroup dictates which minerals it attaches to.The frothers are another important chemical addition to the pulp at it enables stable bubbles to be formed. This is important as if the bubb-le coalesce, minerals fall off their surface.

FLOTATION EQUIPMENT Flotation can be performed in rectangular or cylindrical mechanically agitated cells or tanks, flotation columns or deinking flotation machines.Mechanical cells use a large mixer and diffuser me-chanism at the bottom of the mixing tank to introduce air and provide mixing action. Flotation columns use air spargers to introduce air at the bottom of a tall column while introducing slurry ab ove. The countercurrent mo-tion of the slurry flowing down and the air flowing up provides mixing action. Mechanical cells generally have a higher throughput rate, but produce material that is of lower quality, while flotation columns generally have a low throughput rate but produce higher quality material.

Bild o.ä. (längs)Folded Flow Dissolved Air Flotation Separator

Float Storage CompartmentFlotation procesFlocullation

Zone

Skimmer Pipe

Flash mixing zone

Urban farming and agricultural waste closed systemsFelix Rebers

WS 2011/2012

9 billions2 0 5 0 75%

2 0 5 0

more food... in a more productive and sustainable way...save watersave unorganic fertilizerssave space etc.

World population is growing fast and will cross the nine billion mark in 2050 and 75% of people will live in cities.

Therefore it is necessary to produce more food in a more productive way to feed the world in a sustainable way.

Why urban farming?

leaves feed the silkworms

waste feeds the �sh in the pond

mud is fertilizer for mulberry trees

mulberry harvest

silk harvest

�sh harvest

Mulberry dyke fishpond system, China ming dynasty 16th century

How can sustainable be realized?

waste as fertilizer for salate, tomatoes etc.clean water for the �shpond

Aquaponic

M M

Foul Waste(incl. kitchen organic waste)

Gray Waterfrom rain/shower + hand basin

Organic Farming

Liquids

Separedet Solids

Methane for Power

Constructed Wetland (0.5 qm/person)

Anaerobic Digester

Solar Panel

Burnt for Fuel

Maturation Pondshold water for 20 days

Solids Store

Perpetual motion machine

Carbon credits

Hydrogen generationfor fuel use- Thermocatalytic conversion- Hydrogen storage- Hydrogen fuel ceil for transport

Restaurant

Meat, dairy produce

CowsSheepPigsGoats

Hydrogen

Latrine

Manure, crops residues, food remains, paper, etc. & used water

Mushroom harvests

Mushrooms

Rich fertiliser

Biogas digester 2

Biogas digester 1

Biogas digester 3

BiogasWaste water

Algae basins

Puri�ed water

Fishponds aquaculture

Fertigation

Fish harvests

Compost Crop & food residues

Worms

Poultry harvests

Chickens Ducks Geese

BiodieselCarbon capture

Vegetables Flowers

Health bene�ts

Savings on fertilisers & pesticiedes

Analytical Lab

Carbon credits

Diverse crops grass pasture

Woodlands orchards

Carbon creditsSmall wind turbines

Crop harvests

Sun

Surplus electricity credits

Savings on fuel bills

Rain water harvesting

Conservatory- Aquaculture- Warm water �shponds- Water conservation

Pure water

Combined heat and power generation- Combined heat and power generation system- Food processing- Methane puri�cation and compression for mobile- Methane puri�cation and compression for mobile uses- Connection to power grid

Solar panels

Micro-hydroelectric

Dream farm 2, developed by dr. Mae-Wan Ho

The mulberry dyke fishpond system is important for all modern concepts. It was developed in china, during the ming dynasty in the 16th century and could be an archetyp for modern agricultural waste closed systems. It is based on a water / land interaction. The mulberry leaves will feed the silkworms, the waste of silkworms feed the fish in the pond and the mud is used as fertilizer for the mulberry trees. The elements are depending on each other. Waste is allways used again. Therefore a circulation is generated.

The perpetual motion machine is an even more complex example with serveral elements involved. It includes also the production of energie, grey water and foul waste.

Aquaponic is a system, which is based on the main idea of the mulberry dyke fishpond complex. The waste of the fish is used as feritlizer for the plants. In turn the plants are cleaning the water. Aquaponic is a simple modern example.

In particular, dream farm 2, is very inte-resting, because urban cycles and agri-cultural cycles are part of one another, urban elements can profit from agricul-tural ones and the other way around. For example Restaurants are part of the food production cycle.

Urban farming today

Havana, Cuba

In Cuba 50 % of food were produced by urban farming systems. Cuba was forced to adopt these systems with the fall of the Soviet Bloc and loss of economic support.

Chicago, USA

In Chicago the people cultivate small plots. This system is called SPIN - small plot intensive farming. Also mobile box units are used to grow vegetables in the concrete „food desert“. This system makes temporarily food production possible, because they can move when development becomes necessary.

What will urban farming cities be like?

Deajeon, South Korea

This example shows a case study. Urban farming is organised in a very complex way. On the one hand it is organised horizontaly and on the other hand it is organised verticaly on different layers. This project uses all three dimensions of space. The layer, as a network, are used as agricultural broadways. That means they are used to feed the city, for acitvites and social contacts. This project was inspired by le curbusier‘s streets in the sky.

references

smartcities + eco-warriors by CJ Lim and Ed Liu

The Endless City Phaidon Press; Auflage: 1., Aufl. (26. Oktober 2007)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics

http://transitionculture.org/wp-content/uploads/cuba1.jpg

http://www.cityfarmer.info/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/cuba.jpg

http://bamabelleonthebeach.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/cuba-138.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg

http://maps.google.de/

h t t p : / / s a v o r i n g c h i c a g o . c o m / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / 2 0 1 0 / 0 2 / U n c o m m o n - G r o u n d - r o o f t o p -garden-2_8-18-091.jpg

ROBOTIC BUILDING SYSTEMSJohannes Holtkamp

Wise 2011/12

Automatisieren/Vorfertigen

Roboter in der Architektur waren in den Anfängen eher Ma-schinen und auf ein Dasein beschränkt, welches sich direkt aus dem Begriff ableiten lässt. Sie einzusetzen entstand demnach aus dem Bedürfnis heraus, Gebäude mit besserer Qualität für sozial schwächere Schichten erschwinglich zu machen. Durch diesen Schritt wurden Kosten beim Personal eingespart, was sich zugunsten des Endpreises auswirkte. Konrad Wachsmann entwickelte so schon um 1970 ein Ein-heitssystem, welches in einer eigens dafür entworfenen Fabrik als Stecksystem hergestellt wurde. Leider blieb dabei das Be-dürfnis nach Individualität unberücksichtigt, was den Modulen als Schwäche ausgelegt wurde. Diese ersten Erfahrungen mit vorgefertigten Elementen führten zu autark ablaufenden Ferti-gungsprozessen, welche zu „ Ghost Factories“ wurden. Diese Fabriken kamen gegen 1980 zum ersten Mal in Japan zum Einsatz. Sie kamen zu 2/3 ohne menschliche Arbeit aus. Zur gleichen Zeit entstanden auch die ersten Fabriken für dreidi-mensionale Subsysteme. Das Ziel dieser Fertigungsanlagen bestand darin, möglichst viele Abläufe in die Fabrik zu holen und „ just-in-time“ zu einem Gesamtmodul zusammenzufügen.

Automate / prefabrication

Robots in architecture were rather limited in its infancy and ma-chines on an existence, which can be derived directly from the definition. You use arose out of a need, therefore, to make af-fordable building with better quality for the socially weaker stra-ta. This step costs were cut in staff, which affected the benefit of the final price. Konrad Wachsmann developed so early as 1970, a unit system, which, in a purpose-designed factory was established as a plug-in system. Unfortunately this was not taken into account the need for individuality, which the modules were designed as a weakness. These first experiences with prefab-ricated elements led to autonomously running manufacturing processes, which have become „ghost factories“. These facto-ries were around 1980 for the first time in Japan for use. They came to 2 / 3 without human labor. At the same time he also wrote his first factories for three-dimensional subsystems. The aim of this manufacturing plant was to get as many processes in the factory and „just-in-time“ to assemble a complete module.

Zurück auf die Baustelle

Um 1975 wurde durch einen Japanischen Generalunter-nehmer die Entwicklung von Bauproduktionssystemen durch Einrichtung einer Forschungsgruppe vorangetrieben. Die-se Bauroboter dienten der Ersetzung von Gewerke bezo-genen Prozessen auf der Baustelle. Dabei sollten Sie die Bauarbeiten möglichst nicht beeinträchtigen. Siehe Betonglät-teroboter der Firma Hazama Abb. 1. Der Einsatz solcher Ro-botertypen sorgte für gleichbleibende Oberflächenqualität und lies sich in wenigen Handgriffen zusammen und abbauen.

Integrierte Hochbausysteme

Anders als bei der Vorfertigung von Bauprodukten entwickeln diese Systeme ganze Geschosse eines Gebäudes. Dabei wird eine durchgängig automatisierte Hochbaustelle eingerich-tet. Es werden zwei Wege eingeschlagen. Während bei dem System der Firma NCC und anderen das Arbeitsgeschoss als vertikal bewegte Fabrik gleichmäßig nach oben wächst, haben zwei Firmen (Skanska und Kajima) diesen Prozess umgekehrt. Bei dieser Variante wird das Arbeitsgeschoss durch Hydraulische Vorrichtungen in die höhe gedrückt. An solchen Bausystemen können parallel Installationsarbeiten, der Innenausbau und Verkleidungen durchgeführt werden. RÜCKBAU. Umgekehrt wird dieser Automatisier-te Geschossbau eingesetzt wenn es um den Rück-bau von Gebäuden in belebten Umfeldern geht. Abb. 2.

Digitale Fabrikation

Die Rolle der Roboter in der Architektur geht heute weit über das Vorproduzieren hinaus. Durch den Einsatz von Mehrgelenk-Roboterarmen können parametrische Entwürfe, welche sonst am Kosten- und Aufwandfaktor gescheitert wären, in die Pra-xis umgesetzt werden. So verwischen Digitale und Materielle Übergänge. Ein Beispiel für den Einsatz solcher Systeme ist die 2008 in Venedig errichtete Ziegelwand der ETH Zürich. Abb. 3

Abb.2

Abb.1

Back to site

Around 1975 was driven by a Japanese general contractor for the development of building production systems through the establishment of a research group. This Bauroboter were the replacement of trades-related processes on the site. You should not interfere with the work as possible. See concrete smoothness of the robot company Hazama Abb. 1. The use of these types of robots caused a consistent surface quali-ty, and read in a few easy steps together and break down.

Integrated Building Systems

Unlike the pre-fabrication of building products to develop these systems all floors of a building. Here, a consistent-ly high automated site is set up. It can be taken two ways. The columns in the system by the NCC and other work as a factory floor moving uniformly growing up, two compa-nies (Skanska and Kajima) have reversed this process. In this variant, the work floor is pushed by hydraulic devices in the height. On such building systems can work in parallel installation, interior finishing and cladding are carried out.DEMOLITION. Conversely, this automated multi-storey is used when it comes to the demolition of buildings in busy environments. Abb. 2.

Digital Fabrication

The role of robots in architecture goes far beyond pre-pro-duce. Through the use of multi-jointed robot arms can pa-rametric design, which would otherwise have failed at factor cost and effort are put into practice. Sun and Digital Materi-al blur transitions. An example of the use of such systems is the brick wall built in 2008 in Venice at the ETH Zurich. Abb.3

Quellen:

http://www.werbetech.nethttp://www.e-architect.co.uk Arch+ Mai 2010 http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de http://www.cdn.archdaily.net http://www.robotsinarchitecture.org

Abb.3

biological / industrial symbiosis and bionicElisa Bludau

Wise 2011

There are three different types of symbiosis.

Commensalism is the type of symbiosis in which one of the organisms benefits from the relationship, and the other one is not affected. An example of commensalism is clownfish and anemone because the clownfish benefits from the anemone‘s poisonous tentacles whereas most fish avoid it, because the anemone gives the clownfish a pro-tective layer of mucus that makes them immune to stings

The second type of symbiosis is mutualism, in which both organisms benefit from the close relationship. An example of mutualism is algae and fungus in order to make the organism lichen. This is symbiosis because neither the algae nor the fungus could live without each other, for example, the fun-gus cannot survive without a photosynthetic organism such as algae, to produce it‘s food from sunlight. Furthermore, the algae cannot survive without the fungus, because the fungus is the organism that finds the two-part organism a place to live on, most commonly a tree or a log. Afterwards, the algae uses the nutrients supplied by the tree or log to create food. As you can see, neither organism can live without each other.

Lastly, the third type of symbiosis is parasitism, in which one organism benefits, however, the other is harmed. For example, a intestinal parasite is a parasitic relationship be-cause the parasite lives on the human gastro-intestinal tract because it serves as an ideal breeding environment. How-ever, to the human gastro-intestinal tract it causes a se-vere infection, which could lead to more severe diseases.

Industrial Symbiosis Kalundborg Denmak

The first private conversation was between a few enterprise managers from the region in 1960/70. The base is the good collaboration between employees of the business. 1961 Statoil needed water for their refineriy near Kalundborg and there-fore Statoil built conduits pipes to lake Tisso. The second ag-reement was between Statoil and Gyproc (local gypsum pro-duction enterprise) . Gyproc used the excess gas from Staoil‘s production for the drying of the produced plasterboards.

More and more business were linked into the Kalundborg Symbiosis. In 1989 it was firstly called „industrial symbiosis“. The system works really effective. In a close cycle, pub-lic and private enterprises buy and sell waste products from industrial production. These residual products tra-ded can include stream, dust, gases, heat, slumy or any other waste product. The waste product from one enter-prise becomes the raw material of another enterprise.The concers are in one big area, therefore the residual products can be physically transported from one enterprise to another. The economically, culturally and environmentally benefits grow yearly.

Principles of Bionic

Bionic ( BIOlogie and techNICs ) is the develop-ment of technnics with nature as an antetype. The-re is no limitation between biology and technics.

The areas of application are electronic, avi-ation, navigation, cummunication, medici-ne, biology, chemistry, maths and architecture. The best one is left over after evolution, mutation and selec-tion. That means older constructions could be upgraded.

Climatic bionic

This means passiv heating, cooling and ventilation. The factors are srun, wind, style of roof, air guide and the ideal basement.

An example / prototype is the den of prairie dog.

Bild o.ä. (quadratisch)

structural bionic

This means the usage of materials and con-structions, which you will find in nature.

An example are diatom shells. Their cells create blobs of fat. These go on top of each other. Between the blobs, after their extraction, hardens a stabil silica chains. The architect T. Nose used this system. He put blobs between two forms and gypsum in the hollow space. This structure could be use to cover a swimming pool.

constructional bionic

This means the usage of traditional construction material.

An example are rose petals. They develop a cons-truction where they all get much sun as possible. Two italien architects used this system and designed a house with 13 storeys. The floors are interlaced and space-saving. In summer they are mutual shaded and in win-ter unshadowed. This is the ideal using of the surface ares.

Antoni GaudiColonnade for Park Guell Barcelona (1900-1914)

A. Gaudi developed a concept, which adapts to the nature. The material he used was on the terrain. The arch is on the one hand the ‚hill‘ and on the other hand beared by columns. The-se columns are constant geometrically designed and look like grown trees. The wall and the columns are aslant, but parallel. It is built environmentally acceptable and cost-saving.

Kisho KurokawaNakagin Capsule Tower (Tokyo,Japan) 1970/72

K.Kurokawa realizes the ideas of metabolism, exchangeability, recycöeability as the prototype of sustainaible architecture. It was originally designed as a Capsule Ho-tel to provid economical housing for business-men working late in central Tokyo during the week. It is 14 storey high and has 140 Capsules stackedat an-gles around and in the central core. The Units are ins-talled with only 4 high-tension bolts into the concre-te core. He makes the units detachable and replaceble. The Capsual is a one-man-romm (4x2,5m) with a cir-cular window, built-in bed, bathroom unit, TV, radio, alarm clock. It is pre-assembled in a factory,than hois-ted by crane and fastened to the concrete core shaft.

It was an experiment in living and working in small units.

Today it plot the demolition. Kurokawas‘s design the-ory was to replace the capsules, when needed, but the building has nit been maintained in 33 years, so drainage and water pipes are damaged.

Kisho KurokawaOita „ Big Eye“ Stadium (Oita City, Japan) 1996-2001

It is built for the World Cup football tournament, as well as various sports, concerst and other entertainments.

It has a unique shape with spherical surface appearing on the ground. The simple geometric blends in with the natural enironment ( green foothills that extend from the surroun-ding Takaoyama Park). It is a multipurpose stadium with a retractable roof. The Roof has a two-layer spherical surface.

The lower layer is a three-dimensional arch-framed, fixed, bone-like structure. The upper layer is a two-piece, semi-lunar shaped retractable translucent roof (close in 20 min.).

There is no need of artficial lighting during the day. The slits bet-ween the roof and the 9000 retraclable seats allow ventilation and viewing of surroinding scenery for spectators. The under-heating system is used for the natural tuf of the football pitch.

There is a symbiose between the nature, human require-ment, architecture and the environment. (brilliant illumina-tion and vetilation, optimal conditions for spectators and athletes, blend with nature, create an abstract architecture)

Las Palmas Water Theatre by Grimshaw

The Namibian fog-basking beetle has evolved a way to create its own fresh water in a desert. This scheme employed similar ingenuity to take advantage of sunny conditions, steady wind direktion and cold seawater to create large amounts of desali-nated water.

The essence of the idea is to couple a series of evaporators and condensers such than the airborne moisture from the evaporators is then collected from the condensers, which are cooled by deep seawater. The structure is orientated perpendicular to the northeasterly wind to obtain a supply of ambient air. The flow rate is cont-rolled by louvres on the leeward side, which also incorporates solar panelsto provide heat for the evaporators.

The Water Theatre is incorporated into the scheme for Las Palmas redevelopment, as a potent demonstration of the sustainable design principles. The intention is to exploit the natural resources of the island, focusing on its two unique geographic features: the cold water of the deep ocean is close to hand and can be siphoned off for air conditioning, and a steady wind direction that can be harnessed for the produc-tion of fresh water.

http://www.symbiosis.dk/en/aktuelthttp://nezumi.dumousseau.free.fr/japon/kurokawa.htm#nagahttp://www.arcspace.com/architects/kurokawa/nakagin/naka-gin.htmlhttp://archrecord.construction.com/projects/bts/archives/lei-sure/Oita/overview.asphttp://www.barcelona-tourist-guide.com/de/gaudi/park-guell.htmlhttp://www.grimshaw-architects.com/launcher.html?in_pro-jectid=

sustainable urban living prototype

Documents