sustainable laboratories: a global perspective · 2013. 9. 20. · engineering | architecture |...

Engineering | Architecture | Design-Build | Surveying | GeoSpatial Solutions

September 5, 2013

Sustainable Laboratories: A global Perspective Paul Langevin, P.Eng

Merrick Canada

[email protected]

LIFE SCIENCES

Copyright © 2012 Merrick & Company - All rights reserved.

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Discussion Points

 What are the definitions relating to Laboratory Sustainability?   how does this support business continuity

  Is it consistent between countries

  How can we accommodate national and national interests

 What global influences are being applied to support lab sustainability? (focus on Microbiological Laboratories)

 What examples beyond North America’s approach are available for sustainable laboratories in under-developed countries?

 How do risk assessments support design solutions that are not comparable to North America codes and standards?


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Definition “Sustainability is the capacity to endure”  For humans, sustainability is

the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has ecological, economic, political and cultural dimensions.

 Sustainability requires the reconciliation of environmental, social equity and economic demands: also referred to as the "three pillars" of sustainability or (the 3 E’s).


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Sustainable Laboratory Requirements

 Environmentally safe  Occupationally safe  Scientifically viable program  Reduced energy foot-print  Reduced carbon foot-print  Business continuity based on risk  Financially viable  Technically viable  Operationally viable


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Reasons to support global sustain-LABS

 Biological Threat Reduction  Pathogen Storage Initiative

for Biosecurity  Emerging and sustaining

diseases  Global immigration and

agriculture socio-economic issues

 African Diagnostic Laboratory Initiative

 Current global weakness & awareness for change


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Affordability?


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Recent O&M Studies

 Two studies confirm that managing BSL3 facilities in developed countries average between $53-89/ft2

 Country comparisons are difficult due to in-country influences of currency, labor rates, temperatures, cost of utilities, organizational models and various approaches to containment designs


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Training (3.1%)

Computer Support (2.7%)

Occupa:onal Medical PPE (10.7%) U:li:es (20.1%)

Surveillance Security (4.7%)

Labor (44.8%)

Total Opera+ng Cost -‐ $/GSF/Year = 103.6

Equipment Maintenance Contracts (6.6%)

Building O&M Supplies (6.0%)

Steriliza:on & Decon Supplies (1.7%)

High Containment Facility Cost Operating Distribution


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Cost (US$/ft2 @ 0.653 £/$ )

9

Site Location M&E Costs Unadjusted US$/m2

M&E Costs Unadjusted US$/ft2

M&E Cost Adjusted US$/m2)

M&E Costs Adjusted US$/ft2

IAH Pirbright, UK 273 25 273 25

HPA Porton Down 348 32 322 30

AAHL Geelong, Australia 118 11 103 10

Reims (Griefswald) Germany 77 7 78 7

IVI Berne Switzerland 98 9 116 11

USDA, Ames, Iowa 172 16 136 13

BRI-KSU Manhattan, Kansas 67 6 58 5

CSCHAH Winnipeg, Canada 274 25 256 24

AVERAGE: 178 17 168 16


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Challenge of Sustainable Labs

 Upfront costs  ROI- return on investments  Short-term perspectives vs.

long-term environmental benefits

 Perception of risks  Effectiveness in developing

countries where water, food and living essentials are compromised and indigenous health risks are high


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Challenges in Developing Countries

 Capital funding is heavily subsidized however it does not typically address sustainable operational costs

 Infrastructure is not available and there is heavy reliance on SOP

 Indigenous infectious diseases are more prevalent in the community challenging the need for expensive technical containment laboratories


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Sustainable Lab Promotion

 Design affordable laboratories based on real risks, local indigenous capacities and sustainable operations that are less resource/technical based and relying more on human capital and training

 Developing simple technical solutions  Review ventilation energy requirement for consideration of

options including natural ventilation, air recirculation, air-change/hr. reductions based on risk, sensing technologies

 Consider simple validation techniques for scientific and technical equipment

 Not all developed country solutions are appropriate for developing country problems


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What is Risk? What does Wikipedia Say?

 The ISO 31000 (2009) /ISO Guide 73:2002 definition of risk is the 'effect of uncertainty on objectives'. In this definition, uncertainties include events (which may or not happen) and uncertainties caused by ambiguity or a lack of information. It also includes both negative and positive impacts on objectives. Many definitions of risk exist in common usage, however this definition was developed by an international committee representing over 30 countries and is based on the input of several thousand subject matter experts.

 OHSAS (Occupational Health & Safety Advisory Services) defines risk as the product of the probability of a hazard resulting in an adverse event, times the severity of the event


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Risk-based Approaches

 Risk Decision making process & who is involved in risk assessment

 Role and application of CWA 15793

 Process to achieve end goals & desired performance

 SOPs vs. engineering solutions

 In-country technical operational support implications Severity of Consequence

Like

lihoo

d of

Con

sequ

ence

High

Low High

If the likelihood and severity of a consequence is high, risk must be well managed with engineering controls and SOPs.


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Risk Assessments

 Varied approaches summarily assess probability (likelihood) and consequences (impacts) to assess risk

Risk Assessment Matrix

Probability of the Event Occurring

Severity of the Outcome

Frequent

Likely

Occasional

Seldom

Unlikely

Catastrophic Extremely High

Extremely High

High

High

Moderate

Critical Extremely High

High

High

Moderate

Low

Marginal

High

Moderate

Moderate

Low

Low

Negligible

Moderate

Low

Low

Low

Low


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Risk Classification Method: Sample 2

SEVERITY How likely is it to be that bad? (PROBABILITY) How severely could it hurt someone or how ill could it make someone?

++ Very likely

could happen anytime

+ Likely

could happen at some time

= Unlikely

could happen but very rarely

-– Very unlikely

may happen but probably wont

Kill or cause permanent disability or ill health

1 1 2 3

Long term illness or serious injury

1 2 3 4

Medical attention and several days off work

2 3 4 5

First aid needed 3 4 5 6

1 and 2 The hazard has a high risk of creating an incident. It requires immediate executive management attention to rectify the hazard. Control action must be immediately implemented before working in the area or carrying out the work process.

3 and 4 The hazard has a moderate risk of creating an incident. It requires management attention in a reasonable timeframe to prevent or reduce the likelihood and severity of an incident. Control action of a short term nature would need to be taken immediately so that work could still be carried out with further long term action taken to ensure that the hazard was fully controlled.

5 and 6 The hazard has a low risk of creating an incident. It requires supervisor and employee attention in a reasonable timeframe to prevent or reduce the likelihood and severity of an incident.


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Risk Classification Method: Sample 3

FINANCIAL RISK Available Costs to build

Available Costs to Operate

LOW MODERATE HIGH

LOW 1 2 2

MODERATE 2 2 3

HIGH 2 3 4

1 Need to rely on simple technical solutions and SOP; use of primary containment systems such as non-connect Class IIA cabinets; SOP training and monitoring of staff is high

2 and 3 Need to ensure capital investment is supported with increased costs of operations costs. If high operational costs are available, 3rd Party capital financing may be available (ESCO). Reliance on SOP are necessary. Look for energy recovery or power supply replacement opportunities.

4 Plan projects for need, redundancy and operational efficiencies in accordance with functional needs and safety requirements ; Reliance on biosafety is a combination of SOP and good engineering controls


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RISK ASSESSMENTS (ANSI Z9.14)

Factors to consider in performing a Risk Assessment

1. Facility layout

2. Containment boundaries

3. Site specific risks, (e.g. natural hazards, proximity to public, proximity to other facilities or hazards which can introduce risk to the facility or its operational response).

4. Primary containment BSC, caging systems etc.,

5. Secondary containment (rooms, hoods, etc.),

6. Tertiary containment (anteroom, shower, locker room, etc.)

7. Specialized laboratory equipment and use particularly aerosol generating

8. Access control

9. Waste Management

10. Current security threat /risk ‐ local, national, and international threats that could compromise the safety of the general public, the environment, the security of the personnel, the research, and the facility

11. Building Utilities

12. Work flow/Routing: internal and external

13. Dependency upon outside sources for utilities, i.e. steam, electricity, gas, etc…. 14. Building systems 15. Ventilation systems including HEPA filtration, isolation valves, exhaust vs. supply duct locations 16. Building automation system 17. Existing system redundancies 18. Non containment building systems which could adversely impact containment including fire suppression systems 19. Agents used (to be used) including: 20. Quantity / Infectious Dose 21. Concentration 22. Route of Transmission 23. Availability of Treatment 24. History of spills or accidental releases 25. Area and surface decontamination methodology 26. Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide (VHP) 27. Para Formaldehyde 28. Chlorine Dioxide 29. Other 30. Regulations/Standards/Guidelines 31. New or existing equipment related to ventilation systems including but not limited to, Biological Safety Cabinets, Class III cabinet, fume hoods, HEPA filters, etc. 32. Systems replacement /part availability 33. Facilities current maintenance and preventative maintenance program


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Finding the Right Balance: •  balance between engineering controls, equipment, practices

and procedures •  IFBA BEWG identify practical solutions that are sustainable at

the local level

Long-term, cost-effective operation…

Risk-Based Biocontainment


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Resource Issues for Labs & Equipment

•  Lack of biosafety equipment, supplies, resources and funding •  Use limited resources towards a “rational” approach that is risk-

based, cost-effective, practical and sustainable •  Identify the most effective technologies within country

“context” – use of inappropriate technologies wastes resources and drains funds from more effective interventions


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IFBA Biocontainment Survey


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WG 2 – Biocontainment Engineering


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WG 2 – Biocontainment Engineering


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Planning & Design Decision Trees

•  A Decision Tree is provided to assist verifying issues associated with deciding what design “solution” is required to resolve a requirement

•  Decision trees require reflection and consideration of •  Local Risk Assessments •  Local Site Conditions •  Funding conditions •  Cost to build •  Cost to operate •  Technical capacity to maintain •  Life-cycle cost to repair and replace •  Local Codes and Regulations •  Technical Options •  Size of the requirement •  Intended SOP


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Define User Requirements

What is intended program

Function Diagnostics, Research,

Animals, other?

Risk level 1-4? Code requirements

Local risk Assessment

Yes- what mitigations?

Is Capital Funding

available?

Yes Proceed with best life-cycle

solution

No Review SOP and

reconsider project

Available Operational

Funding

Yes Proceed with best life-cycle

solution

No Review SOP and develop low tech

solution

Verify Site conditions

Good Proceed with life-

cycle best solution

Poor Proceed based

on available funding

Verify Applicable Regulations

Yes-Apply Per risk level

No- compare Review, develop and apply

Verify Applicable Testing

Yes for certification

Apply, document and submit

Containment Planning Decision Tree- Master


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Architecture

How much area is required based on function and staff

Establish Budgetary Limits

Apply Parametric cost modeling

How many rooms are required and what

size?

Verify adjacencies Develop blocking and stacking Verify relationships with other functions

& buildings

Develop area matrix Review net vs. gross area requirements Verify space

availability and costs

Verify SOP and processes

Develop Layouts based on areas and

process

Renovation or new construction

Renovation Conduct Building

Assessment to verify required changes

Equipment vs. infrastructure

New Construction ENGAGE DESIGN

TEAM: Integrate with structure and new

engineering controls

Ensure capital and operational funding is

available

What equipment is required

Used Verify services,

Repair, Relocate and Re-test

New Verify services, install and test

What surfaces are required

Walls, floors, ceilings, windows, doors, benching

Review alternatives and select best life

cycle

Apply new surfaces: tiles, epoxy,

polyurethane, stainless steels

What decontamination is required; impact on pipes, services,etc

Topical disinfectants, Abrasive, gaseous

Liquid disinfectants Formaldehyde, VHP,

Chlorine O2

Verify Applicable Testing Write test procedures

Perform Tests, Document Result,

Verify Conformance

Architecture Planning Decision Tree


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Ventilation-HVAC

Verify Program requirements

Verify Air change rates: max, min, set-

backs and task ventilation

Calculate, size and select ventilation system based on

requirements

Consider free-energy alternatives such as wind, solar, biofuels

Risk and Reliability and SOP

Determines extent of system and component redundancy

N N=1 2N

Environmental- confirms need for air quality, separation

and filtration

Verify if HEPA filtration is required on supply and/or

exhaust

Verify if natural or recirculation ventilation is permissible

Renovate or new build



Upgrade system for new load and re-test




Install new and re-test

Verify and confirm available capital and

operational costs

Good Design solutions for

redundancy and long-life-cycle

Ensure staff is trained and systems are maintained and

tested

Poor Review existing and

consider Primary Containment & SOP

solutions

Use of BSC as primary containment

Review site parameters

Building shape and air re-entrainment

Review alternatives and select best life

cycle Verify back-up and PM requirements

Air quality, Exhaust, Noise

Review codes, neighbors

Develop mitigating solutions base on life-cycle costing

Verify Applicable Codes & Testing

Write test procedures Perform Tests,

Document Result, Verify Conformance

Maintain documentation for comparison testing and re-certification

Verify codes for extent of HVAC control required

Select HVAC controls based on

accuracy and acceptance criteria

Review options for best life-cycle

solution

Mechanical HVAC Containment Ventilation Planning Decision Tree


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Power

Verify quality of site power

Review frequency of failures

Verify if emergency power or free-energy

power is available

Consider free-energy alternatives such as wind, solar, biofuels

Review voltage levels

Manage power surges and install voltage stabilizers

Verify new load requirements

Develop energy calculations Initial, use parametric

Final, use actual load with factor of safety

Verify extent of redundancy

Verify allowable outages

Verify is UPS is required

Renovate or new build



Upgrade system for new load and re-test




Install new and re-test

Verify and confirm available capital and

operational costs

Good Design solutions for

redundancy and long-life-cycle

Ensure staff is trained and systems are maintained and

tested

Poor Review existing and

consider Primary Containment & SOP

solutions

Use of BSC as primary containment

needs for training and certification

Verify site restrictions

Wind, solar, height Review alternatives and select best life

cycle Verify back-up and PM requirements

Exhaust, Noise Review codes, neighbors Develop mitigating solutions base on life-cycle costing

Verify Applicable Testing Write test procedures

Perform Tests, Document Result,

Verify Conformance

Maintain documentation for comparison testing and re-certification

Electrical Power Planning Decision Tree


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BEWG Work Plan


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Simple Solutions- testing of BSC


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Simple Solutions: EDS System


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Scalable Ventilation Concepts

 Various models are presented which considers risk, cost to build/operate, redundancy, use of primary containment and country variation of regulations

 30% of containment laboratory costs are associated with HVAC systems

 Directional airflow is the primary objective

 Thermal comfort and humidity control are secondary benefits of mechanically controlled systems


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Sustainable Labs- Natural Ventilation Advantages of Natural Ventilation   Can provide high ventilation rates more economically than mechanical

ventilation.

  Is more energy efficient, particularly if heating is not required.   Can be combined with daylighting to provide a pleasant low energy use

facility.

Disadvantages of Natural Ventilation  Ventilation rates are variable depending on outside weather

conditions.  Difficult to control air flow direction.  Cannot be used with fine particulate air filtration.  Requires constant monitoring and control.  Noise, air pollution, insects and security need to be dealt with.


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The Driving Forces of Natural Ventilation 1 Wind  Wind induces a positive

pressure on the windward face of a building and a negative pressure on the leeward face.

 Wind flow around buildings is complex, but these forces can be estimated for simple buildings and openings designed to provide the design air flow at a particular wind direction and velocity.


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The Driving Forces of Natural Ventilation 2

Thermal Buoyancy  Buoyancy or stack pressure is

generated by the air density difference due to temperature and humidity between the indoor and outdoor air. (Hot air rises.)

 When the air inside a building is hotter and/or more humid than the outdoor air, air will flow through low level and out of high level openings.

 The flow rate can be calculated from the temperature difference, the difference in height and area of the openings.


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Designing Natural Ventilation Systems

Climate  What works in London, England will not work the same

way in Johannesburg, South Africa.  Traditional architecture, anywhere in the world, evolved to

make the most appropriate use of natural ventilation.  Modern materials and construction techniques open up

more possibilities for natural ventilation design.  For buildings housing infectious material, traditional

construction may not be the best option.  Natural ventilation works best in mild climates where

outside temperatures are lower than the most desired room temperature, but can be effective in hotter climates where building mass can be used effectively.


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Natural Ventilation

Typical Natural Ventilation Designs Hybrid Ventilation


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Objectives of the Ventilation System

For a Biologically Safe Laboratory  Protect room occupants by reducing the number of

airborne pathogens in the room.  Protect room occupants by maintaining steady air flow

pattern at the face of biological safety cabinets.  Protect adjacent room occupants from contaminated air

flowing from the biological safety laboratory.  Protect the external environment from the release of

pathogens.  Provide a comfortable working environment in the

laboratory.  Provide thermal comfort recognizing equipment heat

gains


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HVAC OPTION 1- Natural Ventilation

Natural Ventilation Designs Suitable for Biologically Safe Laboratories


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What is Merrick Doing?

 With the support of IFBA and other organizations, we are coordinating a project for a HYBRID (natural ventilated with mechanical assistance) using solar, wind and building geometry for a developing country.

 Simple systems are being considered


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BEWG-006

Interna'onal Federa'on of Biosafety Associa'ons

BEWG-‐Biocontainment Engineering Working Group –Plan Ac'vity 006 – Exploring innova've ven'la'on solu'ons for biocontainment laboratories including natural ven'la'on as appropriate

Natural Ventilation Opportunities for Infectious Disease Diagnostic Laboratories

Version 1.0 July 31, 2013

1.  Introduction 2.  Terminology & Definitions 3.  Objective/Goals 4.  Project Methodology and Approach 5.  Relevant Natural Ventilation References 6.  Natural Ventilation Risk Assessment for Infectious

Disease Diagnostic Laboratories 7.  Design Assumptions for BSL2/BSL3 laboratories 8.  Operational Influences 9.  Design Options 10. Option Analysis 11.  Recommended Option 12. Design Details of Recommended Option 13.  Implementation Opportunities and Site Selection 14. Extrapolation Considerations to Other Sites 15. Test and Validation Requirements 16. Monitoring and Support 17. Appendices


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Potential of Natural Ventilation

* unsatisfactory performance ** fair performance *** acceptable performance but compromised thermal comfort **** good performance for both ventilation and thermal comfort ***** very good performance for both ventilation and thermal comfort From WHO Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings.

Natural Ventilation Hybrid Ventilation

Mechanical Ventilation

Courtyard

Climate Single Sided Corridor

Stack Outer Corridor

Inner Corridor Wind Tower

Hot and Humid ** * ** ** * *** **** Hot and Dry *** * *** *** *** **** **** Moderate *** *** *** *** *** **** **** Cold * ** * * * ** ****


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Natural Ventilation Sustainable Solutions

 Successful natural ventilation strategies are climate and site dependent.

 Natural ventilation must be designed into a building from the beginning. A standard laboratory plan cannot just have natural ventilation added as an afterthought.

 Natural ventilated buildings require user involvement to operate satisfactorily.

 Naturally ventilated buildings can be built for less and operated for much less than air conditioned buildings.

 Hybrid ventilation may be a better option in many situations.


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Closure: Sustainable Laboratories

 Global needs especially for developing countries need to adopt and apply principles of sustainability different from North America

 North America needs to continue challenging codes and guidelines that are not evidence-based

 Further opportunities for laboratories exist for including natural ventilation principles

 Developed countries must help developing countries with training, capital and operational support

 Sustainability of labs is not just about energy savings; its about the health of our planet and ourselves………..what can we do??

Thank you

sustainable laboratories: a global perspective · 2013. 9. 20. · engineering | architecture |...

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