SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OF FORWARD OPERATING BASES Sustainable Forward Operating Bases 2012 London Hilton Olympia, 20th-21st March

G Cave, W Goodwin, M Harrison, A Sadiq and T Tryfonas

Work originally presented at the 6th IEEE Intl Conf. on System-of-Systems Engineering, SoSE 2011, Albuquerque NM

!  Outline

•  Background and motivation •  Key facts •  Requirements and design concepts •  Simulation evaluations •  Conclusions and challenges

2

!  Background and motivation Industrial Doctorate Centre in Systems

•  Engineering doctorate programme in Systems at Bristol - £8M+ EPSRC sponsored (2007-2017), 70+

research students funded to today, first graduations last summer

- 30+ industrial sponsors - Wide range of domains: civil, aero, mech, comp

sci, elec eng - With applications in defence, nuclear, safety,

sustainability, manufacturing, automotive, IT, …

3

!  Background and motivation •  The idea for this paper came from attending

SoSE 2010 (Loughborough, UK) •  Discussed with industrial liaison the possibility of

exploring the efficiency of some design concepts via postgraduate student work

•  The resulting work was originally presented at SoSE 2011 last summer (Albuquerque, US)

4

!  Key facts

•  FOB inwards supply chain footprint: - 50% fuel supply - 30% water - 20% various

•  Removal of waste another potentially sizeable task

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!  Key facts

•  Protection accounts for as much as 90% of the fully burdened cost of fuel

•  3% of the total amount of fuel in Afghanistan represents 25% of the entire fuel costs

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!  Key facts

•  Several initiatives to deliver more sustainable bases, e.g. - Capability Vision of a Self-Sustaining Forward

Operating Base, UK MoD - Green Warrior Implementation Strategy, US

DoD

7

!  Typical deployment •  Semi-permanent or temp structures -  B-huts and/or tents

•  Larger establishments may include MWR facilities adding to the baseline power requirements

•  US usually higher demands from UK equivalent -  Typical UK req for 100 men: 17 kW -  US guidelines:

•  ‘1kW of peak demand per person’ •  ‘company size FOB will require 1000kWh of electric energy

per day’ (US Navy source)

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!  An unsustainable FOB

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Another area of concern is the deployed structures. A 250-person FOB can comprise of both semi-permanent and temporary structures such as B-huts [7] and tents respectively. The thermal efficiency of such structures however is poor and an excessive and inefficient volume of fuel is required to provide the necessary comfortable living environment for soldiers in the fluctuating temperature of the Middle-East, through the use of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) units.

With respect to water and sanitation, drinking water is currently provided in plastic bottles or water tankers from a MOB, which has to be transported to the FOB which is a bulky addition to the supply chain. Drinking water bottles are not recycled due to poor military waste management. The majority of waste produced within the FOB is either incinerated (fuel consuming and polluting) or transported off site. Currently, recycling of solid and liquid waste is practically non-existent.

3 Stakeholder Requirements Analysis A number of stakeholders are involved in the implementation of a FOB. Table 1 displays part of our key stakeholder identification exercise, in both the UK and the country of the FOB deployment (Afghanistan). In each case, the stakeholdersV levels of influence and interest are evaluated and perceived advantages and disadvantages discussed. Other stakeholders considered but not featuring here include the Commons Defence Committee, anti-war parties, the general public, the Royal Engineers etc.

Table 1. Sustainable FOB Stakeholder Analysis

Stakeholder Influence Interest Perceived Advantages Perceived Disadvantages

Ministry of Defence

H(igh) H

• Reduction in operating costs to meet budget cuts

• Reduction in troop casualties

• Increase in capital costs

• Additional R & D costs

Afghan Military

Medium) H

• Reduced British military vulnerability to attack

• Greater link between national militaries

• Increased use of local resources

• Jealousy of improved facilities

British Army

M H

• Reduction in supply chain casualties

• Increased sustainability of FOB

• Improvements to public image

• Increase in capital costs

• Increase in training provision required

Soldiers Using FOB

M M

• Improved living conditions

• Reduced exposure to IEDVs

• Skepticism of the effectiveness of implemented technology

• Additional training required

Local Residents

L(ow) L

• Opportunities for work during construction

• Increased communication with locals

• Decreased work opportunity for supply chain transportation

• Increased stress on local water resources

• Increased stress on land

3.1 Power Supply A reliable power supply is essential for the FOB and its power requirements vary according to size. Not only does a greater number of men equate to increased power requirements, but larger FOBs feature facilities such as medical divisions and extra morale, welfare and recreational (MWR) facilities. Literature suggests varying power requirements for similar sized British and American FOBs, with the US ones generally consuming more fuel. The Capability Vision produced by the MOD [2], suggests that a FOB such as STANTA in Norfolk, meeting power requirements of 100 men, including air-conditioned accommodation and cooking facilities requires a base load of 17kW, with an expected increase of up to double during peak loading. Conversely, SERDP [8], in describing the power requirements of an US FOB, assumes that a1kW of peak demand per personV is required for a tactical FOB; this larger figure however incorporates vehicle power requirements and averages out figures across larger bases. A proposal for solutions to improve the energy requirements of the FOB submitted by the US Office of Naval Research states that a acompany size FOB will require 1000kWh of electric energy per dayV [9]. Establishing specific power requirements is not easily achievable because of the confidential nature of military information, at least during the time of each operation.

3.2 Water Supply Often located in areas away from established water sources, supplying the troops and equipment with sufficient volumes of treated water to operate at full capacity is of primary concern. The FOB has a variety of components that require water for their operation, including showers, food preparation, laundry, construction and vehicle cooling systems. It is estimated that a 250-man FOB can consume as much as 8,250lt per day [10] with each soldier requiring 33lt of water per day for personal use (18lt), washing (10lt) and cooking (5lt). Transporting this quantity of water to the FOB is a sizeable task because of its bulky nature. Furthermore, because of the perishable nature of water when stored in high temperatures, a continuous supply is necessary. Providing water to the FOB accounts for approximately 30% of the supply chain [2].

4 Sustainable FOB Design

4.1 Philosophy and design rationale The traditional management approach used by the military follows the Seven RVs of Logistics: aright product to the right customer, at the right time, at the right place, in the right condition, in the right quantity, at the right costV [11]. Because of the militaryVs unconditional need for operational efficiency, this thinking is deeply rooted; however, it is an approach that has little consideration of sustainability faced within the FOB, especially reducing the supply chain. A sustainable FOB system should move away from this approach. In addressing the holistic issue of sustainability, a philosophy of lean thinking should be adopted where operations are maximised with less dependence on the supply chain. The model that will be utilised to provide the sustainable FOB will follow the a3 Rs philosophyV: Reduce-Reuse-Renewable. A sustainable FOB incorporates this philosophy through utilisation of different on-site power generation methods, techniques for reducing energy demand and methods of waste management (Figure 1).

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!  Approaching the requirements under a 3Rs philosophy

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!  Design decisions

•  Much emphasis on power generation elsewhere -  Lots of technologies, a lot in experimental stage -  Active element, may become additional target of

insurgents

•  Instead decided to focus on passive elements -  Thermal efficiencies of accommodation structures -  Reducing water waste through recycling and reuse

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!   Exploring the performance of different accommodation arrangements

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14

!  A LEGO-like standardised structure (ST2)

Figure 1. A sustainable FOB

We try to tackle the dependence on the supply chain by incorporating processes to reduce the overall energy demand of the FOB, such as increased thermal efficiency of the structures deployed and decreased quantities of waste, particularly wastewater. It must be made clear however, that the FOB will never be entirely self-sufficient. The critical nature of on-demand operational efficiency required in hostile zones requires a fuel supply of the most reliable form; currently this source of energy supply is from diesel generators. A sustainable approach should therefore focus on integration of both renewable power generation and the currently used portable generators.

4.2 Deploying standardised structures Our proposal for a sustainable FOB is made up entirely of

re-useable, easy to deploy-and-disassemble components. Because of their modular nature, the components are scalable in size for FOBs ranging in size from 100-500 men. The ease at which all the components within the FOB can be scaled and re-used, and the ability at which the standardised structure can perform as a number of different facilities, allows for the sustainable FOB to be HpackagedI before deployment, with exact details of the type and quantity of facilities to be known in advance of initial construction. A key building block in achieving this is a standardised structure that is used to provide accommodation and sheltering of any kind.

Figure 2 shows a CAD render of our proposed standardised structure in its assembled state. Fully incorporated within a single 20ft ISO shipping container to allow for easy and safe transportation through the supply chain, Figure 3 shows how all the components fit inside this container, as produced through the application of a placement optimisation algorithm. Complete with all the necessary services, a singular standardised structure can function as an accommodation unit for 25 people or as a command post. Multiple units can be easily connected to function as larger facilities, such as a dining area.

The standardised structure is easily transportable, lightweight (for ease of construction) and durable for the FOB environment. The quantity of 20ft ISO containers needed to move these facilities through the supply chain can then be accurately calculated. Moreover, through the utilisation of IES VE software, detailed power requirements of the FOB can be predicted before deployment. Through the utilisation of passive energy saving techniques and photovoltaic cells, the standardised structure should greatly improve on the energy efficiency of the currently

used tent structure. The standardised structure is made up of a modular steel frame with an easy-fit glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP)/rigid polyurethane foam core wall and roof panels and GFRP/polypropylene honeycomb core floor panels which can be inserted after the assembly of the frame structure. ItIs relatively easy to assemble, taking 4 people roughly 4 hours to do so.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2. The standardised building structure

Different materials were considered when designing its frame. Due to the limited amount of space to incorporate the entire frame structure within the container, steel was chosen over other materials because of its excellent sectional stiffness properties. With increased sectional stiffness, smaller steel sections can be used that have the equivalent strength properties of larger sections using materials such as aluminium or GFRP. To allow for simplicity in assembly, a design criterion was to utilise as few types of member cross-sections as possible. However, in keeping cross-section sizes to a minimum, it was necessary to use different cross-sections for the beam and column members, I and hollow-square box respectively.

Figure 3. Optimal packaging of materials in container

The standardised structure incorporates an expandable container that has been pre-designed by Gichner Shelter Systems [12]. Detailed dimensions have been recorded on 3-point view technical drawings of the standardised structure but are outside the scope of this paper. Windows are incorporated into the sidewall panels. Made from double glazed Perspex (u-value of 2.7), they are 7% more thermally efficient than glass (Lucite International). Perplex has a long design life, is easy to maintain (no chemical cleaning solvents) and has a good ability to withstand high temperatures. To minimise the involuntary heating effect of direct solar gain during the summer, windows have been limited in size and are located near the top of the structure to utilise the solar shading. It was found that the optimum size for the windows could be given by a window-wall area ratio (WWR)

Figure 1. A sustainable FOB

We try to tackle the dependence on the supply chain by incorporating processes to reduce the overall energy demand of the FOB, such as increased thermal efficiency of the structures deployed and decreased quantities of waste, particularly wastewater. It must be made clear however, that the FOB will never be entirely self-sufficient. The critical nature of on-demand operational efficiency required in hostile zones requires a fuel supply of the most reliable form; currently this source of energy supply is from diesel generators. A sustainable approach should therefore focus on integration of both renewable power generation and the currently used portable generators.

4.2 Deploying standardised structures Our proposal for a sustainable FOB is made up entirely of

re-useable, easy to deploy-and-disassemble components. Because of their modular nature, the components are scalable in size for FOBs ranging in size from 100-500 men. The ease at which all the components within the FOB can be scaled and re-used, and the ability at which the standardised structure can perform as a number of different facilities, allows for the sustainable FOB to be HpackagedI before deployment, with exact details of the type and quantity of facilities to be known in advance of initial construction. A key building block in achieving this is a standardised structure that is used to provide accommodation and sheltering of any kind.

Figure 2 shows a CAD render of our proposed standardised structure in its assembled state. Fully incorporated within a single 20ft ISO shipping container to allow for easy and safe transportation through the supply chain, Figure 3 shows how all the components fit inside this container, as produced through the application of a placement optimisation algorithm. Complete with all the necessary services, a singular standardised structure can function as an accommodation unit for 25 people or as a command post. Multiple units can be easily connected to function as larger facilities, such as a dining area.

The standardised structure is easily transportable, lightweight (for ease of construction) and durable for the FOB environment. The quantity of 20ft ISO containers needed to move these facilities through the supply chain can then be accurately calculated. Moreover, through the utilisation of IES VE software, detailed power requirements of the FOB can be predicted before deployment. Through the utilisation of passive energy saving techniques and photovoltaic cells, the standardised structure should greatly improve on the energy efficiency of the currently

used tent structure. The standardised structure is made up of a modular steel frame with an easy-fit glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP)/rigid polyurethane foam core wall and roof panels and GFRP/polypropylene honeycomb core floor panels which can be inserted after the assembly of the frame structure. ItIs relatively easy to assemble, taking 4 people roughly 4 hours to do so.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2. The standardised building structure

Different materials were considered when designing its frame. Due to the limited amount of space to incorporate the entire frame structure within the container, steel was chosen over other materials because of its excellent sectional stiffness properties. With increased sectional stiffness, smaller steel sections can be used that have the equivalent strength properties of larger sections using materials such as aluminium or GFRP. To allow for simplicity in assembly, a design criterion was to utilise as few types of member cross-sections as possible. However, in keeping cross-section sizes to a minimum, it was necessary to use different cross-sections for the beam and column members, I and hollow-square box respectively.

Figure 3. Optimal packaging of materials in container

The standardised structure incorporates an expandable container that has been pre-designed by Gichner Shelter Systems [12]. Detailed dimensions have been recorded on 3-point view technical drawings of the standardised structure but are outside the scope of this paper. Windows are incorporated into the sidewall panels. Made from double glazed Perspex (u-value of 2.7), they are 7% more thermally efficient than glass (Lucite International). Perplex has a long design life, is easy to maintain (no chemical cleaning solvents) and has a good ability to withstand high temperatures. To minimise the involuntary heating effect of direct solar gain during the summer, windows have been limited in size and are located near the top of the structure to utilise the solar shading. It was found that the optimum size for the windows could be given by a window-wall area ratio (WWR)

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15

!  ST2 properties •  Each block accommodates 25 men •  Fully incorporated within a standard 20ft container •  Steel structure

-  (+) excellent sectional stiffness, smaller sections can be used to provide equal support

-  (-) More expensive •  Glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP)/polyurethane foam panels

(sides) and polypropylene honeycomb (floor) •  Perspex windows – 7% more efficient that glass (u value of 2.7) •  Height-adjustable footings •  Estimated assembly – 4 people, 4 hours (16 man-hrs), based on

equivalent amount of live event stage gear set up •  Allows for pre-calculation of power requirements, depending of size

of base •  Etc. etc. – please refer to paper or the full tech report

16

!  Waste water treatment of 10-20% [18]. To ensure a minimal amount of direct solar gain, the lower value of 10% is used for the standardised structure.

Height adjustable footings are used to ensure a level floor on which to assemble the standardised structure. The ends of the footings are fitted with plywood pads, similar to those used in the staging industry, to minimise the pressure exerted by the structure on the soil. Connections for the modular frame structure have been based on the FHakiH scaffolding quick-fit connection system. Such connections were chosen because of the ease and speed at which they allow for the assembly of each structure, whilst possessing appropriate durability and strength properties. These connections are capable of withstanding 6-10t of loading [13]. The modular nature of the standardised structure, the quick-fit connections and ease at which the panels can be inserted and removed allow for multiple units to be connected together to provide for larger area facilities, such as the dining facility and the command post. Such a connection can be seen in Figure 2(b).

A thin-walled rubber lining of V-shape section will be fixed between the adjoining structuresH roofs to ensure water does not collect, potentially leaking through to the interior. Upon ordering a dining facility, each unit with an adapted set of roof panels will be supplied with the protruding roof taken away where required between the buildings. A desired number of wall panels can be removed to provide access between buildings and by combining a number of structures together, a suitable amount of exits are present in case of emergency evacuation.

4.3 Water treatment and sanitation On-site treatment of water is another key element to the design of the sustainable FOB since this greatly reduces the quantity of treated water that needs to be transported to the FOB through the supply chain. Furthermore, to ensure a sustainable rate of extraction from local water supplies and to decrease the amount of wastewater removed from the FOB, grey water recycling is used for all applications.

The water treatment and recycling system of the sustainable FOB is illustrated in Figure 4; the processing parts fit into two 20ft ISO shipping containers. The 20,000 litre pillow tanks can be flat packed for easy storage and transportation. A plug-and-play system allows for a fast set up and simple activation. The system is capable of supplying water to all areas of the FOB at a peak flow rate of 450lt a minute. The system is pressurised using existing military pumps that keep a constant pressure of 4 bar. The treatment system is based on a superior fixed-film reactor as it does not rely on filtration to meet the basic European Union effluent requirements for municipal wastewater of <30 mg/l 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Total Suspended Solids [19].

The treatment process is as follows: A. Screening and Grit Trap: To remove sand, grit and large objects at the beginning of the treatment process. This stage is very important to prevent clogging of the system further down the process due to the desert location. B. Sedimentation: Used to remove the larger suspended particles that are too small to be removed by the grit trap. C. Bioreactor: Central to the whole process is the proprietary bacteria consortium. Mimicking bio-films found within nature, each of the organisms provides a specific function in the bio-filter. High efficiency aeration is used to further enhance the bacteria. Sludge produced is much less than any other treatment process,

with a simple sludge removal process allowing for easy operations and maintenance. Sludge is removed and stored in a bin. This is then returned to a MOB for treatment. D. Reverse Osmosis: Using a reverse osmosis diffuse mechanism, the highly cleaned bioreactor water will be treated to potable standards. Because of the quality of the inflow, less energy is required than a normal reverse osmosis process. E. Chlorine Dosing: A simple computerized feedback loop tests the water to calculate the correct chlorine dosage requirements. The chlorine is injected into the water as it leaves the container and is stored in the holding tanks.

Figure 4. The water treatment system

The showers traditionally used in the FOB require a concrete base to assist the drainage of wastewater. This is a time-consuming construction process requiring additional construction cement etc. materials and machinery to be transported through the supply chain. It is a permanent feature usually not removed after the disassembly of the FOB. Our shower facilities are quick to erect and easy to use. The steel frame clips together using the same FHakiH influenced mechanism used for the standardised structure. The shower trays are lightweight form moulded GFRP and can be dropped into the frame as can be seen in Figure 5(a). To prevent loss of water, the internal frame is wrapped with PVC sheets that fit to frames using bungee cord. This ensures the effective drainage of maximum water into the shower trays. This new system is reusable, lightweight and collects wastewater for recycling. It can be easily disassembled and reused at other FOBs.

The showers are heated using an electric water heater that will raise the temperature of the water to 40oC. The showers when fully operational will use 8 litres of water per minute for each shower and use 2.5kW to heat the water by 20oC. The heating and shower pump is in a portable plug-and-play unit that plugs into the base services network and then connects to the shower unit. It has the capacity to pump up to 160 litres a minute, enough for 20 showers for a 250-man base. The showers make use of aeration showerheads that reduce the amount of water used whilst still making the shower feel powerful and refreshing, resulting in water savings of 60% with a 2:1 air-to-water ratio [14].

For the recycling of wastewater, the water drains out of the shower trays and into a sump tank. The sump tank has a mercury switch that activates the low power 24V pump when the water starts draining into the tank. This pumps the water from the showers back to the grey water holding tanks. Non-return valves prevent any back flow along the pipes as shown in Figure 4.

Two types of latrine facility will be utilised: compositing loos and desert rose urinals. Both are easily flat-packed and assembled or disassembled on-site. Because of their simplicity and nature, they require little maintenance and no water for operation. Care, however, must be taken in locating the composting loos since, if liquid is absorbed into the ground, they must not be sited near any ground water source or other base facilities. The latrine facilities reduce water usage by 100%.

The composting loo facility consists of an easily assembled modular steel frame similar to that used for the shower facility, with a raised seating platform beneath which the composting bins sit, as illustrated in Figure 5(b). Each frame consists of steps for access up to the raised floor, floorboards, loo seat and covering panel and side panels. The roof is provided by a custom-made tarpaulin cover that fits over the loos and secures with bungee cords to fixing points on the frames.

(a) (b)

Figure 5. Two key elements of the water and sanitation system I (a) showers and (b) composting loos

The bins are filled with a carbon rich material to enable liquids to drain out of the bottom. Draining the liquids is key to the composting process as the liquid can lead to the smells and flies that can affect outdoor loos in hot climates [5]. Each bin is fitted with a draining plug that joins up with all the other composting loos and runs via gravity to a soak-away pit. This soak away pit will be located in the same area as the desert roses urinals and well away from any boreholes or rivers that might be being used for abstraction. Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations state that 1 cubicle for every 25 people should be provided. Due to the residential nature of the base, it has been decided to double this figure and provide 2 units per 25 people [15]. As the average human produces 500ml of solid a day the volume of total solid for a 250 base would be 250 x 0.5 = 125 lt. The sawdust to solid ratio for a composting loo is 1:10, so the required volumes are respectively 125 x 0.1 = 12.5lt of sawdust with a day total of 125 + 12.5 = 137.5lt. The looXs wheelie bin volume is 240lt, so its capacity is 240 / 137.5 = 1.75 days and for a required capacity of 7 days the total bins per unit is 4.

Finally, urinals are based on the existing military design, the Desert Rose. They are simple to build, use and dismantle and have a large soak away area to account for the liquid coming from the composting bins. An area of 5m long x 1m wide x 1m deep is excavated, with a plastic waste pipe inserted at an angle and bedded down with a backfill of coarse aggregate. The urinals are screened using scrim netting to provide privacy.

4.4 Other elements All other elements of the base have been fully considered, e.g. road and access infrastructure, services distribution and blast protection walls, but no deviation from current practice would be

expected to make significant difference with respect to improving sustainability ratings of a FOB. We have also accounted for the ISO containers to be moved using only the cranes mounted on the trucks that carry the materials to the FOB.

Because of the lack of perimeter protection at this stage, initial construction of the FOB is very dangerous. During construction of a secure perimeter, if one is not present in the form of a compound, a mixture of armoured excavators and tracked bobcat loaders are used to fill HESCO blast walls. Those are used because they are easily deployable and they use material adjacent to the FOB to fill them. However it is sometimes necessary to locally source material if the ground is not of an adequate grade. This is currently used in operations and will continue to be used in the design of the FOB. Whilst the HESCO are being constructed, watchtowers called Sangars are built on the four corners and at the entrance to provide the base with all round security and observation. These will continue to be constructed out of HESCO, timber and sandbags.

Another key construction aspect is the creation of a haul road within the base for use by construction and operational vehicles. As part of the construction phase of a FOB, a solution needs to be developed to cope with the large loads from heavy vehicles around the base that may need to be rapidly deployed. Geocell [16] confinement is a polymeric alloy grid which confines sand, allowing loads to be more evenly distributed. This mechanism could reduce the amount of granular fill that needs to be transported by sourcing sandy materials locally, and in turn reduce the supply-chain burden. This is normally constructed with the help of local contractors and this will continue whilst sourcing locally as much material as possible.

5 Design Evaluation and Conclusions Addressing the dependence on fossil fuels to power FOBs is of primary concern in this paper, with specific emphasis on reducing the strain on the supply chain. This has been achieved by implementing a number of solutions with a specific focus on reducing the FOBXs power demand, recognising wastewater as a vital resource and simplifying the procurement stage by implementing a _packagedX approach.

The standardised structure is 61.3% more efficient than current military tents and the wastewater recycling system uses 100% water-free composting loos. A reduction in peak power demand of 28% and water usage of 27% is obtained. As both fuel and water combined account for roughly 80% of the supply chain, significant savings are made. Figure 6 shows a computationally modelled breakdown of the energy demand for the entire sustainable FOB (detailed energy calculations are out of scope). This Figure illustrates clearly that the largest proportion of the energy required is for the heating and cooling loads of the facility, accounting for approximately 61% of the total. It was for this reason that improving the thermal efficiency of the standardised structure was such a major consideration in our design. As can be seen in Figure 7, there is a noticeable improvement of the current energy demand for heating and cooling on the FOB that uses tent structures, despite it still being the largest proportion of the demand.

Furthermore, the extent at which the maximum peaks of the current FOB facility have been reduced during the winter and summer months (almost 33% in July), can clearly be seen. This is

17

!  Waste water system properties

•  Composting loos produce rich soil compost -  Can be used to re-fertilise land after use or in general to

maintain the quality of the soil •  Fits into two 20ft ISO containers •  20k lt pillow tanks can be flat packed •  Peak flow rate 450lt/min •  If micro generation exists showers can plug into it for

added boost -  otherwise conventional black bag system can be used

•  Aeration showerheads -  reduce the amount of water required whilst maintaining

good pressure

18

!  Lifecycle of our sustainable FOB concept

•  The lifecycle of the sustainable FOB follows a sustainable process

•  Robust and re-useable components can be removed from the site and re-used at another FOB or moved to storage

•  Management of this lifecycle follows that of the ‘packaged’ FOB system

19

!  Design evaluation: Areas of impact

20

Perceived benefits from our design interventions identified within the FOB and its SoS context

!   Design evaluation: Simulation based on IES VE

largely due to the implementation of passive energy saving techniques within the standardised structure. This has a profound effect in relieving the strain of running diesel generators at fluctuating levels of power; the decreased use, but maintained, steady operating level of the diesel generators, is a key element to the energy savings of the sustainable FOB and therefore paramount in the effective reduction in length of the supply chain.

Figure 6. Energy demand in a sustainable FOB

Figure 7. Heating and cooling demands of a standardised structure vs. a typical tent

The current FOB peak demand of around 85kW [8] was modelled in direct comparison with the sustainable FOB by using the same additional facilities and the IES VE software to model a typical tent structure (Figure 8). As can be seen, this modelling gives a reasonably accurate estimation of the FOB peak demand stated in [8]. A comparison shows a consistently lower annual peak demand for the sustainable FOB with a maximum in January of 62.3kW (due to the excessive heating loads and little passive ventilation of the standardised structure). As an annual total, this accounts for a 26.7% reduction on the peak demand of the current FOB system.

Figure 8. Peak demands of state-of-art vs. sustainable FOB

In addition to reducing the FOBVs negative impact on the environment and providing social benefits, a sustainable solution must also be financially viable. Reducing the dependence on the supply chain can directly reduce the level of operating costs over a base lifetime. In addition it provides increased flexibility where extending theatre time can be more feasible. The rising price of

fuel and its sensitivity to global events is also a main contributor driving the need to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. All fuel costing (Figure 9) is based on current global diesel fuel prices [20]. The fully burdened cost (FBC) of essential commodities such as fuel and water, according to Deloitte [17] and SERDP [8], have been adopted. These provide an ]actualV cost, where the costs of transport and force protection are incorporated.

Figure 9. Annual cost of fuel

A summary of the key financial data is summarised in Table 2. In order to assess the financial benefits of the proposed FOB, all capital and operating costs can be directly compared to costs associated with a typical 250-personnel FOB used at present. All financial projections are based over a 1-year period of use, due to the variable length of time of required military operations. The financial plans show the investment would be feasible, despite initial capital costs being higher, as the operating costs are greatly reduced compared to a current base, providing a payback on initial investment of 2 months. The initial capital cost of the sustainable FOB is estimated at £972,800, which is 87% greater than a current FOB. However due to increased efficiency and in-situ renewable energy generation, this cost pays back after 2 months of operations. For example, just by opting to recycle wastewater annual savings of £1.7m can be made.

Table 2. Aggregate figures of costs Key Financial Information

Current FOB Proposed FOB % Change

Initial Capital Cost £520,600 £972,800 +87 Annual Operating Cost

£10,400,000 £4,800,000 -54

Annual Fuel Cost £235,100 £131,200 -44

By placing most emphasis on reducing annual operating costs, whilst still minimising initial capital expense, the project is financially sustainable. The Afghan government will benefit financially through a fixed water tariff and local contractors will be provided with work opportunities and competitive salaries during construction. Design solutions have aimed to reduce dependency on the supply chain for fuel and water, and in turn alleviate its negative impact on the environment. Efforts to make more efficient use of water, incorporating passive design and providing an alternative renewable source of energy have all contributed to the energy savings in the FOB. This in turn has reduced the size of the supply chain.

On top of providing large savings, it is thought that the increased quality of living within the sustainable FOB is directly proportional to levels of morale and this will encourage stakeholders within the military to adopt further sustainable solutions. This is difficult to measure but in discussions with stakeholders this benefit will be evident.

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21

!  OK, what’s the catch? •  Up-front capital expenditure is nearly doubled •  Annual operating cost nearly halved

•  Not sure we can convince policy makers of the value – what do you think?

largely due to the implementation of passive energy saving techniques within the standardised structure. This has a profound effect in relieving the strain of running diesel generators at fluctuating levels of power; the decreased use, but maintained, steady operating level of the diesel generators, is a key element to the energy savings of the sustainable FOB and therefore paramount in the effective reduction in length of the supply chain.

Figure 6. Energy demand in a sustainable FOB

Figure 7. Heating and cooling demands of a standardised structure vs. a typical tent

The current FOB peak demand of around 85kW [8] was modelled in direct comparison with the sustainable FOB by using the same additional facilities and the IES VE software to model a typical tent structure (Figure 8). As can be seen, this modelling gives a reasonably accurate estimation of the FOB peak demand stated in [8]. A comparison shows a consistently lower annual peak demand for the sustainable FOB with a maximum in January of 62.3kW (due to the excessive heating loads and little passive ventilation of the standardised structure). As an annual total, this accounts for a 26.7% reduction on the peak demand of the current FOB system.

Figure 8. Peak demands of state-of-art vs. sustainable FOB

In addition to reducing the FOBVs negative impact on the environment and providing social benefits, a sustainable solution must also be financially viable. Reducing the dependence on the supply chain can directly reduce the level of operating costs over a base lifetime. In addition it provides increased flexibility where extending theatre time can be more feasible. The rising price of

fuel and its sensitivity to global events is also a main contributor driving the need to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. All fuel costing (Figure 9) is based on current global diesel fuel prices [20]. The fully burdened cost (FBC) of essential commodities such as fuel and water, according to Deloitte [17] and SERDP [8], have been adopted. These provide an ]actualV cost, where the costs of transport and force protection are incorporated.

Figure 9. Annual cost of fuel

A summary of the key financial data is summarised in Table 2. In order to assess the financial benefits of the proposed FOB, all capital and operating costs can be directly compared to costs associated with a typical 250-personnel FOB used at present. All financial projections are based over a 1-year period of use, due to the variable length of time of required military operations. The financial plans show the investment would be feasible, despite initial capital costs being higher, as the operating costs are greatly reduced compared to a current base, providing a payback on initial investment of 2 months. The initial capital cost of the sustainable FOB is estimated at £972,800, which is 87% greater than a current FOB. However due to increased efficiency and in-situ renewable energy generation, this cost pays back after 2 months of operations. For example, just by opting to recycle wastewater annual savings of £1.7m can be made.

Table 2. Aggregate figures of costs Key Financial Information

Current FOB Proposed FOB % Change

Initial Capital Cost £520,600 £972,800 +87 Annual Operating Cost

£10,400,000 £4,800,000 -54

Annual Fuel Cost £235,100 £131,200 -44

By placing most emphasis on reducing annual operating costs, whilst still minimising initial capital expense, the project is financially sustainable. The Afghan government will benefit financially through a fixed water tariff and local contractors will be provided with work opportunities and competitive salaries during construction. Design solutions have aimed to reduce dependency on the supply chain for fuel and water, and in turn alleviate its negative impact on the environment. Efforts to make more efficient use of water, incorporating passive design and providing an alternative renewable source of energy have all contributed to the energy savings in the FOB. This in turn has reduced the size of the supply chain.

On top of providing large savings, it is thought that the increased quality of living within the sustainable FOB is directly proportional to levels of morale and this will encourage stakeholders within the military to adopt further sustainable solutions. This is difficult to measure but in discussions with stakeholders this benefit will be evident.

22

!  Thank you!

Any questions?

With many thanks to:

George Cave, Will Greenwood, Max Harrison and Amina Sadiq, now all MEngs in Civil Engineering

23