survey report-post-disaster needs-2016s
TRANSCRIPT
Report MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT IN AREAS SEVERELY AFFECTED BY THE 2015 FLOODS AND THE OCTOBER 2015 EARTHQUAKE
2016
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 5
1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 14
2 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 16
Areas Surveyed ........................................................................................................ 18
3 Household Socio-Demographic Profile ........................................................................... 19
Household Composition ........................................................................................... 20
Household Heads...................................................................................................... 22
4 Shocks, Hazards and Displacement ................................................................................. 26
Shocks and Hazards Experienced, their Impact ....................................................... 27
Displacement ............................................................................................................ 28
5 Shelter .............................................................................................................................. 32
6 Food Security ................................................................................................................... 40
Meals ........................................................................................................................ 41
Food Stock................................................................................................................ 44
Levels of Food Security ........................................................................................... 46
Coping Strategies ..................................................................................................... 48
7 Livelihoods ...................................................................................................................... 53
Household Income and Expenditure ........................................................................ 54
Women Earning Income ........................................................................................... 60
Household Assets ..................................................................................................... 65
Access to Markets .................................................................................................... 70
8 Agriculture ....................................................................................................................... 73
Land .......................................................................................................................... 74
Irrigation Infrastructure ............................................................................................ 80
Crops ........................................................................................................................ 83
9 Livestock ......................................................................................................................... 92
Livestock Ownership ................................................................................................ 93
Sales of Livestock and Poultry Products .................................................................. 98
Livestock Problems, Support Needed .................................................................... 100
10 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene .................................................................................. 104
Water .................................................................................................................. 105
Sanitation ............................................................................................................ 107
Hygiene ............................................................................................................... 111
11 Resilience ................................................................................................................... 114
Loans .................................................................................................................. 117
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Recovery Needs .................................................................................................. 120
12 Assistance Received ................................................................................................... 122
Assistance by Type ............................................................................................. 123
Unconditional Cash Support ............................................................................... 125
Recovery Measures............................................................................................. 128
13 Annexes...................................................................................................................... 131
Annex 1: List of Union Councils Included in the Survey ................................................. 132
Annex 2: Questionnaire .................................................................................................... 135
Annex 3: Sources of Assistance ........................................................................................ 145
List of Tables and Figures..................................................................................................... 151
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ACRONYMS
ACTED Agence d'Aide a la Cooperation Technique et au Developpement (French: Aid
Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development)
BISP Benazir Income Support Programme
CSI Coping Strategy Index
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
IOM International Organization for Migration
KG Kilogram
NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority
PKR Pakistan Rupees
rCSI Reduced Coping Strategy Index
UN United Nations
UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In November-December of 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) conducted a multi-sectoral early recovery needs assessment in eight districts
of Pakistan which were severely affected by the 2015 floods and the October 2015
earthquake. The assessment collected information on losses incurred due to these disasters in
order to generate evidence for design of early recovery programmes in the affected
communities.
The survey covered a total of 3,400 households in 99 union councils of eight districts: Chitral
District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Layyah and Rajanpur in Punjab, as well as
Badin, Thatta, Ghotki, Kashmore, and Shikarpur districts in Sindh. District selection was
based on the following criteria:
Districts worst affected by the 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake;
Districts where the consortium has the access and ability to respond with emergency
assistance so recovery can build on earlier support;
Non-kachha1 areas where it would be possible for the consortium to implement
recovery activities in line with government policy.
The survey focused on three broad areas:
Shelter;
Food Security and Livelihoods; and
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH).
The full questionnaire is included in Annex 2.
OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS
Household Socio-Demographic Profile: A household across the surveyed areas consists of
7.9 people on average: 1.4 children under the age of 5, 1.5 children from 5 to 9 years of age,
1.5 children from 10 to 17 years of age, 3.1 adults and 0.3 elderly. The largest number of
children of all ages is in Shikarpur. Chitral has the largest number of adults – 4.1 and elderly
– 0.5 per average household. 63% of households have children under the age of 5 years.
More than 84% of households are headed by men and 16% – by women 60% of whom are
widows. 69% of household heads and 85% of their spouses are illiterate.
Shocks, Hazards and Displacement: The surveyed communities experienced a variety of
shocks and hazards since 2010. Among them, floods affected from 48% to 99% of all
households; cyclones – 38% of households in Badin, an earthquake – 31% of households in
Chitral. The 2015 floods (and, in Chitral’s case, the earthquake) either severely or moderately
affected from 77% to 100% of households in the surveyed areas.
Displacement: 27% of all households remained in their homes during the 2015 disasters,
while 36% were displaced for under one month and 38% – for more than one month. The
highest percentage of households displaced for up to one month was in Layyah – 75%, while
for more than one month – in Thatta (86%). Overall, 39% of households moved away from
their homes because the house was destroyed, 34% fled from the floods and 14% – to rescue
1 Non-temporary
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livestock. The largest share of displaced households stayed with host families (34%), in
spontaneous sites near their villages (22%) and in spontaneous sites far away from their
villages (16%).
Shelter: Before the 2015 disasters, 75% of all surveyed households lived in “kachha2”
houses. Only 14% of all houses were left undamaged by the 2015 disasters. The largest share
of destroyed houses was reported in Thatta – 76%. Those whose houses were destroyed, said
they have no shelter at all (24%) or are mostly staying in shelter built of tarpaulins and
bamboos (24%), in makeshift shelter (18%), with host families or relatives (14 %) or in tents
(11%). The worst situation is in Badin where 44% of households said that they have no
shelter at all. More than half households feel that their current shelter does not meet their
family needs. The main reasons named were the lack of purda wall and insufficient size. The
respondents said that the repair of their house would cost more than PKR 108,000 on
average; 25% of households reported that they have soil or mud for the repair of their houses,
20% – bamboo and 13% – timber poles and doors each.
Food Security: Adults and children across the surveyed areas eat approximately 2.5 meals a
day on average. People in Thatta and Badin have the fewest meals: 2 (both children and
adults). Some households noted that the number of meals they had had the day before the
survey was lower than usual.
Overall, during the course of a week, members of a household typically eat cereals on all
seven days; sugar or sugar products, oil or ghee or butter and spices or tea or coffee or salt –
on five days; milk or dairy products – on four days, lentils or beans or nuts and vegetables or
leaves – on tree days, while fruits and meat or poultry or fish or eggs – one day a week.
Households in Chitral eat many of these food items the fewest days a week.
Except for milk or dairy products and wheat, from 65% to 89% of various food items are
purchased from a market or shop. 47% of all households spend less than 40% of their total
expenditure on food, 28% – from 40% to 60% and 25% – more than 60% of their
expenditure for food. Badin and Thatta have the largest share of households, 44% and 39%,
respectively, which use more than 60% of their expenditure for food.
Overall, an average household lost 31 Maunds3 of cereals stored for domestic use during the
floods. The largest amount of loss was reported in Badin – 61 Maunds per household. 34% of
all households have no food stock left, while 39% do not have enough food stock to last a
week. The worst situation is in Thatta, where 66% of households have no food stocks left at
all. Overall, half of the households have no means to buy basic food items for two weeks.
The worst situation is in Ghotki with 73% of such households. Approximately 40% of all
households reported reduced food consumption due to the floods.
In response to the 2015 disasters, most households across all districts have employed
livelihood-based crisis coping strategies (39%), followed by stress coping strategies (23%)
and emergency coping strategies (14%). Layyah was the only district where the majority of
households (57%) used emergency coping strategies. The largest share of households which
used stress coping strategies was in Badin – 46% and Kashmore – 44%, while crisis coping
strategies – in Ghotki (68%).
2 The word “kachha” generally refers to temporary or makeshift buildings 3 1 Maund=37.3242 kilograms
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Livelihoods: Overall, an average household earns less than PKR 14,000 a month and had 1.8
times higher expenditure the month before the survey; the gap was the widest in Ghotki (2.5).
The highest household expenditure the month before the survey was in Chitral (PKR 48,203).
Households spend most of their money on food – 44% and agricultural inputs – 14%. 77% of
households reported decrease in their income since the floods; the highest percentage of such
households is in Badin – 98%.
Before the floods, from 66% to 88% of households in the surveyed districts of Punjab and
Sindh earned living from sale of food or agricultural products (cash crops, vegetables and
fruits); agricultural wage labour and non-agricultural wage labour. Meanwhile, in Chitral, the
most significant source of livelihoods was small business, self-employment, petty trade,
government, NGO or private employment – 33%. In all eight districts the split of sources of
earning has remained largely the same both before and after the floods.
Overall, each household has 1.5 income earners on average; both before and after floods, the
number has remained largely the same. Two households in every five have a woman earning
income. Currently, the largest number of women earning income is in Rajanpur – 0.5 per
average household, while the smallest share is in Chitral – 0.2. The share of households with
no women earning income has declined from 68% to 65% since the floods, the share of
households with one woman earning income has increased from 29% to 32% and the share of
households with 2 or more women earning income has increased from 3% to 4%.
The largest share of women reported handicrafts as their main source of income before the
floods – 32%, agricultural wage labour – 18% and charity or Zakat4 or gifts or BISP5 – 16%.
Since the floods, the share of women engaged in handicrafts has declined to 29%, while the
shares of the other two main sources of living have increased to 20% and 19%, respectively.
Prior to the floods and the earthquake, 49% of all households had a fan, 44% – a telephone,
34% -an iron, 23% – a television (TV), 21% – a refrigerator, 21% – a motorbike, 16% – a
washing machine, 15% – a radio, 10% – a bicycle and 2% – a vehicle. Thatta, Rajanpur and
Badin have the smallest share of households with these items. During the 2015 disasters, the
largest share of households lost fans (24%) and refrigerators (23%). The largest numbers of
households which lost various items are in Chitral, Shikarpur and Kashmore.
Before the 2015 disasters, households owned the following productive assets: animal shelters
(49% of all households), sewing machines (36%), grain mills (9%), ploughs (7%),
handlooms (5%) and tractors (3%). Chitral had the highest share of households which owned
many of these items, while Thatta and Layyah – the smallest share. During the floods, 37%
of all households lost animal shelter, 16% – sewing machines, 4% – ploughs, 3% – grain
mills, 2% – handlooms and 1% – tractors. The largest share of households which lost animal
shelter is in Ghotki (61%), while the highest shares of households which lost ploughs,
handlooms and grain mills are in Chitral – 25%, 9% and 8%, respectively.
Before the floods, most households had easier access to markets and fewer households had
no access at all. Currently, 14% of all households have no access to markets at all and 66%
have difficult access. Destruction of access roads and a very high cost of transportation are
4 Zakat is a form of alms-giving and religious tax in Islam 5 BISP – PKR 1,000 monthly cash transfer by the government Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) in order to alleviate the impact of food crisis and inflation on the poor, particularly women.
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the main reasons for no access or poor access to markets. Other reasons, in diminishing
order, are security situation, non-functioning markets and markets destroyed by floods.
Agriculture: Overall, 56% of households across the surveyed areas do not own any land;
21% of households own 1-2 acres, 14% own 3-5 acres, 5% own 6-10 acres and 4% own 11
acres or more. This situation is the most reflective of the surveyed districts in Sindh and
Punjab; in Chitral, only 1% of households do not own any land and 41% own 3-5 acres.
From 65% to 100% of households in each surveyed district cultivate land. 48% of land is
cultivated by owners, while 41% – by tenants or sharecroppers. While in Chitral, most land is
cultivated by owners, while in Kashmore, Thatta, Shikarpur and Badin, most land – from
57% to 76% – is cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers. An average household cultivates 4.7
acres during Rabi6 season and 4 acres during Kharif7 season, but owns only 2.6 acres of that
land. Layyah communities cultivate the smallest amount of land per household: on average,
3.1 acres during Rabi and 2.4 acres during Kharif.
The surveyed households reported the following problems related to the recent floods on
their ability to use land: washed away demarcation of land boundaries (31%); cancelled
tenancy arrangement (21%) – the latter problem was named by 88% of households in Badin;
– absence of formal or legal entitlement to land (21%) and changed riverbed (10%).
From 58% to 100% of all land in the surveyed districts is irrigated. Overall, the most
common source of irrigation is canals. The floods have damaged or destroyed more than half
of all canals and half of the ponds and damaged 40% tubewells and 19% streams in the
surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh. In Chitral, the 2015 disasters destroyed or damaged
all of the canals and more than 60% of streams.
During Rabi season, most households grow wheat (80%); while during Kharif season – rice
(41%). The highest percentage of households which grow wheat during Rabi season is in
Ghotki, Shikarpur, Rajanpur, Kashmore – from 90% to 94%. The largest share of households
which grow rice during Kharif is in Kashmore – 98%.
Destruction of standing crops was named as the key impact of the floods by most of the
households (20%-33%) across the surveyed areas. 90% of all households said that the floods
had damaged their production of Kharif crops. The floods affected from 80% to 100% of the
fields planted with crops or orchards and from 82% to 98% of harvests were lost. Thatta and
Rajanpur were affected the worst and lost the highest share of the harvest.
The largest share of all households reported the following flood damage to their agricultural
assets: standing crops destroyed (20%-33%), land flooded or washed away (10%-27%) and
standing crops abandoned when fleeing the area (11%-23%). Overall, 73% of households
reported lack of farm machinery, 55% – tools, 52% – fertilizer and 37% – seeds for the 2015-
2016 Rabi season. Most households in all districts said their most needed support is fertilizer
(26%) and seeds (22%).
Livestock: From 75% to 98% of households across the surveyed districts keep livestock.
Before the 2015 disasters, a household kept 2-5 buffaloes, 1-4 sheep or goats and up to 3
6 Rabi season refers to the dry agricultural season; it starts in November and ends in May. 7 Kharif season refers to the rainy (monsoon) agricultural season; it starts in June and ends in October.
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heads of poultry on average; some households had other livestock. From 14% to 32% of all
livestock was lost during the 2015 disasters. Poultry losses were the highest. Ghotki lost the
largest share of poultry (53%), while Shikarpur the largest share of other types of livestock
(33%-44% per type). Some livestock was sold since the floods, mostly to purchase food.
Across the surveyed areas, only 24% of households sell any dairy products; the largest share
is in Layyah – 44%, while the lowest – in Chitral – 3% of households. Only 4% of
households sell eggs and only 1% of households sell chicken or meat.
Lack of veterinary medicines and vaccination, fodder and animal shelter were the least
available items for livestock care named by the surveyed households. Most households said
they primarily need veterinary medication, followed, in diminishing order, by straw or green
fodder, concentrated feed and animal shelter.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Both before and after the 2015 disasters, most of the
surveyed households in Punjab and Sindh have used protected hand-pumps for water, while
most households in Chitral have used unprotected sources of water. Overall, only 17% of
households use any measures to improve the quality of drinking water.
A large percentage of households in the surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh have no toilet
at all: from to 23% in Badin to 66% in Rajanpur; in Chitral only 7% of households do not
have toilet. The remaining households use flush system connected to sewerage, septic tanks
or open drains, dug ditches or pit latrines. Only 23% of households have separate toilet for
females. Majority of households use open drain to dispose of waste water (30%). The
percentage is particularly high in Badin (97%) and Rajanpur (95%). Other ways to dispose of
waste water are septic tank, tranche and use in kitchen gardens. 44% of all households
discard their solid waste anywhere; the share of such households is the highest in Rajanpur
(62%) and Kashmore (60%). The second most popular method is burning it (30%), followed
by throwing it into communal garbage (20%) or into sewerage. Chitral and Ghotki display a
different pattern from other districts: 64% of households in Chitral and 52% in Ghotki burn
their solid waste.
From 67% to 98% of households wash their hands after defecation or after cleaning child’s
bottom, before preparing food or eating; the percentage of households which wash their
hands before feeding a child varies from 16% to 83% in different districts. Overall, 68% of
households use only water to wash their hands; the situation is the worst in Thatta, where
94% of households use only water and the best in Chitral with 44%.
Resilience: To improve their situation, 31% of households across all the surveyed areas
worked to repair their house; followed (in diminishing order) by land cleaning or levelling,
cleaning and repairing irrigation canals, getting agricultural inputs and participating in
community self-help activities. Repair of their house was named by the highest percentage of
households in Shikarpur – 50% and 35% in Rajanpur. Land cleaning or levelling was the
most frequently reported in Badin – 27% of households and Chitral – 20%. Most respondents
think their situation will not improve over the coming six months.
From 61% to 82% of households in the surveyed areas have taken out loans since the 2015
disasters. The percentage was the highest in Shikarpur (82%), Badin (80%) and Chitral
(76%). An average loan exceeds PKR 63,000. The highest amount of debt per household is in
Ghotki – PKR 97,705 on average. Most of the loans were received from local shopkeepers
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(25% to 51% of households) and used most to purchase food (by 33% to 50% of
households), for health expenses and for agricultural inputs or tools.
Cash grants, building materials and food aid were named by most households across all eight
districts as the most needed short-term support. The top medium-term support named by
most households (except for those in Badin) were agricultural inputs, cash grants, building
materials and food aid. In Badin, the key medium-term support items requested by most
households were building materials, cash grants, food aid and credits.
Assistance Received by November-December 2015: Most of the surveyed communities
have received a wide variety of relief assistance. The districts of Chitral and Thatta have the
highest percentage of households which received various assistance. The lowest percentage is
in Badin, Shikarpur and Rajanpur. The largest percentage of households received food
assistance (34%), followed by tents or shelter material (24%) and government compensation
(23%). Most of the assistance was provided by the government, followed by NGOs.
26% of households in the surveyed areas received unconditional cash support after the 2015
disasters. The highest percentage of such households is in Chitral – 44%, while the lowest –
in Rajanpur – 11%. Overall, 33% of households received less than PKR 3,000, 24% – from
PKR 3,000 to PKR 6,000, 13% – from PKR 6,000 to PKR 10,000, 16% – from PKR 10,000
to PKR 20,000, while others PKR 20,000 or more. 39% of households used unconditional
cash support to purchase food.
Additionally, households received a variety of external recovery assistance. The largest
share, 18% of all households, received support to repair their houses, followed by agricultural
inputs (14%). Support for the repair of their house was reported by the largest share of
households in Badin – 28% and Shikarpur – 27%. Support for cleaning of irrigation canals
was also reported by the largest share of households in Badin – 26%, followed by 16% of
households in Chitral.
OVERVIEW OF RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations below are based strictly on the assessment findings and are merely an
effort to offer some possible ways to address the problems that the surveyed areas face.
These suggestions do not represent, nor seek to represent, a comprehensive list of possible
approaches to the design of assistance programs but rather attempt to discuss some of the
options stemming from the data collected. Depending on their objectives and methodologies
employed, different assistance programs will select any number of the approaches that may
or may not follow the suggested path.
Findings of the assessment suggest that future assistance programs should include a wide
variety of activities to improve incomes, shelter, food security and resilience of these
communities, building on the assistance provided to date. Additionally, design of future
assistance programs might want to take into consideration that some of these severely
affected areas have received very little recovery support to date.
The survey suggests that, as requested by the communities, cash grants, building materials
and food aid should be provided to address the short-term needs. Meanwhile, agricultural
inputs, cash grants, building materials and food aid should be provided to address their
medium-term needs. Interviewees in Badin have requested that assistance include credits.
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Shelter: The assessment findings suggest that
Reconstruction of shelter is one of the several short-term needs to be addressed. With
as many as 86% of all houses damaged or destroyed across the surveyed communities
and as many as 24% of all surveyed households living without any shelter at the time
of the survey, this should be considered one of the most immediate priorities.
As a minimum, assistance should consider focusing on Badin, where 44% of the
surveyed households reported living without any shelter.
Activities should include construction of new shelter, repair of damaged shelter,
construction of purda walls and increase in the size of the shelter.
The repair of a house would cost approximately PKR 108,000.
The communities could provide labour and some of the materials – mostly soil or
mud, bamboo, timber poles and doors.
Construction of new houses should be focused on Thatta, Chitral and Ghotki, while
rebuilding of the existing houses should focus on Badin, Layyah and Rajanpur.
Food Security: The assessment findings suggest that:
Support efforts should include activities to improve the number of meals have each
day, their nutritional quality and the overall food security.
Thatta and Badin, where families have the fewest number of meals, as well as Chitral,
where people eat most of the types of food the fewest times a week, should be
considered as the potential areas of support.
Activities should aim to increase the share of foods families grow themselves in order
to reduce the share of expenditure used by households on food. Such assistance
should particularly focus on Badin and Thatta.
Assistance to Badin, Thatta and Ghotki should include activities to restore or increase
the food stock households have.
Livelihoods: The assessment findings suggest that
Assistance should include activities that increase the level of incomes across all
surveyed areas and ultimately, reduce the gap between the average income and
average expenditure.
Ghotki should be the first district to be provided such assistance, followed by Chitral
and Thatta.
Badin and Thatta should receive assistance to reduce the share of expenditure used to
purchase food.
Another area for assistance is the diversification of the sources of income sources,
particularly in Rajanpur.
Assistance should focus on the increase in the number of income earners, particularly
in Layyah and Chitral.
Women should receive support to restore and further increase the share of handicrafts
as a source of income and reduce the reliance on charity or Zakat or gifts or BISP,
especially in the districts of Ghotki and Badin.
Chitral, Shikarpur and Kashmore should receive support for restoration of the
household possessions.
Chitral should receive assistance to restore productive assets: animal shelter, ploughs
and handlooms.
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To restore the ability of the communities to earn living, assistance should include
reconstruction of access roads, particularly in Badin and Layyah, to improve access to
markets and work on reduction in transportation costs.
Agriculture: The assessment findings suggest that:
Land-related assistance should include support related to tenancy arrangements in
Badin and restoration of the demarcation of the land borders in Shikarpur and
Kashmore.
Any agricultural assistance should include reconstruction of irrigation systems:
canals, ponds, tubewells and streams, particularly in Chitral. In Punjab and Sindh,
work should focus on reconstruction of canals, which sustained the most damage.
Activities should include rebuilding of wells, canal inlets and canal gates of bypasses
as well as removal of silt.
To improve production of crops, assistance should address needs expressed by the
surveyed communities: provision of fertilizer, seeds and credits, and repair of
irrigation structures. Support programs should be primarily directed to the districts of
Rajapur and Thatta, however, if resources permit, all the surveyed communities
should receive some support.
In Chitral and Rajanpur, assistance should focus on restoration of irrigation canals
and tubewells, provision of fertilizer and seeds. In the remaining districts, assistance
should focus on the provision of fertilizer, seeds and credits. In order to reduce the
extent of loss during future floods, assistance programs should promote the use of
flood-resistant varieties of crops.
Livestock: The assessment findings suggest that
Livestock should be an integral part of agricultural assistance programs in the
surveyed areas.
As requested by the communities, assistance programs should provide (in diminishing
order of priority) veterinary medication, fodder, concentrated feed and support for the
construction of animal shelter.
Activities should work to increase the number of livestock heads per household;
particularly, poultry, sheep and goats, in Shikarpur and Rajanpur.
Activities should also promote sales of livestock products: dairy, eggs, meat or
poultry; currently, only a very small share of households sell any produce.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: The assessment findings suggest that:
To increase access to clean water, assistance programs should support installation of
safe drinking water infrastructure, particularly in Chitral. Activities should work to
increase awareness of the communities on the ways they can improve the quality of
water. The most extensive awareness efforts should be conducted in Badin, Shikarpur
and Rajanpur where the fewest households practice any of these measures.
Assistance programs should consider working on installation of latrines in all the
surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh, especially in Rajanpur and Ghotki,
Assistance efforts should seek to increase awareness of the proper treatment of the
faeces disposed in pit latrines and dug ditches.
Efforts to increase the awareness and use of proper ways to dispose of solid waste
(particularly in Rajanpur and Kashmore) and waste water (particularly in Badin,
Rajanpur and Thatta).
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Hygiene programs should work to increase the use of correct hand-washing practices,
particularly in Rajanpur and Shikarpur, and promote the use of hand-washing
products. The latter effort should first focus on Thatta, where the situation is the
worst.
Resilience: The assessment findings suggest that:
Assistance programs should build upon and complement efforts undertaken by the
communities: reconstruction of the houses, cleaning or levelling the land, repairing
irrigation canals, etc.
Support should include measures to improve the resilience of the communities against
future disasters.
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1 BACKGROUND
Pakistan has experienced a series of
natural disasters from 2010 to 2015. The
flood that took place in 2010 was one of
the most devastating natural disasters
Pakistan has ever had. More than 21
million people were affected, nearly
2,000 lost their lives and almost 3,000
sustained injuries. The country was hit by
floods again in 2011, 2013 and 2014.8
Heavy monsoon rains in the middle of
July 2015, coupled with the rapid melting
of snow and outbursts from glacial lakes,
led to yet another series of flash floods
and the flooding of the Indus River in
various locations across Pakistan. Some
3,306 villages in 43 districts were
affected. More than 179 people lost their lives, 123 were injured, 12,022 houses got damaged
and 1,268,307 people were displaced. A more detailed overview is provided in the table
below9:
TABLE 1: Impact of the 2015 Natural Disasters in Pakistan
Houses
Province Deaths Injured Houses Damaged
Villages Affected
Population Affected
Sindh - - - 2436 677,581
Balochistan 13 33 798 - -
Punjab 48 8 6163 548 453,826
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 82 68 3544 - -
Gilgit Baltistan 7 6 812 286 136,000
AJ&K 23 5 323 17 -
FATA 6 3 382 19 900
Total 179 123 12022 3306 1,268,307
In the province of Sindh, Larkana, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Ghotki, Khairpur and Sukkar
districts were affected by the floods, with Ghotki and Kashmore sustaining the most
damages. A total of 2,436 villages in 38 Union Councils of six districts were affected and
677,581 people were left homeless and 58,243 livestock were evacuated from the area. The
government of Sindh established 73 relief camps which provided shelter for 21,009 people.10
In Punjab, the 2015 floods affected nine districts: Dera Ghazi Khan, Kasur, Layyah,
Mianwali, Muzaffargarh, Narowal, Rahim Yar Khan, Rajanpur and Sialkot. A total of
8 NDMA website 9NDMA, Daily updates, August 9, 2015; http: or or www.ndma.gov.pk or new or Documents or
NDMA_Monsoon_Daily_Sitrep_No_27_9th_august_2015.pdf 10 PDMA Sindh
FIGURE 1: Districts Affected by the 2015 Floods
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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483,826 people in 548 villages were affected. Forty-eight people lost their lives, 8 people
were injured, more than 6,000 houses got damaged and 79,891 people were evacuated from
their homes. The Government of Punjab established 154 relief camps which provided shelter
for 7,284 persons11.
2015 brought a series of natural disasters to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: a mini-cyclone on April
26, Glacial Lake Outburst Floods and flash floods in July and August, a massive earthquake
on October 26 and two more earthquakes in November and December, causing loss of 232
lives, injuring 1,490 people, and damaging 97,995 houses. The districts of Lower Dir,
Malakand, Shangla, Swat, Upper Dir and, particularly, Chitral were affected the most12.
To collect information for design of early recovery programmes in the communities affected
by these disasters, the Consortium for Natural Disaster Preparedness and Response
Programme designed a multi-sectoral early recovery needs assessment. The assessment was
carried out in November-December of 2015 by FAO.
11 PDMA Punjab 12 NDMA, http: or or www.ndma.gov.pk or dynamic or ?page_id=4000
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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2 METHODOLOGY The assessment questionnaire and methodology was developed by the members of the
Consortium for Natural Disaster Preparedness and Response Programme: UNFAO, ACTED,
International Organization for Migration (IOM), HANDS and UNICEF. FAO took the lead
in coordinating the effort and in the implementation of the assessment.
The assessment was conducted in November and December of 2015. It included interviews
of approximately 3,400 households in 99 sample Union Councils (UCs) of 23 Tehsils or
Talukas in the districts of Badin, Thatta, Ghotki, Kashmore, Shikarpur of Sindh Province,
Rajanpur and Layyah of Punjab Province and Chitral of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province.
For the purposes of this survey, a household is defined as a unit where all persons live under
one roof and use one kitchen to prepare food.
A three-stage sampling was used:
UCs affected by 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake; selection of UCs was
made in cooperation with the local government entities and consortium partners,
based on information from provincial Disaster Management Authorities, other
secondary sources and local knowledge of partner organizations (local non-
governmental organizations).
Affected villages in affected UCs; selection was made in cooperation with the local
government entities and non-governmental organizations working in these UCs;
Household selection was based on standard interviewing methods to ensure
production of a representative sample in each surveyed village.
Around 400 households surveyed in each district, with at least 15 households interviewed in
each target village to identify medium and longer-term needs resulting from the 2015 floods
and, in Chitral’s case, the earthquake.
The following criteria was used to select assessment areas:
Districts worst affected by floods in 2015 and the October 2015 earthquake;
Districts where the consortium plans to respond with emergency assistance so
recovery can build on earlier support;
Non-kachha areas where it would be possible for the consortium to implement
recovery activities in line with government policy.
In each district, data was collected by three teams, each of which comprised of two male and
one female enumerators. The enumerators were staff of non-governmental organizations such
as AKRSP, Pakistan Red Crescent Society, FOCUS, Save the Children, Plan Pakistan, Sindh
Bureau of Statistics, HANDS, ACTED, MDF, Khairpur Women Association, and Care
Development Organization. All enumerators were local to the areas of data collection to
reduce the distortions inherent in the collection of information from the households: the over-
Table 2: Number of Households Interviewed in Each District
District Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Chitral Total
No. households 388 452 397 425 442 455 397 3,404
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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reporting of the impact of the disasters as well as under-reporting of the household resources.
Collected data was entered by experienced data entry operators.
To ensure quality data collection, each enumerator received an intensive three-day training
on interviewing techniques; day-to-day quality assurance efforts were conducted by the
leaders of each of the enumerator team. Additionally, FAO worked with other consortium
members to conduct spot-checking. A team of 3 subject matter specialists visited various
union councils and randomly interviewed 2-3 households which had participated in the
survey to ensure that the data collection took place and verify the data recorded in the
questionnaire.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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AREAS SURVEYED
In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, the
survey focused on Chitral District
(Chitral and Mastuj tehsils).
In Punjab Province, two districts were
included in the survey:
Layyah District: tehsils of Karor
and Layyah; and
Rajanpur District: tehsils of Jam
Pur, Rajan Pur and Rojhan.
In Sindh Province, the following
districts and tehsils were included in the
survey:
Badin District: tehsils of Badin,
Golaarchi or Shaheed Fazil
Rahu, Talhar and Tando Bado,
Ghotki District: tehsils of
Ghotki and Obouaro,
Kashmore District: tehsils of
Kandhkot, Kashmore and
Tangwani,
Shikarpur District: tehsils of
Ghari Yaseen, Khanpur and
Lakhi, and
Thatta District: tehsils of
Ghora Bhari, Kharo Chan, Keti
Bandar and Thatta.
FIGURE 2: Surveyed Areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
FIGURE 3: Surveyed Areas in Punjab
FIGURE 4: Surveyed Areas in Sindh
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3 HOUSEHOLD SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
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HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION
In the surveyed districts, an average household consists of 7.9 people. The lowest number of
people per household was recorded in Layyah District – 6.3 on average; the highest – in
Shikarpur District, with 9.8 people on average.
Overall, a household has 1.4 children under the age of 5 years, 1.5 children from 5 to 9 years
of age, 1.5 children from 10 to 17 years of age, 3.1 adults (people from 18 to 59 years of age)
and 0.3 elderly (people 60 years and older) on average.
The largest number of children under the age of 5 as well as children from 5 to 9 years of age
per average household is in Shikarpur – 1.9 and 2.1, respectively. Meanwhile the largest
number of children from 10 to 17 years of age is in Shikarpur and Ghotki – 1.8.
Chitral has the largest number of adults – 4.1 and elderly – 0.5 per average household.
The lowest number of children under the age of 5 years is in Layyah – 0.7, children from 5 to
9 years of age – in Chitral – 0.9, while children from 10 to 17 years of age – in Thatta – 1.2.
The lowest number of adults, 2.7, is in the districts of Ghotki and Layyah, while the lowest
number of elderly, 0.2 per average household, is in the districts of Layyah and Rajanpur.
7.9 7.7 7.28.0 8.5
9.8
6.37.6
8.4
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 5: Average Household Size
1.4
1.4 1.4 1.4 1
.7 1.9
0.7
1.6
1.01
.5
1.5
1.2
1.8
1.8 2
.1
1.2 1
.5
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.8
1.7 1.8
1.5
1.3 1
.6
3.1 3.1
3.0
2.7 3
.0
3.7
2.7 3.0
4.1
0.3 0.3 0.4
0.3
0.3 0.4
0.2 0.2 0
.5
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 6: Number of Household Members
Under 5 Children 5-9 Children 10-17 Children Adults Elderly Members
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Overall, 63% of households have self-reported children under the age of 5 years; 21% – an
elderly member (a person 60 years of age or older), 18% – pregnant and lactating women;
3% – disabled children and 3% – disabled elderly.
The highest share of households with children under the age of 5 is in Rajanpur (72%),
followed by Kashmore (71%) and Shikarpur (70%). The lowest number of such households
is in Layyah (40%) and Chitral (57%).
Rajanpur has also reported the highest share of households with pregnant or lactating women
(41%), followed by Kashmore (22%), Ghotki (21%), Badin (20%), Chitral (15%), Shikarpur
(13%), and Thatta (12%). Layyah district stands out among the surveyed areas with a
particularly low percentage of pregnant or lactating women – 2%. Such low number would
need to be further confirmed by on-site testing. It is possible that a large share of households
misreported the presence of pregnant or lactating women due to some strong local prejudices
or superstitions.
Chitral has by far the highest share of households with elderly people (32%), followed by
Thatta (24%), Ghotki (23%) and Kashmore (22%). Layyah and Rajanpur has the lowest
share of households with elderly (11% and 13%, respectively).
The highest percentage of households with disabled children is in Kashmore (7%), while the
highest percentage of households with disabled elderly is in Chitral (7%).
63
% 67
%
59
% 65
% 71
%
70
%
40
%
72
%
57
%
21
%
17
% 24
%
23
%
24
%
22
%
11
%
13
%
32
%
3%
3%
2% 3% 7
%
4%
1% 2% 4%
3%
2%
1%
1% 5
%
2%
2% 2% 7
%
18
%
20
%
12
%
21
%
22
%
13
%
2%
41
%
15
%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
Figure 7: Household Composition
Household has Under 5 Children Household has Elderly MemberHousehold has Disabled Children Household has Disabled Elderly MemberHousehold has Pregnant & Lactating Women
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HOUSEHOLD HEADS
More than 84% of all households are headed by men and 16% – by women. The highest
number of female-headed households is in Kashmore (21%), Thatta (20%) and Shikarpur
(19%). The lowest number of female-headed households is in Ghotki – 11%.
Notably, 19% of households across all districts are headed by the elderly (people age 60
years and above) and 4% – by people under 18 years of age.
Across all eight districts, the largest share of female household heads are widows (60%),
followed by married women (34%). Divorced or separated female household heads constitute
4%, while unmarried – 2%.
Typically, the marital status of a woman household head indicates the level of income and
socioeconomic support available to that woman. Women household heads who are married
most likely have their husbands working away their home and sending income back to the
household; whereas women household heads who are widows, divorced, separated or
unmarried do not have such source of income to rely on. Furthermore, divorced, separated or
16%
15%
19%
11%
20%
19%
15%
14%
13%
84%
85%
81%
89%
80%
81%
85%
86%
87%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 8: Head of Household
Female
Male
2%
4%
1%
1%
5%
2%
2%
34%
36%
20%
21%
32%
36%
41%
28%
69%
4%
2%
6%
5%
13%
2%
2%
2%
60%
59%
73%
74%
54%
59%
56%
70%
27%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 9: Marital Status of Female Heads of Households
Unmarried Married Divorced/Separated Widow/Widower
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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unmarried women household heads are more likely to experience social prejudice and have
less socioeconomic support available to them from the community and family.
Ghotki, Thatta and Rajanpur districts have the highest share of female household heads who
are widows – 74%, 73% and 70%, respectively. Other districts have 54%-59% of female
household heads who are widows. Chitral has by far the lowest share of female household
heads who are widows – 27%.
Conversely, Chitral also has the highest percentage of female household heads who are
married – 69%. In other districts, married female household heads constituted from 20% (in
Thatta) to 41% (in Layyah). A potential reason why these very traditional communities have
such a high number of married female household heads could be the employment of men far
away from home. However, such assumption would need to be tested.
Kashmore has a particularly high percentage of divorced or separated female household
heads – 13%; the second highest percentage being only 6% (in Thatta). Two districts –
Shikarpur and Badin – have a comparatively much higher percentage of female household
heads who are unmarried: 5% and 4%, respectively, against 0%-2% in other districts.
Majority of household heads in the surveyed districts are illiterate – 69%. 13% of household
heads have primary education, 6% of household heads have middle education, 9% -
secondary or higher secondary education and 3% have graduate or post-graduate education.
Chitral district has the lowest percentage of illiterate household heads – 44% and the highest
percentage of those with middle, secondary or highest secondary education, as well as
graduate or post-graduate education (15%, 22% and 9%, respectively). The remaining 10%
of household heads have primary education.
Shikarpur has the second lowest percentage of illiterate household heads – 59%. Another
21% of household heads have primary education, 6% – middle education, 10% – secondary
or post-secondary and the remaining 4% – graduate or post-graduate level education.
69%
72%
80%
68%
78%
59%
67%
84%
44%
13%
15%
11%
20%
7%
21%
15%
9%
10%
6%
3%
2%
4%
3%
6%
11%
4%
15%
9%
10%
5%
3%
10%
10%
5%
4%
22%
3%
1%
1%
4%
3%
4%
2%
9%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 10: Education Level of Household Head
No education Primary Middle Secondary/Higher secondary Graduation/Post Graduation
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Conversely, Rajanpur has the highest percentage of illiterate household heads – 84%. The
district has no graduate or post-graduate household heads, and only 4% of household heads
have middle or secondary or higher secondary education each.
Thatta district has the second highest share of illiterate household heads – 80%, followed by
Kashmore (78%), Badin (72%), Ghotki (68%) and Layyah (67%). The share of illiterate
heads of households in each district is loosely inversely correlated with the shares of
educated household heads – the higher the illiteracy level, the lower the shares of household
heads with various levels of education.
Education level among the spouses of household heads is even lower across all districts, with
a total of 85% all spouses being illiterate (compared to 69% illiteracy among household
heads), 6% holding primary education, 3% – middle, 3% – secondary, 1% – graduate or post-
graduate education. Another 2% named “other” as their highest level of education.
Similarly to the education levels among household heads, Chitral has the lowest share of
illiterate spouses of household heads – 66% and the highest share of spouses with graduate or
post-graduate education – 5%. Another 11% spouses have secondary or higher secondary
education, 10% – middle and 4% – primary education.
The highest percentage of illiterate spouses is in Rajanpur (which also has the highest
percentage of illiterate household heads) – 96%, followed by Kashmore – 92%, Shikarpur –
90%, Ghotki – 87%, Thatta – 86%, Layyah – 81% and Badin – 81%.
CONCLUSIONS An average household across the surveyed areas consists of 7.9 people: 1.4 children under
the age of 5 years, 1.5 children from 5 to 9 years of age, 1.5 children from 10 to 17 years of
age, 3.1 adults and 0.3 elderly. The largest number of children under the age of 5, children
from 5 to 9 years of age and children from 10-17 years per average household is in Shikarpur
– 1.9 2.1 and 1.8, respectively. Chitral has the largest number of adults – 4.1 and elderly –
0.5 per average household.
85%
81%
86%
87%
91%
90%
81%
96%
66%
6%
10%
7%
9%
4%
6%
9%
2%
4%
3%
3%
1%
2%
0%
1%
5%
0%
10%
3%
6%
1%
1%
3%
2%
3%
0%
11%
1%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
0%
5%
2%
0%
5%
0%
0%
0%
2%
4%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 11: Education Level of Spouse of Household Head
No education Primary MiddleSecondary/Higher secondary Graduation/Post Graduation Other
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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63% of households have children under the age of 5 years, 21% – elderly, 18% – pregnant or
lactating women, 3% – disabled children or disabled elderly, each.
More than 84% of households are headed by men and 16% – by women; the largest share of
female household heads are widows (60%), followed by married women (34%). Divorced or
separated female household heads constitute 4%, while unmarried – 2%.
19% of households across all districts are headed by the elderly (people age 60 years and
above) and 4% – by people under 18 years of age.
Majority of household heads in the surveyed districts are illiterate – 69%. 13% of household
heads have primary education, 6% of household heads have middle education, 9% -
secondary or higher secondary education and 3% have graduate or post-graduate education.
Education level among the spouses of household heads is even lower across all districts, with
a total of 85% all spouses being illiterate (compared to 69% illiteracy among household
heads), 6% holding primary education, 3% – middle, 3% – secondary, 1% – graduate or post-
graduate education. Another 2% named “other” as their highest level of education.
RECOMMENDATIONS The collected data suggests that assistance programs should include activities that target
vulnerable households: those that have a particularly large number of children, such as
Shikarpur and Ghotki, pregnant or lactating women (Rajanpur), disabled elderly (Chitral) or
disabled children (Kashmore).
The assessment findings suggest that, in order to support the most vulnerable members of the
community, support efforts should be directed to households headed by the elderly (19% of
all households), people under 18 years of age (4% of all households), female who are widows
(Ghotki, Thatta and Rajanpur), separated or unmarried (Kashmore).
All assistance activities should be mindful of the fact that 69% of all household heads and
85% of the spouses of household heads are illiterate across the surveyed areas.
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4 SHOCKS, HAZARDS AND DISPLACEMENT
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SHOCKS AND HAZARDS EXPERIENCED, THEIR IMPACT
The surveyed communities in the eight districts experienced a variety of shocks and hazards
since 2010: floods, cyclones, earthquakes, chronic illnesses and price hikes.
The vast majority of the households were affected by floods in 2010-2015. The percentage
was particularly high in Rajanpur (99%), Thatta (99%) and Layyah (97%).
The lowest percentage of households hit by floods was in Badin (48%). In this district, 38%
of households were affected by cyclones, while 13% – by chronic illnesses.
Meanwhile, in Ghotki, 63% of households were impacted by floods, 23% – by price hikes
and 2% – by chronic illnesses. A similar situation was recorded in Kashmore: 72% of
households in this district were affected by floods, 7% – by price hikes and 4% – by chronic
illnesses.
In Chitral, 63% of households were affected by floods, while 31% – by the earthquake that
took place in October 2015.
27% of households in Shikarpur, 16% in Kashmore, 10% in Ghotki, 7% in Thatta and less
than 3% of households in each of the remaining districts named “other” shocks and hazards
that affected them.
48%
99%
63%
72%
73%
97%
99%
63%
38% 13%
2%
4%
23%
7%
31%
0%
1%
10%
16%
27%
3%
1%
7%
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 12: Shocks/Hazards Experienced Since 2010
Floods Cyclone Chronic illness Price hike Earthquake Others
58%
54%
94%
56%
19%
39%
45%
81%
77%
35%
46%
6%
31%
58%
42%
52%
19%
22%
7%
13%
23%
20%
3%
1%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 13: Level of Impact of the 2015 Disasters
Severely Affected Moderately Affected Little/not affected
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93% of households across all the surveyed districts were either severely or moderately
affected by the 2015 floods or, in Chitral’s case, by the October 2015 earthquake. Only 23%
of households in Kashmore, 20% in Shikarpur, 13% in Ghotki and 3% in Layyah were only
little or not at all affected by the floods. Similarly, only 19% of households in Chitral were
either little or not at all affected by the earthquake.
Thatta, Rajanpur and Chitral are the three districts where most of the households reported
being severely affected by floods (94%, 81% and 77%, respectively).
The lowest percentage of severely affected households was in Kashmore (19%) and Chitral
(by the earthquake, 24%). At the same time, these two districts had the highest percentage of
households affected moderately: 58% and 57% (by the earthquake), respectively.
DISPLACEMENT
Across the eight surveyed districts, 27% of households remained in their homes, 36% were
displaced for less than one month, and the remaining 38% stayed away from their homes for
more than one month.
The highest percentage of households which stayed at home during the 2015 disasters was in
Badin – 79% followed by Chitral (earthquake) – 63%. In all other areas, from 2% to 34% of
households remained at their homes.
The highest percentage of households which were displaced for more than one month was in
Thatta – 86%, followed by Ghotki and Chitral (floods) – 50% each. In other districts, from
8% (in Badin) to 35% (in Rajanpur). None of households in Chitral remained away from
homes for more one month after the earthquake.
Layyah has the highest share of households who were displaced for up to one month: 75%,
followed by Shikarpur – 42%, Kashmore – 40% and Ghotki – 39%. Thatta and Badin had the
lowest share of households which were displaced for less than one month of time: 11% and
13%, respectively. In other districts, from 31% to 37% of households were displaced for less
than one month.
27%
79%
2% 11%32% 26%
12%34%
17%
63%36%
13%
11%
39%
40% 42% 75% 31%
33%
37%38%
8%
86%
50%28% 32%
13%35%
50%
FIGURE 14: Duration of Displacement
Not Left < 1 Month > 1 Month
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From here on throughout this report, “the floods” will be used interchangeably to mean both
the 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake that affected the surveyed communities.
Across all the surveyed areas, 39% of households moved away from their homes because
their house was destroyed and 34% fled away from the floods. 14% of households moved
away to rescue livestock, and small percentages of households moved due to insecurity and
fear, to receive assistance or other reasons.
The largest share of households which moved away due to the destruction of their house was
in Ghotki – 59%, followed by Layyah – 52%, Rajanpur – 48% and Chitral (after the floods) –
47%. In other districts, from 20% (in Badin) to 33% of households (in Thatta) moved away
due to this reason.
Fleeing flooding was the reason for displacement named by the largest share of households in
Thatta – 66%, followed by Kashmore – 49% and Rajanpur – 43%. The lowest share of
households which fled the floods was in Shikarpur – 10% and Chitral – 14%. In the other
districts, from 26% to 39% of households fled floods.
The largest share of households which named livestock rescue as the reason for displacement
was in Shikarpur – 49% and Badin – 37%. In Ghotki, Kashmore and Layyah the number of
such households was 8%, 6% and 6%, respectively.
Badin was the only district where part households reported that they had moved away from
homes to receive assistance (12%).
Other reasons were named by the largest share of households in Chitral after the earthquake.
Insecurity or fear was named by 59% of households in Chitral after the earthquake, 35% in
Chitral after the floods and 11% and 9% of households in Kashmore and Shikarpur. No
households named this reason for displacement in the remaining districts.
14%
37%
8%
6%
49%
6%
2%
34%
27%
66%
26%
49%
10%
39%
43%
14%
39%
20%
33%
59%
29%
28%
52%
48%
47%
22%
7%
11%
9%
35%
59%
2%
12%
0%
5%
4%
2%
7%
6%
3%
3%
9%
2%
20%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral-Floods
Chitral-Earthquake
FIGURE 15: Reasons for Displacement
To rescue livestock Fled flooding House destroyed
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Overall, the largest share of displaced households stayed with host families (34%), followed
by spontaneous sites near their villages (22%) or spontaneous sites far away from their
villages (16%). Some households stayed in camps run by the government or camps run by
humanitarian organizations.
The largest share of households which stayed with host families was recorded in Chitral after
the earthquake – 70%, followed by Layyah – 54% and Chitral after the floods – 52%. In the
remaining areas, from 6% (in Thatta) to 48% of households (in Rajanpur) stayed with host
families.
Spontaneous sites near their village was reported by the largest share of households in Badin
-42%, followed by Thatta – 36% and Kashmore – 34%. In the remaining districts, from 8%
to 22% of households stayed near their villages.
Spontaneous sites far away from their village were chosen by the largest share of households
in Rajanpur – 26%, followed by Layyah – 20% and Ghotki 17%. In the remaining districts,
from 7% to 16% of households lived in such sites.
Camps run by the government were named by the largest share of households in Thatta –
29%, followed by Shikarpur – 17% and Kashmore – 15%. In all other districts, from 2% to
10% of households stayed in camps set up by the government. Notably, no people stayed in
such camps in Layyah and in Chitral after the earthquake.
The largest share of households which stayed in camps run by humanitarian organizations
was recorded in Chitral after the floods – 13%. Thatta and Layyah had no households which
stay in camps run by humanitarian organizations, while in other regions, from 2% to 8% of
households stayed in these camps.
Part households stayed in other types of arrangements during their displacement – from 23%
in Kashmore to 3% in Chitral (after the earthquake).
5%
6%
8%
3%
6%
2%
13%
7%
10%
5%
29%
7%
15%
17%
2%
3%
22%
42%
36%
11%
34%
19%
10%
8%
14%
14%
16%
10%
13%
17%
12%
16%
20%
26%
12%
7%
34%
28%
6%
43%
13%
23%
54%
48%
52%
70%
14%
8%
17%
13%
23%
19%
16%
14%
6%
3%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral-Floods
Chitral-Earthquake
FIGURE 16: Type of Shelter During Displacement
Camp run by humanitarian organizations Camp run by governmentSpontaneous site near the village Spontaneous site far from the villageHost families Others
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
31
CONCLUSIONS
The surveyed communities experienced a variety of shocks and hazards since 2010: floods,
cyclones, earthquakes, chronic illnesses and price hikes. Vast majority of the households
were affected by floods in 2010-2015. The percentage was particularly high in Rajanpur
(99%), Thatta (99%) and Layyah (97%).
The 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake either severely or moderately affected
93% of all households. Thatta, Rajanpur and Chitral had the highest shares of households
reported being severely affected by the floods (94%, 81% and 77%, respectively). Similarly,
only 19% of households in Chitral were either little or not at all affected by the earthquake.
During the 2015 disasters, 27% of households across the eight surveyed districts remained in
their homes, 36% were displaced for less than one month, and 38% were displaced for more
than one month. The highest share of households displaced for more than one month was in
Thatta – 86%, followed by Ghotki and Chitral (floods) – 50% each. 39% of households
moved away from their homes because their houses were destroyed and 34% fled away from
the floods. 14% of households moved away to rescue livestock, and small percentages of
households moved due to insecurity and fear, to receive assistance or other reasons. The
largest share of households which moved away due to the destruction of their house was in
Ghotki – 59%, followed by Layyah – 52%, Rajanpur – 48% and Chitral (after the floods) –
47%. In other districts, from 20% (in Badin) to 33% of households (in Thatta) moved away
due to this reason.
The largest share of all displaced households stayed with host families (34%), in spontaneous
sites near their villages (22%) or in spontaneous sites far away from their villages (16%). The
largest share of households which stayed with host families was recorded in Chitral after the
earthquake – 70%, Layyah – 54% and Chitral after the floods – 52%. Spontaneous sites near
their village was reported by the largest share of households in Badin - 42%, Thatta – 36%
and Kashmore – 34%. Spontaneous sites far away from their village were chosen by the
largest share of households in Rajanpur – 26%, Layyah – 20% and Ghotki 17%.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that all the surveyed areas should receive assistance to
recover from the 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake. Based on the collected data,
Thatta, Rajanpur and Chitral should be considered as the first priority areas for support to
offset the extensive damage caused to their communities. Additionally, Ghotki should be
considered for support due to the large share of households displaced for more than one
month.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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5 SHELTER
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
33
Before the floods, 75% of households across the surveyed areas lived in “kachha a” houses –
ranging from 64% of households in Kashmore to 92% of households in Badin. A much
smaller percentage of households lived in “pakka” houses (ranging from 3% of households in
Badin to 24% of households in Kashmore). An even smaller percentage of households lived
in mixed houses, from 4% of households in Badin to 22% in Chitral.
The word “kachha” generally refers to temporary or makeshift buildings, while “pakka” – to
permanent, durable constructions.
Only 14% houses remained undamaged during the floods: from 3% in Thatta to 21% in
Kashmore and Rajanpur each.
The remaining houses were either partially damaged (44%) or completely destroyed (42%).
The largest share of destroyed houses was reported in Thatta – 76%, followed by Chitral –
61%, Ghotki – 60% and Shikarpur – 42%. Layyah has the least percentage of destroyed
houses – 16%. In the remaining districts of Badin, Rajanpur and Kashmore, the share of
destroyed houses was 25%, 29% and 32%, respectively.
75%
92%
85%
70%
64%
73%
70%
72%
71%
12%
3%
8%
19%
24%
13%
11%
13%
7%
13%
4%
7%
11%
12%
15%
19%
15%
22%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 17: Type of House Before Floods
Kachha house Pakka house Mixed
14%
12%
3%
11%
21%
14%
18%
21%
10%
44%
63%
22%
29%
48%
44%
66%
51%
30%
42%
25%
76%
60%
32%
42%
16%
29%
61%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmo…
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 18: Condition of House After Floods
Not damaged Partially damaged Fully damaged
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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The highest percentage of partially damaged houses was reported in Layyah – 66%, followed
by Badin – 63% and Rajanpur – 51%. Thatta and Ghotki had the lowest percentage of
partially damaged houses – 22% and 29%, respectively.
Overall, across the surveyed areas, only 11% of kachha houses survived the 2015 disasters
undamaged, compared to 14% of mixed houses and 28% pakka houses. Similarly, the largest
share of kachha houses were completely destroyed – 46%, compared to 36% mixed houses
and 25% pakka houses. Therefore, the overall data suggests an inverse correlation between
the level of destruction and the type of housing construction – the weaker the construction,
the greater the level of destruction. However, the district-specific data does not confirm such
correlation.
The largest share of destroyed kachha houses is in Thatta – 82%; an additional 17% of
kachha houses was damaged here, leaving only 1% of kachha houses undamaged – the
lowest percentage across the eight surveyed districts. At the same time, 38% damaged mixed
houses were destroyed and 59% – damaged. Among pakka houses, 24% were destroyed and
62% – damaged.
The second highest percentage of destroyed kachha houses is in Ghotki: 67%; additionally,
27% of kachha houses were damaged, leaving only 6% of kachha houses undamaged.
Similarly, only 5% of Ghotki’s mixed houses remained undamaged; 46% of the mixed
houses were destroyed completely and 49% – damaged. At the same time, the percentage of
damaged or destroyed Ghotki’s pakka houses is much lower: 27% and 34%, respectively.
The third highest percentage of destroyed kachha houses is in Chitral (during floods): 57%;
floods also damaged 32% of kachha houses, leaving only 11% undamaged. Floods in Chitral
have destroyed the largest share of both pakka and mixed houses in all districts: 65% and
75%, respectively; additional 22% and 21% houses, respectively, were damaged and only
13% pakka houses as well as 4% mixed houses remained undamaged.
11%
10%
1%
6%
12%
11%
20%
17%
11%
13%
43%
63%
17%
27%
52%
46%
62%
48%
32%
64%
46%
27%
82%
67%
37%
42%
19%
35%
57%
23%
28%
17%
15%
39%
56%
20%
26%
39%
13%
18%
47%
75%
62%
27%
35%
42%
59%
53%
22%
55%
25%
8%
24%
34%
9%
38%
15%
9%
65%
27%
14%
50%
3%
5%
8%
17%
7%
18%
4%
10%
50%
50%
59%
49%
49%
38%
77%
58%
21%
76%
36%
38%
46%
43%
45%
16%
24%
75%
14%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral-Fl
Chitral-E/q
FIGURE 19: Damages to House by Type of Construction
Kachha H Not damaged Kachha H Damaged Kachha H DestroyedPakka H Not damaged Pakka H Damaged Pakka H DestroyedMixed H Not damaged Mixed H Damaged Mixed H Destroyed
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
35
The lowest share of destroyed kachha houses is in Layyah: 19%; the district also has the
highest share of kachha houses that have remained undamaged: 20%. The district also has
one of the lowest shares of mixed houses that were destroyed: 16%, but a large part of its
mixed houses were damaged: 77%. Of Layyah’s pakka houses, 15% were destroyed and 59%
– damaged.
Those whose houses were destroyed, have no shelter at all (24%) or stay in shelter built of
tarpaulins and bamboos (24%), in makeshift shelter (18%), with host families or relatives (14
%) or in tents (11%). A few families live in schools or colleges, hospitals or other
government buildings.
The worst situation was recorded in Badin where 44% of households reported that they have
no shelter at all, followed by 35% in Ghotki and 32% in Layyah. The lowest percentage of
households which have no shelter was reported in Chitral – 2%.
The largest share of households which live in shelter constructed using tarpaulin and
bamboos is in Kashmore – 46% and Ghotki – 36%; in other districts, the share ranges from
7% (in Chitral) to 28% (in Shikarpur).
The largest share of households which stay in makeshift shelters is in Shikarpur – 36% and
Badin – 34%; Thatta and Chitral have the smallest share of households which use this type of
shelter – 6% and 9%, respectively.
The largest share of households living with host families or relatives was recorded in Chitral
– 33%, followed by Rajanpur – 27% and Layyah – 24%. In the remaining districts, such type
of accommodation was reported by up to 9% of households.
The largest share of households living in tents was reported in Chitral – 32%, followed by
20% in Thatta; in the other districts, such share was below 10%.
24%
44%
26%
35%
18%
13%
32%
21%
2%
18%
34%
6%
15%
16%
36%
14%
15%
9%
24%
10%
26%
36%
46%
28%
12%
23%
7%
11%
5%
20%
6%
1%
7%
6%
10%
32%
14%
5%
3%
5%
9%
9%
24%
27%
33%
2%
2%
1%
1%
2%
1%
12%
0%
1%
7%
0%
18%
2%
10%
7%
1%
4%
16%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 20: Current Living Arrangement if House Was Destroyed
Without shelter Makeshift sheltersShelter using Tarpaulins/ Bamboos TentsHost Families / relatives School/college/hospitalOthers
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
36
The highest percentage of respondents which felt that their house or shelter does not meet
their family needs was recorded in Rajanpur (78%), followed by Chitral (77%), Thatta
(74%), Ghotki (73%) and Layyah (57%). Districts of Badin, Kashmore and Shikarpur had a
much lower percentage of respondents who felt their houses do not meet family needs: 31%,
33% and 38%, respectively.
Overall, most of the interviewees who reported that their house does not meet family needs,
indicated lack of purda wall as the main reason (28%). This concern was the highest in
Kashmore (46%), followed by Shikarpur (41%) and Thatta (31%). The lowest percentage of
households with this concern are in Chitral (14%) and Layyah (18%).
The second topmost concern across all districts was that the house was too small. From 23%
of households (in Layyah) to 29% of households (in Ghotki and Chitral each) named this
concern.
42%
69%
26% 27%
67% 62%43%
22% 23%
58%
31%
74% 73%
33% 38%57%
78% 77%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 21: Current House or Shelter Meets Family Needs
No Yes
28%
28%
31%
25%
46%
41%
18%
22%
14%
27%
25%
28%
29%
28%
27%
23%
28%
29%
9%
24%
11%
21%
1%
3%
3%
7%
12%
12%
9%
12%
7%
4%
21%
28%
6%
3%
0%
5%
3%
1%
3%
5%
1%
8%
10%
9%
10%
4%
11%
12%
15%
9%
10%
2%
0%
1%
1%
2%
6%
4%
0%
6%
1%
5%
4%
4%
4%
12%
4%
15%
3%
1%
1%
0%
19%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 22: Reasons for Current House or Shelter Not Meeting Family Needs
No purda wall Too small for the householdWalls were not high enough Materials used to build it were not sufficientNot enough ventilation Roof leaksToo hot There is already damage to the shelterOther
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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In the districts of Badin and Ghotki, a significant number of households (24% and 21%,
respectively) named insufficiently high walls as a key reason why their house does not meet
their family needs. In other districts (in ascending order, Kashmore, Layyah, Shikarpur,
Rajanpur and Thatta), only 1% to 11% of households named this concern.
A sizeable percentage of households in Rajanpur (28%) and Layyah (21%) named lack of
materials to build the house as one of the reasons why their house does not meet family
needs.
Damage to the shelter was named by 15% of households in Chitral and 12% of households in
Layyah, while in the remaining districts, less than 6% of households expressed this conceren.
From 4% of households (in Ghotki) to 15% (in Layyah) named leaking roof. Up to 8% of
households in each district named lack of ventilation and up to 5% of households in each
district named excessive heat as a reason why the house does not meet family needs.
On average, respondents have estimated that on average, it would cost more than PKR
108,000 per household to repair damage that was caused to their house by the floods. The
average cost per household was the lowest in Badin – PKR 31,526, Kashmore – PKR 42,797
and Ghotki – PKR 44,538. By far the highest average repair cost per household was reported
in Chitral – PKR 439,472. In the remaining districts, the average cost of repair per household
ranged from PKR 57,737 to PKR 95,343.
108,259
31,52679,172
44,538 42,79795,343
57,737 75,484
439,472
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 23: Estimated Cost of Repair of Damaged Houses (PKR)
20%
28%
25%
28%
21%
28%
14%
18%
13%
24%
6%
14%
6%
20%
11%
10%
12%
25%
31%
29%
29%
24%
11%
17%
29%
27%
10%
4%
4%
9%
8%
10%
26%
8%
11%
7%
1%
1%
3%
10%
5%
1%
33%
7%
8%
8%
4%
10%
11%
7%
12%
13%
4%
17%
11%
19%
13%
16%
22%
5%
0%
11%
2%
1%
3%
7%
1%
16%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 28: Salvageable Material for Rebuilding After Floods
Bamboo Timber Poles Earth/Mud Bricks Stones Windows Doors Others
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Across the surveyed areas, 25% of households reported that they have soil or mud for the
repair of their houses, 20% – bamboo, 13% – timber poles and doors each. Other items
available include, in diminishing order, bricks, stones, windows and other items, named by
10% or fewer households each.
The largest share of households which reported the availability of soil or mud is in Badin –
31%, followed by Ghotki, Rajanpur and Thatta with 29% each as well as Chitral with 27%.
The lowest share of such households is in Shikarpur – 11%.
The largest share of households which reported availability of bamboo is in Ghotki,
Shikarpur and Badin – 28% each, while the smallest – in Layyah – 14%.
The largest share of households which have timber poles is in Badin -24%, while the smallest
– in Thatta and Kashmore – 6% each. Similarly, the largest share of households which have
doors is in Rajanpur – 22%, while the smallest – in Chitral – 0%.
At the same time, 33% of households in Chitral said they have stones; in other districts, only
up to 10% of households reported availability of this material.
CONCLUSIONS
Before floods, 75% of households across the surveyed areas lived in “kachha” houses –
ranging from 64% of households in Kashmore to 92% of households in Badin.
Only 14% houses remained undamaged during the floods. The largest share of destroyed
houses was reported in Thatta – 76%, followed by Chitral – 61% and Ghotki – 60%. The
highest percentage of partially damaged houses was reported in Layyah – 66%, followed by
Badin – 63% and Rajanpur – 51%.
Those whose houses were destroyed, have no shelter at all (24%) or stay in shelter built of
tarpaulins and bamboos (24%), in makeshift shelter (18%), with host families or relatives (14
%) or in tents (11%). Few families live in schools or colleges, hospitals or other government
buildings.
The worst situation was recorded in Badin where 44% of households reported that they have
no shelter at all, followed by 35% in Ghotki and 32% in Layyah. Shelter constructed using
tarpaulin and bamboos was reported by the largest share of households in Kashmore – 46%,
while Shikarpur had the largest share of households which stay in makeshift shelters– 36%
and Badin – 34%. Meanwhile, the largest share of households living in tents was reported in
Chitral – 32%.
More than half households across the surveyed areas feel that their current shelter does not
meet their family needs. The highest percentage of such households is in Rajanpur (78%),
followed by Chitral (77%). Main reasons named are the lack of purda wall and insufficient
size for their family.
The respondents have estimated that on average, it would cost more than PKR 108,000 to
repair damage caused to a house. The cost named was the lowest in Badin – PKR 31,526 and
the highest in Chitral – PKR 439,472.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
39
Across the surveyed areas, most households reported that they have soil or mud for the repair
of their houses (25% of households), bamboo (20%) and timber poles and doors (13% each).
In Badin, 31% of households reported they have soil or mud; 28% of households in Ghotki,
Shikarpur and Badin said they have bamboo; 24% of households in Badin said they have
timber poles, 22% of households Rajanpur have doors, while 33% of households in Chitral
said they have stones.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that assistance should focus on rebuilding or repairing
houses damaged during the 2015 disasters, as a large share of the households live without a
shelter or in very poor temporary shelter. According to the data compiled, assistance should
be firstly provided to Badin district, where as many as 44% of all households in the surveyed
areas live without any shelter.
The assessment findings suggest that Thatta, Chitral and Ghotki should be the focus of the
construction of new houses (these where the districts where most of the houses were
destroyed), while rebuilding of the existing houses should focus on Layyah, Badin and
Rajanpur.
The assessment findings suggest that assistance should also include improvements of the
existing shelter, as for a large number of households, current shelter does not meet family
needs. The assessment data suggests that support should focus on erecting purda walls and
increasing the size of the shelter, as these are the topmost needs named by most of the
surveyed households.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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6 FOOD SECURITY
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
41
MEALS
On average, adults across all districts eat just under 2.4 meals a day, while children – 2.6
meals a day. While adult males eat slightly more meals a day than adult females, the
difference constitutes just less than 7% of a meal.
Households in Thatta and Badin eat the fewest meals a day on average: 2 (both children and
adults). Households in Chitral have the highest number of meals on average: 2.9 for adults
and 3.2 for children, followed by Layyah, where adults eat 2.7 meals, while children eat 2.9
meals a day on average. Notably, Kashmore has the widest gap between the number of meals
eaten by adults and children: while adults eat just over 2.2 meals, children receive almost 3
meals a day on average.
Some households noted that the number of meals they had the day before the interview
(discussed in the previous chapter as an average number of daily meals) was lower than
usual: approximately 13% for adults and 9% for children on average.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 25: Meals Eaten Per Day
Adult Male Adult Female Children
13
%
17
%
28
%
9%
2%
5%
17
%
9%
13
%
13
%
22
%
28
%
8%
4% 4%
17
%
13
%
12
%
9%
13
%
26
%
9%
1% 4
%
2%
6%
11
%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 26: Fewer Than Usual Meals Eaten the Day Before
Adult Male Adult Female Children
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
42
The percentage of households which had fewer meals the day before the interview was the
highest in Thatta: 28% for adults and 26% for children. Such percentage was the lowest in
Kashmore, with 2% for adult males, 4% for adult females and 1% for children.
TABLE 3: Food Items Eaten in the House in Past Seven Days
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
Cereals 6.8 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.5 7.0 6.8 6.8 7.0
Lentils or Beans or Nuts
3.0 2.2 3.5 2.9 2.6 2.9 4.1 2.6 1.9
Vegetables or Leaves
3.2 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.8 2.8 3.4 1.7
Fruits 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.5 0.4 1.1
Meat or Poultry or Fish or Eggs
0.8 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.0
Milk or dairy Products
4.4 5.6 2.7 5.9 4.6 5.5 3.8 3.2 2.1
Sugar or Sugar Products
5.0 6.5 4.3 6.0 4.6 5.0 3.8 5.6 1.6
Oil or Ghee or Butter
5.0 6.7 5.3 6.5 4.8 5.9 4.8 6.2 2.4
Spices or Tea or Coffee or Salt
5.0 6.6 5.5 6.6 4.6 5.4 4.2 6.2 3.1
The lowest or second-lowest percentage The highest or second-highest percentage
Overall, in a course of a week, a household has cereals on all seven days; sugar or sugar
products, oil or ghee or butter and spices or tea or coffee or salt on five days; milk or dairy
products – on four days, lentils or beans or nuts and vegetables or leaves – on tree days,
while fruits and meat or poultry or fish or eggs – one day a week on average.
7 77
77
7 7 7 7
3
2
43 3 3
4
3
2
3 33 3
3
4
33
2
10
0 01
1
2
0
11 1 1 1 1 1 1
11
4
6
3
6
5
5
43
2
5
6
4
6
55
4
6
2
5
7
5
7
5
6
5
6
2
5
7
6
7
5
5
4
6
3
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 27: Food Items Eaten in the House in Past Seven Days
Cereals Lentils/Beans/Nuts Vegetables/LeavesFruits Meat/Poultry/Fish/Eggs Milk/dairy ProductsSugar/Sugar Products Oil/Ghee/Butter Spices/Tea/Coffee/Salt
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Households in Chitral eat most foods items the fewest days a week on average: lentils or
beans or nuts – 1.9, vegetables or leaves – 1.7, milk or dairy products – 2.1, sugar or sugar
products – 1.6, oil or ghee or butter – 2.4 and spices or tea or coffee or salt – 3.1 days a week.
Households in Kashmore have cereals the fewest days a week – 6.5, households in Badin and
Ghotki – fruits – 0.2 days a week, while households in Thatta – meat or poultry or fish or
eggs – 0.5 days a week on average.
Households in Badin have sugar or sugar products, oil or ghee or butter, spices or tea or
coffee or salt and cereals (the latter – alongside Ghotki, Shikarpur and Chitral) – the largest
number of days each week on average: 6.5, 6.7, 6.6 and 7 days a week, respectively.
Shikarpur and Layyah households have meat or poultry or fish or eggs the largest number of
days a week – 1.1 on average, households in Layyah have lentils or beans or nuts and fruits
the largest number of days a week – 4.1 and 1.5 days, respectively, a week on average, while
Ghotki households – eat milk or dairy products the largest number of days a week – 5.9.
Across all surveyed areas, except for milk or dairy products and wheat, all food items eaten
at home are mostly purchased from a market or shop – from 65% of rice to 89% of fruits.
Meanwhile, 59% milk or dairy products and 50% of wheat are produced by the household
itself.
From 1% to 3% of all food items are received through work for food programs, up to 9% of
food items are received by borrowing money and up to 2% of food items are received as gifts
or Zakat or Food Aid or Other means.
Households across the surveyed areas produce only 2% of spices or tea or coffee or salt, 3%
lentils or beans or nuts, 4% oil or ghee or butter, 5% sugar or sugar products, 7% vegetables
or leaves, 8% fruits, 12% meat or poultry or fish or eggs, 21% eggs, 22% maize, 26% rice,
50% wheat and 59% milk or dairy products.
50%
26%
22%
3%
7%
8%
12%
21%
59%
5%
4%
2%
43%
65%
69%
87%
87%
89%
84%
74%
36%
83%
84%
88%
1%
3%
3%
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
4%
3%
2%
6%
3%
2%
2%
2%
3%
9%
9%
8%
2%
3%
4%
3%
2%
0%
2%
2%
1%
2%
2%
2%
Wheat
Rice
Maize
Lentils/Beans/Nuts
Vegetables/Leaves
Fruits
Meat/Poultry/Fish
Eggs
Milk/dairy Products
Sugar/Sugar Products
Oil/Ghee/Butter
Spices/Tea/Coffee/Salt
FIGURE 28: Sources of Food Items Eaten In House in Past Seven Days
Own production Market/shop purcahse Work for foodBorrowings/debts Gifts/Zakat/Food Aid/Others
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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FOOD STOCK
Overall, each household has lost 31 Maunds13 of cereals stored for domestic use during the
floods on average. The largest loss was reported in Badin – 61 Maunds per household,
followed by Rajanpur with 39 Maunds and Shikarpur with 35 Maunds. The smallest amount
of loss was reported in Chitral – 10 Maunds, Layyah – 19 Maunds and Kashmore – 23
Maunds per average household. Meanwhile in Thatta and Ghotki, an average household lost
32 Maunds and 31 Maunds, respectively.
Across all surveyed districts, 34% of all households have no food stock left. Another 39% do
not have food stock to last a week. Only 10% have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 7% – 3 weeks
to 3 months and only 4% of households have enough food for more than 3 months.
Chitral has the highest percentage of households with enough food sock to last more than one
week; 16% have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 21% – for 3-4 weeks, 19% – for 1-3 months and
16% – for more than 3 months. At the same time, 15% of households have no food stock left
at all and 13% of households do not have enough food to last for more than one week.
In all other districts, the vast majority of households do not have food at all or do not have
enough food to last for one week.
13 1 Maund=37.3242 kilograms
31
61
32 3123
35
19
39
10
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 29: Stock of Cereals Stored for Domestic Use Lost in Floods (Maunds)
34%
19%
66%
25%
28%
22%
45%
44%
15%
39%
57%
26%
58%
47%
52%
19%
40%
13%
10%
11%
2%
6%
6%
12%
17%
7%
16%
7%
7%
1%
2%
6%
6%
12%
4%
21%
7%
8%
2%
2%
12%
8%
5%
2%
19%
4%
3%
7%
2%
2%16%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 30: Current Stock of Cereals
No stocks left < 1 week 1-2 weeks 3-4 weeks 1-3 months > 3 months
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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The worst situation is in Thatta, where 66% of households have no food stocks left at all and
26% do not have enough food to last one week. Only 2% have enough food for 1-2 weeks,
1% – for 3-4 weeks, 2% – for 1-3 months and 3% – for more than 3 months.
The second worst situation is in Rajanpur and Layyah, where 44% and 45% of households,
respectively, have no food left. However, the two districts differ in the percentage of people
who do not have enough food for one week: in Rajanpur, this percentage was 40%, while in
Layyah – 19%. In Rajanpur, only 7% of households have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 4% –
for 3-4 weeks, 2% – for 1-3 months and 2% – for more than 3 months. In Layyah, the
situation is slightly better: 17% of households have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 12% – for 3-
4 weeks, 5% – for 1-3 months and 2% – for more than 3 months.
While the remaining districts reported slightly higher numbers, the overall level of food
insecurity is very high.
Across all the surveyed districts, half of the households have no means to buy basic food
items that would last for two weeks. The worst situation is in Ghotki, where 73% of
households reported lack of resources to purchase enough food to last two weeks. Rajanpur,
Thatta and Layyah have, respectively, 69%, 65% and 60% of such households, while
Shikarpur – 44%. Kashmore, Badin and Chitral have the lowest percentage of such
household: 25%, 24% and 24%, respectively.
50%
24%
65%73%
25%
44%
60%69%
24%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 31: Households With No Means to Buy Basic Food For Two Weeks
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 32: Households That Reduced Food Consumption Due to Floods
Cereals Pulses Animal products Sugar/sweet Oil/ghee/fats/nuts Vegetables Fruits
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Overall, approximately 40% of households across the eight surveyed districts reported that
they have reduced their food consumption due to the floods. The largest reduction took place
in Rajanpur and Layyah, the smallest – in Ghotki and Shikarpur.
In most of the districts, consumption of all types of food has declined by a similar amount.
The most notable divergence in the percentage of households which reduced consumption of
various foods was recorded in the districts of Rajanpur, Ghotki and Shikarpur.
In Rajanpur district, 89% of households reduced consumption of fruits, 58% – vegetables and
oil or ghee or fats or nuts, 54% – animal products, 71% – sugar or sweets, 64% – pulses and
only 26% – cereals.
In Ghotki, 53% of households reduced consumption of fruits, but only 34% – animal
products, 22% – pulses, 18% -cereals, 16% oil or ghee or fats or nuts, 13% – vegetables and
sugar or sweets.
In Shikarpur, 25%-29% of households reduced consumption of animal products, sugar or
sweets, oil or fats or ghee or nuts and fruits, and 11%-14% reduced consumption of
vegetables, pulses and cereals.
The highest percentage of households which have reduced consumption of foods across all
categories was in Layyah: 57%-64%.
In Thatta, 50%-61% of households reduced consumption of various foods, in Badin – 32%-
36% of households, in Kashmore – 42%-57% of households.
In Chitral, 53%-62% of households reduced consumption of all foods except cereals;
reduction in the consumption of cereals was reported by 37%.
LEVELS OF FOOD SECURITY
Overall, 11% of all households in the surveyed areas have poor food consumption, 24% –
borderline and 66% – acceptable.
11%
4%
9%
1%
6%
4%
2%
8%
51%
24%
11%
46%
11%
24%
13%
25%
40%
18%
66%
85%
46%
88%
70%
82%
73%
52%
31%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 33: Food Consumption Groups
Poor Borderline Acceptable
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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The largest share of households with poor food consumption is in Chitral – 50%; Thatta is a
distant second with 9% of households in this group. At the same time, Thatta has the largest
share of households with borderline food consumption – 46%, while Chitral has a
significantly smaller share of such households – 18%. At the same time, the two districts
have the lowest shares of households with acceptable levels of food consumption: 31% in
Chitral and 46% in Thatta.
Rajanpur has the third lowest share of households with acceptable food consumption – 52%;
8% of its households have poor food consumption and 40% – borderline.
Ghotki, Badin and Shikarpur have the largest shares of households with acceptable food
consumption: 88%, 85% and 82%, respectively.
Across the surveyed areas, 47% of all households spend less than 40% expenditure on food,
28% – from 40% to 60% and 25% of households spend more than 60% of their expenditure
on food.
Badin and Thatta have the largest share of households, 44% and 39%, respectively, which
spend more than 60% of their expenditure on food. Only 28% of households in each of these
two districts (by far the lowest share across the surveyed districts) spend less than 40% of
their expenditure on food.
After Badin and Thatta, the district of Rajanpur has the highest share of households which
spend more than 60% of their expenditure on food – 28% and the lowest share of households
which spend less than 40% – 39%.
Ghotki and Chitral have the largest share of households which spend less than 40% of their
expenditure on food –73% and 63%, respectively. Conversely, these two districts have the
lowest share of households which spend more than 60% of their expenditure on food – 10%
and 14%, respectively.
47%
28%
28%
73%
50%
46%
53%
39%
63%
28%
28%
33%
17%
32%
32%
24%
33%
24%
25%
44%
39%
10%
18%
22%
24%
28%
14%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 34: Food Expenditure Groups
< 40% food expenditure 40% to 60% food expenditure > 60% food expenditure
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Overall, only 60% of the households in the surveyed areas are food secure, 31% are
borderline and 9% – food insecure.
Chitral, Thatta and Rajanpur have the lowest shares of food secure households: 43%, 47%
and 52%, respectively. Thatta has by far the largest share of households which are food
insecure – 24%, followed by Rajanpur – 12% and Chitral – 10%.
At the same time, Chitral has the largest share of households which are borderline food
insecure – 47%, followed by Badin – 41% and Rajanpur – 37%.
The largest shares of food secure households are in Ghotki – 81%, Kashmore – 73% and
Shikarpur – 70%.
The smallest shares of food insecure households are in Ghotki – 2% and Shikarpur – 4%,
while borderline households – in Ghotki – 17% and Kashmore – 19%.
COPING STRATEGIES
In response to the floods and the earthquake, most households across all districts have
employed livelihood-based crisis coping strategies (39%), followed by stress coping
9%
7%
24%
2%
8%
4%
8%
12%
10%
31%
41%
30%
17%
19%
25%
30%
37%
47%
60%
53%
47%
81%
73%
70%
63%
52%
43%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 35: Food Security Groups
Food Insecure Borderline Food Secure
24%
2%
40%
1%
13%
82%
9%
40%
17%
23%
46%
9%
24%
44%
13%
25%
34%
11%
39%
52%
41%
68%
39%
6%
9%
25%
57%
14%
1%
11%
7%
5%
57%
1%
15%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 36: Livelihood-Based Coping Strategies
No coping strategy Stress coping strategy Crisis coping strategy Emergency coping strategy
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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strategies (23%) and emergency coping strategies (14%). Almost one quarter of households
(24%) used no coping strategies.
The following list represents activities typically attributed to a particular strategy:
1. Stress Coping Strategies:
Sold household assets or goods (radio, furniture, refrigerator, television,
jewellery, etc.)
Spent savings;
Borrowed money from a formal lender or bank; and
Sold more animals (non-productive) than usual.
2. Crisis Coping Strategies:
Reduced non-food expenses, i.e. health and education, clothing or shoes, etc.;
Withdrew children from school;
Rented out a room of the house;
Consumed seed stock held for the next season; and
Sold productive assets or means of transport such as sewing machine,
wheelbarrow, bicycle, car, productive livestock, etc.
3. Emergency Coping Strategies:
Sold house or land;
Engaged in begging; and
Migrated to look for livelihood opportunities.
Layyah District was the only one where the majority of households (57%) used emergency
coping strategies. Chitral was the distant second with 15% of households, followed by Thatta
with 11%, Ghotki with 7% and Kashmore with 5%. In Badin and Rajanpur, barely 1% of
households used emergency coping strategies, while in Shikarpur – none.
Crisis coping strategies were employed by the largest percentage of households in Ghotki
(68%), followed by Chitral (57%), Badin (52%), Thatta (41%) and Kashmore (39%). In
Rajanpur, Layyah and Shikarpur, such strategies were used by 25%, 9% and 6% of
households, respectively.
Stress coping strategies were used by 46% of households in Badin, 44% of households in
Kashmore, 34% in Rajanpur, 25% in Layyah and 24% in Ghotki. Only 13% of households
used stress coping strategies in Shikarpur, 11% – in Chitral and 9% – in Thatta.
A large part of households used no livelihood-based coping strategies at all: 82% in
Shikarpur, 40% in Rajanpur and Thatta, each. In Chitral, Kashmore, Layyah, Badin and
Ghotki, 17%, 13%, 9%, 2% and 1%, respectively, used no livelihood-based coping strategies.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Coping Strategies Index (CSI) measures frequency and severity of a household’s coping
strategies for dealing with shortfalls in food supply. The reduced CSI (rCSI) is a variant of
the coping strategy index calculated based on the seven standard consumption coping
strategies: eating less preferred food, borrowing food or money from friends and relatives,
limiting portions at meal time, limiting adult intake, and reducing the number of meals per
day, with their universal severity weighting. This index facilitates the comparison of food
insecurity across various strata by normalizing the behaviours and severity scores that are
used to create the index. The higher the value of the rCSI score is, the higher the level of
food insecurity, and vice versa.
Overall, rCSI in the surveyed areas is 14.9. Badin has the highest rCSI – 24.7, followed by
Kashmore – 20.4, while Shikarpur – the lowest – 8.4.
Overall, 22% of households use no coping strategies and 26% – low coping, medium coping
and high coping, each.
Badin, Thatta and Chitral have the highest shares of households which employ high coping
strategies: 40%, 39% and 33%, respectively.
Ghotki, Rajanpur and Chitral have the largest shares of households which employ medium
coping strategy: 48%, 38% and 32%, respectively.
14.9
24.7
12.9 13.1
20.4
8.4
12.010.6
16.8
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 37: Reduced Coping Strategy Index
22%
26%
18%
10%
3%
61%
22%
24%
12%
26%
11%
29%
26%
52%
8%
35%
24%
23%
26%
23%
15%
45%
18%
15%
22%
38%
32%
26%
40%
39%
19%
27%
16%
22%
14%
33%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
Figure 38: Reduced Coping Strategies
No coping employed Low coping Medium coping High coping
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Kashmore, Layyah and Thatta have the highest shares of households which use low coping
strategy: 52%, 35% and 29%, respectively.
Meanwhile, Shikarpur has by far the largest share of households which use no coping
strategies at all: 61%; the distant second share of such households is in Badin with 26%.
CONCLUSIONS
The surveyed districts are experiencing food shortages: On average, adults across all districts
eat just under 2.4 meals, while children – 2.6 meals a day. Households in Thatta and Badin
eat the fewest meals a day on average: 2 (both children and adults). Some households noted
that the number of meals they had the day before the survey was lower than usual. The
percentage of such households was the highest in Thatta: 28% for adults and 26% for
children.
Overall, during a week, a household has cereals on all seven days; sugar or sugar products,
oil or ghee or butter and spices or tea or coffee or salt on five days; milk or dairy products –
on four days, lentils or beans or nuts and vegetables or leaves – on tree days, while fruits and
meat or poultry or fish or eggs – one day a week on average. Households in Chitral eat most
of these food items the fewest days a week: lentils or beans or nuts – 1.9, vegetables or leaves
– 1.7, milk or dairy products – 2.1, sugar or sugar products – 1.6, oil or ghee or butter – 2.4
and spices or tea or coffee or salt – 3.1 days a week.
Except for milk or dairy products and wheat, all food items eaten at home are mostly
purchased from a market or shop – from 65% of rice to 89% of fruits. Households across the
surveyed areas produce 59% milk or dairy products and 50% of wheat, but only 2% of spices
or tea or coffee or salt, 3% lentils or beans or nuts, 4% oil or ghee or butter, 5% sugar or
sugar products, 7% vegetables or leaves, 8% fruits, 12% meat or poultry or fish, 21% eggs,
22% maize, 26% rice, 50% wheat and 59% milk or dairy products.
Overall, each household lost 31 Maunds of cereals stored for domestic use during the floods
on average. The largest loss was reported in Badin – 61 Maunds per household.
Across all surveyed districts, 34% of all households have no food stock left, while 39% do
not have food stock to last a week. The worst situation is in Thatta, where 66% of households
have no food stocks left at all and 26% do not have enough food to last one week. The
second worst situation is in Rajanpur and Layyah, where 44% and 45% of households,
respectively, have no food left.
Half of the households have no means to buy basic food items that would last for two weeks.
The worst situation is in Ghotki, where 73% of households reported lack of resources to
purchase enough food to last two weeks. Rajanpur, Thatta and Layyah have, respectively,
69%, 65% and 60% of such household.
Approximately 40% of households across the eight surveyed districts reported that they have
reduced their food consumption due to the floods. The largest number of households which
reduced their food consumption is in Rajanpur and Layyah.
Across the surveyed areas, 47% of all households spend less than 40% expenditure on food,
28% – from 40% to 60% and 25% of households spend more than 60% of their expenditure
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
52
on food. Badin and Thatta have the largest share of households, 44% and 39%, respectively,
which spend more than 60% of their expenditure on food.
Overall, 11% of all households in the surveyed areas have poor food consumption, 24% –
borderline and 66% – acceptable.
The largest share of households with poor food consumption is in Chitral – 50%; Thatta is a
distant second with 9% of households in this group; the two districts have the lowest shares
of households with acceptable levels of food consumption: 31% and 46%, respectively.
Additionally, Thatta has the largest share of households with borderline food consumption –
46. Rajanpur has the third lowest share of households with acceptable food consumption –
52%; 8% of its households have poor food consumption and 40% – borderline.
Overall, only 60% of the households in the surveyed areas are food secure, 31% are
borderline and 9% – food insecure. Chitral, Thatta and Rajanpur have the lowest shares of
food secure households: 43%, 47% and 52%, respectively. Thatta has by far the largest share
of households which are food insecure – 24%, followed by Rajanpur – 12% and Chitral –
10%.
To address food shortages, most households across all districts have employed livelihood-
based crisis coping strategies (39%), followed by stress coping strategies (23%) and
emergency coping strategy (14%). Almost one quarter of households (24%) used no coping
strategies.
Layyah was the only district where the majority of households (57%) used emergency coping
strategies. The largest share of households which used stress coping strategies was in Badin –
46% and Kashmore – 44%, while the largest share of households which used crisis coping
strategies were in Ghotki (68%), followed by Chitral (57%) and Badin (52%).
RECOMMENDATIONS The assessment findings suggest that food assistance should focus on increasing the number
of meals households have each day and the quality of meals. Based on the data collected,
Thatta, Badin and Chitral should be the focus of such assistance; activities should work to
increase the times each household has various food groups each day, particularly lentils or
beans or nuts, vegetables or leaves, milk or dairy products.
The assessment findings suggest that all districts should receive support to increase the share
of food items that are produced by the household, to include lentils or beans or nuts, oil or
ghee or butter, sugar or sugar products, vegetables or leaves, fruits, meat or poultry or fish or
eggs and maize. Such assistance should particularly focus on Badin and Thatta, where the
level of production is the lowest. Along the improved availability of food items, such support
would reduce the households’ expenditure on food.
Additionally, the survey suggests that assistance activities should work to increase the
amount of food stock households have, particularly in Badin and Thatta, Ghotki, Rajanpur
and Layyah. Based on the data collected, Badin, Kashmore and Chitral should receive
assistance to increase food security of their households.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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7 LIVELIHOODS
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
Across the surveyed areas, an average household earns under PKR 14,000 a month. The
highest average household incomes are in Chitral (PKR 22,939), Shikarpur (PKR 17,528),
Ghotki (15,760) and Thatta (PKR 12,778), while the lowest – in Badin (PKR 8,998), Layyah
(9,621), Rajanpur (PKR 10,671) and Kashmore (PKR 12,075).
To collect information on the average household expenditure, the survey asked the
respondents to name “last month’s expenditure”. Since the survey was conducted in the
months of November and December 2015, the “last month’s expenditure” could arguably
have included agricultural inputs for the Rabi planting season and as a result, could have
been higher than an average monthly expenditure (As shown in the figure below, the share of
agricultural inputs in a household’s expenditure is 14% on average). By contrast, to obtain
information on the household’s income, the respondents were requested to name their
average income over the previous six months. The discussion of household expenditure and
its comparison to the household’s income should be read with this context in mind.
The reported average household expenditure for the month prior to the survey significantly
exceeds household’s average income across all surveyed districts. Even though an average
household brings PKR 13,796 of income a month, the expenditure reported by the
respondents is PKR 24,904 – 1.8 times higher.
The gap is the widest in Ghotki, where average expenditure for the month prior to the survey
exceeded income by 2.5 times, and in Chitral, where the average expenditure was 2.1 times
higher than income. The lowest gap is in Thatta, where an average household expenditure for
the month prior to the survey was 1.4 times higher than average income. In the remaining
districts, average household expenditure for the month prior to the survey was 1.6 to 1.8
higher than the average household income.
The highest household expenditure for the month before the survey was reported in Chitral –
PKR 48,203 (more than twice the level of income by household), Ghotki – PKR 33,812
(against PKR 15,760 income) and Shikarpur – PKR 28,722 (against PKR 17,528 income).
The lowest household expenditure for the month prior to the survey was reported in Badin –
PKR 16, 209 (against PKR 8,998 income) and Layyah – PKR 16,751 (against PKR 9,621
income).
24,904
16,209 18,283
33,812
19,465
28,722
16,751 17,789
48,203
13,7968,998
12,77815,760
12,07517,528
9,621 10,671
22,939
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 39: Current Monthly Household Income and Last Month's Expenditure (PKR)
Expenditure Income
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Across the surveyed areas, households spend most money on food – 44% on average, –
followed by agricultural inputs – 14%. Other groups of expenditure, in diminishing order, are
health, livestock inputs, transport, housing and education. Another 13% is spent on other
items or services.
The largest share spent on food was recorded in Badin – 55%, followed by Thatta – 52% and
Rajanpur – 48%. The smallest share of expenditure used for food was recorded in Ghotki –
32%. The remaining districts use on average 37% to 44% of total expenditure on food per
household.
The largest share of expenditure spent per household on agricultural inputs is in Ghotki –
28%, followed by 19% in Kashmore and 18% in Layyah. The lowest – 4% in Chitral. In the
remaining districts a household spends from 6% to 14% on average on agricultural inputs.
The largest share spent per household on health was recorded in Rajanpur – 14%, while the
smallest – in Chitral and Ghotki – 7% each. In the other districts, health spending ranges
from 8% to 13%.
Livestock inputs include from 4% (in Badin) to 11% (in Kashmore) expenditure across all
regions, while transport – from 4% to 7%. Similarly, housing takes from 1% to 5% of
household expenditure across all districts except for Chitral, where an average household
spends 15% of their expenditure on housing. Finally, education takes 4% to 7% of household
expenditure on average across all districts.
44%
55%
52%
32%
41%
44%
41%
48%
37%
10%
12%
13%
7%
9%
13%
8%
14%
7%
14%
6%
10%
28%
19%
13%
18%
14%
4%
7%
4%
5%
6%
11%
9%
9%
5%
6%
4%
5%
2%
1%
1%
1%
5%
2%
15%
3%
1%
2%
1%
2%
3%
3%
2%
8%
5%
5%
6%
5%
7%
7%
4%
4%
4%
13%
12%
9%
19%
11%
12%
12%
10%
19%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 40: Types of Household's Expenditure
Food Health Agricultural Inputs Livestock Inputs Housing Education Transport Others
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Both before and after the floods the overall split of the sources of living has remained largely
the same: before the floods 28% of all households earned living from the sale of food, cash
crops, vegetables or fruits, 25% - from agricultural wage labour and 22% - from non-
agricultural wage labour. Other sources of livelihoods were reported by less than 8% of
households each. Since the floods, the share of households earning living from the three main
sources of livelihoods has been 27%, 27% and 21%, respectively. This split of sources of
livelihood is most reflective of the districts surveyed in Punjab and Sindh; Chitral represents
a different pattern for its sources of livelihood.
Before the floods, the largest percentage of households relying on the sale of food and
agricultural products was in Rajanpur – 45%, followed by Ghotki – 41% and Badin – 40%.
The lowest percentage of households relying on this source of livelihoods is in Thatta – 14%
and Kashmore – 16%. Currently, the largest share of such households is in Badin – 46%,
followed by 41% in Rajanpur and 37% in Ghotki.
Both before and after the floods, the largest share of households earning living from
agricultural wage labour has been in Layyah (31% before and 38% currently), followed by
Shikarpur (30% before and 31% currently).
The largest share of households earning living from non-agricultural labour before the floods
was and currently is in Kashmore (37% before and 35% currently).
28%
40%
14%
41%
16%
24%
31%
45%
7%
25%
21%
29%
26%
26%
30%
31%
25%
14%
22%
19%
25%
17%
37%
25%
17%
21%
13%
8%
3%
5%
6%
6%
10%
4%
3%
33%
3%
4%
8%
2%
6%
1%
4%
0%
3%
6%
4%
7%
6%
6%
8%
10%
2%2%
8%
9%
12%
2%
2%
2%
4%
4%
28%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 41: Sources of Livelihood Before Floods
Sale of food/cash crops/vegetables/fruitsAgricultural wage labourNon-agricultural wage labourSmall business/self employed/petty trade/Government/NGO/Private employmentHandicraftsSale of livestock/livestock productsOthers
27%
46%
13%
37%
21%
25%
24%
41%
5%
27%
19%
29%
28%
25%
31%
38%
26%
12%
21%
16%
24%
18%
35%
21%
18%
21%
15%
8%
2%
4%
5%
7%
9%
4%
4%
37%
4%
3%
8%
3%
6%
4%
6%
1%
2%
5%
4%
6%
6%
5%
6%
8%
2%2%
8%
9%
15%
3%
3%
4%
3%
5%
28%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 42: Current Sources of Livelihood
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
57
Both before and after the floods, the split of livelihood sources in Chitral has been much
different from the remaining seven districts: The most significant source of livelihoods in
Chitral is small business, self-employment, petty trade, government, NGO or private
employment (33% before the floods and 37% currently), followed by other sources of living
– 28% (both before the floods and currently). Before the floods, only 7% of households in
Chitral earned living from the sale of food and various agricultural products, 14% – from
agricultural wage labour and 13% – from non-agricultural wage labour, while the remaining
households earned living from handicrafts (3%) or the sale of livestock and livestock
products (2%). Currently, the respective shares for these types of livelihood sources are 5%
for the sale of foods and agricultural products, 12% for agricultural wage labour and 15% for
non-agricultural wage labour. Handicrafts provide living for 2% households and sale of
livestock and livestock products – another 2%.
Both before and after the floods, the split of sources of livelihood has remained largely the
same and in most cases, the change did not exceed 1-2 percentage points.
While in the districts of Rajanpur, Layyah, Ghotki, Thatta and Chitral, the share of
households engaged in the sale of food and agricultural products declined by up to seven
percentage points, in the remaining districts, the share of this type of livelihoods increased by
up to six percentage points. A similar change was observed in agricultural and non-
agricultural wage labour, small business type of livelihoods and handicrafts. The share of
sale of livestock and livestock products either remained the same of declined slightly across
all districts.
For example, after the 2015 floods, the share of households in Rajanpur living from the sale
of food and agricultural products declined from the previous 45% to 41%, the share of
agricultural wage labour increased from 25% to 26%, while the share of non-agricultural
wage labour remained the same. Similarly, the share of households earning living from small
businesses, etc. increased by from 3% to 4%, and the share of livestock-based livelihoods
remained the same at 2%.
In Kashmore, the share of the sale of food and agricultural products increased from 16% to
21%, the share of agricultural wage labour declined from 26% to 25% and the share of non-
agricultural wage labour declined from 37% to 35%. The shares for small business type of
livelihoods, handicrafts and sale of livestock or its products went from 6%, 6% and 6% to
7%, 6% and 5%, respectively.
In Shikarpur, the floods resulted in a slight increase of both the sales of food and agricultural
products and the share of agricultural wage labour – from 24% to 25% and from 30% to
31%, respectively. The share of non-agricultural wage labour declined from 25% to 21% and
the share of small business type of livelihoods decreased from 10% to 9%. On the other hand,
the share of handicrafts increased from 1% to 4% and the share of livestock-related sources
of livelihood declined from8% to 6%.
The floods in Layyah resulted in a decrease of households living off the sale of food and
agricultural goods, from 31% to 25%; the share of agricultural wage labour increased from
25% to 38%, while the share of non-agricultural wage labour increased from 17% to 18%.
The small business type of livelihoods remained their share of 4%, while the share of
handicrafts increased from 4% to 6% and the sale of livestock and livestock products
decreased from 10% to 8%.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
58
77% of households across all eight surveyed districts reported that their income has
decreased since the floods; 20% reported no change, while 3% said that their income has
increased.
The highest percentage of households whose incomes have declined since the floods is in
Badin – 98%, followed by Rajanpur – 88% and Thatta – 87%.
The lowest percentage of households whose incomes have declined since the floods is in
Shikarpur – 52% and Kashmore – 56%. These two districts reported the highest percentage
of households with no change in income (43% and 32%, respectively) as well as the highest
percentage of households whose incomes have increased (5% and 11%, respectively).
Both before and after floods, the number of income earners per household has remained
largely the same: 1.5 persons per average household across the surveyed areas.
The highest number of income earners was recorded in Shikarpur – 2 persons before the
floods and 2.1 persons currently. The lowest number of income earners per household is in
Layyah – 1 person before and 1.2 currently. In all other districts, the number of income
earners ranged from 1.3 to 1.6 persons before the floods to 1.4-1.6 persons currently.
Except for the districts of Rajanpur and Chitral, the number of income earners has increased
after the floods by up to 0.2 points per average household.
20%
1%
12%
25%
32%
43%
13%
12%
23%
77%
98%
87%
71%
56%
52%
84%
88%
76%
3%
1%
1%
4%
11%
5%
3%
0%
1%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 43: Change in Income Since Floods
No change Decreased Increased
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3
2.0
1.0
1.5 1.61.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4
2.1
1.2 1.41.6
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 44: Income Earners Per Household
Before Flood Currently
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
59
CONCLUSIONS
Across the surveyed areas, an average household earns less than PKR 14,000 a month. The
highest income is in Chitral (PKR 22,939), while the lowest – in Badin (PKR 8,998) and
Layyah (9,621). An average household expenditure is 1.8 higher than an average household
income across all surveyed districts. The gap is the widest in Ghotki, where average
expenditure exceeds income 2.5 times, and in Chitral (2.1). The lowest gap is in Thatta,
where average household expenditure is 1.4 times higher than average household income.
The highest household expenditure was reported in Chitral – PKR 48,203, followed by
Ghotki with PKR 33,812. The lowest household expenditure was reported in Badin – PKR
16, 209 and Layyah – PKR 16,751.
Overall, households spend most money on food – 44% and agricultural inputs – 14%. Other
groups of expenditure, in diminishing order, are health, livestock inputs, transport, housing
and education. The largest share spent on food was recorded in Badin – 55%, followed by
Thatta – 52%. The smallest share of expenditure used for food was recorded in Ghotki –
32%.
Majority of households reported that their incomes have decreased since the floods; 20%
reported no change, while 3% said that their income have increased. The highest percentage
of households whose incomes have declined since floods is in Badin – 98%, followed by
Rajanpur – 88% and Thatta – 87%. The lowest percentage of households whose incomes
have declined since floods is in Shikarpur – 52% and Kashmore – 56%.
Both before and after the floods, the split of sources of livelihood has remained largely the
same and in most cases, the change did not exceed 1-2 percentage points across all districts.
In the surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh, before the floods, from 68% to 91% of
households earned living from three sources: sale of food or agricultural products (cash
crops, vegetables and fruits); agricultural wage labour and non-agricultural wage labour.
Since the floods, the range has been from 66% to 88%. The largest percentage of households
relying on the sale of food and agricultural products was in Rajanpur – 45%, while the lowest
– in Thatta – 14% and Kashmore – 16%. From 21% of households (in Badin) to 31% of
households (in Layyah) relied on agricultural wage labour, and from 17% of households (in
Layyah and Ghotki) to 37% (in Kashmore) relied on non-agricultural wage labour for living
in the surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh.
The split of livelihood sources in Chitral was much different from the remaining seven
districts: The most significant source of livelihoods in Chitral has been small business, self-
employment, petty trade, government, NGO or private employment – 37% currently and
33% before the floods. Only 5% of households in Chitral currently earn living from the sale
of food and various agricultural products, 12% – from agricultural wage labour and 15% –
from non-agricultural wage labour.
Both before and after floods, the number of income earners per household has remained
largely the same: 1.5 persons per average household across the surveyed areas. The highest
number of income earners was recorded in Shikarpur – 2 persons before the floods and 2.1
persons currently. The lowest number of income earners per household is in Layyah – 1
person before and 1.2 currently.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
60
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that assistance should focus on increasing the level of
incomes across all surveyed areas, in order to reduce the gap between the average income
and average expenditure. Ghotki should be the first choice for this type of assistance,
followed by Chitral and Thatta.
Based on the data collected, Badin and Thatta should receive assistance to reduce the share of
expenditure used to purchase food. Along with Rajanpur, these two districts should be
receiving the most assistance to restore the decline in incomes suffered due to the floods.
Another area where assistance efforts should be expended is the diversification of the sources
of income: The assessment findings show that except for Chitral, all of the surveyed areas
currently earn most of their income from the sale of agricultural products and wage labour.
Arguably, support should be provided to increase the number of households earning living
from various entrepreneurial activities. Such support should be first directed to the district of
Rajanpur, which has the least diversified sources of income.
The assessment findings suggest that assistance should focus on the increase in the number of
income earners. Layyah should be one of the focus areas for such assistance, because, despite
the relatively large number of household members, this district has the lowest number of
income earners per household.
WOMEN EARNING INCOME
Across the surveyed areas, on average 2 households of every 5 have one woman earning
living (0.4 women per household). Both before and after the floods this number has remained
the same.
The largest average number of working women was recorded before the floods in Rajanpur –
0.7; even though this number has declined to 0.5 since the floods, it remains the highest
number across the area. Rajanpur is the only district among the surveyed where the share of
women working per household has declined since the floods. In all other districts, the number
has increased or remained the same.
The lowest number of women working per household was recorded in Layyah before the
floods – 0.1 (meaning that only one in ten households had a woman working); since the
0.4 0.3 0.40.3 0.4
0.5
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.4 0.4 0.40.5
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.2
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 47: Women Working Per Household
Before Flood Currently
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
61
floods, this number has increased to 0.4. Currently, the lowest number of working women is
in Chitral – 0.2 (this number was 0.2 before the floods as well).
In other districts, the number of working women per household ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 before
the floods and from 0.4 to 0.5 currently.
Across the surveyed areas, 68% of households had no women earning income before the
floods, 29% of households had one woman earning income and only 3% of households had 2
or more. Since the floods, the share of households with no women earning income has
declined to 65%, while the share of households with one woman earning income increased to
32% and the share of households with 2 or more women earning income increased to 4%.
The largest share of households with no working women before the floods was recorded in
Layyah – 87%, followed by Chitral – 83%. Rajanpur had the smallest share of such
households – 40%, while in the remaining districts, the share of such households ranged from
64% to 68%.
Conversely, Rajanpur had the largest share of households with one income-earning woman
(54%) and 2 or more (6%) before the floods. Meanwhile, Layyah and Chitral had the lowest
share of households with one woman earning income (12% and 16%, respectively) as well as
2 women or more earning income (1% in each district) before floods.
68%
68%
68%
69%
67%
64%
87%
40%
83%
29%
31%
30%
29%
30%
27%
12%
54%
16%
3%
1%
3%
2%
3%
9%
1%
6%
1%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 46: Number of Women Working Per Household-Before Floods
65%
63%
66%
55%
65%
63%
67%
55%
83%
32%
34%
32%
43%
32%
28%
30%
41%
16%
4%
2%
3%
2%
3%
9%
4%
4%
1%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 47: Number of Women Working Per Household-Currently
None 1 2+
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
62
Currently, the largest share of households with no women earning income is in Chitral –
83%, while the smallest – in Rajanpur and Ghotki with 55% each. In all other districts, the
share of such households ranges from 63% to 66%.
Currently, the highest share of households with one working woman is in Ghotki – 43% and
Rajanpur – 41%, while the lowest – in Chitral – 16%. In these districts, 2%, 4% and 1% of
households, respectively, have 2 or more women earning income. In the remaining districts,
from 28% to 34% of households have one woman earning income.
The highest share of households with 2 or more women earning income is in Shikarpur – 9%;
in all the other surveyed districts, this number does not exceed 4%.
Across the surveyed areas, most of the women reported handicrafts as their main source of
income before the floods – 32%, followed by agricultural wage labour – 18%, charity or
Zakat or gifts or BISP – 16% and non-agricultural wage labour – 10%. Sale of food or
agricultural products, small business or petty trade or self-employment, government or NGO
8%
5%
2%
7%
7%
7%
17%
17%
18%
3%
14%
9%
14%
12%
36%
57%
10%
1%
45%
2%
1%
12%
12%
4%
1%
7%
1%
1%
4%
6%
2%
7%
0%
32%
32%
37%
28%
28%
56%
47%
14%
11%
38%
5%
3%
1%
7%
7%
2%
14%
0%
3%
16%
49%
5%
28%
1%
13%
10%
20%
5%
3%
15%
9%
6%
1%
6%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 48: Women's Sources of Livelihood - Before Floods
13%
8%
20%
5%
7%
5%
21%
32%
5%
20%
6%
15%
5%
16%
11%
56%
49%
6%
2%
24%
3%
13%
4%
2%
3%
6%
2%
1%
3%
5%
2%
2%
1%
33%
29%
36%
28%
20%
53%
50%
12%
2%
30%
3%
4%
2%
5%
7%
2%
3%
3%
19%
44%
6%
52%
12%
13%
21%
4%
3%
10%
9%
5%
2%
2%
5%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 49: Women's Sources of Livelihood - Currently
Sale of food/cash crops/vegetables/fruitsAgricultural wage labourNon-agricultural wage labourSmall business/petty trade/self employed/Government/NGO/Private employmentHandicraftsSale of livestock/productscharity/zakat/gifts, BISPOthers
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
63
and private employment, sale of livestock or its products and others were named by 5% to
8% of households each.
Since the floods, the share of women engaged in handicrafts has declined to 29% (from the
previous 32%), while the share of women earning income from agricultural wage labour has
increased from the previous 18% to 20% and the share of women receiving income from
charity or zakat or gifts or BISP has increased from 16% to 19%. Similarly, share of sale of
food or agricultural products has increased from 8% to 13%. On the other hand, percentage
of women engaged in non-agricultural wage labour or small business and similar sources,
sale of livestock or its products and other income-earning activities has declined.
In Badin, fluctuation in the shares of women engaged in various income-earning activities
has changed only slightly, with the greatest change reported in the number of women
receiving charity or etc. – from the previous 49% to 44%.
A similarly small fluctuation was reported in Kashmore, Shikarpur and Chitral. The largest
share of women in these districts both before and after the floods has been engaged in
handicrafts, with the current percentages being 53% (56% before), 50% (47% before) and
30% (38% before), respectively.
Meanwhile, in Thatta, there has been a large decline in the share of women engaged in non-
agricultural wage labour – from the previous 45% to 24%. The share of women engaged in
handicrafts has remained the same at 28%, agricultural wage labour increased from 14% to
15%. but the sale of food or agricultural produce has increased from the previous 2% to 20%.
The other groups have remained at largely the same percentages.
In Ghotki, there has been a large increase in the share of women receiving charity or Zakat or
gifts or BISP – from the previous 28% to 52%. The share of all other activities has declined.
In Layyah, there has been a large increase in the share of women engaged in agricultural
wage labour -from the previous 38% to 56%. Sale of food or agricultural produce increased
from the previous 17% to 21%, while all other categories of income-earning activities have
declined. The largest decline was reported in non-agricultural wage labour – from the
previous 12% to 4% and in the sales of livestock or its products – from the previous 14% to
3%.
At the same time, in Rajanpur, there has been a large increase in the share of women relying
on the sale of food or agricultural products: from the previous 17% to 32%; another increase
was observed in the share of women relying on charity, zakat, gifts or BISP – from the
previous 10% to 13%. Other categories saw a decline, with the largest being in the
agricultural labour – from the previous 57% to 49%.
CONCLUSIONS
Across the surveyed areas, 2 households of every 5 have one woman earning living. Both
before and after the floods this number has remained the same. The largest average number
of working women was recorded before the floods in Rajanpur – 0.7; even though this
number has declined to 0.5 since the floods, it remains the highest number across the area.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
64
The lowest number of women working per household was recorded in Layyah before the
floods – 0.1; since the floods, this number has increased to 0.4. Currently, the lowest number
of working women is in Chitral – 0.2 (this number was 0.2 before the floods as well).
Overall, 68% of households had no women earning income before the floods, 29% of
households had one woman earning income and only 3% of households had 2 or more. Since
the floods, the share of households with no women earning income has declined to 65%,
while the share of households with one woman earning income increased to 32% and the
share of households with 2 or more women earning income increased to 4%.
Rajanpur had the largest share of households with one income-earning woman (54%) and 2
or more (6%) before the floods. Meanwhile, Layyah and Chitral had the lowest share of
households with one woman earning income (12% and 16%, respectively) as well as 2
women or more earning income (1% in each district) before floods.
Currently, the highest share of households with one working woman is in Ghotki – 43% and
Rajanpur – 41%, while the lowest is in Chitral – 16%; in these districts, 2%, 4% and 1% of
households, respectively, have 2 or more women earning income. The highest share of
households with 2 or more women earning income is in Shikarpur – 9%; in all the other
surveyed districts, this number does not exceed 4%.
Across the surveyed areas, most of the women reported handicrafts as their main source of
income before floods – 32%, followed by agricultural wage labour – 18%, charity or zakat or
gifts or BISP – 16% and non-agricultural wage labour – 10%.
Since the floods, the share of women engaged in handicrafts has declined to 29%, while the
share of women earning income from agricultural wage labour has increased to 20% and the
share of women receiving income from charity or zakat or gifts or BISP has increased from
16% to 19%.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that to raise the level of incomes in the surveyed areas,
support should be provided to increase the number of women earning income.
Based on the data collected, such assistance should be provided to Layyah and Chitral, where
the number of women earning income is particularly low. Other assistance activities focused
on women should work to restore and further increase the share of handicrafts as a source of
income and reduce the reliance on charity or Zakat or gifts or BISP, especially in the districts
of Ghotki and Badin, where the largest share of women rely on this source of income
currently, and Rajanpur, where the share of handicrafts as a source of income has declined
significantly since the floods.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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HOUSEHOLD ASSETS
TABLE 4: Ownership of Household Assets Before Flood
Washing Machine
Refrig-erator
Fan Iron TV Radio Tele-phone
Bicycle Motor-bike
Vehicle
Overall 16% 21% 49% 34% 23% 15% 44% 10% 21% 2%
Badin 4% 6% 47% 19% 24% 21% 36% 2% 11% 1%
Thatta 1% 12% 14% 7% 8% 11% 19% 8% 10% 0%
Ghotki 16% 20% 58% 40% 14% 15% 61% 7% 45% 0%
Kashmore 13% 21% 72% 44% 33% 14% 46% 14% 17% 1%
Shikarpur 21% 30% 75% 49% 28% 9% 39% 16% 26% 1%
Layyah 30% 24% 68% 35% 17% 13% 25% 20% 18% 1%
Rajanpur 4% 22% 22% 8% 5% 2% 69% 10% 27% 2%
Chitral 37% 33% 38% 68% 53% 38% 56% 3% 11% 8%
The lowest or second-lowest percentage The highest or second-highest percentage
Prior to floods or earthquake, 49% of all households had a fan, 44% – a telephone, 34% -an
iron, 23% – a television, 21% – a refrigerator, 21% – a motorbike, 16% – a washing machine,
15% – a radio, 10% – a bicycle and 2% – a vehicle.
Chitral had the largest share of households which own most of these items – except for the
fans, telephones, bicycles and motorbikes before the floods.
Thatta, Rajanpur and Badin had the lowest percentage of households which owned many of
these items before the floods. For example, Thatta had the lowest share of households for
owning a vehicle (0%), a washing machine (1%), an iron (7%), a motorbike (10%), a
refrigerator (12%), a fan (14%) or a telephone (19%).
Meanwhile, Rajanpur had the lowest percentage of households which owned a radio (2%) or
a television (5%) and the second lowest percentage of households which owned a washing
machine (4%), a fan (22%) or an iron (8%).
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 50: Ownership of Household Assets Before Flood
Washing Machine Refrigerator Fan Iron TelevisionRadio Telephone Bicycle Motorbike Vehicle
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Badin had the lowest percentage of households which owned a bicycle (2%) and the second
lowest percentage for owning a washing machine (4%), a refrigerator (6%), a motorbike
(11%).
TABLE 5: Households That Lost or Damaged Household Assets in Floods
Washing Machine
Refrig-erator
Fan Iron TV Radio Tele-phone
Bicycle Motor-bike
Vehicle
Overall 6% 23% 24% 13% 9% 7% 9% 5% 5% 0%
Badin 3% 6% 16% 3% 8% 11% 14% 1% 2% 0%
Thatta 1% 5% 8% 4% 2% 6% 1% 6% 4% Ghotki 9% 28% 35% 14% 5% 7% 14% 4% 6% Kashmore 9% 21% 41% 20% 15% 10% 9% 9% 5% 0%
Shikarpur 11% 33% 50% 23% 14% 5% 8% 9% 9% 0%
Layyah 2% 30% 24% 4% 1% 1% 4% 5% 5% 0%
Rajanpur 0% 29% 6% 1% 0% 0% 6% 3% 6% 0%
Chitral 16% 31% 15% 34% 23% 17% 18% 1% 2% 1%
The lowest or second-lowest percentage The highest or second-highest percentage
Overall, the largest share of households lost fans (24%) and refrigerators (23%), followed, in
diminishing order, by irons (13%), TVs (9%), telephones (9%), radios (7%), washing
machines (6%), bicycles (5%) and motorbikes (5%).
Chitral has the highest percentage of households which lost irons (34%), refrigerators (31%),
TVs (23%), telephones (18%), radio sets (17%), washing machines (16%), fans (15%) and
vehicles. After Chitral, Shikarpur and Kashmore have the largest numbers of households
which lost various items.
Rajanpur has the lowest percentage of households which lost many of these items.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 51: Households That Lost or Damaged Household Assets in Floods
Washing Machine Refrigerator Fan Iron Television
Radio Telephone Bicycle Motorbike Vehicle
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Before the floods, the largest share of all households in the surveyed areas owned animal
shelters (49%) and sewing machines (36%). Only 9% owned a grain mill, 7% – a plough, 5%
– a handloom and 3% – a tractor. Chitral had the highest share of households which owned
animal shelters (74%), sewing machines (56%), ploughs (41%) and handlooms (16%), as
well as second-highest share of households which owned a grain mill (15%).
Meanwhile, Ghotki had the highest share of households which owned a tractor (9%), and
Badin had the highest share of households which owned a grain mill (16%).
Thatta and Layyah had the lowest shares of households which owned animal shelter (23%
and 31%, respectively), handlooms (0% and 1%), tractors (1% and 2%), grain mills (3% and
2%) and ploughs (2% and 1%). Rajanpur had the lowest share of households which owned
sewing machines (12%).
During the floods, 37% of all households lost animal shelter, 16% – sewing machines, 4% –
ploughs, 3% – grain mills, 2% – handlooms and 1% – tractors.
Ghotki has the largest share of households which lost animals shelter – 61%, followed by
48% in Rajanpur and 43% in Chitral. The lowest share of households which lost animal
shelter is in Thatta – 21% and Badin – 22%.
Chitral has the highest share of households which lost sewing machines – 28%, ploughs –
25%, handlooms – 9% and grain mills – 8%. Aside from Chitral, the share of households
which lost sewing machines in the remaining districts ranges from 4% in Rajanpur to 24% in
9% 1
6%
3% 4%
14
%
3%
2%
15
%
15
%
5% 9
%
0% 4
% 5%
1%
1% 4%
16
%
49
%
40
%
23
%
68
%
45
%
48
%
31
%
64
% 74
%
7%
2%
2% 3%
1% 2%
1%
1%
41
%
3%
1%
1% 9
%
2% 3%
2% 3%
2%
36
%
36
%
17
%
41
%
38
%
38
% 49
%
12
%
56
%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 52: Ownership of Productive Assets Before Floods3
%
2%
1% 2% 4%
2%
1%
0%
8%
2%
2% 3%
1%
0% 1%
0%
9%
37
%
22
%
21
%
61
%
36
%
39
%
28
%
48
%
43
%
4%
1% 2%
1%
1%
1%
0%
0%
25
%
16
%
16
%
12
% 18
% 24
%
18
%
7%
4%
28
%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 53: Households That Lost or Damaged Productive Assets During Floods
Grain Mill Handloom Animal Shelter Plough Tractor Sewing Machine
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Kashmore. In the remaining districts, only up to 4% of households lost any of the remaining
assets.
CONCLUSIONS
Prior to floods or earthquake, 49% of all households had a fan, 44% – a telephone, 34% -an
iron, 23% – a television, 21% – a refrigerator, 21% – a motorbike, 16% – a washing machine,
15% – a radio, 10% – a bicycle and 2% – a vehicle.
Chitral had the largest share of households which own most of these items – except for the
fans, telephones, bicycles and motorbikes. Thatta, Rajanpur and Badin had the lowest share
of households which owned these items in most categories before the floods. For example,
Thatta had the lowest share of households for owning a vehicle (0%), a washing machine
(1%), an iron (7%), a motorbike (10%), a refrigerator (12%), a fan (14%) or a telephone
(19%).
Overall, the largest share of households lost fans (24%) and refrigerators (23%) followed, in
diminishing order, by irons (13%), TVs (9%), telephones (9%), radios (&5), washing
machines (6%), bicycles (5%) and motorbikes (5%). Chitral has the highest percentage of
households which lost irons (34%), refrigerators (31%), TVs (23%), telephones (18%), radio
sets (17%), washing machines (16%), fans (15%) and vehicles. After Chitral, Shikarpur and
Kashmore have the largest numbers of households which lost various items. In most
categories, Rajanpur has the lowest percentage of households which lost various items.
Before the floods, the largest share of all households in the surveyed areas owned the
following productive assets: animal shelters (49%) and sewing machines (36%). Only 9%
owned a grain mill, 7% – a plough, 5% – a handloom and 3% – a tractor. Chitral had the
highest share of households which owned animal shelters (74%), sewing machines (56%),
ploughs (41%) and handlooms (16%). Thatta and Layyah had the lowest shares of
households which owned animal shelter (23% and 31%, respectively), handlooms (0% and
1%), tractors (1% and 2%), grain mills (3% and 2%) and ploughs (2% and 1%). Rajanpur
had the lowest share of households which owned sewing machines (12%).
During the floods, 37% of all households lost animal shelter, 16%- sewing machines, 4% –
ploughs, 3% – grain mills, 2% – handlooms and 1% – tractors. Ghotki has the largest share of
households which lost animals shelter – 61%, while Chitral has the highest share of
households which lost sewing machines – 28%, ploughs – 25%, handlooms – 9% and grain
mills – 8%.
The largest share of households across all districts reported the following flood damage to
their agricultural assets: standing crops destroyed (20%-33%), flooded or washed away land
(10%-27%) and standing crops abandoned when fleeing the area (11%-23%). From 7% to
17% of households named crop diseases and 6%-14% – loss of agricultural tools or
machinery or draught animals. Two districts named destruction of irrigation canals (Chitral
and Rajanpur). From 10% to 19% of households in each district named other losses.
In Chitral, 27% of households reported that their livelihoods were affected by the fact that
their standing crops were washed away by floods; similarly, 27% of households named
washed away or flooded land. Other major impacts named were destruction of irrigation
systems (15%) and abandoned standing crops when families fled the area (11%). Chitral was
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
69
the only district where respondents did not name crop diseases among the most significant
impacts, and one of only two districts (the other being Rajanpur) where destruction of
irrigation canals was named among the top five or six impacts.
In Rajanpur and Layyah districts of Punjab, main impacts of recent disasters were washed
away standing crops (32% and 20%, respectively), standing crops abandoned when fleeing
(13% and 23%), washed away or flooded land (23% and 10%), and crop diseases (8% and
17%).
Similarly, in the five districts of Sindh, at least one-quarter of all households named standing
crops destroyed by floods (with Shikarpur and Thatta households naming the highest share,
33% and 31%, respectively). From 13% to 21% of households named standing crops
abandoned when fleeing, and 13% to 25% named flooded or washed away land. Crop
diseases and loss of agricultural tools or machinery or draught animals and other impacts
were named by less than 14% of households, each, in these five districts.
RECOMMENDATIONS The assessment findings suggest that in order to restore household possessions, support
should include provision of various items or cash grants for the purchase of these items. The
collected data suggests that fans, refrigerators and sewing machines should be the top items
to be provided. If the assistance program is to include the district which had lost the highest
share of various items (Chitral, Shikarpur and Kashmore), items to be provided may include
irons, refrigerators and sewing machines.
The assessment findings suggest that, in order to restore productive assets, support should
predominantly include animal shelter, followed by ploughs and handlooms. According to the
data collected, Chitral should be the focus area for assistance, as this district lost the largest
share of these items during the 2015 disasters.
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ACCESS TO MARKETS
Before the floods, most households across the surveyed districts had easier access to markets
and fewer households had no access at all.
Currently, the highest percentage of households with no access to markets is in Badin – 19%
(prior to floods, only 5% of households here had no access to markets), Layyah – 18% (3%
prior to floods) and Ghotki – 15% (3% prior to floods). Districts of Chitral and Shikarpur
each have 14% of households with no access to markets (compared to 9% and 11%,
respectively, before the floods). In the remaining districts, from 9% to 14% of households
currently have no access to markets. Prior to the floods, only 11% or lower percentage of
households had no access to markets across all districts.
The largest percentage of households with an easy access to markets before the floods was in
Chitral (54%), Rajanpur (52%) and Layyah (49%). After the floods, the percentage of
households with easy access to markets in these three districts has declined to 29%, 35% and
19%, respectively. Furthermore, the share of households with no access to markets increased
from 9% to 14% in Chitral, from 9% to 13% in Rajanpur and from 3% to 18% in Layyah.
The lowest percentage of households with an easy access to markets, both before and after
floods, was in Ghokti: only 10% and 7%, respectively, followed by Shikarpur (23% and
12%, respectively) and Kashmore (22% and 15%, respectively).
36%
41%
29%
10%
22%
23%
49%
52%
54%
58%
54%
68%
86%
67%
65%
47%
38%
36%
7%
5%
3%
3%
10%
11%
3%
9%
9%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 54: Access to Markets Before Flood
21%
25%
24%
7%
15%
12%
19%
35%
29%
66%
56%
67%
79%
74%
75%
63%
53%
58%
14%
19%
9%
15%
10%
14%
18%
13%
14%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 55: Access to Markets After Flood
Easily accessible Accessible but face problems to reach Inaccessible/unavailable
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Destruction of access roads and a very high cost of transportation are named as the main
reasons for poor access to markets. Other reasons, in diminishing order, are security
situation, non-functioning markets and markets destroyed by floods.
Destruction of access roads is named by 59% of households in Badin, 56% of households in
Rajanpur, 55% in Kashmore, 54% in Thatta and 51% in Chitral.
A very high cost of transportation is named by 41% of households in Shikarpur, 39% in
Rajanpur, 29% in Chitral, 24% in Badin and 22% in Layyah. In the remaining districts, much
lower share of households named this reason: only 17% in Kashmore and Thatta, each and
14% in Ghotki.
Security is named as a reason by 24% of households in Shikarpur, 21% in Ghotki and 14% in
Kashmore. In the remaining districts, this issue is named by 7% of households (in Layyah) to
0% of households (in Chitral).
Non-functioning markets are named as a reason by 19% in Layyah, 12% in Thatta and 11%
in Badin, while in other districts, only 9% to 2% of households named this reason.
Finally, some households in various districts named non-functioning markets as the reason
for poor access to markets. The highest share of households who named this reason was in
Chitral – 9%, followed by Kashmore – 8% and Layyah – 7%. In the remaining districts, this
reason was named by 6% or fewer household.
6%
4%
6%
3%
8%
5%
7%
1%
9%
9%
11%
12%
8%
6%
4%
19%
2%
6%
47%
59%
54%
48%
55%
24%
33%
56%
51%
10%
1%
5%
21%
14%
24%
7%
1%
0%
25%
24%
17%
14%
17%
41%
22%
39%
29%
4%
0%
6%
5%
0%
1%
12%
0%
5%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 56: Problems in Accessing Markets
Market is destroyed due to flood Market is not functioning
Access roads are destroyed Security issues
Cost of transportation is very high Others
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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CONCLUSIONS
Before the floods, most households across the surveyed districts had easier access to markets
and fewer households had no access at all. Currently, 14% of households across the surveyed
areas have no access to markets at all and 66% of households have difficult access.
Destruction of access roads and a very high cost of transportation are named as the main
reasons for no access or poor access to markets. Other reasons, in diminishing order, are
security situation, non-functioning markets and markets destroyed by floods.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that reconstruction of access roads is key in restoring and
expanding the ability of the surveyed communities earn their living. Not only would it open
venues for the households to sell their produce, but also enable them to explore new income-
earning opportunities.
Based on the data collected, assistance should focus on the districts of Badin and Layyah,
where currently 19% and 18% of households, respectively, have no access to markets at all.
Following the repair of access roads, reduction in transportation costs should be the main
areas of intervention.
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8 AGRICULTURE
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
74
LAND
Across the surveyed areas, the vast majority of households normally cultivates land. The
share of households that cultivate land ranges from 65% in Thatta and 74% in Shikarpur to
98% in Rajanpur and 100% in Chitral.
Overall, 56% of households across the surveyed areas do not own any land; one-fifth
households own 1-2 acres, 14% own 3-5 acres, 5% own 6-10 acres, and only 4% own 11
acres or more land.
In the two districts of Punjab – Layyah and Rajanpur, – 31% and 36% of households,
respectively own no land; 42% and 28%, respectively own 1-2 acres; 19% and 23%,
respectively, own 3-5 acres and the remaining households own 6 acres or more.
In the surveyed districts of Sindh, land ownership is spread widely from the vast majority of
households owning no land to a significant share of households owning 1-5 acres.
In Thatta, Badin, Shikarpur, and Kashmore, majority of households (84%, 77%, 69% and
60%, respectively) own no land. Households with 1-2 acres of land constitute 7%, 4%, 12%
and 22%, respectively. Households with 3-5 acres of land constitute 4%, 5%, 11% and 12%,
while households with 6-10 acres constitute 3%, 6%, 5% and 3%. Households with 10 acres
or more constitute, respectively, 2%, 9%, 4% and 2% of all household.
Ghotki has the lowest share of households with no land in Sindh: 33%; 26% own 1-2 acres,
25% own 3-5 acres, 9% own 6-10 acres and 6% 10 acres or more.
86% 94%
65%
91% 84%74% 80%
98% 100%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 57: Households That Normally Cultivate Land
56%
77%
84%
33%
60%
69%
31%
36%
1%
21%
3%
7%
26%
22%
12%
42%
28%
26%
14%
5%
4%
25%
12%
11%
19%
23%
41%
5%
6%
3%
9%
3%
5%
6%
8%
24%
4%
9%
2%
6%
2%
4%
1%
4%
9%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 58: Ownership of Cultivatable Land
0 Acres 1-2 Acres 3-5 Acres 6-10 Acres 11+ Acres
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
75
The distribution of land ownership in Chitral District is very different from that in the
surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh: in Chitral, only 1% of households own no land, while
26% own 1-2 acres, 41% – 3-5 acres, 24% – 6-10 acres and 9% – 11 acres or more.
Almost half of the cultivated land across all the surveyed districts is cultivated by owners –
48%. The remaining land is cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers (42%), owners and tenants
(5%) or leased (5%).
The highest share of owner-cultivated land is in Chitral – 90%. The remaining land is
cultivated by tenant or sharecropper (4%), owner and tenant (6%) or leased (2%).
In the two districts of Punjab, Layyah and Rajanpur, 60% and 57% of land, respectively, are
cultivated by owners; 26% and 29% of land, respectively, is cultivated tenants or
sharecroppers, 11% and 6%, respectively – by the owner and tenants, and the remaining 3%
and 8% of land, respectively is leased.
In four of the five surveyed districts of Sindh (Badin, Thatta, Shikarpur and Kashmore), most
of the land is cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers: 76%, 60%, 60% and 57%, respectively.
Owners cultivate 22%, 20%, 32% and 41% of land, respectively, in these districts. In Thatta,
a large share of land is leased: 18%.
The fifth surveyed district of Sindh, Ghotki, stands apart from the other districts of Sindh in
that only 20% of land here is cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers and 66% is cultivated by
owners. The remaining land is leased (9%) or cultivated by the owner and tenants.
48%
22%
20%
66%
41%
32%
60%
57%
90%
42%
76%
60%
20%
57%
60%
26%
29%
4%
5%
2%
2%
6%
1%
7%
11%
6%
6%
5%
1%
18%
9%
1%
1%
3%
8%
1%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 59: Type of Ownership of Cultivated Land
Owner Tenant/Sharecropper Owner and Tenant Leased land/other
2.6 2.5
0.8
3.3
1.9 1.8 1.92.7
5.64.7
7.7
3.64.6
3.7
5.3
3.1
5.24.6
4.0
8.2
2.8 3.2 3.03.7
2.4
5.0
3.4
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 60: Land Ownership and Cultivation During Rabi and Kharif Seasons (Acres)
Cultivatabale Land Ownership Land Cultivation-Rabi Land Cultivation-Kharif
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76
In the surveyed districts, an average household typically cultivates 4.7 acres during Rabi
season and 4 acres during Kharif season; 2.6 acres of that land is owned by the household.
By far the largest amount of land cultivated per household during both Rabi and Kharif
seasons is in Badin: 7.7 acres and 8.2 acres, respectively, but only 2.5 acres of that land is
owned by the household. Badin is also the only district where more land is cultivated during
Kharif season than during Rabi season.
Shikarpur households cultivate the second largest amount of land per household: on average,
5.3 acres during Rabi season and 3.7 acres during Kharif. Only 1.8 acres of this land are
owned by the household.
Layyah households cultivate the smallest amount of land per household: on average, 3.1
acres during Rabi season and 2.4 acres during Kharif. 1.9 acres of this land is owned by the
household.
Chitral presents a departure from this pattern in terms of land ownership: while each
household in Chitral cultivates 4.6 acres of land during Rabi season and 3.6 acres during
Kharif season, each household owns 5.6 acres of land – more than the amount of land
cultivated.
Across the surveyed areas, 41% of households cultivate 1-2 acres of land during Rabi season,
34% – 3-5 acres, 18% – 6-10 acres and 8% – 11 acres or more of land.
The percentage of households that cultivate 1-2 acres of land is the highest in Layyah – 59%,
followed by Kashmore – 55% and Thatta – 52%. In Badin, only 10% of households cultivate
1-2 acres of land during Rabi season.
The percentage of households that cultivate 3-5 acres of land is the highest in Chitral – 45%,
followed by Shikarpur – 37% and Thatta and Kashmore – 34% each. The lowest percentage
is in Layyah – 27%.
The percentage of households that cultivate 6-10 acres of land is the highest in Badin – 41%,
followed by Chitral and Rajanpur – 19% each and Shikarpur – 18%. Kashmore, Thatta and
41%
10%
52%
43%
55%
36%
59%
38%
31%
34%
30%
34%
32%
34%
37%
27%
32%
45%
18%
41%
11%
15%
9%
18%
12%
19%
19%
8%
19%
3%
9%
2%
9%
2%
11%
5%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 61: Land Cultivation During Rabi Season
1-2 Acres 3-5 Acres 6-10 Acres 11+ Acres
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
77
Layyah have the smallest percentage of households that cultivate this amount of land – 9%,
11% and 12%, respectively.
The highest percentage of households that cultivate 11 acres or more land during Rabi season
is in Badin – 19%. All other districts have only 2% to 11% of households that cultivate 11
acres or more land during Rabi season.
The pattern of land cultivation during Kharif season is similar to Rabi season: across the
surveyed areas, 42% of households cultivate 1-2 acres of land, 33% – 3-5 acres, 17% – 6-10
acres and the remaining 7% – 11 acres or more land during Kharif season.
The percentage of households that cultivate 1-2 acres of land during Kharif is the highest in
Layyah – 59%, followed by Kashmore – 55% and Chitral – 51%. In Badin, only 9% of
households cultivate 1-2 acres of land during Kharif season.
The percentage of households that cultivate 3-5 acres of land during Kharif is the highest in
Thatta– 38%, followed by Ghotki – 37% and Chitral and Shikarpur – 35% each. The lowest
percentage is in Layyah – 25%.
The percentage of households that cultivate 6-10 acres of land during Kharif is by far the
highest in Badin – 40%. In all other districts, only 10% to 18% of households cultivate 6-10
acres of land during Kharif.
Badin also has the highest percentage of households that cultivate 11 acres or more land
during Kharif season– 23%. All other districts have only 2% to 11% of households that
cultivate 11 acres or more land during Kharif season.
42%
9%
43%
40%
55%
41%
59%
38%
51%
33%
28%
38%
37%
33%
35%
25%
33%
35%
17%
40%
15%
15%
10%
16%
13%
18%
12%
7%
23%
5%
8%
2%
8%
3%
11%
2%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 62: Land Cultivation During Kharif Season
1-2 Acres 3-5 Acres 6-10 Acres 11+ Acres
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
78
The communities reported a variety of problems related to the recent floods on their ability to
use land: 31% of households complained that the demarcation of land boundaries were
washed away; 21% – that their tenancy arrangement was cancelled. Another 21% of
households reported absence of formal or legal entitlement to land and 10% – changed
riverbed. 16% of households named other issues.
In Chitral, more than half of all complaints (52%) fell into the “other” category; 32% of
households noted the washed away land demarcation lines and 15% of households noted that
the riverbed changed.
In Rajanpur and Layyah districts of Punjab, problems mentioned included lack of legal
entitlement for land (36% of households and 44% of households, respectively), washed away
land demarcation lines (42% of households and 8%, respectively) and cancelled tenancy
agreements (19% and 13%, respectively). A significant share of households in Layyah also
noted changed riverbed (8%) and other issues (23%).
Shikarpur, Kashmore and Ghotki districts of Sindh named washed away land demarkation
lines their key issue; the numbers ranged from 67% of households in Shikarpur to 63% in
Kashmore and 49% in Ghotki. Other issues were named by one-fourth or fewer household.
The situation was slightly different in Thatta, where most of the households (34%) named
absence of legal entitlement, 27% of households named washed away land demarcation, and
30% named “other” issues.
Badin was the only district where the vast majority of interviewed households (88%) pointed
out cancelled tenancy agreements, followed by 9% of households that named washed away
land demarcation lines.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, 56% of households across the surveyed areas do not own any land; one-fifth
Households own 1-2 acres, 14% own 3-5 acres, 5% own 6-10 acres, and only 4% own 11
acres or more land. This situation is the most reflective of the surveyed districts in Sindh and
21%
88%
7%
5%
4%
10%
13%
19%
37%
9%
27%
49%
63%
67%
8%
42%
32%
10%
0%
1%
25%
11%
13%
12%
2%
15%
21%
1%
34%
9%
22%
3%
44%
36%
16%
2%
30%
11%
0%
6%
23%
2%
52%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 63: Problems with Land Use and Property Rights Because of Floods
Tenancy arrangement cancelled Land demarcations washed away
Riverbed changed No formal/legal entitlement
Other
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Punjab; the distribution of land ownership in Chitral District is very different. In Chitral, only
1% of households own no land; the largest share of households (41%) own 3-5 acres.
From 65% to 100% of households across the surveyed districts cultivate land. 48% land is
cultivated by owners, while the remaining land is cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers
(42%), owners and tenants (5%) or leased (5%).
The highest share of owner-cultivated land is in Chitral – 90%. In the two districts of Punjab,
Layyah and Rajanpur, 60% and 57% of land, respectively, is cultivated by owners. In Sindh
districts of Kashmore, Thatta, Shikarpur and Badin, from 57% to 76% land is cultivated by
tenants or sharecroppers. Meanwhile in Ghotki, only 20% of land here is cultivated by
tenants or sharecroppers, while 66% is cultivated by owners.
Overall, an average household typically cultivates 4.7 acres during Rabi season and 4 acres
during Kharif season; 2.6 acres of that land is owned by the household. The largest amount of
land cultivated per household during both Rabi and Kharif seasons is in Badin: 7.7 acres and
8.2 acres, respectively, but only 2.5 acres of that land is owned by the household. Badin is
also the only district where more land is cultivated during Kharif season than during Rabi
season. Layyah households cultivate the smallest amount of land per household: on average,
3.1 acres during Rabi season and 2.4 acres during Kharif; 1.9 acres of this land is owned by
the household.
Chitral presents a departure from this pattern in terms of land ownership: while each
household in Chitral cultivates 4.6 acres of land during Rabi season and 3.6 acres during
Kharif season, each household owns 5.6 acres of land – more than the amount of land
cultivated.
Across the surveyed areas, 41% of households cultivate 1-2 acres of land during Rabi season,
34% – 3-5 acres, 18% – 6-10 acres and 8% – 11 acres or more of land. The percentage of
households that cultivate 1-2 acres of land during Rabi season is the highest in Layyah –
59%, and the lowest in Badin – 10%. The percentage of households that cultivate 3-5 acres of
land is the highest in Chitral – 45% and the lowest in Layyah – 27%. The percentage of
households that cultivate 6-10 acres of land is the highest in Badin – 41% and the lowest in
Kashmore – 9%.
The highest percentage of households that cultivate 11 acres or more land during Rabi season
is in Badin – 19%. All other districts have only 2% to 11% of households that cultivate 11
acres or more land during Rabi season.
The communities reported a variety of problems related to the recent floods on their ability to
use land: 31% of households said the demarcation of land boundaries were washed away;
21% – cancelled tenancy arrangement (the problem was the most acute in Badin, where 88%
of households reported it). Additionally, 21% of households reported absence of formal or
legal entitlement to land and 10% – changed riverbed. 16% of households named other
issues.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that land-related assistance should focus on restoration of
the demarcation of the land borders; the latter assistance should focus on the districts of
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
80
Shikarpur and Kashmore. Based on the data collected, in Badin, where 88% of households
have had their tenancy arrangements cancelled, households should receive assistance in
addressing this challenge.
IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE
The vast majority of the land in the surveyed districts is irrigated, from 58% of the land in
Thatta to 100% in Shikarpur. The largest share of rainfed lands are in Thatta – 25%,
Kashmore – 16%, Ghotki – 15% and Layyah – 11%, while in Rajanpur, rainfed lands
constitute 5%, in Badin – 4% and in Chitral – 1%. In Thatta, Kashmore and Chitral, 17%, 8%
and 3% of land, respectively, is the so-called rain-fed kachha – rain-fed floodplains.
The surveyed districts use canals, tubewells, streams, as well as ponds and wells for
irrigation.
The most common source of irrigation across all districts is canals. Canals are used by 81%
of households in Badin, 68% in Ghotki, 58% in Chitral, 49% in Rajanpur, 42% in Kashmore,
36% in Shikarpur, 30% in Thatta and 25% in Layyah.
96%
85%
76%
89%
95%
100%
58%
96%
4%
15%
16%
11%
5%
0%
25%
1%
0%
0%
8%
0%
0%
0%
17%
3%
Badin
Ghotki
Kashmore
Layyah
Rajan Pur
Shikarpur
Thatta
Chitral
FIGURE 64: Access to Irrigation
Irrigated Rainfed Rainfed Kacha
81%
68%
42%
25%
49%
36%
30%
58%
6%
19%
0%
1%
0%
0%
60%
42%
13%
13%
58%
74%
51%
63%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
10%
0%
Badin
Ghotki
Kashmore
Layyah
Rajan Pur
Shikarpur
Thatta
Chitral
FIGURE 65: Types of Irrigation Systems
Canals Streams Tube wells Ponds/Wells
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
81
Districts of Layyah, Shikarpur, Kashmore and Rajanpur predominantly use tubewells: 74%,
63%, 58% and 51% of households, respectively. In Badin and Ghotki, only 13% of
households use this type of irrigation.
Thatta has a large share of households which rely on streams – 60%. The other three districts
in which some households rely on streams are Chitral (42%), Ghotki (19%) and Badin (6%).
Additionally, 10% of households in Thatta and 1% of households in Shikarpur use ponds and
wells for irrigation.
Overall, 91% of cultivable land is irrigated; the highest share of irrigated cultivable land is in
Shikarpur – 98%; Thatta and Layyah have the smallest share of irrigated cultivable land:
78% and 81%, respectively.
A large part of irrigation systems has been damaged or destroyed during the floods.
In the surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh, canals sustained the most damage: 12% of
them were completely destroyed, while 44% – partially damaged. Similarly, 25% of all
ponds and wells were destroyed and another 25% – damaged. Additionally, 40% tubewells
and 19% streams were partially damaged, but none of them were fully destroyed.
In Chitral, half of the canals have been destroyed, while the remaining half – damaged. A
slightly better situation was recorded with regard to streams: 38% of them are still fully
operational, 38% – damaged and 24% – destroyed.
91% 94%78%
91% 96% 98%81%
93% 93%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 66: Share of Irrigated Land in Total Cultivatable Land
44%
81%
60%
50%
44%
19%
40%
25%
12%
0%
0%
25%
Canals
Streams
Tube Wells
Pounds/Wells
FIGURE 67: Current State of Irrigation Systems in Punjab and Sindh
Fully OperationalPartially DestroyedFully Destroyed
0%
38%
50%
38%
50%
24%
Canals
Streams
FIGURE 68: Current State of Irrigation Systems in Chitral
Fully OperationalPartially DestroyedFully Destroyed
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Damage included destruction of wells (42%), siltation (40%), destruction of inlets (18%) and
destruction of gates or bypasses (18%).
CONCLUSIONS
The vast majority of land in the surveyed districts is irrigated, from 58% in Thatta to 100% in
Shikarpur. The largest share of rain-fed lands is in Thatta – 25%, Kashmore – 16%, Ghotki –
15% and Layyah – 11%, while in Rajanpur, rain-fed lands constitute 5%, in Badin – 4% and
in Chitral – 1%. In Thatta, Kashmore and Chitral, 17%, 8% and 3% of land, respectively, is
the so-called rain-fed kachha – rain-fed floodplains.
The share of irrigated cultivable land is even higher – 91%. Thatta and Layyah have the
smallest share of irrigated cultivable land: 78% and 81%, respectively, while Shikarpur – the
highest: 98%.
The surveyed districts use canals, tubewells, streams, as well as ponds and wells for
irrigation. The most common source of irrigation across all districts is canals. Canals are used
by 81% of households in Badin, 68% in Ghotki, 58% in Chitral, 49% in Rajanpur, 42% in
Kashmore, 36% in Shikarpur, 30% in Thatta and 25% in Layyah.
Districts of Layyah, Shikarpur, Kashmore and Rajanpur predominantly use tubewells: 74%,
63%, 58% and 51% of households, respectively. In Badin and Ghotki, only 13% of
households use this type of irrigation.
Thatta has a large share of households which rely on streams – 60%. The other three districts
in which some households rely on streams are Chitral (42%), Ghotki (19%) and Badin (6%).
Additionally, 10% of households in Thatta and 1% of households in Shikarpur use ponds and
wells for irrigation. A large part of irrigation systems has been damaged or destroyed during
the floods.
In the surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh, canals sustained the most damage: 12% of
them were destroyed, while 44% – partially damaged. Similarly, 25% of all ponds and wells
were destroyed and another 25% – damaged. Additionally, 40% tubewells and 19% streams
were partially damaged, but none of them were fully destroyed.
In Chitral, half of the canals have been destroyed, while the remaining half – damaged. A
slightly better situation was recorded with regard to streams: 38% of them are still fully
operational, 38% – damaged and 24% – destroyed.
47%
29%26%
35%
8%
Siltation Destruction of inlets Destruction of gatesor bypasses
wells destroyed Others
FIGURE 69: Types of Damages
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
83
Damage included destruction of wells (42%), siltation (40%), destruction of inlets (18%) and
destruction of gates or bypasses (18%).
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that any agricultural assistance should include
reconstruction of irrigation systems: canals, ponds, tubewells and streams. Based on the data
collected, Chitral should be the focus such assistance programs, as it has sustained the most
extensive damage to its canals and streams. In Punjab and Sindh, support for the
reconstruction of irrigation systems should focus on canals, which sustained the most
damage, followed by ponds and tubewells.
Activities should include rebuilding of wells, canal inlets and canal gates of bypasses as well
as removal of silt.
CROPS
Across the surveyed areas, 80% of households grow wheat, 3% – barley, 2% – pulses, 6% –
sunflower and 12% – other crops during Rabi season.
The highest percentage of households which grow wheat is in Kashmore – 98%, Rajanpur -
94%, Shikarpur – 93% and Ghotki – 90%. The lowest is in Badin – 53%.
Barley is grown by the highest share of households in Chitral – 15%, followed by Thatta –
6%, Rajanpur – 3% and Ghotki and Shikarpur – 1% each.
Pulses are grown mostly in Layyah – 7% of households, followed by Thatta – 3%, Chitral –
2% and Rajanpur and Shikarpur – 1% each.
Badin has the highest percentage of households which grow sunflower – 24%. Only few
other districts grow sunflower: Layyah – 3% of households, Thatta – 2% of households and
Rajanpur – 1%.
80%
53%
69%
90%
98%
93%
82%
94%
58%
3%
1%
6%
1%
1%
2%
3%
15%
2%
3%
1%
7%
1%
2%
6%
24%
2%
3%
12%
23%
20%
9%
1%
5%
7%
2%25%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 70: Crop Cultivation During Rabi Season
Wheat Barley Pulses Sunflower Others
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Other Rabi crops are grown by 25% of households in Chitral, 23% in Badin, 20% in Thatta,
9% in Ghotki and 7% in Layyah. Rajanpur and Kashmore have 1% of households each that
grow other Rabi crops.
Across the surveyed areas, most households (41%) grow rice during Kharif season, followed
by cotton – 19%, sugar cane – 13%, maize – 11% and pulses – 9%. 15% of households grow
other Kharif crops.
Rice is grown by the largest share of households in Kashmore – 98%, followed by Badin and
Shikarpur – 77% each. The fewest Households grow rice in Chitral – 5% of households. In
the remaining districts, rice is grown by 10% to 28% of households.
Maize is grown by the highest share of households in Chitral – 59%, followed by Thatta –
12%. In the remaining districts, only 1% to 4% of households grow maize.
Pulses are grown predominantly in Ghotki during Kharif – 27% of households grow pulses
here. In Kashmore, households do not grow pulses at all, in Badin pulses are grown by barely
1% of households. In the remaining districts, from 7% to 12% of households grow pulses.
Sugar cane is grown by 40% of households in Ghotki, 18% in Layyah, 8% in Thatta, 4% in
Rajanpur and Badin each, and 1% in Shikarpur.
Cotton is grown by 69% of households in Rajanpur, but only 21% in Layyah, 13% in Badin,
11% in Thatta, 10% in Ghotki and 4% in Shikarpur.
Other Kharif crops are grown by 34% of households in Thatta, 29% of households in Chitral
and 26% in Layyah, 6% in Ghotki and Shikarpur each, as well as 4% in Badin and Rajanpur
each.
41%
77%
28%
13%
98%
77%
20%
10%
5%
11%
1%
12%
4%
1%
4%
2%
2%
59%
9%
1%
7%
27%
0%
9%
12%
11%
8%
13%
4…8%
40%
1%
18%
4%
19%
13%
11%
10%
1%
4%
21%
69%
15%
4%
34%
6%
6%
26%
4%
29%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 71: Crop Cultivation During Kharif Season
Rice Maize Pulses Sugar Cane Cotton Others
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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90% of households in all districts reported that floods had affected their production of Kharif
crops: 80% of households in Chitral, more than 94% of households in Punjab and 79%-99%
of households in Sindh.
Across the surveyed areas, the floods affected at least 80% of all area planted with sugar cane
and from 92% to 100% area planted with other crops or orchards.
The highest percentage of fields affected is in Thatta and Rajanpur – from 97% to 100% for
various crops and orchards, each, Ghotki – from 96% to 100% fields and Layyah – from 93%
to 100% fields.
In Kashmore, floods affected 100% cotton and maize fields and 90% of rice fields, but only
33% sugar cane fields.
In Shikarpur, floods affected 100% orchards, cotton and pulses fields, 96% vegetable fields,
95% rice fields and 86% maize fields, but only 60% sugar cane fields.
In Chitral, floods affected from 92% to 100% of fields planted with fodder, rice, maize,
orchards, pulses and vegetables.
The lowest percentage of the crop fields was affected in Badin – from 71% of rice fields and
75% of fodder and pulses fields to 84% of sunflower and vegetable fields.
90%99%
79% 85%95% 94% 94% 96%
80%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 72: Kharif Production Affected Due to Floods
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 73: Affected Area with Crops
Maize Rice Sugarcane Cotton Pulses Sunflower Fodder Vegetables Orchards
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Across the surveyed area, from 82% to 98% harvest of maize, rice, sugar cane, cotton,
pulses, sunflower, fodder, vegetables and orchards was lost due to the floods.
The highest amount of harvest lost was in Rajanpur and Thatta. Rajanpur lost 96% rice and
100% of all other crops and orchard fruits, while Thatta lost 100% of maize, cotton, pulses,
fodder and orchard fruits, as well as 96% rice, 97% sugar cane and 98% both sunflower and
vegetables. Similarly, Chitral lost 100% vegetables, 98% orchard fruits, 97% pulses, 95%
fodder and 93% rice and maize.
Ghotki lost 100% pulses, fodder, vegetables and orchard fruits, 98% maize and sugar cane
and 97% cotton, as well as 71% rice.
Shikarpur lost 100% pulses, cotton and orchard fruits, 93% vegetables, 88% sugarcane, 77%
rice and 67% maize.
Kashmore lost 100% sugar cane and 62%-69% of rice, cotton and maize.
Layyah lost 91%-97% of cotton, fodder, sunflower, pulses, vegetables and rice, but only 83%
orchard fruits, 65% maize and 71% sugar cane.
Badin lost the lowest share of its harvests, compared to other surveyed areas: 100% fodder,
83% vegetables, 79% cotton, 75% pulses and 57%-69% maize, rice, sugar cane and
sunflowers.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 74: Share of Harvest Lost
Maize Rice Sugarcane Cotton Pulses Sunflower Fodder Vegetables Orchards
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
87
25%
31%
23%
24%
33%
20%
32%
27%
21%
12%
20%
23%
15%
23%
13%
11%
11%
7%
8%
13%
10%
17%
8%
11%
10%
14%
6%
6%
12%
7%
6%
13%
22%
16%
15%
25%
10%
23%
27%
3%
15%
19%
18%
18%
18%
10%
19%
13%
15%
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 75: Flood's Impact on Agriculture
Standing crops destroyed by floodsStanding crops abandoned when fledCrop diseaseLoss of agricultural tools /machinery/draught animalsLand flooded/ washed awayDestruction of irrigation systemOthers
The largest share of households across all districts reported the following flood damage to
their agricultural assets: standing crops destroyed (20%-33%), flooded or washed away land
(10%-27%) and standing crops abandoned when fleeing the area (11%-23%). From 7% to
17% of households named crop diseases and 6%-14% – loss of agricultural tools or
machinery or draught animals. Two districts named destruction of irrigation canals (Chitral
and Rajanpur). From 10% to 19% of households in each district named other losses.
In Chitral, 27% of households reported that their livelihoods were affected by the fact that
their standing crops were washed away by floods; similarly, 27% of households named
washed away or flooded land. Other major impacts named were destruction of irrigation
systems (15%) and abandoned standing crops when families fled the area (11%). A
significant share (15%) named various other impacts. Chitral was the only district where
people did not name crop diseases among the most significant impacts, and one of only two
districts (the other being Rajanpur) where destruction of irrigation canals was named among
the top five or six impacts.
In Rajanpur and Layyah districts of Punjab, main impacts of recent disasters were washed
away standing crops (32% and 20%, respectively), standing crops abandoned when fleeing
(13% and 23%), washed away or flooded land (23% and 10%), and crop diseases (8% and
17%).
Similarly, in the five districts of Sindh, at least one-quarter of all households named standing
crops destroyed by floods (with Shikarpur and Thatta household naming the highest share,
33% and 31%, respectively). From 13% to 21% of households named standing crops
abandoned when fleeing, and 13% to 25% named flooded or washed away land. Crop
diseases and loss of agricultural tools or machinery or draught animals and other impacts
were named by less than 14% of households, each, in these five districts.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
88
Overall, 73% of households reported absence of farm machinery, 55% – tools, 52% –
fertilizer and 37% – seeds for 2015 or 2016 Rabi season.
The largest share of households which reported lack of all these items is in Badin – 91%,
85%, 76% and 67%, respectively.
After Badin, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Thatta and Chitral has the largest share of households
which reported lack of farm machinery – 86%, 83%, 82% and 81%, respectively. The lowest
share of households which reported lack of farm machinery is in Layyah (33%).
The largest share of households, after Badin, which lack tools was in Thatta – 77%, followed
by Chitral with 69% and Kashmore with 67%. The lowest share was recorded in Layyah –
22%.
Meanwhile, the largest share of households, after Badin, which lack fertilizer was in Thatta –
74%, followed by Chitral with 71% and Shikarpur with 62%. The lowest share of such
households is in Ghotki – 12% and Layyah – 20%.
Similarly, after Badin, the largest share of households which lack seeds is in Thatta (60%),
Chitral (58%) and Shikarpur (46%), while the lowest – in Ghotki (2%) and Rajanpur (6%).
37
%
67
%
60
%
2%
41
% 46
%
14
%
6%
58
%
52
%
76
%
74
%
12
%
44
%
62
%
20
%
58
%
71
%
55
%
85
%
77
%
50
%
67
%
34
%
22
% 32
%
69
%
73
%
91
%
82
%
65
%
83
%
86
%
33
%
65
%
81
%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 76: Absence of Agricultural Inputs for 2015/16 Rabi Season
Seeds Fertilizer Tools Farm machinery
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
89
When asked what agricultural support they needed, households in all districts mostly named
fertilizer (26%) and seeds (22%). All districts also requested support in the repair of
secondary or tertiary irrigation canals and tubewells, even though number of households
which voiced this request varies significantly from district to district.
In Chitral, most households named support to restore irrigation channels and tubewells as
their top need (26%), followed by provision of seeds and fertilizer (24% and 23%,
respectively). Provision of tools and agricultural services were named by a significantly
lower numbers of households (8% and 6%, respectively) as their top need.
In the two districts of Punjab, Rajanpur and Layyah, most households named provision of
fertilizer as their topmost need for support (29% and 23%, respectively). Almost 22% of
households in Rajanpur felt that they need support in the repair of irrigation systems and
tubewels, while only 9% felt so in Layyah. Other priority needs for support in both districts
included seeds (15% and 18%, respectively) and credit (12% and 16%). Eleven percent or
fewer households named tools and agricultural services in each district.
In Sindh, all districts named fertilizer (between 25% and 29%) as their topmost need for
support, followed, in a diminishing order, by seed (between 20% and 26%), credit (7%-20%),
tools (8%-12%), agricultural services (5%-16%), and repair of irrigation systems (4%-10%).
CONCLUSIONS
During Rabi season, 80% of households grow wheat; 3% – barley, 2% – pulses, 6% –
sunflower and 12% – other crops across the surveyed areas. Wheat is grown by the highest
percentage of households in Kashmore – 98%, Rajanpur -94%, Shikarpur – 93% and Ghotki
– 90%. The lowest is in Badin – 53%. Barley is grown by the highest share of households in
Chitral – 15%, pulses – in Layyah – 7% of households, sunflower – in Badin – 24%. Other
22%
25%
24%
20%
26%
26%
18%
15%
24%
26%
25%
27%
25%
26%
29%
23%
29%
23%
10%
9%
12%
9%
12%
8%
9%
9%
8%
9%
9%
8%
16%
5%
13%
11%
7%
6%
13%
20%
18%
10%
19%
7%
16%
12%
0%
11%
4%
5%
10%
6%
5%
9%
22%
26%
9%
8%
6%
10%
5%
11%
14%
6%
13%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 77: Agricultural Support Needed to Recover from Floods
SeedsFertilizerToolsAgricultural servicesCreditRepair of secondary/tertiary irrigation canals/tube wellsother
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Rabi crops are grown by 25% of households in Chitral, 23% in Badin, and 20% in Thatta,
while in the remaining districts – other crops are grown by 9% or fewer households.
During Kharif season, most households – 41% – grow rice, followed by cotton – 19%, sugar
cane – 13%, maize – 11% and pulses – 9%. 15% of households grow other Kharif crops
across the surveyed areas. Rice is grown by the largest share of households in Kashmore –
98%, followed by Badin and Shikarpur – 77% each. The fewest Households grow rice in
Chitral – 5% of households. Maize is grown by the highest share of households in Chitral –
59%, pulses – in Ghotki – 27%, sugar cane – in Ghotki – 40% and cotton – in Rajanpur –
69%. Other Kharif crops are grown by 34% of households in Thatta, 29% of households in
Chitral and 26% in Layyah, 6% in Ghotki and Shikarpur each, as well as 4% in Badin and
Rajanpur each.
Overall, most of the households reported the following damage to their agricultural assets
were affected by the floods: destruction of standing crops (20%-33%), flooded or washed
away land (10%-27%) and standing crops abandoned when fleeing the area (11%-23%).
Chitral and Rajanpur where the only districts named destruction of irrigation canals. From
10% to 19% of households in each district named other losses.
90% of households in all districts reported that floods had affected their production of Kharif
crops; the lowest share of households which reported any impact was in Thatta (79%) and
Chitral (80%), while the highest – in Badin (99%). From 80% to 100% of the entire area
planted with various crops and or orchards was affected, with the largest share being in
in Thatta and Rajanpur – from 97% to 100% for various crops and orchards, each. The lowest
percentage of the crop fields was affected in Badin – from 71% of rice fields and 75% of
fodder and pulses fields to 84% of sunflower and vegetable fields.
Across the surveyed area, from 82% to 98% harvest of maize, rice, sugar cane, cotton,
pulses, sunflower, fodder, vegetables and orchards was lost due to the floods. The highest
amount of harvest lost was in Rajanpur and Thatta. Rajanpur lost 96% rice and 100% of all
other crops and orchard fruits, while Thatta lost 100% of maize, cotton, pulses, fodder and
orchard fruits, as well as 96% rice, 97% sugar cane and 98% both sunflower and vegetables.
Badin lost the lowest share of its harvests, compared to other surveyed areas: 100% fodder,
83% vegetables, 79% cotton, 75% pulses and 57%-69% maize, rice, sugar cane and
sunflowers.
Overall, 73% of households reported absence of farm machinery, 55% – tools, 52% –
fertilizer and 37% – seeds for 2015 or 2016 Rabi season. The largest share of households
which reported lack of all these items is in Badin – 91%, 85%, 76% and 67%, respectively.
When asked what agricultural support they needed, households in all districts mostly named
fertilizer (26%) and seeds (22%). All districts also requested support in the repair of
secondary or tertiary irrigation canals and tubewells, even though number of households
which voiced this request varies significantly from district to district.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that assistance should address the needs expressed by the
surveyed communities: provision of fertilizer, seeds and credits, and repair of irrigation
structures. Based on the data collected, support programs should be primarily directed to the
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
91
districts of Rajapur and Thatta which lost the largest share of all crops during the 2015 Kharif
season, however, if resources permit, all the surveyed communities should receive some
support, as all of them lost at least 57% of harvest of various Kharif crops.
Building on the assessment findings, in Chitral and Rajanpur, assistance should focus on
restoration of irrigation canals and tubewells, provision of fertilizer and seeds. In the
remaining districts, assistance should focus on the provision of fertilizer, seeds and credits.
In order to reduce the extent of loss during future floods, assistance programs should promote
the use of flood-resistant varieties of crops.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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9 LIVESTOCK
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
93
LIVESTOCK OWNERSHIP
From 75% to 98% of households across all districts keep livestock. The highest percentage of
households with livestock was reported in Chitral -98%, followed by Ghotki – 95%,
Rajanpur – 94% and Layyah – 92%. The lowest share of households which keep livestock
was reported in Shikarpur – 75%.
Before the 2015 floods and earthquake, an average household kept 3 cows or buffaloes, 3
sheep or goats and 2 heads of poultry. Some households had other livestock (0.2 heads per
81% 82%
95%89%
75%
92% 94% 98%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 78: Households That Normally Keep Livestock
3.02.2 2.0
5.1
2.13.6
2.8 2.63.4
2.21.3 1.5
4.1
2.0 2.2 2.2 1.82.6
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 79: Ownership of Cows or Buffalows Per Household Before Flood Currently
3.03.9
1.93.1
1.42.8
1.93.1
5.6
2.3 2.11.1
2.11.4 1.2 1.7
2.6
6.2
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 80: Ownership of Goats or Sheep Per Household
2.31.5
0.42.1
1.12.8 2.3 1.6
6.6
1.4 0.8 0.31.3 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.2
4.2
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 81: Ownership of Poultry Per Household
0.2 0.1 0.00.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.20.4 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
2.2
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 82: Ownership of Other Livestock Per Household
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
94
average household). Except for “other” livestock, the numbers have declined since the recent
disasters to 2, 2 and 1, respectively, on average.
Currently, a household in Chitral owns 2-3 cows or buffaloes (against 3-4 previously), 6
goats or sheep (against 5-6 previously) and 4 head of poultry (against the previous 6-7) on
average.
In Punjab, a household keeps 2 cows or buffaloes, 2-3 sheep or goats and 1 head of poultry
on average; before floods the ownership stood at 2-3 cows or buffaloes, 2-3 goats or sheep,
and 1-2 heads of poultry on average.
A similar situation was observed in the five districts of Sindh. Notably, Ghotki households
reported the highest number of cows or buffalos on average, both prior and post disasters (5
and 4, respectively). This district also had the largest number of households keeping
livestock other than cows, buffalos, goats, sheep or poultry. Meanwhile, households in Badin
had the highest average numbers of sheep and goats (4) prior to disasters; after disasters, the
number declined to 2. Additionally, Shikarpur had the highest average number of poultry (3);
the number declined to 1 after the floods. Thatta has the lowest average numbers of all
discussed livestock and poultry per household after the floods among the surveyed districts.
Across all districts, poultry losses were the highest – 32%, followed by 23% loss of goats or
sheep, 17% – other animals and 14% – cows or buffalos. The overall losses of livestock and
poultry were the highest in Shikarpur; Rajanpur reported the lowest losses.
The largest share of poultry was lost in Ghotki – 53%, followed by 44% in Shikarpur and
42% in Thatta. The lowest poultry losses were in Rajanpur – 9%. Losses of goats or sheep
ranged from 37% in Shikarpur to 9% in Rajanpur; losses of cows and buffaloes – from 31%
in Shikarpur to 5% in Rajanpur, while losses of other animals – from 44% in Shikarpur to 1%
in Rajanpur.
14
%
21
%
10
% 13
%
8%
31
%
9%
5%
15
%
23
%
33
%
23
%
24
%
19
%
37
%
11
%
9%
25
%
17
%
24
%
18
%
14
%
10
%
44
%
13
%
1%
10
%
32
%
17
%
42
%
53
%
21
%
44
%
32
%
9%
37
%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 83: Share of Livestock and Poultry Lost During Floods
Cow/Buffalos Goat/sheep Other Poultry
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
95
Overall, during the flood, 37% of households lost poultry, 34% – goats or sheep, 26% – cows
or buffalos and 19% – other livestock. Shikarpur has the largest share of households which
livestock and poultry – 61%, 57%, 52% and 44%, respectively. The smallest share of
households which lost livestock and poultry was reported in Rajanpur – 12% households lost
poultry, 14% – goats or sheep,11% – cows or buffalos and 3% – other livestock.
After Shikarpur, Badin has the largest share of households which lost goats or sheep – 52%,
cows or buffalos – 34% and other livestock – 32%, while Thatta has the largest share of
households which lost poultry -51%.
Since the floods, 22% of households sold cows or buffalos, 18% – goats or sheep, 3% –
poultry and 1% – other livestock. The largest share of households which sold any livestock
was recorded in Badin: 38%, 37%, 8% and 7%, respectively. The smallest – in Kashmore
with 3%, 5%, 0% and 0%, respectively.
26%
34%
17%
32%
15%
52%
18%11%
27%
34%
52%
31%
42%
25%
57%
15% 14%
35%
19%
32%
18% 17%11%
44%
13%
3%
16%
37%
24%
51%
32% 34%
61%
39%
12%
43%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 84: Share of Households That Lost Livestock and Poultry During Floods
Cow/Buffalos Goat/Sheep Other Livestock Poultry
22
%
38
%
29
%
23
%
3%
18
%
19
%
18
%
26
%
18
%
37
%
30
%
15
%
5%
16
%
13
%
15
%
13
%
1%
7%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0% 3
%
3%
8%
2%
1%
0%
6%
3%
2%
1%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 85: Share of Households That Sold Livestock and Poultry Since Floods
Cow/Buffalos Goat/Sheep Other Livestock Poultry
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
96
Overall, 53% of all households sold livestock or poultry to purchase food, 9% – to pay
educational or healthcare expenses, 8% – to buy seeds or fertilizer, 5% – due to the lack of
fodder or pastureland or animal feed, 4% – due to the lack of shelter, 4% – due to the old age
of sickness of the animal, 3% – to buy other goods, 2% – to pay for labour and building
materials for shelter. Another 12% of households named other reasons.
The largest share of households which sold livestock or poultry to buy food is in Badin –
81%, Rajanpur – 68% and Thatta – 63%, while the smallest is in Kashmore – 25% and
Chitral – 32%.
The largest share of households which sold livestock or poultry to pay for seed or fertilizer is
in Ghotki -19%, Kashmore – 13%, Layyah – 12% and Rajanpur – 11%.
By far the largest share of households which sold livestock or poultry due to the lack of
fodder or pasture or animal feed is in Chitral – 22%, in all other districts, less than 7% of
households sold their livestock or poultry for this reason.
By far the largest share of households which sold livestock or poultry due to the old age or
sickness of the animal is in Kashmore – 25%; in all other districts, this number was below
5%.
The largest share of households which sold livestock or poultry due to the lack of shelter is in
Chitral – 20% and Layyah – 13%; in all other districts, this number was below 2%.
Shikarpur, Thatta and Ghotki have the largest share of households which sold livestock or
poultry to pay for education or healthcare: 20%, 15% and 13%, respectively.
53%
81%
63%
49%
25%
55%
48%
68%
32%
3%
2%
9%
12%
9%
8%
15%
13%
20%
8%
4%
8%
4%
2%
19%
13%
5%
12%
11%
1%
2%
1%
6%
1%
3%
1%
6%
4%
1%
1%
13%
20%
5%
1%
6%
1%
5%
2%
22%
4%
2%
1%
25%
4%
1%
1%
12%
6%
16%
9.0%
25%
13%
18%
8%
4%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 86: Reasons for Selling Livestock or Poultry
Buy food Buy other goodsEducational/health expenses Buy seeds/fertilizerFor labour cost/buying building materials Lack of shelterLack of fodder/pasture/animal feed Old age/sicknessOther
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Overall, the losses of poultry during the floods per average household were the highest,
followed by goats or sheep and cows or buffalos. The sales since the 2015 disasters per
average household were the highest for cows or buffalos – 0.4, followed by goats or sheep;
very little poultry and other animals were sold since the floods per average household.
Across the surveyed areas, 0.6 cows or buffalos died or were lost during the 2015 disasters
and 0.4 were sold since the floods per household in the surveyed areas. In the case of goats or
sheep, 1.4 died or were lost during the floods and 0.5 were sold since, the case of poultry, 2.4
died or were lost during the floods and only 0.1 were sold since, and in the case of other
livestock, 0.2 died or were lost during the floods and 0.1 were sold since the floods on
average per household.
By far the largest number of cows or buffalos that died or were lost during the 2015 disasters
per average household was reported in Shikarpur – 1.8, while the largest number of cows or
buffalos sold since the floods per average household was in Badin – 0.7. The lowest number
of cows or buffalos lost during the floods was reported in Rajanpur and Kashmore -0.2 each,
while sold since the floods – in Kashmore, 0.1.
By far the largest number of goats or sheep lost during the 2015 disasters per average
household was reported in Shikarpur – 3.6, while sold since the floods – in Badin – 1. The
lowest numbers were reported in Layyah – 0.3 and Kashmore – 0.1, respectively.
0.6 0.80.4
0.80.2
1.8
0.3 0.20.50.4
0.7 0.6 0.60.1
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 87: Cows or Buffalos Lost or Sold Per Household Lost/Died During FloodSold Since Flood
1.42.1
1.01.5
0.5
3.6
0.3 0.5
1.9
0.51.0 0.8
0.4 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 88: Goats or Sheep Lost or Sold Per Household
2.4
1.21.7
3.5
1.0
4.2
2.6
0.7
4.0
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 89: Poultry Lost or Sold Per Household
0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.20.5
0.1 0.00.30.1 0.1
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 90: Other Livestock Lost or Sold Per Household
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
98
The largest number of poultry lost during the floods was in Shikarpur – 4.2, while lowest
number – in Rajanpur – 0.7. Very little poultry was sold since the 2015 disasters – up to 0.3
per average household; the number was highest in Layyah (0.3).
The largest number of other livestock lost during the 2015 disasters per average household
was the highest in Shikarpur – 0.5, sales of other livestock since the floods were only
reported in Badin – 0.1 per average household.
SALES OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTS
Across the surveyed areas, 76% of households do not sell any dairy products. 13% of
households sell from one-quarter to one-half of their dairy produce, 8% sell up to one-quarter
and only 3% sell more than half of their dairy produce.
The largest share of households selling some dairy produce is in Layyah – 44%, followed by
Shikarpur – 37% and Kashmore – 27%. Conversely, in Chitral, only 3% of households sell
any dairy produce.
Shikarpur has the largest share of households which sell more than half of their dairy produce
– 9%, followed by 5% in Layyah. In the remaining districts, up to 5% of households sell
more than half of their dairy produce.
Similarly, Shikarpur and Layyah have the largest share of households which sell from one-
quarter to one-half of their dairy products – 22% each. The remaining districts have up to
15% of households which sell this amount of dairy products.
Meanwhile, the share of households which sell up to one-quarter of their dairy products is the
highest in Layyah – 19% and Kashmore – 12%. In the remaining districts, only up to 7% of
households sell up to one-quarter of their dairy produce.
76%
83%
78%
77%
73%
63%
54%
86%
97%
8%
7%
6%
7%
12%
7%
19%
5%
2%
13%
9%
14%
15%
12%
22%
22%
7%
1%
3%
0%
1%
2%
3%
9%
5%
2%
0%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 91: Households That Sell Dairy Products
0 < 25% 25-50% > 50%
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
99
Overall, only 4% of households across the surveyed areas sell eggs, and only 2% sell more
than one-quarter of the eggs produced.
Ghotki has no households which sell eggs at all, while Kashmore and Rajanpur have only 1%
of households which sell eggs each. Similarly, in Badin and Thatta, only 3% and 4% of
households sell eggs, mostly up to one-quarter of their produce. The largest share of
households which sell eggs was identified in Layyah – 11%, Shikarpur – 9% and Chitral –
7%.
In Layyah, 5% of households sell up to one-quarter of their egg produce, 5% – from one-
quarter to one-half and 2% – more than half.
In Shikarpur, 2% of households sell up to one-quarter of the eggs produced, 1% – from one-
quarter to one-half and 6% – more than half.
In Chitral, 2% of households sell up to one-quarter of the eggs produced, 4% – from one-
quarter to one-half and 2% – more than half.
Overall, only 1% of households in the surveyed areas sell chicken or meat. No households
are engaged in such sales in Ghotki or Shikarpur. In Rajanpur, Thatta and Kashmore, the
96%
97%
98%
100%
99%
91%
89%
99%
93%
2%
3%
1%
1%
2%
5%
0%
2%
1%
0%
0%
1%
5%
4%
1%
1%
6%
2%
0%
2%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 92: Households That Sell Eggs
0 < 25% 25-50% > 50%
99.0%
98.7%
99.5%
100.0%
99.7%
100.0%
97.6%
99.8%
96.6%
0.6%
1.3%
0.5%
0.3%
1.0%
0.2%
1.8%
0.4%
1.4%
1.5%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 93: Households That Sell Chicken or Meat
0 < 25% 25-50%
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
100
share of households engaged in the sale of chicken or meat is less than 0.5%, while in Badin
approximately 1%.
Only Chitral and Layyah has 2-3% of households selling chicken or meat each; in both cases,
approximately half households engaged in such sales sell up to one-quarter of their produce
and another half – from one-quarter to one-half.
LIVESTOCK PROBLEMS, SUPPORT NEEDED
In all districts, similar numbers of households named the same livestock problems: feed
(31%-34%), shelter (27%-33%), diseases (28%-34%) and water or other (3%-10%).
Similarly, households across all either districts reported lack of medicines (80% on average),
fodder (42%) and animal shelter (40%) among the top three least available items for
livestock care. 7% of households reported lack of water; typically, this was the fourth top-
ranked items households lacked for animal care. The latter need was the most acute in Thatta
(17%) and Badin (13%) and the least acute in Ghotki – 1%.
31%
33%
27%
33%
33%
32%
27%
31%
32%
33%
33%
34%
32%
32%
31%
31%
33%
34%
31%
31%
32%
29%
27%
34%
32%
30%
28%
6%
3%
7%
6%
7%
3%
10%
5%
7%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 94: Livestock Problems
Shelter Feed Diseases Water/Other
7% 1
3%
17
%
1% 3% 4%
2% 3% 1
1%
40
%
55
%
51
%
22
% 28
% 38
%
20
%
61
%
47
%
42
%
74
%
64
%
24
%
26
%
49
%
20
%
18
%
58
%
80
% 86
%
85
%
81
%
72
%
86
%
55
%
91
%
83
%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 95: Livestock Items Least or Not Available
Water Animal Shelter Fodder Medicines
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
101
The highest share of households which named medicines is in Rajanpur – 91%, while the
lowest – in Layyah – 55%. In all other districts, from 72% to 86% of households named this
item as the least available.
The highest share of households which named fodder is in Badin – 74%, followed by Thatta
with 64% and Chitral with 58%. The lowest share of households which named fodder is in
Rajanpur – 18% and Layyah – 20%. In the remaining districts, from 24% to 49% of
households reported fodder among the top livestock items lacking.
The highest share of households which named animal shelter is in Rajanpur – 61%, followed
by 55% in Badin and 51% in Thatta. The lowest share is in Shikarpur – 20%. In the
remaining districts, from 22% to 47% of households lack animal shelter as one of their top
priorities.
Most households in all districts named veterinary medication as the most needed support
(from 24% in Rajanpur to 50% in Badin), followed, in diminishing order, by straw or green
fodder (from 17% in Shikarpur to 31% in Thatta), concentrated feed (from 11% in Ghotki to
20% in Chitral), animal shelter (from 3% in Badin to 25% in Rajanpur) and other (4%-21%).
CONCLUSIONS
From 75% to 98% of households across all districts keep livestock. The highest percentage of
households with livestock was reported in Chitral – 98%, followed by Ghotki – 95%,
Rajanpur – 94% and Layyah – 92%. The lowest share of households which keep livestock
was reported in Shikarpur – 75%.
Before the 2015 floods and earthquake, a household kept 3 cows or buffaloes, 3 sheep or
goats and 2 heads of poultry on average. Some households had other livestock (0.2 heads per
average household). Except for “other” livestock, the numbers have declined since the recent
disasters to 2, 2 and 1, respectively, on average.
24%
24%
31%
26%
18%
17%
19%
27%
29%
16%
19%
19%
11%
16%
15%
13%
18%
20%
34%
50%
28%
33%
29%
42%
36%
24%
27%
15%
3%
8%
10%
17%
18%
19%
25%
21%
12%
4%
14%
20%
21%
9%
13%
7%
4%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 96: Livestock Support Needed
Straw/green fodder Concentrated feedVaccination/Deworming/Medicines Shelter for animalsOther
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
102
Across all districts, poultry losses were the highest – 32%, followed by 23% loss of goats or
sheep, 17% – other animals and 14% – cows or buffalos. The overall losses of livestock and
poultry were the highest in Shikarpur; Rajanpur reported the lowest losses.
The largest share of poultry was lost in Ghotki – 53%, while the lowest – in Rajanpur – 9%.
Losses of goats or sheep ranged from 37% in Shikarpur to 9% in Rajanpur; losses of cows
and buffaloes – from 31% in Shikarpur to 5% in Rajanpur, while losses of other animals –
from 44% in Shikarpur to 1% in Rajanpur.
Overall, during the floods, 37% of households lost poultry, 34% – goats or sheep, 26% –
cows or buffalos and 19% – other livestock. Shikarpur has the largest share of households
which lost livestock and poultry – 61%, 57%, 52% and 44%, respectively. The smallest share
of households which lost livestock and poultry was reported in Rajanpur – 12%, 14%,11%
and 3%, respectively.
Since the floods, 22% of all households sold cows or buffalos, 18% – goats or sheep, 3% –
poultry and 1% – other livestock. The largest share of households which sold any livestock
was recorded in Badin – 38%, 37%, 8% and 7%, respectively. The smallest – in Kashmore
with 3%, 5%, 0% and 0%, respectively.
Overall, per average household, 0.6 cows or buffalos died or were lost during the floods and
0.4 were sold since the floods in the surveyed areas. In the case of goats or sheep, 1.4 died or
were lost during the floods and 0.5 were sold since, the case of poultry, 2.4 died or were lost
during the floods and only 0.1 were sold since, and in the case of other livestock, 0.2 died or
were lost during the floods and 0.1 were sold since the floods on average per household.
By far the largest number of cows or buffalos lost during the floods per average household
was reported in Shikarpur – 1.8, while the largest number of cows or buffalos sold since the
floods was in Badin – 0.7 per average household. By far the largest number of goats or sheep
lost during the floods was reported in Shikarpur – 3.6, while sold since the floods – in Badin
– 1. The largest number of poultry lost during the floods was in Shikarpur – 4.2 per average
household. Very little poultry was sold– up to 0.3 per average household. The largest number
of other livestock lost during the floods was in Shikarpur – 0.5 per average household. Sales
of other livestock since the floods were only reported in Badin – 0.1 per average household.
Across the surveyed areas, 76% of households do not sell any dairy products. 13% of
households sell from one-quarter to one-half of their dairy produce, 8% sell up to one-quarter
and only 3% sell more than half of their dairy produce. The largest share of households
selling some dairy produce is in Layyah – 44%, followed by Shikarpur – 37% and Kashmore
– 27%. Conversely, in Chitral, only 3% of households sell any dairy produce.
Similarly, only 4% of households sell eggs, and only 2% sell more than one-quarter of the
eggs produced and only 1% of households in the surveyed areas sell chicken or meat. Only
Chitral and Layyah has 2%-3% of households selling chicken or meat each; in both cases,
approximately half households engaged in such sales sell up to one-quarter of their produce
and another half – from one-quarter to one-half.
In all districts, similar numbers of households named the same livestock problems: feed
(31%-34%), shelter (27%-33%), diseases (28%-34%) and water or other (3%-10%).
Similarly, households across all districts mostly reported lack of medicines (80% on
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
103
average), fodder (42%) and animal shelter (40%) among the top three least available items
for livestock care.
Most households in all districts named veterinary medication as the most needed support
(from 24% in Rajanpur to 50% in Badin), followed, in diminishing order, by straw or green
fodder (from 17% in Shikarpur to 31% in Thatta), concentrated feed (from 11% in Ghotki to
20% in Chitral), animal shelter (from 3% in Badin to 25% in Rajanpur) and other (4%-21%).
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that livestock should be an integral part of agricultural
assistance programs in the surveyed areas.
Building on the needs named by the communities, assistance programs should provide (in
diminishing order of priority) veterinary medication, fodder, concentrated feed and support
for the construction of animal shelter.
The data collected suggests that activities should work to increase the number of livestock
heads per household; particularly, poultry, sheep and goats, which were lost in the largest
numbers during the 2015 disasters. Shikarpur and Rajanpur should be the focus areas for
such assistance, as they reported the highest losses of livestock. By increasing the number of
livestock held, households would expand their food options and incomes.
The assessment findings suggest that, along with the increase in the number of livestock
heads, assistance across all the surveyed areas should promote sales of livestock products:
dairy, eggs, meat or poultry; currently, only a very small share of households sell any
produce. Increased sales of livestock products would raise the level of income in the
communities and diversify the sources of income for the households.
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10 WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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WATER
Most of the surveyed households in Punjab and Sindh provinces have used protected hand-
pump for water both before and after the floods (74% and 76%, respectively). Other sources
were used by less than 10% of households each, both before and after floods. These sources
include, in diminishing order, canals or ponds or rivers, bore holes, unprotected hand-pumps,
gravity water supply schemes, unprotected as well as protected springs and wells, and rain
water catchments.
The share of households using each type of source has remained relatively unchanged both
before and after the floods. The largest change occurred in the share of households using
gravity water supply schemes (it increased from 2% before the floods to 4% after the floods)
and the share of households using canals or rivers or ponds (it declined from 9% to the
current 7%).
Most households in Chitral have used gravity water supply system both before and after the
floods and the earthquake; the number of users has declined from the previous 59% to the
current 44%. The second most frequently used source of drinking water was canals or ponds
or rivers; the number of households using this source has increased after the floods and the
10%
3%
2%
2%
0%
2%
9%
0%
59%
6%
2%
2%
17%
1%
22%
0%
2%
67%
55%
61%
98%
79%
93%
61%
86%
1%
10%
23%
34%
2%
1%
1%
9%
13% 0.025
8%
17%
1%
0%
2%
3%
8%
5%
22%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 97: Main Sources of Drinking Water Before Floods
9%
13%
2%
2%
1%
10%
0%
44%
6%
1%
2%
0%
17%
1%
22%
2%
1%
67%
57%
67%
98%
78%
92%
59%
84%
1%
9%
25%
16%
0%
1%
0%
9%
22% 8%
8%
17%
2%
0%
3%
5%
9%
5%
24%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 98: Main Sources of Drinking Water Currently
Gravity WSS Borehole WSS Protected Hand PumpCanal/Ponds/River Protected Well/Spring Others
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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earthquake, from 13% to 22%. The third most frequently named source was other or pipeline;
before the floods and the earthquake, this source was used by 16% of households, while after
– 17%. Other sources were named by much smaller numbers of household. In diminishing
order, these sorces included protected wells or springs (3% before floods and 8% – after),
unprotected wells or springs (4% and 5%, respectively), bore-holes (2% and 1%,
respectively), unprotected hand-pump (1% and 1%), protected hand-pump (1% and 1%), and
rain water catchment (0% and 0%).
Across the surveyed areas, only 17% of all households use measures to improve the quality
of drinking water. The highest percentage of households using such measures was recorded
in Chitral – 47%, followed by Layyah – 40%. Kashmore, Ghotki, Thatta and Rajanpur have
14%, 11%, 9% and 9% of households, respectively, that use measures to improve the quality
of water. In Badin and Shikarpur, the percentage of such households is barely 4% and 1%,
respectively.
Measures named by various households included, in diminishing order, simple sand
filtration, boiling, cloth filtration, sedimentation, sun exposure and chlorination. A few
households named other measures.
Chitral households most frequently named chlorination as the measure used to improve the
quality of water (21%); the second most frequently named measure was simple sand filtration
17%
4%9% 11%
14%
1%
40%
9%
47%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 99: Use Any Measure to Improve Quality of Drinking Water
4%
2%
4%
1% 2
%
0% 1
%
0%
21
%
4%
1%
7%
2%
1%
0%
9%
2%
9%
7%
1%
3% 4%
9%
0%
19
%
0%
16
%
4%
1% 2
%
8%
2%
0% 1%
6%
9%
6%
3% 3%
6%
4%
0%
15
%
1%
15
%
4%
0%
2%
1% 2% 0%
16
%
0%
8%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 100: Measures Used to Improve Quality of Drinking Water
Chlorination Cloth Filtration Simple Sand Filtration Sun Exposure
Boiling Sedimentation Others
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(16%), followed by boiling (15%), sun exposure and cloth filtration (9% each) and
sedimentation (8%).
In Layyah District of Punjab, simple sand filtration was the most frequently used method –
19% of households named this method.16% use sedimentation, 15% – boiling and 9% – cloth
filtration. Less than 1% of households use chlorination and sun exposure, each.
In Rajanpur, the most frequently used measure is sun exposure; 6% of households use this
measure. Additionally, 2% use cloth filtration and 1% – boiling.
In Kashmore, 9% of households use simple sand filtration, 4% use boiling and 1%-2% of
households use chlorination, sun exposure, sedimentation and cloth filtration, each.
In Ghotki, 8% of households use sun exposure, 6% – boiling, 4% – simple sand filtration,
while cloth filtration, chlorination and sedimentation is used by 1-2% of households each.
In Thatta, 7% of households use cloth filtration, 4% used chlorination, 3% – boiling, 3% –
simple sand filtration, while sun exposure and sedimentation is used by 2% of households
each.
In Badin, 6% of households use boiling; other methods are used by less than 2% of
households each. Meanwhile in Shikarpur, less than 1% of households use any measure.
SANITATION
A large percentage of households across all surveyed districts have no toilet or latrine at all.
Such share is the highest in Rajanpur (66%) and Ghotki (63%). Shikarpur, Thatta and
Kashmore has a slightly lower share of households without a toilet or latrine (51%, 50% and
1% 1%
12
%
3% 5
%
5%
1%
25
%
2%
15
%
24
%
21
%
16
%
10
%
0%
27
%
33
%
1%
12
%
8% 1
0%
20
%
8%
5%7
%
15
%
11
% 15
%
0%
7%
33
%
30
%
26
%
0% 3
%
15
%
1% 5
%
3% 7
%
23
%
63
%
33
%
25
%
66
%
52
%
51
%
7…
Badin Ghotki Kashmore Layyah Rajanpur Shikarpur Thatta Chitral
FIGURE 101: Types of Toilet or Latrine Used
Flush system connected to sewerage flush linked to septic tankflush connected to open drains Pit latrinedug ditch no toilet
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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33%, respectively). Badin and Layyah have 22% and 26% of households without toilets,
respectively. By far the fewest households without a toilet are in Chitral – 7%.
The remaining households use flush systems connected to sewerage, septic tanks or open
drains, as well as dug ditches or pit latrines. The percentage of households using each of
these methods varies widely among the districts, with a flush system connected to sewerage
being the least used type of toilet in all districts. The percentage of households using a flush
systems connected to sewerage ranges from 1% in Thatta to 25% in Chitral. It is worthwhile
mentioning that Chitral has twice the number of households with such type of toilet
compared to the next closest district of Kashmore (13%).
In Chitral, most households use a pit latrine (30%), followed by a flush system linked to a
septic tank (27%) or a flush system connected to sewerage (25%). 7% of households use a
dug ditch and 5% – a flush connected to open drains.
In Layyah (Punjab), where three-quarters of all households have a toilet or latrine, 21% of
households use a flush system linked to septic tank, 14% use a ditch or a pit latrine each.
Another 8% of households use a flush system connected to open drains and 3% use a flush
system connected to sewerage.
Meanwhile in Rajanpur – where only one-third households have a toilet or latrine, – 16% of
households use a flush system linked to septic tank, 11% use a flush system connected to
open drains and 4% use a flush system connected to sewerage.
In Badin (where more than two-thirds households use toilet), 33% of all households use a
flush system connected to open drains; 26% use a dug ditch, 8% – a pit latrine and another
3% used a flush system connected either to sewerage or septic tank.
In Kashmore (where two-thirds households use some type of a toilet or latrine), 24% of
households use a flush system linked to septic tank. Another 13% use a flush system
connected to sewerage, 12.5% use a flush system connected to open drains, 11% use an open
latrine and 3% use a dug ditch.
In Shikarpur, 20% of households use a flush system connected to open drains, 10% – a flush
system connected to septic tank, 7% – a pit latrine, 5% – a dug ditch and 4% – a flush system
connected to sewerage.
In Thatta (where only half households have a toilet or latrine), 33% of households use a pit
latrine, 7% use a flush system connected to open drain, 3% – a dug ditch and 1% – a flush
system connected to sewerage.
In Ghotki (where only one-third households have a toilet or latrine), 15% of households use a
flush system linked to septic tank and a pit latrine each, 2% – a flush system connected to
sewerage, 2% – a flush system connected to open drains.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Across all districts, only in 23% of households have separate toilet for females. The highest
share of such households is in Chitral (34%), followed by Ghotki (33%) and Badin (31%),
while the lowest – in Rajanpur (4%), Thatta (12%) and Layyah (14%).
Majority of households in all surveyed districts use an open drain to dispose of waste water.
The percentage was particularly high in Badin (97%), Rajanpur (95%) and Thatta (85%). The
lowest percentage of households which use this method is in Kashmore (48%).
The distant second way to dispose of waste water is a septic tank. The percentage of
households using this method ranges from 0% in Thatta and 2% in Badin to 28% in Layyah
and 29% in Chritral.
Some households use a soakage pit (from 0% in Badin and Rajanpur each to 6% in Ghotki).
A tranche is used in Kashmore (25%), Shikarpur (16%), Layyah (8%) and Chitral (1%).
Similarly, 15% of households in Shikarpur, 7% in Chitral, 2% of households in Layyah, 2%
in Badin and 1% in Ghotki use waste water for kitchen gardens, while a small percentage
(mostly in Thatta) dispose of waste water in other ways.
23%
31%
12%
33%
26%
27%
14%
4%
34%
78%
69%
88%
67%
74%
73%
86%
96%
66%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 102: Households Where Females Use Separate Toilet
Yes
No
69%
97%
85%
56%
48%
58%
56%
95%
59%
13%
2%0%
15%
20%
10%
28%4%
29%
5%0%
1%26%
6%
1%
6%
0%
5%
4%
2%
0%
1%
0%
15%
2%
0%
7%
8%
0%
14%
2%
25%
16%
8%
0%
1%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 103: Disposal of Waste Water
Open drain Septic tank Soakage pit Use it for kitchen garden Tranch/other
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A large part of households in all districts discard their solid waste anywhere. This percentage
is the highest in Rajanpur (62%) followed by Kashmore (60%) and Badin (54%). Chitral and
Ghotki have the lowest percentage of households that use this method (13% and 16%),
respectively; the third lowest percentage is in Rajanpur (41%).
The second most popular method to dispose of solid waste is burning it. This method is used
the most in Chitral (64%), Ghotki (51% of all households) and Shikarpur (36%). Rajanpur
households do not use this method at all, while in the remaining districts, this method is used
by 19% to 25% of households.
The third most popular method of solid waste disposal is to throw it into communal garbage.
This method is used the highest percentage of households in Rajanpur (35%). Ghotki,
Layyah, Badin, Chitral and Shikarpur have somewhat smaller percentage of households
using this method (26%, 23%, 23%, 21% and 18%, respectively), while the lowest
percentage of households using this method is in Kashmore and Thatta (7% and 4%,
respectively).
A small percentage of households in all districts throw solid waste into sewerage: from 1% in
Badin to 8% in Kashmore.
As mentioned at the beginning of this section, Chitral and Ghotki districts display a very
different pattern of the disposal of solid waste. 64% of households in Chitral and 52% of
households in Ghotki burn their solid waste. 21% and 26%, respectively, throw it into
communal garbage, 13% and 16% discard it anywhere, while 2% and 5%, respectively,
throw it into sewerage.
30%
22%
25%
52%
24%
36%
19%
0%
64%
20%
23%
4%
26%
7%
18%
23%
35%
21%
4%
1%
5%
5%
8%
5%
4%
3%
2%
44%
54%
50%
16%
60%
41%
51%
62%
13%
3%
0%
16%
1%
1%
0%
2%
0%
0%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 104: Solid Waste Disposal
Burn Thrown into communal rubbish area Thrown into sewerage Thrown anywhere Other
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HYGIENE
The vast majority of households in the eight surveyed districts wash their hands after
defecation or after cleaning child’s bottom, before preparing food or eating. The percentage
of households for all these activities exceeds 70% in all districts.
The highest percentage of households across all districts wash hands after defecation (from
75% in Kashmore to 97% in Layyah), followed by after cleaning child’s bottom (from 73%
in Badin to 98% in Thatta), before eating (from 75% in Rajanpur to 98% in Chitral) and
before preparing food (from 70% in Rajanpur to 97% in Chitral). However, the percentage of
households who wash their hands before feeding a child varies greatly, from 16% in
Rajanpur to 83% in Chitral.
District-wise, the highest share of households washing hands after various activities was in
Chitral, Thatta and Layyah, while the lowest – in Rajanpur and Shikarpur.
Across all eight districts, 67% of households wash hands with water only; 28% wash hands
with water and soap and 5% wash hands with water and ash.
92
% 98
%
87
%
75
% 85
%
97
%
86
% 96
%
73
%
98
%
88
%
82
%
80
%
95
%
79
%
95
%
82
% 94
%
88
%
82
% 86
%
85
%
70
%
97
%
84
%
97
%
91
%
83
%
81
% 93
%
75
%
98
%
42
%
81
%
67
% 72
%
47
%
68
%
16
%
83
%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 105: Washing Hands by Activity
After defecation or using a latrine After cleaning child's bottomBefore preparing food Before eatingBefore feeding a child
67%
76%
94%
64%
70%
61%
65%
63%
44%
28%
20%
5%
29%
22%
32%
35%
28%
56%
5%
4%
1%
7%
8%
7%
1%
9%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 106: Products Used for Washing Hands
Water Only Water with soap Water with ash
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The highest share of households where people wash hands with soap is in Chitral; 56%,
followed by Layyah: 35% (plus 1% of households where ash is used for washing hands) and
Shikarpur: 32% (plus 7% with ash).
The lowest share of households were people wash hands with soap is in Thatta: 5% (plus 1%
with ash). The distant second lowest share is in Badin: 20% (plus 4% with ash).
CONCLUSIONS
Most of the surveyed households in Punjab and Sindh provinces used protected hand-pump
for water both before and after the floods. Meanwhile in Chitral, most households used
unprotected sources of water both before and after the 2015 disasters. Approximately 17% of
households across the surveyed districts use some measures to improve the quality of
drinking water (in diminishing order, simple sand filtration, boiling, cloth filtration,
sedimentation, sun exposure and chlorination). The highest percentage of households are in
Chitral – 47%, followed by Layyah – 40%. Kashmore, Ghotki, Thatta and Rajanpur have
14%, 11%, 9% and 9% of households, respectively, using measures to improve the quality of
water. In Badin and Shikarpur, the percentage of such households is barely 4% and 1%,
respectively.
From 23% to 66% of households in various surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh and 7% in
Chitral have no toilet at all; the remaining households use flush system connected to
sewerage, septic tanks or open drains, dug ditches or pit latrines. Overall, only in 23% of
households have separate toilet for females.
Overall, from 67% to 98% of households wash their hands after defecation or after cleaning
child’s bottom, before preparing food or eating. However, the percentage of households who
wash their hands before feeding a child varies from 16% to 83% across the districts. Even
more importantly, two-thirds of all households use only water to wash hands; the situation is
the worst in Thatta, where only 6% of households use soap or ash to wash hands, and the best
– in Chitral with 56%.
A large percentage of households across all surveyed districts have no toilet at all. Such share
was the highest in Rajanpur (66%) and Ghotki (63%) and the lowest in Chitral district – 7%.
The remaining households use flush system connected to sewerage, septic tanks or open
drains, dug ditches or pit latrines. Overall, only in 23% of households have separate toilet for
females. The highest share of such households is in Chitral (34%), Ghotki (33%) and Badin
(31%), while the lowest – in Rajanpur (4%).
Majority of households in all surveyed districts use open drain to dispose of waste water
(30%). The percentage is particularly high in Badin (97%), Rajanpur (95%) and Thatta
(85%). The lowest percentage of households which use this method is in Kashmore (48%).
The distant second way to dispose of waste water is septic tank. The percentage of
households using this method ranges from 0% in Thatta and 2% in Badin to 29% in Chitral.
Some households use soakage pit (from 0% in Badin and Rajanpur each to 6% in Ghotki.
Tranche is used from 1% of households (in Chitral) to 25% (in Kashmore). From 1%
households (in Ghotki) to 15% (in Shikarpur) use waste water for kitchen gardens.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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44% of households in all districts discard their solid waste anywhere. This percentage is the
highest in Rajanpur (62%) followed by Kashmore (60%). Chitral and Ghotki have the lowest
percentage of households that use this method (13% and 16%, respectively).
The second most popular method to dispose of solid waste is burning it (30%). This method
is the most used in Chitral (64%), Ghotki (51% of all households) and Shikarpur (36%),
while Rajanpur households do not use this method at all.
The third most popular method of solid waste disposal is to throw it into communal garbage
(20%). This method is used the highest percentage of households in Rajanpur (35%), while
the lowest is in Kashmore and Thatta (7% and 4%, respectively).
A small percentage of households in all districts throw solid waste into sewerage: from 1% in
Badin to 8% in Kashmore.
Chitral and Ghotki districts display a very different pattern of the disposal of solid waste.
64% of households in Chitral and 52% of households in Ghotki burn their solid waste, 21%
and 26%, respectively, throw it into communal garbage, 13% and 16% discard it anywhere,
while 2% and 5%, respectively, throw it into sewerage.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that to increase access to clean water, assistance programs
should support installation of safe drinking water infrastructure, particularly in Chitral, where
the use of such infrastructure is very low. Based on the data collected, in addition to physical
installations, assistance programs should increase awareness of the communities on the ways
they can improve the quality of water. In diminishing order, the most extensive awareness
efforts should be conducted in Badin, Shikarpur, Rajanpur, Thatta, Ghotki, Kashmore,
Layyah and Chitral.
The assessment findings suggest that, except for Chitral, all surveyed areas need assistance to
install latrines – especially in Rajanpur and Ghotki, – and increased awareness of the proper
treatment of the faeces disposed in pit latrines and dug ditches to reduce health hazards.
Similarly, assistance programs should include efforts to increase the awareness and use of
proper ways to dispose of solid waste and waste water. Based on the data collected, Rajanpur
and Kashmore should be the focus of the activities to improve solid waste disposal, while
Badin, Rajanpur and Thatta should be the focus of the activities to improve disposal of waste
water.
The assessment findings suggest that hygiene programs should work to increase the use of
correct hand-washing practices, particularly in Rajanpur and Shikarpur, where the share of
households using such practices is the lowest across the surveyed districts, and promote the
use of hand-washing products (such as soap or ash). The latter effort should first focus on
Thatta, where the share of households using hand-washing products is the lowest.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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11 RESILIENCE
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Across the surveyed areas, the largest share of households worked on the repair of their
house since the floods – 31%. Other measures undertaken by households included (in
diminishing order): cleaning or levelling land, cleaning and repairing irrigation canals,
getting agricultural inputs and participating in community self-help activities. A much small
share of households found new jobs, improved flood protection or cleared debris in the
community.
Repair of their house was named by the highest percentage of households in Shikarpur –
50%, followed by 35% in Rajanpur, 32% in Chitral, 31% in Ghotki and 30% in Thatta. In
Layyah, Kashmore and Badin, 26%, 25% and 18% of households reported having undertaken
this activity.
Cleaning or levelling of land was reported by the highest percentage of households in Badin
– 27%, followed by Chitral – 20%, Rajanpur and Ghotki – 19% each and 8% of households
both in Layyah and Kashmore. households in Shikarpur nd Thatta did not name this activity
at all.
Cleaning or repair of irrigation canals was named by the highest percentage of households in
Badin – 27%, followed by 20% of households in Chitral, 19% of households in Ghotki and
Rajanpur each and 8% of households in Kashmore and Layyah each.
Purchase or receipt of agricultural inputs was named by the highest percentage of households
in Ghotki and Kashmore – 22%, followed by 14% of households in Rajanpur, 12% in
Layyah, 11% in Shikarpur and 9% in Thatta. In Badin and Chitral, this type of assistance was
not reported by any household.
Participation in community self-help activities was named by the highest percentage of
households in Badin, followed by 12% of households in Shikarpur, 11% of households in
31%
18%
30%
31%
25%
50%
26%
35%
32%
13%
26%
10%
11%
13%
18%
24%
14%
27%
19%
8%
8%
19%
20%
4%
10%
7%
8%
8%
0%
10%
9%
22%
22%
11%
12%
14%
1%
7%
5%
10%
20%
11%
9%
12%
8%
8%
4%
9%
8%
7%
8%
14%
8%
40%
19%
9%
11%
12%
7%
11%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 107: Measures Taken by Households to Improve Situation
Repaired houseCleaned/repaired damaged irrigation channelsCleaned/levelled landFound new jobBought / received agricultural inputs (seeds, fertilizer, hand tools)Cleared debris in the communityParticipated at community self-help activitiesimproved flood protectionOthers
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Thatta and 8% to 9% of households in Chitral, Layyah and Kashmore. In Rajanpur and
Ghotki, no households undertook this activity.
Finding new job was reported by 7% to 10% of households in Kashmore, Shikarpur, Layyah
and Thatta, but by 0% in Chitral, Rajanpur, Ghotki and Badin. Improving flood protection
measures was named by 7% to 9% of households in Layyah, Rajanpur, Shikarpur and
Kashmore; the remaining districts did not report such measure at all. Similarly, clearing
debris in the community was reported only by 7% of households in Layyah and 5% of
households in Chitral.
In Thatta, 40% of households named other measures undertaken by them to improve their
situation after floods. In other districts, the percentage of households which have undertaken
other measures ranged from 7% to 19%.
Across the eight surveyed districts, households had a wide range of opinions as to whether
the situation would improve over the following six months. Overall, 31% of households
believed the situation would become worse, 28% – would remain the same and only 12%
believed the situation would improve. 30% of households answered “don’t know”.
In Rajanpur and Layyah districts of Punjab, most households felt that the situation would
remain the same: 36% and 47%, respectively; 24% and 22%, respectively, felt that the
situation would improve, while 12% and 22% felt it would become worse.
Answers were much more pessimistic in Sindh, where very few households felt the situation
would improve: from 1% in Badin to 3% in Kashmore and Shikarpur each; Thatta was an
exception with 15%. Between 17% and 37% households felt the situation would remain the
same, and a sizeable share of households felt the situation would become worse. Badin was
by far the most pessimistic; 69% of households here felt the situation would continue
worsening, followed by Shikarpur at 48%. The remaining three districts were a touch less
pessimistic with 34% households in Thatta, 25% in Ghotki and 23% in Kashmore expecting
that the situation would continue getting worse.
In Chitral, most households did not know what to answer (42%), 22% expected that the
situation would remain the same, 21% – that the situation would improve and 16% felt the
situation would become worse.
31%
69%
34%
25%
23%
48%
22%
12%
16%
28%
23%
20%
21%
37%
17%
47%
36%
22%
12%
1%
15%
2%
3%
3%
22%
24%
21%
30%
7%
31%
52%
37%
32%
9%
27%
42%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 108: Prospect of Change in Situation Over Next Six Months
Worsen Remain the same Improve Don’t know
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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CONCLUSIONS
Households have taken a variety of measures to improve their situation since the floods. The
largest share of households worked on the repair of their house since the floods – 31%. Other
measures undertaken by households included (in diminishing order): cleaning or levelling
land, cleaning and repairing irrigation canals, getting agricultural inputs and participating in
community self-help activities. Repair of their house was named by the highest percentage of
households in Shikarpur – 50%, followed by 35% in Rajanpur. Cleaning or levelling of land
was reported by the highest percentage of households in Badin – 27%, followed by Chitral –
20%.
Most respondents do not believe that their situation will improve over the coming six months
and only small part remain optimistic.
RECOMMENDATIONS Assistance programs should build upon and complement efforts undertaken by the
communities: reconstruction of the houses, cleaning or levelling the land, repairing irrigation
canals, etc. Additionally, support should include measures to improve the resilience of the
communities against future disasters.
LOANS
Approximately two-thirds households in all eight districts have taken out loans since the
disasters of 2015. The percentage was the highest in Shikarpur (82%), followed by Badin
(80%) and Chitral (76%). The least amount of loans was taken in Thatta (61%) and the two
districts of Punjab (62% in Layyah and 62% in Rajanpur).
80%
61% 65% 65%
82%
62% 62%76%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 109: Households That Have Taken Loans Since Floods
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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An average household is more than PKR 63,000 in debt. The highest amount of debt per
household is in Ghotki – PKR 97,705 on average, followed by Chitral – PKR 77,128 and
Shikarpur – PKR 76,371. The lowest amount of outstanding loans per household was
recorded in Thatta – PKR 40,604 and Badin – PKR 42,002.
Most of the loans in all districts were taken from local shopkeepers (25%-51%), followed, in
diminishing order, by relatives, friends and neighbours (18%-27%), landowners (7%-28%) –
with the exception of Chitral (where such number is 0%), – and villagers, money lenders or
other sources (6%-24%).
In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab, a significant number of households took loans from
banks (21% in Chitral, 21% in Rajanpur and 26% in Layyah); these numbers are negligible in
Sindh (2%-3%).
63,133
42,002 40,604
95,705
51,612
76,371
59,499 62,147
77,128
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 110: Average Size of an Outstanding Loan (PKR)
22%
19%
17%
18%
27%
25%
20%
26%
36%
51%
48%
50%
43%
25%
32%
45%
28%
19%
6%
19%
22%
11%
16%
3%
2%
4%
3%
2%
26%
21%
21%
10%
10%
24%
10%
6%
14%
11%
8%
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 111: Sources of Loan
Relative/friend/neighbour Shopkeeper Landowner Bank Villagers/ Money lender/Other
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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Overall, most households used loans to purchase food (33%-50%), health expenses (10%-
23%) and agricultural inputs or tools (0%-24%).
In Chitral, households also took loans to repair or build houses (23%), purchase livestock or
livestock inputs (12%) or to cover their health and educational expenses (11% and 10%,
respectively). Chitral was the only district among all surveyed where households did not take
loans for agricultural inputs or tools.
Households also took loans to cover health expenses (10%-32%), purchase agricultural
inputs and tools (11%-24%), repair or build houses (6%-19%), Only a small share of loans
was taken out to cover education expenses (1%-4%), purchase livestock and livestock inputs
(1%-6%; Layyah being an exception with 14%) or other purposes.
CONCLUSIONS
Approximately to-thirds households in all eight districts have taken out loans since disasters.
The percentage was the highest in Shikarpur (82%), Badin (80%) and Chitral (76%). An
average size of a household loan exceeds PKR 63,000. The highest amount of debt per
household is in Ghotki – PKR 97,705 on average.
Most of the loans in all districts were taken from local shopkeepers (25%-51%), followed, in
diminishing order, by relatives, friends and neighbours, landowners – with the exception of
Chitral where none of the households have taken out loans from landowners – and villagers,
money lenders or other sources. Overall, most households – from 33% to 50% of households
in various districts – used their loans to purchase food, followed by health expenses and
agricultural inputs or tools.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that assistance programs should work with the communities
to increase their incomes and reduce the amount of debt. Such efforts should focus on
Ghotki, where the average amount of debt per household is the highest, as well as on
Shikarpur, Badin and Chitral, where the largest share of households have taken out loans.
36%
50%
38%
35%
39%
33%
38%
44%
12%
9%
12%
7%
6%
19%
10%
23%
32%
22%
15%
23%
24%
10%
22%
11%
1%
2%
2%
3%
2%
3%
1%
10%
4%
3%
4%
6%
4%
14%
1%
13%
11%
24%
12%
22%
15%
21%
2%
4%
5%
13%
3%
6%
6%
12%
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 112: Reasons for Taking Loan
Purchase food House repairing / building Health expensesEducation expenses Llivestock/inputs Agricultural inputs/toolsOthers
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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RECOVERY NEEDS
Most households across all eight districts named cash grants as the topmost short-term need
(26%-37%), followed by building materials (10%-26%) and food aid (12%-26%). Much
fewer households named agricultural support (2%-13%) and credits (8%-17%); three districts
(Chitral, Rajanpur and Shikarpur) did not name credits among their short-term needs.
Most households across all eight districts named agricultural inputs as their top medium-term
need (19% – 41%), with the exception being Badin, where only 9% named agricultural inputs
as their top medium-term need. Instead, households in Badin felt that their top medium-term
need is building materials (24%), closely followed by cash grants (23%), food aid (18%) and
credits (16%).
In the remaining seven districts, the second topmost medium term need was cash grants
(12%-23%), followed by building materials (9%-18%), food aid (5%-18%), health and
education services (6%-17%) – here, a notable exception is Chitral with 0% allotted for
health and education expenses. Similarly, Chitral households did not name credits among
their top medium-term needs. The remaining six districts (Badin was discussed earlier in this
passage) ranged from 7% to 17% for the need of credits in the medium term.
22%
24%
26%
17%
21%
28%
10%
24%
22%
31%
32%
29%
31%
33%
37%
26%
26%
29%
21%
28%
26%
21%
14%
12%
19%
23%
25%
8%
2%
5%
9%
7%
10%
8%
13%
9%
9%
8%
7%
12%
11%
18%
10%
6%
7%
10%
14%
13%
19%
13%
15%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 113: Short-Term Needs
Building material Cash grants Food aid Agricultural Support Credit Others
13%
24%
9%
8%
9%
12%
9%
10%
18%
17%
23%
12%
16%
17%
22%
11%
15%
16%
12%
18%
12%
12%
15%
18%
5%
8%
10%
27%
9%
20%
40%
24%
19%
29%
41%
33%
10%
16%
17%
7%
12%
12%
11%
7%
9%
7%
15%
6%
10%
8%
17%
6%
13%
4%
15%
12%
13%
9%
18%
13%
23%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 114: Medium-Term Needs
Building material Cash grants Food aidAgricultural inputs Credit Health/education servicesOthers
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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CONCLUSIONS
The surveyed communities experienced a variety of shocks and hazards since 2010. From
48% to 99% of households in various districts were impacted by floods; 38% of households
in Badin also experienced cyclones, while 31% of households in Chitral – an earthquake. The
2015 floods (and, in Chitral’s case, earthquake) either severely or moderately affected from
77% to 100% of households in the surveyed districts.
Only 27% of households remained in their homes, while 36% were displaced for less than
one month, and the remaining 38% stayed away from their homes for more than one month.
The highest percentage of households which stayed at home during the 2015 disasters was in
Badin – 79% followed by Chitral (earthquake) – 63%. The highest percentage of households
which were displaced for up to one month was in Layyah – 75%, while Thatta had the
highest share of households who were displaced for more than one month – 86%.
Overall, 39% of households moved away from their homes because their house was
destroyed and 34% fled away from the floods. 14% of households moved away to rescue
livestock.
The largest share of households which moved away due to the destruction of their house was
in Ghotki – 59%, while fleeing flooding was the reason for displacement named by the
largest share of households in Thatta – 66%. The largest share of households which named
livestock rescue as the reason for displacement was in Shikarpur – 49%.
Overall, the largest share of displaced households stayed with host families (34%), followed
by spontaneous sites near their villages (22%) or spontaneous sites far away from their
villages (16%). The largest share of households which stayed with host families was recorded
in Chitral after the earthquake – 70%, while spontaneous sites near their village was the
reported by the largest share of households in Badin – 42%. Spontaneous sites far away from
their village were chosen by the largest share of households in Rajanpur – 26%. Camps run
by the government were named by the largest share of households in Thatta – 29%.
Most households across all eight districts named cash grants as the topmost short-term need
(26%-37%), followed by building materials (10%-26%) and food aid (12%-26%). Much
fewer households named agricultural support (2%-13%) and credits (8%-17%); three districts
(Chitral, Rajanpur and Shikarpur) did not name credits among their short-term needs.
Except for Badin, most households in the surveyed areas named agricultural inputs as their
top medium-term need, followed by cash grants, building materials and food aid. In Badin,
the top medium-term needs are building materials and cash grants, followed by food aid and
credits.
RECOMMENDATIONS The assistance findings suggest that overall, short-term assistance should focus around the
needs expressed by the communities: cash grants, building materials, food aid and
agricultural inputs for both short term and medium term. Based on the data collected, in
Badin, assistance should include credits.
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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12 ASSISTANCE RECEIVED
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
123
ASSISTANCE BY TYPE
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 115: Types of Assistance Received
Food AssistanceGovernment compensationCash/ food for work/ trainingZakat/KhairatNutritional supportTents/shelter materialBedding/mats/ blanketsKitchen utensilsHygiene kitsBuckets/jerry cansMosquito netsDrinking water/water coolersCash grants (NGO/ unconditional)Agricultural inputs/ trainingLivestock supportIrrigation repair
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
124
Table 6: Types of Assistance Received
Foo
d a
ssis
tan
ce
Go
vern
me
nt
com
pe
nsa
tio
n
Cas
h o
r fo
od
fo
r w
ork
or
trai
nin
g
Zaka
t o
r K
hai
rat
Nu
trit
ion
al s
up
po
rt
Ten
ts o
r sh
elt
er m
ater
ial
Be
dd
ing
or
mat
s o
r b
lan
kets
Kit
che
n u
ten
sils
Hyg
ien
e k
its
Bu
cke
ts o
r je
rry
can
s
Mo
squ
ito
ne
ts
Dri
nki
ng
wat
er
or
wat
er
coo
lers
Cas
h g
ran
ts (
NG
O o
r
un
con
dit
ion
al)
Agr
icu
ltu
ral i
np
uts
or
trai
nin
g
Live
sto
ck s
up
po
rt
Irri
gati
on
re
pai
r
Oth
ers
Overall 34% 23% 6% 6% 8% 24% 10% 6% 10% 8% 7% 11% 8% 7% 6% 3% 9%
Badin 0% 34% 0% 2% 8% 1% 0% 0% 1% 22%
Thatta 50% 48% 17% 17% 22% 43% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 16% 33%
Ghotki 36% 0% 4% 6% 1% 25% 4% 4% 4% 6% 1% 2% 5% 4% 29%
Kashmore 20% 5% 5% 10% 5% 14% 10% 1% 10% 2% 13% 10% 14% 6% 1% 0% 3%
Shikarpur 20% 25% 1% 1% 5% 14% 4% 0% 0% 1% 2% 1% 0% 0%
Layyah 56% 28% 11% 2% 7% 22% 3% 3% 18% 7% 8% 20% 1% 5% 8% 1% 8%
Rajanpur 14% 2% 0% 0% 16% 9% 15% 14% 0% 4% 3% 1%
Chitral 59% 36% 3% 9% 11% 49% 29% 27% 10% 13% 7% 26% 26% 23% 10% 5% 1%
The lowest or second-lowest percentage The highest or second-highest percentage
Communities in the surveyed districts have received a wide variety of assistance to date
including food and nutritional support, government compensation and cash grants from non-
governmental organizations, cash or food for work or training, Zakat or Khairat14, tents or
shelter material, bedding or mats or blankets, kitchen utensils, hygiene kits, buckets or jerry
cans, mosquito nets, drinking water and water coolers, agricultural inputs and training,
livestock support, support for the repair of irrigation systems. Except for the government
compensation and cash grants, most of the support provided to date was part of the relief
effort and focused on the immediate post-disaster needs.
The largest percentage of households in the surveyed districts reported receiving food
assistance (34%), followed by tents or shelter material (24%) and government compensation
(23%).
Very little support has been provided to address longer-term needs of the affected
communities. For example, agricultural and livestock support, as well as support for the
repair of irrigation systems constituted only 7%, 6% and 3%, respectively.
The districts of Thatta and Chitral have the highest percentage of households which received
various assistance. The lowest percentage of households which received assistance is in
Badin, Shikarpur and Rajanpur.
14 Charity or alms
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
125
Badin had no households which reported receiving food assistance, cash or food for work or
training, bedding or mats or blankets, kitchen utensils, hygiene kits, buckets or jerry cans,
mosquito nets, drinking water or water coolers, unconditional cash grants, agricultural inputs
or training or support to repair irrigation systems. Similarly, only 1% of households received
tents or shelter material or livestock support, only 2% received Zakat or Khairat and only 8%
received nutritional support.
Rajanpur, had no households which reported receiving cash or food for work or training,
Zakat or Khairat, nutritional support, kitchen utensils, mosquito nets, agricultural inputs or
training or support to repair irrigation systems. Only 2% received government compensation,
3% -unconditional cash and 4% – drinking water or water coolers.
Similarly, Shikarpur had no households which reported receiving kitchen utensils, hygiene
kits, unconditional cash, agricultural inputs or training, livestock support or support to repair
irrigation systems. Only 1% received Zakat or Khairat, buckets or jerry cans or drinking
water or water coolers, 2% – mosquito nets, 4% – bedding or mats or blankets and 5% –
nutritional support.
UNCONDITIONAL CASH SUPPORT
Overall, 26% of households in the surveyed areas received unconditional cash support after
the floods. The highest percentage of households which received such support was in Chitral
– 44%, followed by 42% in Thatta, 30% in Badin and 27% in Shikarpur. In Layyah,
Kashmore and Ghotki, such assistance was reported by 22%, 19% and 15% of households,
respectively. In Rajanpur, only 11% received such support.
26%30%
42%
15%19%
27%22%
11%
44%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 116: Households That Received Unconditional Cash Support
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
126
Overall, 33% of households in the surveyed areas received less than PKR 3,000, 24% – from
PKR 3,000 to PKR 6,000, 13% – from PKR 6,000 to PKR 10,000, 16% – from PKR 10,000
t0 PKR 20,000, 4% – from PKR 20,000 to PKR 50,000 and the remaining 9% received more
than PKR 50,000.
The largest share of households which received less than PKR 3,000 is in Thatta – 88%,
followed by Badin – 74%. 43% of households received such amount in Shikarpur, 29% – in
Kashmore, 18% – in Ghotki, 9% – in Layyah and 6% – in Chitral. Rajanpur households did
not receive any cash assistance less than PKR 3,000 in size.
The largest share of households which received PKR 3,000-6,000 is in Rajanpur – 45% of
households, followed by Kashmore – 44% and Ghotki – 32%. This amount was received by
26% of households in Badin, 15% of households in Shikarpur, 11% in Thatta, 8% in Chitral
and 7% in Layyah.
Ghotki has the largest share of households which received PKR 6,000-10,000: 41%, followed
by Rajanpur with 30%, Kashmore with 21%, Shikarpur with 6%, Layyah with 4% and
Chitral with 3%. Nobody reported receiving such amount in Badin or Thatta.
In Layyah, 80% of households received PKR 10,000-20,000. The other districts where
households received this amount of support were Shikarpur with 34% of households,
Rajanpur with 11%, Chitral with 4% and Kashmore with 2% assistance of this size.
The highest share of households which received PKR 20,000-50,000 was in Rajanpur – 15%,
followed by 7% in Ghotki, 6% in Chitral, 4% in Kashmore, 2% in Shikarpur and 1% in
Thatta. In Chitral and Ghotki, 73% and 2% of households, respectively, received more than
PKR50,000 in unconditional cash support.
33%
74%
88%
18%
29%
43%
9%
6%
24%
26%
11%
32%
44%
15%
7%
45%
8%
13%
41%
21%
6%
4%
30%
3%
16%
2%
34%
80%
11%
4%
4%
1%
7%
4%
2%
15%
6%
9%
2%
73%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 117: Amount of Unconditional Cash Support Received (PKR)
< 3,000 3,000-6,000 6,000-10,000 10,000-20,000 20,000-50,000 > 50,000
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
127
Overall, 39% of households used unconditional cash support to purchase food. Another 22%
and 21% of households, respectively, used it to buy household items or for health or medical
care, followed, in diminishing order; to build shelter or rebuild houses; to purchase animal
fodder, seed or fertilizer; and to repay debts.
The percentage of households which used this support to purchase food was the highest in
Rajanpur – 49% and Thatta – 43%, while the lowest in Kashmore – 34% and Chitral – 36%.
From 17% to 26% of households in all districts used cash support to purchase household
items.
The percentage of households which used unconditional cash support for health or medical
care ranged more widely that that for food or household items: 32% in Badin, 29% of
households in Shikarpur, 28% in Thatta and Ghotki, 21% in Kashmore, 17% in Rajanpur,
10% in Chitral and 5% in Layyah.
A similarly varying spread of percentages was recorded for emergency shelters or
reconstruction of houses: Unconditional cash support was used for this purposes by 28% of
households in Layyah and 24% in Chitral, but only 7% of households in Kashmore and 1%-
2% of households in Rajanpur, Badin, Thatta, Ghotki and Shikarpur.
This support was used to repay debts by 11% of households in Kashmore, 9% of households
in Shikarpur, 5% in Chitral and 1% of households in Ghotki and Badin.
11% of households in Kashmore used this assistance to purchase animal fodder, seeds or
fertilizer. In other districts, this share varied from 2% to 9%.
39%
40%
43%
37%
34%
39%
37%
49%
36%
22%
24%
21%
26%
17%
18%
22%
24%
21%
21%
32%
28%
28%
21%
29%
5%
17%
10%
9%
1%
2%
2%
7%
2%
28%
1%
24%
6%
2%
5%
7%
11%
4%
8%
9%
3%
3%
1%
1%
11%
9%
5%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 118: Utilization of Unconditional Cash Support
Buying foodBuying household itemsHealth/medical careArranging emergency shelters/rebuilding damaged housesBuying animal fodder/seeds/fertilizersPaying debts
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RECOVERY MEASURES
Families across the surveyed areas received external recovery assistance for a variety of
purposes. The largest share, 18%, of all surveyed households, received support to repair their
houses or agricultural inputs (14%). Other support included, in diminishing order, cash or
grain, loans, cleaning of irrigation canals, found new job, improvements in flood protection,
cleaning or levelling land, cleaning debris in the community, productive assets and other
support.
Support for repair of the house was received by the largest share of households in Badin –
28% and Shikarpur – 27%, followed by Ghotki and Layyah with 18% each and Chitral with
17%. In Rajanpur and Thatta, such assistance was reported by 13% of households, while in
Kashmore – by 14%.
Support for cleaning of irrigation canals was also reported by the largest share of households
in Badin – 26%, followed by 16% of households in Chitral and from 2% to 7% of households
in Thatta, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Rajanpur, Layyah and Ghotki.
Support for the purchase or receipt of agricultural inputs was named by the highest share of
households in Ghotki – 22%, followed by 20% in Kashmore, 15% in Chitral, Rajanpur and
Layyah, 8% in Badin and Thatta, and 7% in Shikarpur.
Support in finding a new job was named by the highest share of households in Shikarpur –
21%, followed by 14% in Thatta, 11% in Rajanpur and 1% to 8% in the remaining districts.
Loans were reported by the largest share of households in Ghotki – 18%, followed by
Rajanpur – 14%; in other districts, from 5% to 8% of households named this assistance.
Cash or grain support was named by the largest share of households in Kashmore – 17%,
followed by 16% in Chitral, 14% in Badin, 13% in Layyah, 11% in Shikarpur, 10% in
Ghotki, 6% in Thatta and 4% in Rajanpur.
18%
28%
13%
18%
14%
27%
18%
13%
17%
9%
26%
2%
7%
4%
2%
7%
6%
16%
5%
14%
1%
9%
5%
0%
4%
2%
8%
8%
1%
14%
3%
8%
21%
5%
11%
14%
8%
8%
22%
20%
7%
15%
15%
15%
4%
2%
0%
1%
6%
1%
9%
2%
7%
3%
3%
1%
2%
9%
2%
6%
1%
6%
6%
3%
5%
9%
5%
14%
4%
10%
4%
6%
10%
17%
11%
13%
4%
16%
9%
8%
5%
18%
7%
7%
14%
6%
14%
46%
5%
1%
17%
1%
28%
14%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 119: Households That Received External Recovery Assistance
Repair of house Cleaning of irrigation canalsCleaning/leveling of land Found new jobHelp in purchase/receipt of agricultural inputs Cleaning of debris in the communityHelp in productive assets Improving flood protectionCash/grain support LoanOthers
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Assistance in cleaning debris in the community was named by up to 9% of households in
various surveyed districts, while improving flood protection – by up to 14% of households in
all districts except for Chitral, and productive assets – by up to 9% of households in all
districts except for Chitral and Thatta (which did not receive the latter type of support at all).
CONCLUSIONS
Most of the surveyed communities received a wide variety of relief assistance, such as food,
cash, various household items of immediate importance and other items. The districts of
Chitral and Thatta have the highest percentage of households which received various
assistance, while the lowest percentage of households is in Badin, Shikarpur and Rajanpur.
The largest percentage of households in the surveyed districts reported receiving food
assistance (34%), followed by tents or shelter material (24%) and government compensation
(23%). Most of the assistance was provided by the government, followed by NGOs. Other
sources of assistance included the UN, individuals and religious organizations.
Very little support has been provided to address longer-term needs of the affected
communities. For example, agricultural and livestock support, as well as support for the
repair of irrigation systems constituted only 7%, 6% and 3%, respectively.
In addition to the relief assistance, households have been provided with some external
recovery assistance. The largest share, 18%, of all surveyed households, received support for
the repair of their houses or agricultural inputs (14%). Other support included, in diminishing
order, cash or grain, loans, cleaning of irrigation canals, found new job, improvements in
flood protection, cleaning or levelling land, cleaning debris in the community, productive
assets and other support. Support for repair of the house was received by the largest share of
households in Badin – 28% and Shikarpur – 27%. Support for cleaning of irrigation canals
was also reported by the largest share of households in Badin – 26%, followed by 16% of
households in Chitral.
26% of households in the surveyed areas received unconditional cash support after the
floods. The highest percentage of households which received such support was in Chitral –
44%, followed by 42% in Thatta, 30% in Badin and 27% in Shikarpur. In Layyah, Kashmore
and Ghotki, such assistance was reported by 22%, 19% and 15% of households, respectively.
In Rajanpur, only 11% received such support.
61% of all unconditional cash support was provided by the government. The second largest
donor was NGOs with 25%, followed by 6% from relatives, friends, neighbours or
community members, 4% from religious organizations and 1% from UN. An additional 4%
was provided by other sources.
33% of households in the surveyed areas received less than PKR 3,000, 24% – from PKR
3,000 to PKR 6,000, 13% – from PKR 6,000 to PKR 10,000, 16% – from PKR 10,000 to
PKR 20,000, 4% – from PKR 20,000 to PKR 50,000 and the remaining 9% of households
(mostly in Chitral) received more than PKR 50,000.
39% of households used unconditional cash support to purchase food. Another 22% and 21%
of households, respectively, used it to buy household items or for health or medical care,
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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followed, in diminishing order, to arrange emergency shelter or rebuild houses; to purchase
animal fodder, seed or fertilizer; and to repay debts.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that to date, assistance mostly focused on the relief needs of
the surveyed communities and have done very little to support recovery or reconstruction
needs.
Based on the data collected, future assistance programs should include a wide variety of
activities to improve incomes, shelter, food security and resilience of these communities,
building on the assistance provided to date. Additionally, assistance programs should take
into consideration that some of these severely affected areas have received very little
recovery support to date.
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13 ANNEXES
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ANNEX 1: LIST OF UNION COUNCILS INCLUDED IN THE SURVEY
NO. DISTRICT TALUKA UNION COUNCIL
1. Chitral Chitral Ayun
2. Chitral Chitral
3. Chitral Karimabad
4. Chitral Khot
5. Chitral Lotkoh
6. Chitral Shoghore
7. Mastuj Charun
8. Mastuj Laspur
9. Mastuj Mastuj
10. Mastuj Mulkhow
11. Mastuj Owir
12. Mastuj Shagram
13. Mastuj Tirich
14. Mastuj Yarkhon
15. Layyah Karor Baseera
16. Karor Sahu Wala
17. Karor Samita
18. Karor Shah Pur
19. Karor Thal Jandi
20. Karor Warah Sehran
21. Layyah Babhri Ahmed Khan
22. Layyah Bait Wsawa Shumali
23. Layyah Jakkhar
24. Layyah Kotla Haji Shah
25. Layyah Lohanch Nasheeb
26. Layyah Shadoo Khan
27. Rajanpur Jam Pur Haji Pur
28. Jam Pur Harrand
29. Jam Pur Kotla Dewan
30. Jam Pur Meeran Pur
31. Jam Pur Noor Pur Manjho Wala
32. Rajan Pur Aqil Pur
33. Rajan Pur Jehan Pur
34. Rajan Pur Kot Mithan
35. Rajan Pur Murghai
36. Rajan Pur Noor Pur Machi Wala
37. Rajan Pur Rakh Fazal Pur
38. Rajan Pur Shekar Pur
39. Rojhan Rojhan City
40. Rojhan Shah Wali
41. Rojhan Umer Kot
42. Badin Badin Abdullah Shah
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43. Badin Bhugra Memon
44. Badin Kadhan
45. Badin Lawari Sharif
46. Badin Mitho Chandio
47. Badin Seerani
48. Golaarchi/Shaheed Fazil Rahu Ahmad Rajo
49. Golaarchi/Shaheed Fazil Rahu Golaarchi/Shaheed Fazil Rahu
50. Golaarchi/Shaheed Fazil Rahu Tarahi
51. Talhar Saeed Pur
52. Tando Bago Chousehold baralo
53. Tando Bago Khalifo Qasim
54. Ghotki Ghotki Bago Dhero
55. Ghotki Hussain Beli
56. Ghotki M. Khan Ghoto
57. Ghotki Qadir Pur
58. Ghotki Wasti Qutab Din
59. Obouaro Chandia
60. Obouaro Langho
61. Obouaro Ranwati
62. Obouaro Wasti Jeewan Shah
63. Kashmore Kandhkot Darri
64. Kandhkot Ghous Pur
65. Kandhkot Haibat
66. Kandhkot Kajli
67. Kandhkot Malheer
68. Kandhkot Rasaldar
69. Kashmore Gheelpur
70. Kashmore Gublo
71. Kashmore Guddo
72. Kashmore Kashmore
73. Tangwani Badani
74. Tangwani Balkani
75. Tangwani Dunyapur
76. Tangwani Gulwahi
77. Tangwani Tangwani
78. Shikarpur Ghari Yaseen Gheheja
79. Ghari Yaseen Jando Dero
80. Ghari Yaseen Mirza Pur
81. Khanpur Mehmood Abagh
82. Khanpur Pir Bux Sujra
83. Khanpur Sabirabad
84. Lakhi Chak Town
85. Lakhi Fateh Tando
86. Lakhi Rukh
87. Lakhi Sehwani
88. Thatta Ghora Bhari Khan
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89. Ghora Bhari Kotri Allah Rakhio Shah
90. Ghora Bhari Mehar
91. Ghora Bhari Udasi
92. Kharo Chan Kharo Chan
93. Keti Bandar Keti Bandar
94. Thatta Chatto Chand
95. Thatta Doomani
96. Thatta Jahrak
97. Thatta Kalan Kot
98. Thatta Sonda
99. Thatta Tand Hafiz Shah
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ANNEX 2: QUESTIONNAIRE
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ANNEX 3: SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE
Most of the food assistance was provided by the government, followed by NGOs. Small
amounts of food assistance were provided by neighbours, UN and religious organizations.
Government compensation was nearly exclusively provided by the government. A small part
of it (and mostly to households in Thatta) was provided by “other” sources or NGOs.
100%79%
53%
23%
50%
24%
80%
24%
3%39%
59%
47%
29%
18%
70%
3%7%
0%
4%
2%0%
7%2%
1%
1%3%
4%0%
45%
2% 2%
16%1% 2% 0%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-1: Food Assistance by Source
Others Relative/friend/neighbour/community memberReligious Organization UNNGO Government
99%
59%
100% 93% 94% 93% 90% 95%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-2: Government Compensation by Source
Government NGO UN Religious Organization Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
100%
3%21%
75%
2%20%
43%
71%
25%
100%80%
3%
87%94%
57%
7%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-3: Cash/Food for Work/Training by Source
Government NGO UN Religious Organization Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
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Cash or food for work or training was provided mostly by NGOs (predominantly in
Rajanpur, Chitral, Kashmore, also, in smaller shares, in Ghotki and Shikarpur), government
(in Badin, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Chitral and Thatta) and relatives or friends or neighbours or
community members (in Layyah and some – in Thatta). Small amounts of assistance were
provided by religious organizations (in Layyah) and UN (in Kashmore and Layyah). A
substantial amount of assistance, particularly in Thatta and Ghotki, was provided by “other”
sources.
Zakat or Khairat was mostly provided by the government and individual contributors –
relatives or friends or neighbours or community members. A much smaller part was provided
by NGOs.
Some assistance provided was attributed to “other” sources.
Nutritional support was mostly provided by the government and NGOs. A small part was
provided by the UN and relatives or friends or neighbours or community members.
14%
53% 48%
100%
6%
14%
47%
35%
71%52%
50%
39%100%
50%
19%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-4: Zakat/Khairat by Source
Government NGO Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
41%
11%
50%
7%
67%
100%
33%
59%
12%
93%
33%
7%
63%
50%
83.3%
5.0%
76%
10%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-5: Nutritional Support by Source
Government NGO UN Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
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The bulk of the tents or shelter material was provided by NGOs; the second largest source
was the government. A small part was provided by relatives or neighbours or friends or
community members, UN and religious organizations.
The vast majority of bedding or mats or blankets was provided by NGOs. The government,
UN, relatives or friends or neighbours or community members contributed small amounts.
Almost all kitchen utensils were provided by NGOs.
54%44% 37%
15% 7%
28%37%
100%6%
41% 58%83%
37%
70%62%
3%
52%
1% 1%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-6: Tents/Shelter Material by Source
Government NGO UN Religious Organization Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
1% 7% 14% 17%2%
50%
69%75%
8%
97% 94%
43%7%
8%
67%
3%
99%
25%
2%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-7: Bedding, Mats or Blankets by Source
Government NGO UN Religious Organization Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
67%
100%
69%
95%
33%8%
5%
100%
23%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-8: Kitchen Utensils by Source
NGO Religious Organization Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
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Hygiene kits were provided mostly by NGOs. Some assistance was provided by the UN,
government and religious organizations.
Buckets and jerry cans were predominantly provided by NGOs. Some buckets and jerry cans
were provided by the UN, religious organizations and the government.
Majority of mosquito nets was provided by NGOs. Some were provided by the government,
the UN, religious organizations and relatives or friends or neighbours or community
members.
11% 3%
75%
81% 100% 93% 100% 100%
25%4%
100%
4%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-9: Hygiene Kits by Source
Government NGO UN Religious Organization Others
20%0% 5%1%
38%20%
100%90%
100% 95%
62% 60%
99%
10%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-10: Buckets or Jerry Cans by Source
Government NGO UN Religious Organization Others
1%
39%
8%
43%
6%1%
17%65%
43%
83% 100% 100%
39% 11%
6%14% 14% 3%
97%
9%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-11: Mosquito Nets by Source
Government NGO UN Religious Organization Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
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Drinking water or water coolers were provided mostly by NGOs, the government and
religious organizations. Relatives or friends or neighbours or community members provided
a small share as well.
The vast majority of the agricultural inputs or training was provided by NGOs. The
government, the UN and individual contributors provided small amounts as well.
Livestock support was mostly provided by NGOs, the government. Some support was
provided by the UN and individual contributors.
50%
21%
50%
9%
25%
39%
15%
100% 85%
11%
1%
25% 29%50%
6%
3%
81%97%
3%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-12: Drinking Water or Water Coolers by Source
Government NGO UN Religious Organization Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
10%
37%
100% 100% 100%
45%
58%20%
10%
2%
100%
15%2%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-13: Agricultural Inputs / Training by Source
Government NGO UN Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
33% 25%3%
100%
30%
67%
83%50% 100%
45%
27%
17% 25%
3%
1%
39%43%
99%
9%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-14: Livestock Support by Source
Government NGO UN Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
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Support for the repair of irrigation systems was mostly provided by individual contributors –
relatives or friends or neighbours or community members, NGOS and the government.
Overall, 61% of all unconditional cash support was provided by the government. The second
largest donor was NGOs with 25%, followed by 6% from relatives, friends, neighbours or
community members, 4% from religious organizations and 1% from UN. An additional 4%
was provided by other sources.
100% 50%6%
100%
50%
25%
100%
50% 69%
100%
50%
Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-15: Repair of Irrigation Systems by Source
Government NGO Relative/friend/neighbour/community member Others
61%
82%91%
32%39%
70% 72%
45%55%
25%
18% 3%
37%
46%
20%6%
51%17%
1%
2%
4%1%
2%
0%
4%
2%
11% 1%
4% 13%
6% 1%
13%
2%1% 18%
2%14%
4% 6%16%
7% 1%
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 3-16: Unconditional Cash Support by Source
Others Relative/Friend/Neighbour/Community memberReligious organization UNNGO Government
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
List of Tables
1. Impact of the 2015 Natural Disasters in Pakistan 15
2. Number of Households Interviewed in Each District 17
3. Foods Items Eaten in the House in Past Seven Days 42
4. Ownership of Household Assets Before Floods 65
5. Households That Lost or Damaged Household Assets in Floods 66
6. Types of Assistance Received 124
List of Figures
1. Districts Affected by the 2015 Floods 15
2. Surveyed Areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 19
3. Surveyed Areas in Punjab 19
4. Surveyed Areas in Sindh 19
5. Average Household Size 21
6. Number of Household Members 21
7. Household Composition 22
8. Head of Household 23
9. Marital Status of Female Heads of Households 23
10. Education Level of the Household Head 24
11. Education Level of Spouse of the Household Head 25
12. Shocks/Hazards Experienced since 2010 28
13. Level of Impact of the 2015 Disasters 28
14. Duration of Displacement 29
15. Reasons for Displacement 30
16. Type of Shelter During Displacement 31
17. Type of House Before Floods 33
18. Condition of House After Floods 33
19. Damages to House by Type of Construction 34
20. Current Living Arrangement if House was Destroyed 35
21. Current House/Shelter Meets Family Needs 36
22. Reasons for Current House/Shelter Not Meeting Family Needs 36
23. Estimated Cost of Repair of Damaged House (PKR) 37
24. Salvageable Material for Rebuilding After Floods 37
25. Meals Eaten Per Day 41
26. Fewer Than Usual Meals Eaten the Day Before 41
27. Food Items Eaten in the House in Past 7 Days 42
28. Sources of Food Items Eaten in the House in Past Seven Days 43
29. Stock of Cereals Stored for Domestic Use Lost in Floods (Maunds) 44
30. Current Stock of Cereals 44
31. Households with No Means to Buy Basic Food for Two Weeks 45
32. Households That Reduced Food Consumption Due to Floods 45
33. Food Consumption Groups 46
34. Food Expenditure Groups 47
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35. Food Security Groups 48
36. Livelihood-Based Coping Strategies 48
37. Reduced Coping Strategy Index 50
38. Reduced Coping Strategies 50
39. Current Monthly Household Income and Last Month’s Expenditure (PKR) 54
40. Types of Household’s Expenditure 55
41. Sources of Livelihood Before Floods 56
42. Current Sources of Livelihood 56
43. Change in Income Since Floods 58
44. Income Earners Per Household 58
45. Women Working Per Household 60
46. Number of Women Working Per Household – Before Flood 61
47. Number of Women Working Per Household –Currently 61
48. Women’s Sources of Livelihood – Before Floods 62
49. Women’s Sources of Livelihood – Currently 62
50. Ownership of Household Assets Before Floods 65
51. Households That Lost or Damaged Household Assets in Flood 66
52. Ownership of Productive Assets Before Floods 67
53. Households That Lost or Damaged Productive Assets During Floods 67
54. Access to Markets Before Floods 70
55. Access to Markets After Floods 70
56. Problems in Accessing Markets 71
57. Households That Normally Cultivate Land 74
58. Ownership of Cultivable Land 74
59. Type of Ownership of Cultivated Land 75
60. Land Ownership and Cultivation During Rabi and Kharif Seasons (Acres) 75
61. Land Cultivation During Rabi Season 76
62. Land Cultivation During Kharif Season 77
63. Problems with Land Use and Property Rights Because of Floods 78
64. Access to Irrigation 80
65. Types of Irrigation Systems 80
66. Share of Irrigated Land in Total Cultivable Land 81
67. Current State of Irrigation Systems in Punjab and Sindh 81
68. Current State of Irrigation Systems in Chitral 81
69. Types of Damages 82
70. Crop Cultivation During Rabi Season 83
71. Crop Cultivation During Kharif Season 84
72. Kharif production Affected Due to Floods 85
73. Affected Area with Crops 85
74. Share of Harvest Lost 86
75. Flood’s Impact on Agriculture 87
76. Absence of Agricultural Inputs for 2015/2016 Rabi Season 88
77. Agricultural Support Needed to Recover from Floods 89
78. Households That Normally Keep Livestock 93
79. Ownership of Cows or Buffalos Per Household 93
80. Ownership of Goats or Sheep Per Household 93
81. Ownership of Poultry Per Household 93
82. Ownership of Other Livestock Per Household 93
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83. Share of Livestock and Poultry Lost During Floods 94
84. Share of Households That Lost Livestock and Poultry During Floods 95
85. Share of Households That Sold Livestock and Poultry Since Floods 95
86. Reasons for Selling Livestock or Poultry 96
87. Cows or Buffalos Lost or Sold Per Household 97
88. Goats or Sheep Lost or Sold Per Household 97
89. Poultry Lost or Sold Per Household 97
90. Other Livestock Lost or Sold Per Household 97
91. Households That Sell Dairy Products 98
92. Households That Sell Eggs 99
93. Households That Sell Chicken or Meat 99
94. Livestock Problems 100
95. Livestock Items Least or Not Available 100
96. Livestock Support Needed 101
97. Main Sources of Drinking Water Before Floods 105
98. Main Sources of Drinking Water Currently 105
99. Use of Any Measure to Improve Quality of Drinking Water 106
100. Measures Used to Improve Quality of Drinking Water 106
101. Types of Toilet or Latrine Used 107
102. Households Where Females Use Separate Toilet 109
103. Disposal of Waste Water 109
104. Solid Waste Disposal 110
105. Washing Hands by Activity 111
106. Products Used for Washing Hands 111
107. Measures Taken by Households to Improve Situation 115
108. Prospect of Change in Situation Over Next Six Months 116
109. Households That Have Taken Loans Since Floods 117
110. Average Size of Outstanding Loan (PKR) 118
111. Sources of Loan 118
112. Reasons for Taking Loan 119
113. Short-Term Needs 120
114. Medium-Term Needs 120
115. Types of Assistance Received 123
116. Households That Received Unconditional Cash Support 125
117. Amount of Unconditional Cash Support Received (PKR) 126
118. Utilization of Unconditional Cash Support 127
119. Households That Received External Recovery Assistance 128
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
154
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
155
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
NARC Premises
Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad
Tel: (+92-51) 925 5491
Fax: (+92-51) 925 5454
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.fao.org
Mailing Address: P.O. Box 1476, Islamabad