survey of anatomy and physiology chap 12 part one
TRANSCRIPT
The Cardiovascular System: Transport and
SupplyPart One
12
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem
Cardiovascular system transports nutrients and oxygen to cells in body while carbon dioxide and waste products of cells' metabolism are removed
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem
Pump that circulates the
transport medium
(blood) is the heart
System OverviewSystem Overview
The circulatory system uses the
heart as a pump and transports
through blood vessels to
organs and the smallest
tissues and cell
The circulatory system uses the
heart as a pump and transports
through blood vessels to
organs and the smallest
tissues and cell
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem
Veins differ from arteries
because they carry blood toward heart, have valves, and have thinner walls; they are more numerous and have larger capacity
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem
Figure 12-1Figure 12-1Four Functions of the Four Functions of the
Cardiovascular system.Cardiovascular system.
FOUR FUNCTIONS
How the Heart WorksHow the Heart Works
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ1_TAwCUWw
The HeartThe Heart
The size of your fist and located slightly
left of center of chest.
Base is proximal to your head
while apex is distal
The HeartThe Heart
Pericardium includes the parietal and
visceral layers with potential cavity
The HeartThe Heart
3 layers to heart:•Outer: Epicardium
•Middle: Myocardium•Inner endocardium
The HeartThe Heart
Although heart is one single organ, it is easier
to understand if you think of it as two pumps working
together.
The HeartThe Heart
Right side collects blood from body and sends it to lungs; left side collects blood
from lungs and sends it to rest of body
.
Chambers of the Chambers of the HeartHeart
Four chambers in heart
Two chambers on left side are separated from two chambers
on right side by wall called septum
Septums of the HeartSeptums of the Heart
Wall between upper, smaller
chambers (atria) is interatrial
septumWall between two larger chambers
(ventricles) is interventricular
septum
Figure 12-2The anatomy of the heart
Two large veins that
return blood from the body to right atrium are superior (SVC) and inferior (IVC)
vena cava
Flow of blood through Flow of blood through the Heartthe Heart
Right atrium (RAtr)
(locations are based on patient’s perspective) is collecting chamber where blood is returned to heart after trip around the body
Flow of blood through Flow of blood through the Heartthe Heart
FIRST
Blood travels from
right atrium, through one-way atrioventricular
valve called tricuspid valve (TCVa) , and into right ventricle
(RVe)
Flow of blood through Flow of blood through the Heartthe Heart
When right ventricle
is full of blood, heart contracts; tricuspid
valve prevents backflow and so
blood flows through pulmonary valve
(PVa) to pulmonary arteries (PA)
Flow of blood through Flow of blood through the Heartthe Heart
Second
Right pulmonary artery
(PA)* goes to right lung, left pulmonary artery (PA) goes to left lung
*Remember: Arteries go AWAY from the heart
Flow of blood through Flow of blood through the Heartthe Heart
THIRD
Flow of blood through Flow of blood through the Heartthe Heart
Vessels then get smaller and
smaller, eventually ending in capillaries
around each air sac (alveolus);
Blood then returns to heart via left (LPV) and right pulmonary (RPV)
veins*
*Remember: Veins go TOWARD the heart
Flow of blood through Flow of blood through the Heartthe Heart
Pulmonary veins return blood to left atrium
(LAtr).Blood flows through
atrioventricular valve, called mitral valve (MiVa) , and into left
ventricle (LVe)
Flow of blood through Flow of blood through the Heartthe Heart
Fourth
Ventricular pressure
increases as it fills, and heart contracts forcing
mitral valve closed, blood is ejected
through aortic valve (Ava) to aorta, and then
out to rest of body
Flow of blood through Flow of blood through the Heartthe Heart
Fifth
Figure 12-3The functioning of heart valves
and blood flow.
Blood is ejected during systole, or contraction (of ventricles) phase
Flow of Blood through Flow of Blood through the Heartthe Heart
Both atria fill at same time, both ventricles fill at same time, and both ventricles eject blood at same time when heart contracts
Flow of Blood through Flow of Blood through the Heartthe Heart
After blood is ejected
from ventricles, heart enters resting period
called diastoleDuring diastole,
ventricles fill with blood
Flow of Blood through Flow of Blood through the Heartthe Heart
Contraction begins at apex and
travels upward
Flow of Blood through Flow of Blood through the Heartthe Heart
Valve located at exit to each chamber because
the circulatory system is a pressurized system and valves prevent any ejected blood from flowing backwards
Flow of Blood through Flow of Blood through the Heartthe Heart
Heart rate is measured
by counting rhythmic expansion and
contraction of arteries due to opening & closing of the aortic semilunar
valves
Measuring Heart RateMeasuring Heart Rate
Measuring Heart RateMeasuring Heart Rate
Atrial walls are thinner than
ventricular wallsHigher
pressures are generated in ventricles to move blood
throughout entire body
The HeartThe Heart
THICK WALL
THIN WALL
Portion of newly oxygen-enriched
blood leaving heart is diverted
from aorta by right and left
coronary arteries
Coronary ArteriesCoronary Arteries
Figure 12-4Figure 12-4Coronary circulation.Coronary circulation.
Regular aerobic exercise improves the ability of the heart to increase the density (number of vessels in
one area) of blood vessels that branch
from the main coronary arteries.
By increasing the density of blood
vessels that branch off the main arteries, there
will be alternate routes for blood to
travel in case of a blockage and decrease
risk of myocardial infarction
Coronary CirculationCoronary Circulation
Figure 12-6Atherosclerosis.
Fatty deposits called plaque develop on the inside of the blood vessels and restrict
flow Mainly the aorta, coronary
arteries and cerebral arteries are effected
Why do you think this is?
PA/Instructor Asks:
The material that deposits in the arteries is made up mainly
of:
A. GlucoseB. CalciumC. CholesterolD. Protein
PA/Instructor Asks:
The material that deposits in the arteries is made up mainly
of:
A. GlucoseB. CalciumC. CholesterolD. Protein
Cardiac muscle is auto rhythmic, meaning it can
contract without nerve impulses or hormones
Electrical System of Electrical System of the Heartthe Heart
There are
specialized cardiac cells that create and distribute electrical current that causes
controlled and directed
contraction of heart
Electrical System of Electrical System of the Heartthe Heart
Nodal cells, or
pacemaker cells, are specialized cells
that not only create electrical
impulse, but create impulses at regular interval
Electrical System of Electrical System of the Heartthe Heart
Electrical System Electrical System of the Heartof the Heart
Sino atrial node sends impulse to atrio ventricular node before AV node can send
signal
The Electric PathwayThe Electric Pathway
However, atrio
ventricular node acts as backup if
sinoatrial node fails to fire, resulting in
slower heartbeat due to reduced firing
rate
The Electric PathwayThe Electric Pathway
Figure 12-9Conduction system of the
heart.• SA node
causes atria to contract
• Stimulus arrives at AV node
• Follows AV bundle and travels through apex branches
• Purkinjie fibers stimulate ventricles to contract
• SA node causes atria to contract
• Stimulus arrives at AV node
• Follows AV bundle and travels through apex branches
• Purkinjie fibers stimulate ventricles to contract
Factors Affecting Factors Affecting Heart RateHeart Rate
Factors Affecting Factors Affecting Heart RateHeart Rate
Low potassium can lead to
weak heartbeat, while high
calcium can prolong heart
muscle contractions to
point where heart can
stop beating
Factors that Affect Factors that Affect Heart RateHeart Rate
EKG & Electrical ActivityEKG & Electrical Activity
Normal EKG represents•P wave-impulse generated by SA node, atria contract•QRS wave-Depolarization of ventricles right before ventricles contract•T wave-repolarization of ventricles when they are at rest before next beat
Figure 12-10Typical ECG tracing.
Take A BreakTake A Break
Problems with the PumpProblems with the Pump
Problems with the Problems with the PumpPump
Problems with the Problems with the PumpPump
Problems with the Problems with the PumpPump
Figure 12-20The multisystem effects of heart
failure.
• Neurologic• Respiratory• Cardiovascular• Gastrointestinal• Genitourinary• Musculoskeletal• Metabolic Processes
Page 336Page 336
Heart Attack & CPRHeart Attack & CPR
CPR consists of artificial blood circulation &
artificial respirations. It’s purpose is to maintain a
flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart
Watch video on “Myocardial Infarction”
Ventricular Assist Device-Ventricular Assist Device-a bridge to transplanta bridge to transplant
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/HeartFailureTreatment/cheney-heart-pump-high-demand/story?id=16003183
Blood VesselsBlood Vessels
Blood leaves heart through aorta,
which branches into large vessels called
arteriesArteries divide into smaller and smaller vessels, smallest of
which are called arterioles
Blood VesselsBlood Vessels
Arterioles feed into capillaries that
form capillary beds in body's tissues, allowing oxygen and nutrients to infuse into cells
and picking up carbon dioxide
and waste products for
removal
Blood VesselsBlood Vessels
Diameter of only 0.008 mm (slightly
larger than diameter of single
red blood cell) Allow easy movement of oxygen and
nutrients through wall, while carbon
dioxide and wastes can move
into blood
Blood VesselsBlood Vessels
Blood then makes its return trip to the heart by draining into tiny venules, which combine into
veins which eventually become great veins (SVC
and IVC) that return to heart
Figure 12-15 B. Locations of major arteries. C. Locations of the major veins.
Blood Vessel Blood Vessel Structure & FunctionStructure & Function
Blood Vessel Blood Vessel Structure & FunctionStructure & Function
Figure 12-16Blood pressure measurement.
Done with a stethoscope and
sphygmomanometer an inflatable cuff
placed around the arm, so that when it is
inflated, it squeezes brachial artery shut
Figure 12-16Blood pressure measurement.
Stethoscope placed over artery near elbow and cuff inflated until 30 mm Hg past the point that pulse no
longer heard.Open release valve
slightly
Figure 12-16Blood pressure measurement.
Listen for sound of blood coming through artery,
which is the peak systolic pressure (top
number)Cuff pressure
decreases until sound is not heard. The last sound
is diastolic pressure (lower number)
Elevated Blood PressureElevated Blood Pressure
Prehypertension is:•Systolic-from 120 to 139•Diastolic- from 80- 89
Hypertension is:•Systolic over 140•Diastolic over 90
Desirable blood pressure is:•Systolic - from 90 to 119•Diastolic - from 60 to 79
Plugging the “Leaks” of Plugging the “Leaks” of Blood VesselsBlood Vessels
CV system is closed and pressurized
systemIf break or leak in
system couldn't be stopped, you would
lose large amount of blood
Several substances in blood plug leaks
Fibrin traps blood cells and platelets to form blood clot
Plugging the “Leaks” of Plugging the “Leaks” of Blood VesselsBlood Vessels
When inner wall of vessel is damaged,
underlying collagen fiber becomes
exposedPlatelets floating in
blood begin to attach to that rough damaged site
Plugging the “Leaks” of Plugging the “Leaks” of Blood VesselsBlood Vessels
Attached platelets release several
chemicals that draw more platelets,
creating platelet plug
Platelets secrete
serotonin, which causes
blood vessels to spasm, decreasing
blood flow to that area
Clotting ProcessClotting Process
Clotting ProcessClotting Process
Fibrin forms netlike patch at site of injury, snagging more blood cells
and platelets; within 3 to 6
minutes a clot is created
Fibrin traps blood cells and platelets to form blood clot
Clotting ProcessClotting Process
Once clot is formed, it begins to retract and pulls edges of
damaged tissue together allowing
edges to regenerate necessary
epithelial cells to make permanent repair over time
Figure 12-18The clotting process.
WEAR YOUR ASSIGNED WEAR YOUR ASSIGNED COLORCOLOR
Meet here at Room 108 on Thursday and we’ll go to room
over in AAR building for exercise
Complete Handout “Heart Activity” as you will need to
hand that in at the end of Thursday’s class for credit
““The Heart Activity”The Heart Activity”
Work on the handout “The Heart Activity” Read through the first
two pages on the Blood Flow
Sequence. The third page shows structure
of the heart. Complete the 15 questions on back
page