surface water balance (1). review of last lecture: surface energy balance dt/dt swdn =scos swup...
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Surface Water Balance (1)Surface Water Balance (1)
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Review of last lecture: Surface energy balanceReview of last lecture: Surface energy balance
dT/dt
SWdn =Scos
SWup =SWdn
LWdn =Tair4
LWup=Ts4
LH=CdLV(qsurface- qair)
SH=CdCpV(Tsurface- Tair)
Fc = - dT/dz
Incoming shortwave + Incoming longwave = Reflected shortwave + Emitted longwave + Latent heat flux + Sensible heat flux + Subsurface conduction
• What is sensible heat flux? What is latent heat flux?
• Bowen ratio B= SH/LH = Cp(Tsurface - Tair) / L(qsurface - qair) provides a simple way for estimating SH and LH when the net radiative flux Fr is available LH=Fr/(B+1), SH=Fr B/(B+1)
• Factors affecting soil thermal conductivity
• Other heat sources: precipitation, biochemical, anthropogenic
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The global water cycleThe global water cycle
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Components of global water cycleComponents of global water cycle
• Ocean water
• Land soil moisture, rivers, snow cover, ice sheet and glaciers
• Sea ice
• Atmosphere water vapor, clouds, precipitation
• Water in biosphere (including human beings)
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Component I: Ocean Component I: Ocean Covers 70% of the Earth’s surfaceCovers 70% of the Earth’s surface
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Observed Changes in Global Sea LevelObserved Changes in Global Sea Level
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Observed Changes in Sea Level Observed Changes in Sea Level Largest in the western part of ocean basinLargest in the western part of ocean basin
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Observed Changes in Ocean Heat ContentObserved Changes in Ocean Heat Content
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Component II: LandComponent II: LandSoil moistureSoil moisture
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Component II: LandComponent II: Land>1000 major rivers flow on the seven continents>1000 major rivers flow on the seven continents
Amazon river (#1) Yangtze river (#4)Mississippi river (#6)
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Component II: LandComponent II: LandSnow coverSnow cover
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Observed Changes in Snow Cover: Observed Changes in Snow Cover: Significant meltingSignificant melting
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Component II: LandComponent II: LandIce sheetIce sheet
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Retreat of Greenland Ice Sheet – a huge contributor to sea level rise today
Greenland is responsible for about 10% of the observed global sea level riseand accelerating. Greenland holds 7 m of sea level equivalent.
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Component II: LandComponent II: LandGlaciersGlaciers
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Retreat of Mountain Glaciers: a major contributor to sea level rise
IPCC (2001)
Glacier retreat is a world-wide phenomena.
Will affect water supply for millions:• Kenya/Tanzania• Northern India• Andes Mountains
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Melting in Glacier National ParkMelting in Glacier National Park
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Component III: Sea iceComponent III: Sea ice
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Observed Changes in Arctic Sea Ice: Observed Changes in Arctic Sea Ice: Significant meltingSignificant melting
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Reduced Arctic sea ice: A result of warming that leads to more warming
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Component IV: AtmosphereComponent IV: AtmosphereWater vapor flows in the atmosphereWater vapor flows in the atmosphere
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Observed Changes in Water Vapor Observed Changes in Water Vapor Significant increaseSignificant increase
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Component IV: AtmosphereComponent IV: Atmosphere
Clouds drifts with the windsClouds drifts with the winds
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Component IV: AtmosphereComponent IV: AtmospherePrecipitation drives many atmospheric circulations Precipitation drives many atmospheric circulations
which in turn transport water around the worldwhich in turn transport water around the world
Hadley Circulation
MonsoonsWalker Circulation
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Observed Changes in Precipitation: Observed Changes in Precipitation: Significant change in many placesSignificant change in many places
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A significant fraction of the human body A significant fraction of the human body is water (~75%)is water (~75%)
The remaining: fat, protein, carbonhydrate, other solids
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So the water in our bodies may come from …So the water in our bodies may come from …
A stream in the Niagara Fall …
A white cloud over the tropical Pacific …
A raindrop in the Amazon rainforest …
Therefore we need to protect the environment because any pollution we put into the environment may someday come back into our bodies
An ice sheet in the Arctic Ocean…
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Summary:Summary:Components of global water cycleComponents of global water cycle
• Ocean water
• Land soil moisture, rivers, snow cover, ice sheet and glaciers
• Sea ice
• Atmosphere water vapor, clouds, precipitation
• Water in biosphere (including human beings)