FIBRE TO FABRIC

oWooloSilk oNylon

oPolyester

Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and certain

other animals including cashmere from goats, mohair from

goats, qiviut from muskoxen, vicuña, alpaca, camel from

animals in the camel family, and angora from rabbits.

Wool has several qualities that distinguish it from hair or

fur: it is crimped, it is elastic, and it grows in staples (clusters).

In the U.S. the term wool is usually restricted to describing the

fibrous protein derived from the specialized skin cells

called follicles in sheep, although in the U.K. it may be used

of any long curling fiber such as wood wool, wire wool etc.

SOME ANIMALS WHICH GIVES WOOL

SHEARING A SHEEP

BACKGROUNDThe history of silk production in china dates back to more than 5,000

years by today, silk moths are commercially for their cocoons in

China, Japan, India and Europe. hobbyists all over the world practice

sericulture, or silkworm rearing, as well. Different species of silk

moths produce threads with different characteristics of color and

texture. according to the silk road foundation, some species such as

the Chinese silkworm, mori, are entirely domesticated and no longer

found in the wild.

Silk moths. the life cycle of the silk moth has several stages from egg

to adult moth over a period of about six to eight weeks. the egg

hatches into a caterpillar that sheds its skin several times before

enclosing itself in a cocoon made of silk filament. inside the cocoon,

it transforms from caterpillar to moth, a process known as

metamorphosis

LARVAESilkworms pass through five stages during the larval phase of their lives.

These stages are called "instars." The newly hatched larvae are silkworm

caterpillars in the first instar. They are very tiny. The Japanese call them

"kego," which means "hairy baby." They can be fed either commercially

prepared food or fresh leaves. Bombyx mori eat the leaves of mulberry

trees. As they grow and change, silkworms need to shed their outer skin

every few days. This process is called ecdysis.

With each instar, they are larger and more voracious. The caterpillars

reach the fifth instar about five weeks after hatching. During this last

instar, they are no longer eating to grow but instead producing the

proteins for making silk. The protein accumulates in the larva's thorax

PUPAEFinally, the larva begins to spin a cocoon around itself. The

cocoon will be about one inch long. The silk thread is wound

in one continuous line about 3,000 feet long when

it is later unwound from the cocoon. The silk moth changes

from caterpillar to moth in about two weeks. If allowed to

hatch out of the cocoon, the continuous thread will be

destroyed. Commercial sericulture involves killing the pupae

inside by baking the cocoons.

What is silk?Silk is a natural produce of the larvae of insects such as moths, bees and

butterflies. It is also the product of web spinners such as Arachnidan (

Spiders). But it is only the natural silk produced by the species Bombyx

Mori, a mulberry silk worm which is the larval stage of the moth is

suited for making silk fabric of good quality. This is because the silk

fibre secreted by this silk worm has a triangular cross section giving it a

prismatic structure that reflects light much better than the rounded

filaments of other silk producing worms. It is these mulberry silk worms

that are reared in sericulture. Although silk producers have tried to

produce silk fabric from other wild silks such as bees, spiders and other

moths, nothing comes close to the quality of Bombyx Mori. It remains

the one and the original silk moth.

COUNTRY Production ( 1000 kg)

Peoples Republic of China 290,003

India 77000

Uzbekistan 17000

Brazil 11000

Iran 6000

Thailand 5000

Vietnam 3000

Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea 1500

Romania 1000

Japan 600

HistoryNylon is the first synthetic fiber manufactured byman. Nylon is known for its high strength,elasticity, and resistance to oil and grease. Nylonthreads are used to produce fabrics, fishing linesand surgical threads. The first production of nylonwas in the late 1930s by the DuPont Co. usingchemicals extracted from coal, water, petroleum,natural gas and agricultural byproducts. The processof making nylon thread consists of two stagescalled chemical combination (polymerization) andthe manufacturing process (open polymerization).

Chemical Process-Polymerization

Stage one in nylon thread production is the chemical process

called polymerization. In this stage, nylon-producing

chemicals are combined and heated at extremely high

temperatures. This heating process removes water and induces

polymerization when the small molecules combine to form

large molecules. A molten nylon substance is formed and

ready to move to the manufacturing process.

WHAT ARE THE USES OF NYLON?

Nylon is a high strength fibre. It is used for making fishing nets,

ropes, parachutes and type cords.

It is used for making fabrics in textile industry.

It is used for making fabrics in textile industry.

Crinkled nylon fibres are used for making elastic hosiery.

It is blended with wool to increase the strength.

MAKING NYLON

Polyester is a category of polymers which contain the ester function group in their main chain. Although there are many polyesters' the term ‘polyester’ as a specific material not commonly refers to polyethylene terephthalate. Polyester include naturally occurring chemically such as in the cutin of plant cuticles' as well as synthetics through step growth polymerization such as polycarbonate and polybutyrate.

Polyester are also used to make bottles, films, tarpaulin, canoes, liquid crystal displays, hologram, filters, film insulation tapes. Polyesters are widely used as finish on high quality wood products such as guitars, pianos and vehicle interiors. Thyrotrophic properties of spray applicable polyesters make them ideal for used on open-grain timbers, as they can quickly fill wood grain, with a high-build film thickness per coat.

While synthetic clothing in general in perceived by many as havicena a less from naturally fibres, polyesters fabrics can provide specific advantage over natural fabrics such as improved wrinkle, resistance, durability and high colour retention. As a result, polyesters fibres are same times spun together with natural fibres to produce a cloth with blended properties. Synthetic fibres also can create materials with superior water wind and environment resistance compared to plant-derived fibres.

SURAJ

ARADHANA

SIKTA

ROHIT

SHRIRAJ