Supreme Court Cases

• Gibbons v. Ogden—declared that Congress had the authority over interstate commerce;

• McCulloch v. Maryland—denied states the power to tax the national bank;

• Fletcher v. Peck—nullified state law that violated individuals’ constitutional rights to enter into contracts;

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward—prohibited states from interfering with contracts;

Foreign Agreements

• Rush-Bagot Treaty—fixed the U.S. border at the 49th parallel and gave U.S. and Britain joint occupation of Oregon Territory;

• Adams-Onís Treaty—United States gained Florida; • Monroe Doctrine—U.S. establishes its authority

over the Western Hemisphere (1823)– Response to other countries attempts to create new

colonies or attempt to overthrow newly independent republics in the Western Hemisphere

Expanding Westward

• Moving west: to escape debts or the law, to find economic opportunity (cheap land)

• Ppl could change occupations

Balance of Slave and Free States

• 1818: ten slave, ten free states– 1819

• IL as a free state• MO as a slave, but eventually free• AL as a slave

• Missouri Compromise in 1820– admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave

state, thus preserving a balance in the Senate, and divided the Louisiana Territory into slave and free lands (36 degrees, 30’ north latitude)

Chapter 7 Section 3

Expanding Democracy Changes Politics

• John Quincy Adams chosen by H. of Reps over A. Jackson in 1824

• Jacksonians formed Democratic-Republican party– Attempted to undermine J.Q. Adams

• Voting changes– Many states didn’t require owning property as a

qualification to vote

President Jackson

• 1828 campaign-Jackson portrayed his opponent as elitist, himself as one of modest beginnings

• Spoils system– Incoming officials replaced former appointees w/

own friends– 10% of federal employees fired by Jackson

• “kitchen cabinet”-friends he used as main advisors

Removal of Native Americans

• “civilized tribes”: Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole

• Indian Removal Act of 1830– Money was provided with which to negotiate treaties to

move Native Americans west

• Jackson used troops to force removal of Native Americans– Didn’t think assimilation was possible– Thought troops would have to watch Native Americans in

the east

Cherokee Fight Back

• Cherokee used judicial system to fight removal– 1st case was not heard b/c Chief Justice Marshall believed

nation had no federal standing– 2nd case: Worcester v. Georgia(1832)

• Recognized as a distinct political community

• John Ross fought relocation, others promoted it. • Trail of Tears– Oct & Nov. 1838 groups of Cherokee sent to the West– Ppl died along the trail– Gov’t officials stole money– Cattle were stolen