support to the kyoto protocol - jungfraujoch...subsequent analysis of our spectra allows us to...

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège Title of project: High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere Part of this programme: NDACC, GAW Project leader and team: Christian Servais (project leader), Whitney Bader, Benoît Bovy, Olivier Flock, Bruno Franco, Bernard Lejeune, Emmanuel Mahieu, Ginette Roland (em.), Vincent Van De Weerdt, Diane Zander Project description: The team’s objectives are essentially twofold: (i) improve the performance of the instrumentation and perform the observations, (ii) analyse the spectra in order to produce high-level geophysical parameters and valorize them.

Over the last years, significant efforts have been invested in the development and implementation of a reliable system allowing to remotely and safely control the whole instrumentation, among which the spectrometer itself, the cooling of the detectors, the suntracker and its protective lid. Nevertheless, local support from the custodians remains critical, e.g. to remove heavy snow from the lid, to fill in the LN2 Dewar flask. In 2015, more than 2100 high resolution infrared solar spectra have been recorded on 120 days.

The major instrumental development program testing new acquisition techniques in the FTIR domain has reached the state where the hardware is nearly ready for software development. Along this permanent main goal, other issues required urgent attention to improve the efficiency and security of the remote controlled observation task. One of these problems is liquid nitrogen detector cooling for which a new specific device has been developed to reclaim N2 natural evaporation to spare liquid nitrogen while speeding up detector cooling. The computer and network architecture of the laboratory was also modified and improved to allow for the future increase in the volume of data collected. Greenhouse gases H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, CF4, SF6 Support to the Kyoto Protocol

Ozone-related O3, NO, NO2, HNO3, ClONO2, HCl, HF, COF2, CFC-11, -12, HCFC-22, -142b, CCl4, CH3Cl

Support to the Montreal Protocol

Air quality CO, CH3OH, C2H6, C2H2, C2H4, HCN, HCHO, HCOOH, NH3

Support to the EU-Copernicus programme

Other OCS, N2, various isotopologues Table 1. List of atmospheric species currently retrieved from the Jungfraujoch observational database. Subsequent analysis of our spectra allows us to determine the abundance of an increasing number of constituents of the Earth atmosphere (currently more than 30; see Table 1), playing a role in ozone depletion, climate change or affecting air quality. Numerous target species are therefore relevant to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete stratospheric ozone (e.g. CFCs, HCFCs, HCl) and/or to the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gases emissions (e.g.


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CO2, CH4, N2O). We present hereafter a selection of recent results derived from the scientific exploitation of our database.

Ammonia (NH3) Agriculture is responsible of large emissions of ammonia (NH3), estimated at nearly 50 Tg in 2008 while biomass burning completes its atmospheric budget. This species is causing acidification and eutrophication of soils and surface waters. Furthermore, ammonia is playing a role in particulate matter formation, and hence contributes to smog development. Although it has several adverse effects on the biosphere and human health, large uncertainties remain as to its global atmospheric budget, spatial and temporal distributions, particularly because of currently limited monitoring capabilities.

Figure 1. Individual measurements of NH3 above Jungfraujoch, as a function of the calendar month. Maximum columns corresponding to significant deviations with respect to the background conditions are mainly observed during summertime. A recent paper (Dammers et al., 2015) presents for the first time a strategy allowing to retrieve NH3 total columns from high-resolution infrared solar spectra. The approach has been established and validated using observations performed at four NDACC sites, including the Jungfraujoch. Given the very short lifetime of NH3 (typically of a few hours), the high-altitude and lack of significant nearby emission sources, the Jungfraujoch site essentially allows for the determination of background conditions, and low abundances are indeed derived from the 2004-2013 time series, with a mean column of 0.18E15 molec./cm2 and no obvious seasonal modulation. A few maxima observed during summertime (see Figure 1) are likely associated with transport from the surrounding valleys for days characterized by strong vertical mixing. The lower columns determined most of the time at that site demonstrate the sensitivity of the FTIR technique to the NH3 retrieval.

Formaldehyde (HCHO) As a product of the oxidation of many volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde (HCHO) is a ubiquitous reactive intermediate in the atmospheric photo-oxidation pathways leading to the


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formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. As such, it is a key indicator for the operational monitoring of air quality. Nowadays, only very few long-term trends exist, particularly due to the lack of extended consistent data sets. Moreover, many uncertainties remain as to its diurnal cycle, which represents a large short-term variability superimposed on seasonal and inter-annual variations that should be accounted for when comparing ground-based observations to satellite and model results.

The combination of elevation, weakly polluted conditions and the strong vertical gradient of HCHO concentration in the lower troposphere complicates its monitoring from the Jungfraujoch station. Nevertheless, HCHO profiles were successfully retrieved from ground-based FTIR solar spectra and UV-visible Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) scans recorded during the July 2010 – December 2012 time period at the Jungfraujoch station (Franco et al., 2015c). Characterization of the retrieval products revealed different vertical resolution and sensitivity between both remote sensing instruments. Most of the information on the vertical HCHO distribution contained in the MAX-DOAS measurements is located in the first tropospheric layers (below 5.5 km altitude) with a maximum sensitivity in the lowest layers close to the ground, while FTIR retrievals are mainly sensitive in the free troposphere (up to 12 km altitude) and vertically unresolved. Such a difference of vertical resolution did not allow for direct comparisons of FTIR and MAX-DOAS data sets. Therefore we successively confronted FTIR total columns and MAX-DOAS partial columns as well as the corresponding vertical profiles to HCHO columns and profiles simulated by two state-of-the-art 3-D chemical transport models: GEOS-Chem and IMAGES v2. Using the model outputs as the intermediate, FTIR and MAX-DOAS retrievals showed consistent seasonal modulations of HCHO throughout the investigated period, characterized by summertime maximum and wintertime minimum.

Figure 2. FTIR time series of daily mean HCHO total columns and associated 1σ standard deviation bars above Jungfraujoch, from January 1988 to June 2015 (Franco et al., 2015a). All individual measurements were re-scaled to 9 a.m. and then averaged over the days. The blue curves correspond to the functions fitted to all daily means (including trend component and seasonal modulation) by a bootstrap method over the 1988-1995, 1996-2002 and 2003-2015/06 time periods, inclusive. In a second paper (Franco et al., 2015a), we derived and analyzed a consistent, multi-decadal time series (January 1988 – June 2015) of HCHO total columns from the Jungfraujoch FTIR solar spectra, which is to our best knowledge the longest time series of remote HCHO


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observations worldwide. Because of its localization, this site allows for the study of the continental background conditions in the remote troposphere at mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere. Using the large statistics that represent the Jungfraujoch data set, we first investigated the HCHO diurnal variations above the station. These variations, resulting in a.m. increases and p.m. decreases peaking around mid-day and in the early afternoon, are mainly driven by the atmospheric photochemistry, the intra-day insolation modulation and the methane (CH4) oxidation. Then, we characterized quantitatively these monthly diurnal variations by adjusting a parametric model to the observations. It was employed to scale all the individual FTIR measurements on a given daytime in order to remove the effect of the intra-day modulation for improving the trend determination and the comparison with HCHO simulated by GEOS-Chem. Such a parametric model will be needed to scale the ground-based HCHO measurements on satellite overpass times in the framework of future calibration/validation efforts of space borne sensors (e.g., the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board of the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite due for launch in 2016). GEOS-Chem sensitivity tests suggested that the seasonal and inter-annual HCHO column variations above Jungfraujoch are predominantly led by the atmospheric oxidation of CH4, with a maximum contribution of 25% from the anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compound precursors during wintertime. Finally, trend analysis of the 27-year FTIR time series has revealed a long-term evolution of the HCHO abundance in the remote troposphere, in relation with atmospheric CH4 fluctuations and short-term OH variability. The following relative rates of change have been characterized (see Fig. 2): +2.9 %/yr between 1988 and 1995, -3.7 %/yr over 1996-2002 and +0.8 %/yr from 2003 onwards.

Recent trends of organic chorine (CCly) and fluorine (CFy) The atmospheric abundance of chlorine and fluorine increased very significantly in the 1970s to 1990s, chiefly because of the large use and subsequent release of long-lived halogenated sources gases, notably the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (e.g. Mahieu et al., Nature, 515, 2014). Thanks to the Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer, the production and emission of such chemicals have been drastically reduced, then banned. Monitoring the success of this international treaty is possible with FTIR instruments, since high-resolution solar infrared spectra encompass the signature of a suite of important halogenated source and reservoir species.

Recent efforts have dealt with the improvement or the definition of retrieval strategies for such source gases using Jungfraujoch spectra. The current target list includes: CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), HCFC-22 (CHClF2), HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2), CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride; Rinsland et al., JQSRT, 113, 2012), CH3Cl (methyl chloride), CF4 (PFC-14 or carbon tetrafluoride; Mahieu et al., AMT, 7, 2014). Corresponding time series have been produced from 2000 onwards, they are displayed in Figure 3 (HCFC-142b is not visible with columns in the 0.15-0.30 E15 molec./cm2 range). Overall, we determine decreases for the CFCs and CCl4, rise for their first replacement products (HCFCs) and for CF4 (primarily emitted by the aluminum and the semi-conductor industries) and an essentially constant burden for CH3Cl, a species whose sources are mainly of natural origin.

The following weighted sums allow determining proxies for the organic chlorine and fluorine budgets, CCly* and CFy*:

[CCly]* = 3 x [CCl3F] + 2 x [CCl2F2] + [CHClF2] + [CH3CClF2] +4 x [CCl4] + [CH3Cl]

[CFy]* = [CCl3F] + 2 x [CCl2F2] + 2x [CHClF2] + 2 x [CH3CClF2] + 4 x [CF4]

Hence, six species are relevant to establish the evolution of the CCly* budget. Altogether, they

represent ~90% of the total CCly budget for the year 2011. The CCly* trend over 2000-2014 shows a constant decrease at a rate of –(0.23±0.05)%/yr. It is important however to realize that the largest negative contribution of CFC-11 is currently cancelled by the steady accumulation of HCFC-22.


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Figure 3. Time series of six halogenated source gases monitored at the Jungfraujoch station (Mahieu et al., EGU2015). A corresponding budget has been established for organic fluorine, including the contributions from CFC-11 and -12, HCFC-22 and -142b as well as of CF4. In contrast to CCly

*, CFy* is

still characterized by a positive rate of increase, of (0.60 ± 0.03) %/yr. Key words: Earth atmosphere, climate change, greenhouse gases, ozone layer, air quality, long-term monitoring, infrared spectroscopy, atmospheric circulation Internet data bases: General website: http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be Consolidated geophysical data are available from NDACC: ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/station/jungfrau/ Collaborating partners/networks: Main collaborations: BIRA-IASB (Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique) / NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change; http://www.ndacc.org) / GAW-CH / ACE science team / NASA JPL / EMPA / University of Leeds / IMK (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) / satellite experiments: IASI, OMI, ENVISAT / … Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: The complete list of GIRPAS publications can be found at http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/publi03e.htm and http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/Communic.htm


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Refereed journal articles and their internet access Barthlott, S., M. Schneider, F. Hase, A. Wiegele, E. Christner, Y. González, T. Blumenstock, S. Dohe, O.E. García, E. Sepúlveda, K. Strong, J. Mendonca, D. Weaver, M. Palm, N.M. Deutscher, T. Warneke, J. Notholt, B. Lejeune, E. Mahieu, N. Jones, D.W.T. Griffith, V.A. Velazco, D. Smale, J. Robinson, R. Kivi, P. Heikkinen, and U. Raffalski, Using XCO2 retrievals for assessing the long-term consistency of NDACC/FTIR data sets, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 3, 1555–1573, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1555-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/173087 Dammers, E., C. Vigouroux, M. Palm, E. Mahieu, T. Warneke, D. Smale, B. Langerock, B. Franco, M. Van Damme, M. Schaap, J. Notholt, and J.W. Erisman, Retrieval of ammonia from ground-based FTIR solar spectra, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 22, 12789–12803, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-12789-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185337 Duflot, V., C. Wespes, L. Clarisse, D. Hurtmans, Y. Ngadi, N. Jones, C. Paton-Walsh, J. Hadji-Lazaro, C. Vigouroux, M. De Mazière, J.-M. Metzger, E. Mahieu, C. Servais, F. Hase, M. Schneider, C. Clerbaux and P.-F. Coheur, Acetylene (C2H2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from IASI satellite observations: global distributions, validation, and comparison with model, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 18, 10509–10527, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-10509-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/181787 Franco, B., E.A. Marais, B. Bovy, W. Bader, B. Lejeune, G. Roland, C. Servais and E. Mahieu, Diurnal cycle and multi-decadal trend of formaldehyde in the remote atmosphere near 46° N, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15, 21, 31287–31333, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-31287-2015, 2015a. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/187850 Franco, B., W. Bader, G.C. Toon, C. Bray, A. Perrin, E.V. Fischer, K. Sudo, C.D. Boone, B. Bovy, B. Lejeune, C. Servais and E. Mahieu, Retrieval of ethane from ground-based FTIR solar spectra using improved spectroscopy: Recent burden increase above Jungfraujoch, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 160, 36–49, doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.03.017, 2015b. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/175442 Franco, B., F. Hendrick, M. Van Roozendael, J.-F. Müller, T. Stavrakou, E.A. Marais, B. Bovy, W. Bader, C. Fayt, C. Hermans, B. Lejeune, G. Pinardi, C. Servais, and E. Mahieu, Retrievals of formaldehyde from ground-based FTIR and MAX-DOAS observations at the Jungfraujoch station and comparisons with GEOS-Chem and IMAGES model simulations, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 4, 1733–1756, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1733-2015, 2015c. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/174025 Van Geffen, J.H.G.M., K.F. Boersma, M. Van Roozendael, F. Hendrick, E. Mahieu, I. De Smedt, M. Sneep, and J.P. Veefkind, Improved spectral fitting of nitrogen dioxide from OMI in the 405–465 nm window, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 4, 1685–1699, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1685-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/173258 Harris, N.R.P., B. Hassler, F. Tummon, G.E. Bodeker, D. Hubert, I. Petropavlovskikh, W. Steinbrecht, J. Anderson, P.K. Bhartia, C.D. Boone, A. Bourassa, S.M. Davis, D. Degenstein, A. Delcloo, S.M. Frith, L. Froidevaux, S. Godin-Beekmann, N. Jones, M.J. Kurylo, E. Kyrölä, M. Laine, S.T. Leblanc, J.-C. Lambert, B. Liley, E. Mahieu, A. Maycock, M. de Mazière, A. Parrish, R. Querel, K.H. Rosenlof, C. Roth, C. Sioris, J. Staehelin, R.S. Stolarski, R. Stübi, J. Tamminen, C. Vigouroux, K.A. Walker, H.J. Wang, J. Wild, and J.M. Zawodny, Past changes in the vertical distribution of ozone – Part 3: Analysis and interpretation of trends, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 17, 9965–9982, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-9965-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/179547 Kremser, S., N.B. Jones, M. Palm, B. Lejeune, Y. Wang, D. Smale and N.M. Deutscher, Positive trends in Southern Hemisphere carbonyl sulfide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, doi: 10.1002/2015GL065879, 2015. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2015GL065879 Scheepmaker, R.A., C. Frankenberg, N.M. Deutscher, M. Schneider, S. Barthlott, T. Blumenstock, O.E. Garcia, F. Hase, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, J. Notholt, V. Velazco, J. Landgraf and I. Aben, Validation of SCIAMACHY HDO/H2O measurements using the TCCON and NDACC-MUSICA networks, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 4, 1799–1818, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1799-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/174484 Vigouroux, C., T. Blumenstock, M. Coffey, Q. Errera, O. García, N.B. Jones, J.W. Hannigan, F. Hase, B. Liley, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, M. Palm, G. Persson, M. Schneider, C. Servais, D. Smale, L. Thölix, M. De Mazière, Trends of ozone total columns and vertical distribution from FTIR observations at eight NDACC stations around the globe, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 6, 2915–2933, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-2915-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/172277 Wang, Y., N.M. Deutscher, M. Palm, T. Warneke, J. Notholt, I. Baker, J. Berry, P. Suntharalingam, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, B. Lejeune, J.E. Campbell, A. Wolf and S. Kremser, Towards understanding the variability in biospheric CO2 fluxes: using FTIR spectrometry and a chemical transport model to investigate the sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide and its link to CO2, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15, 18, 26025–26065, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-26025-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/186285

Conference papers Bader, W., B. Bovy, B. Franco, B. Lejeune, E. Mahieu, S. Conway, K. Strong, I. Murata, D. Smale, A. Turner, P. Bernath, and E. Buzan, Recent changes of CH4 since 2005 from FTIR observations and GEOS-CHEM simulation, oral presentation at the 2015 NDACC-IRWG meeting, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 8-12, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/184393


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Dammers, E., M. Palm, T. Warneke, M. Van Damme, D. Smale, C. Vigouroux, E. Mahieu, J. Notholt, and J.W. Erisman, Retrieval of ammonia from ground-based FTIR measurements and its use for validation of satellite observations by IASI, oral and PICO presentations at the “EGU 2015 General Assembly”, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015. Franco, B., W. Bader, B. Bovy, E. Mahieu, E.V. Fischer, K. Strong, S. Conway, J.W. Hannigan, E. Nussbaumer, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Recent increase of ethane detected in the remote atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere, oral and PICO presentations at the “EGU 2015 General Assembly”, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/180485 Franco, B., W. Bader, E. Mahieu, B. Bovy, E.V. Fischer, Z.A. Tzompa-Sosa, K. Strong, S. Conway, J.W. Hannigan, E. Nussbaumer, K. Sudo, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Recent ethane increase above North America: comparison between FTIR measurements and model simulations, oral presentation at the 2015 NDACC-IRWG meeting, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 8-12, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/182788 Hannigan, J.W., M. Palm, S. Conway, E. Mahieu, D. Smale, E. Nussbaumer, K. Strong, and J. Notholt, Current trend in carbon tetrachloride from several NDACC FTIR stations, oral presentation at the “Solving the mystery of carbon tetrachloride” workshop, Empa Akademie, Duebendorf, Switzerland, October 4-6, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185223 Mahieu, E., W. Bader, B. Bovy, B. Franco, B. Lejeune, C. Servais, J. Notholt, M. Palm, and G.C. Toon, Halogenated source gases measured by FTIR at the Jungfraujoch station: updated trends and new target species, oral and PICO presentations at the “EGU 2015 General Assembly”, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/180469 Mahieu, E., W. Bader, B. Franco, B. Bovy, B. Lejeune, C. Servais, G. Roland, and R. Zander, Overview of the recent results derived from the Jungfraujoch observational database, poster presented at the 2015 NDACC-IRWG meeting, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 8-12, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/182107 Mahieu, E., P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Decrease of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) over 2004-2013 as inferred from global occultation measurements with ACE-FTS, poster presentation at the “Solving the mystery of carbon tetrachloride” workshop, Empa Akademie, Duebendorf, Switzerland, October 4-6, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185221 Mahieu, E., B. Bovy, W. Bader, B. Franco, B. Lejeune, E.V. Fischer, E.A. Marais, A.J. Turner, J.W. Hannigan, E. Nussbaumer, K. Strong, and S. Conway, Use of GEOS-Chem for the interpretation of long-term FTIR measurements at the Jungfraujoch and other NDACC sites, poster presented at the 7th International GEOS-Chem Meeting, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 4-7, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/180927 Notholt, J., E. Mahieu, F. Pfloeger, M. Riese, G. Stiller, M. Chipperfield, and T. Reddmann, Stratospheric HCl increasing again, caused by dynamic variability, driven by increased tropospheric wave activity, oral presentation at the 10. Deutsche Klimatagung, Hamburg, Germany, September 21-24, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185461 Pommier, M., C. Clerbaux, C. Clarisse, P.-F. Coheur, E. Mahieu, J.-F. Müller, C. Paton-Walsh, T. Stavrakou, and C. Vigouroux, HCOOH distributions from IASI with updated retrieval parameters: comparison with ground-based FTIR measurements and IMAGESv2 model, oral presentation at the ATMOS 2015 conference, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece, June 8-12, 2015.

Theses Bader, W., Long-term study of methane and two of its derivatives from solar observations recorded at the Jungfraujoch station, PhD Thesis, Université de Liège, 19 Allée du 6 Août, 4000-Liège, Belgium, pp.1-148, 2015.

Magazine and Newspapers articles “L’effet papillon du gaz de schiste” – “The butterly effect of shale gas”, W. Bader, B. Franco & E. Mahieu, Reflexions, June 29, 2015. http://reflexions.ulg.ac.be/en/Ethane “Atmospheric circulation changes identified thanks to ground-based FTIR monitoring of hydrogen chloride (HCl)”, Mahieu, E., M.P. Chipperfield, J. Notholt and T. Reddmann, NDACC Newsletter, 6, 30–33, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/184988 “L’exploitation des gaz de schiste aux Etats-Unis pollue l’air des européens”, notre-planete.info, September 23, 2015. http://www.notre-planete.info/actualites/4339-gaz-de-schiste-pollution-air-Europe “Du gaz de schiste américain dans l’atmosphère européenne!”, Sciences et Avenir, October 6, 2015. http://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/pollution/20151006.OBS7165/du-gaz-de-schiste-americain-dans-l-atmosphere-europeenne.html “Du gaz de schiste américain détecté… en Europe”, Europe 1, October 6, 2015, http://www.europe1.fr/sciences/du-gaz-de-schiste-americain-detecte-en-europe-2525433

Radio and television “En direct du Jungfraujoch”, including a radio interview with Christian Servais, ULg, La Première, RTS.ch, CQFD, January 22, 2015.


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Address: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique – Université de Liège Quartier Agora Allée du 6 août, 19 – Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique) Contacts: Emmanuel Mahieu – Group leader +32 4 366 9786 [email protected] Christian Servais +32 4 366 9784 [email protected] Whitney Bader +32 4 366 9789 [email protected] Benoît Bovy +32 4 366 9789 [email protected] Olivier Flock +32 4 366 9790 [email protected] Bruno Franco +32 4 366 9785 [email protected] Bernard Lejeune +32 4 366 9788 [email protected] Ginette Roland +32 4 342 2594 [email protected] Vincent Van De Weerdt +32 4 366 9767 [email protected] Diane Zander +32 4 366 9770 [email protected] Fax: +32 4 366 9747 URL: http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be

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