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Supervisor behaviour and its associations with employees’ health in Europe: a cross-sectional study

Supplementary file

1. Descriptive statistics

Table 1A. Descriptive statistics of the variables included in the study for both the non-imputed and the imputed datasets. The statistics correspond to median values for the metrical variables and the proportions for the other variable types. Comparisons of both datasets were made after applying the selection criteria age (18-65), and employed survey participants with supervisor.

Original question Variable

group

EWCS

variable

number

Missing

values

Statistics non-imputed dataset Statistics imputed dataset Variable type

Does your main paid job involve

carrying or moving heavy loads?

Biomechanical

conditions

107 51 1: 4.3 %, 2: 4.8 %, 3: 3.5 %, 4:

6.1 %, 5: 13.8 %, 6: 18.9 %, 7:

48.7 %

1: 4.5 %, 2: 4.9 %, 3: 3.8 %, 4: 6.3 %, 5: 14.2

%, 6: 18.8 %, 7: 47.6 %

Ordinal


tiring or painful positions?

Biomechanical

conditions

105 93 1: 7.7 %, 2: 9.2 %, 3: 6.4 %, 4:

9.6 %, 5: 14.1 %, 6: 20.1 %, 7:

32.9 %

1: 8.1 %, 2: 9.4 %, 3: 6.5 %, 4: 9.8 %, 5: 14.1

%, 6: 20 %, 7: 32 %

Ordinal


repetitive hand or arm

movements?

Biomechanical

conditions

109 85 1: 20.1 %, 2: 15.8 %, 3: 8.5 %, 4:

10.1 %, 5: 10.6 %, 6: 11.1 %, 7:

23.8 %

1: 20.1 %, 2: 15.7 %, 3: 8.5 %, 4: 10.1 %, 5:

10.7 %, 6: 11.1 %, 7: 23.8 %

Ordinal

Are you exposed at work to

vibrations from hand tools,

machinery, etc.?

Biomechanical

conditions

96 49 1: 4.8 %, 2: 4.1 %, 3: 2.8 %, 4: 4

%, 5: 6.3 %, 6: 11.1 %, 7: 67.1 %

1: 4.7 %, 2: 4.1 %, 3: 2.8 %, 4: 4.1 %, 5: 6.8

%, 6: 11.2 %, 7: 66.2 %

Ordinal

Do you get emotionally involved in Demands 175 280 1: 17.6 %, 2: 19.2 %, 3: 23.8 %, 1: 19.5 %, 2: 19.2 %, 3: 23.1 %, 4: 14.9 %, 5: Ordinal


group

EWCS

variable

number

Missing

values


your work? 4: 15.4 %, 5: 24.1 % 23.3 %

Do you have enough time to get

the job done?

Demands 169 124 1: 31.8 %, 2: 43.2 %, 3: 15.5 %,

4: 6.7 %, 5: 2.8 %

1: 34.2 %, 2: 42.1 %, 3: 14.8 %, 4: 6.3 %, 5:

2.6 %

Ordinal

Do you know what is expected of

you at work?

Demands 173 79 1: 69.4 %, 2: 25.6 %, 3: 3.5 %, 4:

0.8 %, 5: 0.6 %

1: 70.7 %, 2: 24.5 %, 3: 3.3 %, 4: 0.8 %, 5:

0.6 %

Ordinal

How often do you have to interrupt

a task you are doing in order to

take on an unforeseen task?

Demands 152 110 1: 12.9 %, 2: 20 %, 3: 44.2 %, 4:

23 %

1: 12.6 %, 2: 19.6 %, 3: 44 %, 4: 23.8 % Ordinal

Over the last 12 monthts did you

suffer from backache?

Health 219 46 no: 53.1 %, yes: 46.9 % no: 52.8 %, yes: 47.2 % Dichotomous


suffer from depression or anxiety?



suffer from overall fatigue?


How is your health in general? Health 216 40 1: 24.6 %, 2: 50.8 %, 3: 22 %, 4:

2.5 %

1: 24.8 %, 2: 50.5 %, 3: 22 %, 4: 2.6 % Ordinal


suffer from muscular pains in

lower limbs?

Health 221 53 no: 68 %, yes: 32 % no: 67.5 %, yes: 32.5 % Dichotomous


suffer from muscular pains in

shoulders, neck and/or upper

limbs?


Do you experience stress in your

work?

Health 176 87 1: 9.9 %, 2: 15.6 %, 3: 40.2 %, 4:

18.7 %, 5: 15.5 %

1: 10.5 %, 2: 15.5 %, 3: 39.6 %, 4: 19 %, 5:

15.4 %

Ordinal

How many hours per week would Individual 92 1048 40 40 Metrical


group

EWCS

variable

number

Missing

values


you prefer to work at present? factors

Education ISCED Individual

factors

251 71 isced 0: 0.3 %, isced 1: 3.7 %,

isced 2: 20 %, isced 3: 39.9 %,

isced 4: 5 %, isced 5: 30.2 %,

isced 6: 0.8 %

isced 0: 0.4 %, isced 1: 4.2 %, isced 2: 20.1

%, isced 3: 39.7 %, isced 4: 5 %, isced 5:

29.7 %, isced 6: 1 %

Categorical

Work experience (years) Individual

factors

83 214 6 7 Metrical

Income Individual

factors

274 269 1: 7.9 %, 2: 20.6 %, 3: 27.9 %, 4:

27.4 %, 5: 10.8 %, 6: 5.4 %

1: 8.2 %, 2: 21 %, 3: 27.7 %, 4: 26.9 %, 5:

10.7 %, 6: 5.6 %

Ordinal

Occupational group ISCO 2008 Individual

factors

67 0 isco 1: 4.8 %, isco 2: 17.1 %, isco

3: 16 %, isco 4: 11.2 %, isco 5:

19.3 %, isco 6: 0.8 %, isco 7: 12.4

%, isco 8: 8.3 %, isco 9: 10.1 %

isco 1: 6.9 %, isco 2: 16.6 %, isco 3: 14.9 %,

isco 4: 9.8 %, isco 5: 19.4 %, isco 6: 2.4 %,

isco 7: 12.7 %, isco 8: 7.6 %, isco 9: 9.7 %

Categorical

Private / public sector Individual

factors

81 192 Other: 6.8 %, Private: 63 %,

Public: 30.3 %

Other: 6.8 %, Private: 66.9 %, Public: 26.3 % Categorical

Age Individual

factors

5 0 42 42 Metrical

Gender Individual

factors

4 0 female: 52.6 %, male: 47.4 % female: 50.6 %, male: 49.4 % Dichotomous

Can you influence decisions that

are important for your work?

Job control 177 304 1: 10.7 %, 2: 21.5 %, 3: 29.3 %,

4: 17.1 %, 5: 21.4 %

1: 18 %, 2: 21.5 %, 3: 26.3 %, 4: 15.1 %, 5:

19.1 %

Ordinal

Are you able to choose or change

your methods of work?

Job control 161 237 yes: 63.8 %, no: 36.2 % yes: 67.3 %, no: 32.7 % Dichotomous


group

EWCS

variable

number

Missing

values


Are you able to choose or change

your order of tasks?

Job control 160 235 yes: 63.3 %, no: 36.7 % yes: 66.8 %, no: 33.2 % Dichotomous

Regarding the health and safety

risks related to performance of

your job, how well informed would

you say you are?

Occupational

risk

124 388 Not at all: 2.5 %, Not very well:

7.9 %, Very well: 45.1 %, Well:

44.5 %

Not at all: 2.4 %, Not very well: 7.7 %, Very

well: 45.2 %, Well: 44.6 %

Ordinal

Company size Organisational

factor

82 828 100-249: 10.4 %, 10-49: 33.7 %,

2-4: 12 %, 250-499: 5.1 %, +500:

8.1 %, 50-99: 12.2 %, 5-9: 16.1

%, One person: 2.6 %

100-249: 9 %, 10-49: 29.5 %, 2-4: 14.6 %,

250-499: 4.4 %, +500: 6.9 %, 50-99: 10.5 %,

5-9: 15 %, One person: 10.1 %

Categorical

Economic activity NACE Rev. 2 Organisational

factor

80 250 a: 2.1 %, b - c: 16.1 %, d - e: 2 %,

f: 6.5 %, g: 15.6 %, h: 5.7 %, i: 4.5

%, j: 2.3 %, k - l: 4.2 %, m: 3.2 %,

n: 3.5 %, o - u: 7.9 %, p: 10.2 %,

q: 11.4 %, r: 1.6 %, s: 2.4 %, t:

0.8 %

a: 3.7 %, b - c: 14.8 %, d - e: 1.8 %, f: 7.2 %,

g: 16.4 %, h: 5.5 %, i: 4.7 %, j: 2.4 %, k - l:

4.1 %, m: 3.7 %, n: 3.5 %, o - u: 6.9 %, p: 8.9

%, q: 10.6 %, r: 1.8 %, s: 3 %, t: 1.1 %

Categorical

Are you exposed at work to noise

so loud that you would have to

raise your voice to talk to people?

Physical

conditions

97 33 1: 4.8 %, 2: 5.1 %, 3: 3.7 %, 4:

5.8 %, 5: 10.5 %, 6: 16.2 %, 7:

53.7 %

1: 4.6 %, 2: 5 %, 3: 3.5 %, 4: 5.8 %, 5: 10.6

%, 6: 16.2 %, 7: 54.4 %

Ordinal

Are you exposed at work to high

temperatures which make you

perspire even when not working?

Physical

conditions

98 79 1: 2.5 %, 2: 2.8 %, 3: 2.4 %, 4:

5.7 %, 5: 9.1 %, 6: 16.7 %, 7:

60.7 %

1: 2.6 %, 2: 2.9 %, 3: 2.5 %, 4: 5.8 %, 5: 9 %,

6: 16.7 %, 7: 60.6 %

Ordinal

Are you exposed at work to low

temperatures whether indoors or

outdoors?

Physical

conditions

99 76 1: 2 %, 2: 2.7 %, 3: 2.4 %, 4: 5.8

%, 5: 10 %, 6: 16.9 %, 7: 60.2 %

1: 2.2 %, 2: 2.7 %, 3: 2.5 %, 4: 6 %, 5: 10.1

%, 6: 16.7 %, 7: 59.7 %

Ordinal


group

EWCS

variable

number

Missing

values


Are you able to apply your own

ideas in your work?

Resources 171 216 1: 27.3 %, 2: 25.5 %, 3: 21.5 %,

4: 12.2 %, 5: 13.5 %

1: 32.9 %, 2: 24.8 %, 3: 19.5 %, 4: 10.8 %, 5:

12 %

Ordinal

Do your colleagues help and

support you?

Resources 163 852 1: 36.9 %, 2: 37.5 %, 3: 17.7 %,

4: 4.8 %, 5: 3.1 %

1: 37 %, 2: 36.5 %, 3: 17.6 %, 4: 4.9 %, 5: 4

%

Ordinal

Supervisor's gender Supervisor 194 0 female: 32 %, male: 68 % female: 30.8 %, male: 69.2 % Dichotomous

Is your immediate manager /

supervisor good at resolving

conflicts?

Supervisor 191 2299 no: 18.4 %, yes: 81.6 % no: 18.1 %, yes: 81.9 % Dichotomous

Does your immediate manager /

supervisor encourage you to

participate in important decisions?



supervisor provide you with

feedback on your work?


Is your immediate manager /

supervisor good at planning and

organising the work?



supervisor respect you?


Does your manager help and

support you?

Supervisor 164 0 1: 31 %, 2: 32 %, 3: 20.8 %, 4:

9.9 %, 5: 6.2 %

1: 30.8 %, 2: 31.8 %, 3: 20.9 %, 4: 10 %, 5:

6.5 %

Ordinal

Does your job involve working to

tight deadlines?

Time

conditions

146 198 1: 12.1 %, 2: 14.4 %, 3: 8.4 %, 4:

12.5 %, 5: 14.1 %, 6: 18.4 %, 7:

20.1 %

1: 11.7 %, 2: 14.1 %, 3: 8.4 %, 4: 12.5 %, 5:

14.2 %, 6: 18.6 %, 7: 20.6 %

Ordinal

How many hours do you usually

work per week in your main paid

Time

conditions

91 386 40 40 Metrical


group

EWCS

variable

number

Missing

values


job?

Do you work shifts? Time

conditions

136 151 1: 20.7 %, 2: 79.3 % 1: 18.5 %, 2: 81.5 % Dichotomous

Does your job involve working at

very high speed?

Time

conditions

145 156 1: 9.8 %, 2: 14.1 %, 3: 9 %, 4:

13.3 %, 5: 13.9 %, 6: 19.5 %, 7:

20.5 %

1: 9.5 %, 2: 13.7 %, 3: 8.9 %, 4: 13.3 %, 5:

13.9 %, 6: 19.7 %, 7: 21 %

Ordinal

Figure 1A: Frequencies of missing values for the supervisor variables by country. Numbers above the bars indicate the sample size of the analysed

dataset.

2. Additional variables included in the generalised linear models

Table 2A. Associations between organisational variables, control variables and selected health-related outcomes. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMM). OR = odds ratio for the models with logit link, Beta = regression coefficients of the models with gaussian link. Scale for stress: 1 = I always experience stress, 5 = I never experience stress. Scale for general health: 1 = Very good health, 5 = Very bad health. For variables with several categories, the first category is always the reference one. Results are the continuation of the estimated models in Table 1. N = 32770. NACE: European Classification of Economic Activities Revision 2; ISCED: International Standard Classification of Education 2011, ISCO: International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008.

Upper body symptoms Lower limbs symptoms Backache Fatigue Stress General health

OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI Beta 95% CI Beta 95% CI

Organisational variables

Company size (2-4) (Ref. 1) 0.85 [0.75, 0.96] 0.91 [0.81,1.03] 0.90 [0.79, 1.02] 0.88 [0.77, 1.00] -0.04 [-0.09, 0.01] 0.00 [-0.04, 0.05]

Company size (5-9) 0.85 [0.75, 0.97] 0.88 [0.77,1.00] 0.91 [0.80, 1.03] 0.85 [0.75, 0.97] -0.02 [-0.07, 0.03] -0.01 [-0.06, 0.04]

Company size (10-49) 0.93 [0.83, 1.05] 0.91 [0.81,1.02] 0.94 [0.84, 1.06] 0.94 [0.83, 1.06] 0.02 [-0.02, 0.07] 0.02 [-0.02, 0.07]

Company size (50-99) 0.91 [0.79, 1.05] 0.85 [0.74,0.97] 0.98 [0.85, 1.12] 0.95 [0.83, 1.09] 0.03 [-0.03, 0.08] 0.03 [-0.03, 0.08]

Company size (100-249) 0.96 [0.83, 1.11] 0.86 [0.74,1.00] 0.99 [0.85, 1.15] 0.94 [0.81, 1.09] 0.06 [ 0.01, 0.12] 0.02 [-0.04, 0.07]

Company size (250-499) 0.98 [0.82, 1.18] 0.88 [0.73,1.07] 1.14 [0.95, 1.37] 1.00 [0.82, 1.20] 0.03 [-0.04, 0.10] 0.01 [-0.06, 0.08]

Company size (+500) 1.05 [0.90, 1.23] 0.92 [0.79,1.08] 1.08 [0.92, 1.27] 1.00 [0.84, 1.18] 0.00 [-0.06, 0.06] 0.02 [-0.04, 0.08]

NACE B-C (Ref. NACE A) 0.73 [0.58, 0.92] 0.86 [0.67,1.12] 0.80 [0.64, 1.00] 1.19 [0.93, 1.51] -0.01 [-0.10, 0.08] 0.02 [-0.07, 0.11]

NACE D-E 0.88 [0.65, 1.20] 1.10 [0.79,1.53] 0.91 [0.67, 1.24] 1.27 [0.92, 1.76] -0.01 [-0.13, 0.10] 0.01 [-0.11, 0.13]

NACE F 1.02 [0.80, 1.32] 1.15 [0.89,1.50] 0.93 [0.73, 1.20] 1.17 [0.90, 1.50] 0.05 [-0.04, 0.15] 0.00 [-0.10, 0.09]

NACE G 0.81 [0.63, 1.02] 1.13 [0.87,1.47] 0.95 [0.76, 1.19] 1.32 [1.04, 1.68] 0.09 [ 0.00, 0.18] 0.02 [-0.07, 0.10]

NACE H 0.97 [0.75, 1.25] 1.01 [0.77,1.33] 1.13 [0.88, 1.46] 1.59 [1.22, 2.07] 0.24 [ 0.15, 0.34] 0.02 [-0.08, 0.12]

NACE I 0.79 [0.61, 1.03] 1.42 [1.07,1.88] 0.90 [0.69, 1.17] 1.48 [1.13, 1.93] 0.09 [-0.01, 0.19] 0.04 [-0.06, 0.14]

NACE J 1.08 [0.80, 1.46] 0.84 [0.60,1.18] 1.10 [0.82, 1.46] 1.37 [1.00, 1.87] 0.09 [-0.02, 0.20] 0.05 [-0.06, 0.16]

NACE K-L 0.81 [0.62, 1.07] 0.67 [0.50,0.92] 0.87 [0.66, 1.14] 1.33 [1.01, 1.75] 0.27 [ 0.17, 0.37] 0.02 [-0.08, 0.13]

NACE M 0.87 [0.66, 1.14] 0.83 [0.61,1.13] 0.87 [0.66, 1.13] 1.37 [1.04, 1.81] 0.13 [ 0.02, 0.23] 0.05 [-0.06, 0.16]

NACE N 0.95 [0.72, 1.24] 1.13 [0.85,1.50] 0.91 [0.69, 1.18] 1.42 [1.07, 1.87] 0.09 [-0.01, 0.20] 0.03 [-0.07, 0.14]

NACE O-U 0.91 [0.70, 1.18] 0.96 [0.72,1.27] 0.94 [0.73, 1.21] 1.14 [0.88, 1.47] 0.06 [-0.04, 0.16] 0.02 [-0.07, 0.12]

NACE P 0.83 [0.63, 1.08] 1.22 [0.92,1.63] 0.90 [0.69, 1.16] 1.30 [1.00, 1.70] 0.05 [-0.05, 0.14] 0.02 [-0.08, 0.12]

NACE Q 0.88 [0.68, 1.13] 1.17 [0.89,1.53] 0.98 [0.77, 1.25] 1.23 [0.95, 1.58] 0.04 [-0.06, 0.13] 0.02 [-0.08, 0.11]

Unknown Author, 15/06/15,

Change # 20


Change # 22

Upper body symptoms Lower limbs symptoms Backache Fatigue Stress General health

OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI Beta 95% CI Beta 95% CI

NACE R 1.02 [0.75, 1.38] 1.08 [0.77,1.52] 0.94 [0.69, 1.27] 0.90 [0.66, 1.23] -0.14 [-0.26,-0.02] -0.02 [-0.14, 0.09]

NACE S 0.96 [0.73, 1.27] 1.17 [0.87,1.57] 1.11 [0.84, 1.47] 1.20 [0.90, 1.60] -0.06 [-0.17, 0.04] -0.02 [-0.13, 0.09]

NACE T 0.84 [0.59, 1.19] 0.99 [0.69,1.42] 1.02 [0.71, 1.44] 1.24 [0.85, 1.82] 0.00 [-0.14, 0.13] 0.09 [-0.05, 0.23]

Further control variables

ISCED 1 (Ref. ISCED 0) 1.23 [0.72, 2.10] 1.29 [0.80,2.10] 0.98 [0.58, 1.65] 1.10 [0.65, 1.87] -0.12 [-0.31, 0.07] 0.07 [-0.12, 0.26]

ISCED 2 1.09 [0.65, 1.81] 1.03 [0.64,1.64] 1.00 [0.61, 1.66] 0.95 [0.57, 1.56] -0.10 [-0.28, 0.09] 0.01 [-0.18, 0.19]

ISCED 3 1.03 [0.62, 1.72] 0.93 [0.58,1.49] 0.89 [0.54, 1.48] 0.95 [0.58, 1.57] -0.06 [-0.25, 0.12] -0.04 [-0.23, 0.14]

ISCED 4 0.97 [0.58, 1.64] 0.93 [0.57,1.51] 0.78 [0.46, 1.31] 0.98 [0.59, 1.63] -0.08 [-0.28, 0.11] -0.03 [-0.22, 0.16]

ISCED 5 0.98 [0.59, 1.63] 0.78 [0.49,1.26] 0.80 [0.48, 1.33] 1.10 [0.66, 1.82] 0.04 [-0.15, 0.22] -0.07 [-0.25, 0.12]

ISCED 6 0.97 [0.54, 1.74] 0.63 [0.36,1.12] 0.67 [0.37, 1.21] 1.26 [0.69, 2.34] 0.16 [-0.05, 0.37] 0.01 [-0.20, 0.21]

Income 1.15 [1.12, 1.18] 1.19 [1.16,1.23] 1.17 [1.14, 1.20] 1.16 [1.13, 1.20] 0.04 [ 0.03, 0.05] 0.08 [ 0.07, 0.09]

ISCO 2 (Ref. ISCO 1) 0.98 [0.85, 1.13] 0.94 [0.80,1.10] 1.14 [0.98, 1.31] 0.93 [0.80, 1.08] -0.07 [-0.13,-0.02] -0.03 [-0.08, 0.02]

ISCO 3 1.00 [0.87, 1.14] 1.01 [0.87,1.19] 1.00 [0.88, 1.14] 0.90 [0.78, 1.05] -0.10 [-0.16,-0.05] -0.04 [-0.09, 0.01]

ISCO 4 0.95 [0.82, 1.11] 0.94 [0.79,1.10] 0.95 [0.82, 1.11] 0.78 [0.67, 0.91] -0.18 [-0.24,-0.13] -0.01 [-0.06, 0.05]

ISCO 5 0.89 [0.77, 1.03] 1.43 [1.23,1.66] 1.05 [0.91, 1.20] 0.88 [0.77, 1.02] -0.20 [-0.25,-0.15] -0.01 [-0.06, 0.04]

ISCO 6 0.96 [0.71, 1.30] 1.55 [1.12,2.15] 1.26 [0.93, 1.71] 1.01 [0.74, 1.39] -0.32 [-0.43,-0.20] 0.05 [-0.06, 0.16]

ISCO 7 1.01 [0.86, 1.18] 1.17 [0.98,1.39] 1.12 [0.97, 1.31] 0.73 [0.62, 0.85] -0.41 [-0.47,-0.35] -0.02 [-0.07, 0.04]

ISCO 8 0.95 [0.80, 1.13] 0.99 [0.81,1.20] 1.11 [0.93, 1.32] 0.72 [0.61, 0.86] -0.27 [-0.33,-0.20] -0.02 [-0.08, 0.04]

ISCO 9 0.96 [0.81, 1.14] 1.36 [1.13,1.64] 1.21 [1.02, 1.42] 0.77 [0.65, 0.92] -0.50 [-0.57,-0.44] -0.01 [-0.07, 0.05]

Desired work hours 1.00 [0.99, 1.00] 1.00 [0.99,1.00] 1.00 [0.99, 1.00] 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] 0.00 [ 0.00, 0.00] 0.00 [ 0.00, 0.00]

Years of experience 1.01 [1.00, 1.01] 1.00 [1.00,1.01] 1.01 [1.00, 1.01] 1.00 [1.00, 1.01] 0.01 [ 0.00, 0.01] 0.00 [ 0.00, 0.00]

Public sector employee 0.97 [0.89, 1.06] 1.02 [0.92,1.13] 0.94 [0.86, 1.03] 0.96 [0.87, 1.06] -0.02 [-0.06, 0.01] 0.00 [-0.03, 0.04]

Private/public sector employee 0.98 [0.87, 1.10] 1.09 [0.96,1.25] 1.11 [0.98, 1.25] 1.11 [0.98, 1.25] -0.05 [-0.09, 0.00] 0.03 [-0.02, 0.07]


Change # 21



Change # 23

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