superorder osteoglossomorpha
DESCRIPTION
Superorder Osteoglossomorpha. IB 463 - Ichthyology Blake Bushman Blake Ruebush. Taxonomy. Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class - Actinopterygii Superorder – Osteoglossomorpha Order – Hiodontiformes Hiodontidae – mooneyes Order - Osteoglossiformes Osteoglossidae – bony tongues - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
SuperorderSuperorderOsteoglossomorphaOsteoglossomorpha
IB 463 - IchthyologyIB 463 - Ichthyology
Blake BushmanBlake Bushman
Blake RuebushBlake Ruebush
TaxonomyTaxonomy•Kingdom - Animalia
•Phylum - Chordata
•Class - Actinopterygii
•Superorder – Osteoglossomorpha
•Order – Hiodontiformes
•Hiodontidae – mooneyes
•Order - Osteoglossiformes
•Osteoglossidae – bony tongues
•Pantodontidae – butterfly fish
•Notopteridae – featherfin knifefishes
•Mormyridae – elephantfishes
•Gymnarchidae
TaxonomyTaxonomy
Considered the living sister group of all Considered the living sister group of all other teleostsother teleostsHiodontiformes – Paraphyletic– Greenwood 1970Greenwood 1970
Osteoglossiformes – Monophyletic Osteoglossiformes – Monophyletic CharacteristicsCharacteristics– Nasal bone gutterNasal bone gutter– 0-2 Uroneural bones0-2 Uroneural bones– 15 or fewer caudal fin rays15 or fewer caudal fin rays
HistoryHistory
Superorder – Greenwood, Rosen, Superorder – Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman, and Myers 1966Weitzman, and Myers 1966Since 1970 many fossils have been found Since 1970 many fossils have been found on all continents except Antarticaon all continents except AntarticaRelated fossil groups – Lycopteridae and Related fossil groups – Lycopteridae and KuyangichthidaeKuyangichthidaeHiodontiformes – McAllister 1968, Taverne Hiodontiformes – McAllister 1968, Taverne 19791979Most primitive living teleostsMost primitive living teleosts
General FactsGeneral Facts
217 species
Most primitive living teleosts
Live in freshwater
Mostly tropical
DistributionDistribution
All continents except Europe
S.A.S.A.– arapaisua or pirarucu, arapaisua or pirarucu, Arapaima gigas (one Arapaima gigas (one
of the world’s largest freshwater fish)of the world’s largest freshwater fish)
N.A.N.A.– mooneye, mooneye, Hiodon tergisusHiodon tergisus– goldeyegoldeye, Hiodon alosiodes, Hiodon alosiodes
Hiodontidae - Mooneyes
Resemble shad
Lateral line and untoothed keel
No spines, 1 dorsal fin
2 species– goldeye, Hiodon alosoides– mooneye, Hiodon tergisus
Osteoglossidae - bony tongues - bony tongues
S.A., Africa, Asia, AustraliaS.A., Africa, Asia, Australia
Large, thick scalesLarge, thick scales
Bony platesBony plates
Large eyesLarge eyes
Osteoglossidae – arapaima, Arapaima gigasArapaima gigas
Amazon River BasinAmazon River Basin
One of the largest FW One of the largest FW fish in the worldfish in the world
450 cm, 440 lbs450 cm, 440 lbs
Gray with orange Gray with orange speckling near caudal speckling near caudal finfin
Popular food and Popular food and sport fishsport fish
50% of body weight is 50% of body weight is boneless meatboneless meat
Pantodontidae – butterfly fish
West Africa riversWest Africa rivers
Calm water with surface coverCalm water with surface cover
Wing-like pectoral finsWing-like pectoral fins
Jump and glideJump and glide
Average TL 10 cmAverage TL 10 cm
Upturned mouthsUpturned mouths
Notopteridae - - Featherfin knifefishes
Africa and S.E. AsiaAfrica and S.E. Asia
Small dorsal finSmall dorsal fin
Adults – brownAdults – brown
Juveniles – brown with barsJuveniles – brown with bars
Brackish waterBrackish water
Can grow to 61 cmCan grow to 61 cm
Mormyridae – elephant fishes
200 species200 speciesHighly evolved electric Highly evolved electric sensesenseProduces and detects Produces and detects electrical fieldselectrical fieldsMouth extended into a Mouth extended into a trunk trunk NocturnalNocturnalTurbid waters – Nile Turbid waters – Nile River, AfricaRiver, Africa9-50 cm (largest found 9-50 cm (largest found 1.5m)1.5m)
Largest cerebellum of any Largest cerebellum of any fish (human ratio)fish (human ratio)Large learning capacityLarge learning capacityPlay behavior
Gymnarchidae
Tropical Africa, Nile RiverTropical Africa, Nile River
Elongate bodyElongate body
No anal, caudal, or pelvic finsNo anal, caudal, or pelvic fins
Wave-like motionWave-like motion
Average size 90 cmAverage size 90 cm
150 cm max.150 cm max.
Electric organElectric organ
Anatomy / Sensory SystemsAnatomy / Sensory Systems
HiodontiformesHiodontiformes– Large eyesLarge eyes– No scales on headNo scales on head– No spines in finsNo spines in fins
OsteoglossiformesOsteoglossiformes– Well-developed teeth on tongueWell-developed teeth on tongue– Primary bite between tongue and Primary bite between tongue and
parasphenoid (roof of mouth)parasphenoid (roof of mouth)– Caudal fin rays – no more than 17-18Caudal fin rays – no more than 17-18
Anatomy / Sensory SystemsAnatomy / Sensory Systems
Osteoglossidae - - Arapaima – Emit pheremones from head to signal danger
to larvae– Surface every 10-20 minutes for respiration
ReproductionReproduction
MOST REPRODUCE DURING RAINY SEASON
Hiodontidae – semibuoyant eggs, drift in streams
Osteoglossomorpha – mouthbrooders and nest Osteoglossomorpha – mouthbrooders and nest buildersbuilders
– Arapaima – eggs and larvae guarded by male and occasionally by female for up to 14 weeks
ReproductionReproduction
Pantodontidae – non-guarding, open water sub-stratum egg scatterers; 80-220 eggs
Notopteridae – eggs laid in small clumps of vegetatin, 1,200-3,000 eggs
Mormyridae – male protects eggs and larvae, 30-200 eggs in a nest
Gymnarchidae – guard eggs
Predator – Prey InteractionsPredator – Prey Interactions
Mormyridae – small crustaceans, insect larva, other invertebrates
Notopteridae – insects, crustaceans, and small fishes
Pantodontidae – surface feeders – insects, insect larva, crustaceans, small fishes
Hiodontidae – aquatic insects, invertebrates, small fishes
Predator – Prey InteractionsPredator – Prey Interactions
Osteoglossidae – arapaima – fish, birds, small mammals (very opportunistic)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A82Pa4AeSPQ v=A82Pa4AeSPQ
Conservation ConcernsConservation Concerns
Osteoglossidae – arapaima– Some areas of the Amazon are being
overfished– Large fish scarce – likely due to larger fish
being harvested more frequently
Popular Aquarium SpeciesPopular Aquarium SpeciesSouth American arowanaSouth American arowana African flying fishAfrican flying fish
Notopterid featherfinsNotopterid featherfinsMormyrdi elephant fishesMormyrdi elephant fishes
Interesting FactsInteresting Facts
Osteoglossidae - - Arapaima
– Scales are sold as fingernail files (6 cm Scales are sold as fingernail files (6 cm long)long)
– Bony tongue is used to prepare dried Bony tongue is used to prepare dried guarana guarana
Notice Large Scales
Review Questions 1Review Questions 1
When do most Osteoglossomorpha When do most Osteoglossomorpha spawn?spawn?
On what continents are On what continents are Osteoglossomorpha found?Osteoglossomorpha found?
What is significant about the brain of What is significant about the brain of the the Mormyridae (elephant fishes)?
Review Questions 2Review Questions 2
Describe the fins of Gymnarchidae and how they move through the water.
What are the concerns about future What are the concerns about future arapaima populations?arapaima populations?
ReferencesReferences"Featherfin Knifefish." "Featherfin Knifefish." Animal-WorldAnimal-World. 3 Sept. 2007. 18 Sept. 2008 <http://animal-. 3 Sept. 2007. 18 Sept. 2008 <http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/knifefish/featherfinknifefish.php>. world.com/encyclo/fresh/knifefish/featherfinknifefish.php>. Fenner, Bob. "The Elephantfishes, family Mormyridae, In Aquariums." Fenner, Bob. "The Elephantfishes, family Mormyridae, In Aquariums." Wet Web MediaWet Web Media. 15 Sept. 2008 . 15 Sept. 2008 <http://www.wetwebmedia.com/fwsubwebindex/mormyrids.htm>. <http://www.wetwebmedia.com/fwsubwebindex/mormyrids.htm>. "Freshwater butterflyfish." "Freshwater butterflyfish." WikipediaWikipedia. 8 July 2008. 16 Sept. 2008 . 8 July 2008. 16 Sept. 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/freshwater_butterflyfish>. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/freshwater_butterflyfish>. Froese, Rainer. "Gymnarchus niloticus." Froese, Rainer. "Gymnarchus niloticus." Discover LifeDiscover Life. 24 July 2008. 18 Sept. 2008.. 24 July 2008. 18 Sept. 2008.Kirschbaum, Frank. "Osteoglossiformes." Kirschbaum, Frank. "Osteoglossiformes." Answers.comAnswers.com. 15 Sept. 2008 . 15 Sept. 2008 <http://www.answers.com/topic/osteoglossiformes>. <http://www.answers.com/topic/osteoglossiformes>. Li, Guo-Qing and Wilson, Mark V. H. 1999. Early divergence of Hiodontiformes sensu stricto in East Asia and Li, Guo-Qing and Wilson, Mark V. H. 1999. Early divergence of Hiodontiformes sensu stricto in East Asia and
phylogeny of some Late Mesozoic teleosts from China. Mesozoic Fishes 2 – Systematics and Fossil phylogeny of some Late Mesozoic teleosts from China. Mesozoic Fishes 2 – Systematics and Fossil Record, G. Arratia & H.-P. Schultze (eds.): 369-384.Record, G. Arratia & H.-P. Schultze (eds.): 369-384.
Helfman, Gene S., Collette, B.B., and Facey, DE. 1997. The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science, Inc.Helfman, Gene S., Collette, B.B., and Facey, DE. 1997. The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science, Inc."Mormyridae." "Mormyridae." Discover LifeDiscover Life. 4 Oct. 2004. The Polistes Corporation. . 4 Oct. 2004. The Polistes Corporation. 15 Sept. 2008 15 Sept. 2008 <http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20o?search=mormyridae>. <http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20o?search=mormyridae>. Ortañez, Kareen A., ed. "Notopterus notopterus." Ortañez, Kareen A., ed. "Notopterus notopterus." Discover LifeDiscover Life. 24 July 2008. 18 . 24 July 2008. 18 Sept. 2008 Sept. 2008 <http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=notopterus+notopterus&b=fb799<http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=notopterus+notopterus&b=fb799 0>.0>.Page, Lawrence M. and Brooks M. Burr. 1991. Freshwater Fishes. Peterson Field Guides, Houghton Mifflin Page, Lawrence M. and Brooks M. Burr. 1991. Freshwater Fishes. Peterson Field Guides, Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 36.Company. p. 36."Pantodontidae." "Pantodontidae." High Beam EncyclopediaHigh Beam Encyclopedia. 16 Sept. 2008 <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1o8-. 16 Sept. 2008 <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1o8-pantodontidae.html>. pantodontidae.html>. Peters. "Pantodon buchholzi." Peters. "Pantodon buchholzi." Fishbase.netFishbase.net. 24 July 2008. 18 Sept. 2008 . 24 July 2008. 18 Sept. 2008 <http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=2075>. <http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=2075>. PicturesPictureshttp://www.funebooks.com.sg/images/arowanas/arowana_001.jpghttp://www.funebooks.com.sg/images/arowanas/arowana_001.jpghttp://www.lanzarote.fr/imagenes/flyingfish.jpghttp://www.lanzarote.fr/imagenes/flyingfish.jpghttp://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?go=http://www.fishbase.org/Photos/ThumbnailsSummary.php%3FIDhttp://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?go=http://www.fishbase.org/Photos/ThumbnailsSummary.php%3FID%3D4519%3D4519http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Gymnarchus_niloticus005.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Gymnarchus_niloticus005.JPG