Divisions of Class Aves superorder Palaeognathae superorder Neognathae

Divisions of Class Aves superorder Palaeognathae

tinamous and “ratites”

Divisions of Class Aves superorder Neognathae

cohort Galloanserae fowl and waterfowl

cohort Neoaves all others

Divisions within Neoaves

UNKNOWN

A funny thing happened on the way to the Order Gruiformes

Gruidae - cranesRallidae - rails

“other Gruiformes”Aramidae - LimpkinHeliornithidae -finfootsPsophiidae -trumpetersCariamidae - seriemasOtididae - bustardsTurnicidae -buttonquailsMesitornithidaeEurypygidae - sunbitternRhynochetidae -kagu

ß-fibrinogen intron 7

CATTTTCTCCCTGCAAGATACCAACCAAATATCCACATCATTTCCTTGGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCATAGCCAAGGGCAAATGAAACTATATGCTAGCATTTTCTCCCTGCAAGTTACCAGAGAAATATCCACATCATTTCCTTGGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCATAGCCAAGGGCAAGGAAAACAATATGCTAGCATTTTCTCCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATATCCACATCATTTCCTTGGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCATAGCCAAGGGCAAATAAAACAATATGCAAGTGTTTTCTCCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGTCATGTCCTTGGNGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCATAGCCAAGGGCAGGTAAAACTGTATGTTAGTGTTTTCTCCCTGCAAGTTACCGGCCAATTGTCCAGGTTGTTTCCTTGGCACAGCCAAGGGCAGAATTGTCACAGTTAAGGGCAGGTAGAACTATGTGTTAGTGTTTTCTCCCTKCAAGTTACCAGCCAATTGTCTGTGTTGTTTCCTTGGCACAGCCAAGAGCACAATTGGCATTGTCAAGGGCAGGTAAAACTGTATGTTAGTGTTTTCTCCCTGCAAGTTAC-AGCCAAATGTCTATGCCATTTCCTTGGCATAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTCGCATAGCCAAGGGCAGGTAAAACTATATGTTAG

Struthio_camelus -CGTTTTCT---CCTTGCAATTTACCAGCCAAATGTTCATGCTGTTCCATT----------------------GACAT-AGCC-AA--GGGCAGAGTTTTCCCAGGTGAAACTAT--GT-------Aythya_collaris -AGTTT-CT---CACTGCAAGTTACTAGCCAAGTGTTCACGCTGTCCCACT-GGTGTAGCCAATGGCAGAACTGACAT-AGCT-AAA-GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATTAT----Anhima_cornuta -TGTTTTCT---CACTGCAAGTTACTAGCCAAGTGTTCACACTGTCCCATT-GGTGTAGCCAAGGGCAGAACTGGCAT-AGTC-AAAAGGAC-----------AGGTAAAACTGT--ATATTAC--Chauna_torquatus -TGTTTTCT---CACTGCAAGTTACTAGCCAAGTGTTCATGCTGTCCCATT-GGTGTAGCTAAGGGCAGAACTGGCAT-AGTC-AAAAGGAC-----------AGGTAAAACTGT--ATATTAC--Crax_blumenbachii -TGTTTACT---CACTGTAAGTTATTAGCCAGATGTTCCTGCTGTCCTTTT-GGTGCAGCCTAGGGCAAAACTGGCAT-AGCC-GAA-GAAC-----------AAGTAAACCTAT--ATTAT----Gallus_gallus -TGTTTTCT---TACTGTAAGTTACTAGCCAAGCCCCAATTCATCCTGTTCTGGTGCAGCTTAGGGCATAATGGGCAT-AGCC-AAA-G--------------AGTTAAAACTAT--ACT------Megapodius_reinwardt -TGTTTTCT---CTCTGCAAGTTACTAGCCAAGTGTTCATGCTGTCCCATT-GGTGCAGCCTAGGGCAGAACTGGCAT-AGCC-AAA-GAGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATCGTAT--Opisthocomus_hoazin -TGTTTTCC---TCTTGCAAGTTACTAGCCAAATGTCCACGTTATTTCCTT-GGTGTAG-CAAAGGCAGAACTGGCAT-AGCC-AG--GGGC-----------AGATAAAACCAC--ATGTCAG--Podargus_strigoides ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Caprimulgus_vociferus -CATTTTTT-TTCCTTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGTCATTTCCTT-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-AACC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT----GTTAG--Aegotheles_cristatus -CATTTTCT---CCGTGTAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCACGTTGTTTCCTT-GGCATAGTCAAAGGCA---------T-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AAGTAAATCTAT--ATGTTAG--Columba_livia -CATTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATATCCTTCTCATTTCCTT-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AAATAAAACTAT--ATGCTA---Zenaida_macroura -CATTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGATACCAACCAAATATCCACATCATTTCCTT-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AAATGAAACTAT--ATGCTAG--Columbina_passerina -CATTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGAGAAATATCCACATCATTTCCTT-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AAGGAAAACAAT--ATGCTAG--Ducula_bicolor -CATTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATATCCACATCATTTCCTT-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AAATAAAACAAT--ATGCAAG--Phoenicopterus_ruber -TGTTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGTCATGTCCTT-GGNGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGT--ATGTTAG--Rhynochetos_jubata -TGTTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCGGCCAATTGTCCAGGTTGTTTCCTT-GGCACAGCCAAGGGCAGAATTGTCAC-AGTT-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAGAACTAT--GTGTTAG--Eurypyga_helias -TGTTTTCT---CCCTKCAAGTTACCAGCCAATTGTCTGTGTTGTTTCCTT-GGCACAGCCAAGAGCACAATTGGCAT-TGTC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGT--ATGTTAG--Phaethon_aethereus -TGTTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTAC-AGCCAAATGTCTATGCCATTTCCTT-GGCATAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTCGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATGTTAG--Aerodramus_salanganus -TGTTTTGT---CCCTGCAGTTTACCAGCCAAATGTCTGTGTCATTTCCTT-GGCATAGACAAAGGCAGAATTGACAT-AACC-AAG-GGGT-----------AGGTAAATCTAT--AGGATAG--Amazilia_tobaci -TGTTTTCT---CCCTGGAAGTTGCAAGCTAAATGTCTGTGTCATTTCCTT-GGCATAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGACAA-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTCT--CTGTTAC--Mesitornis_unicolor -TGTTTTCT---CCGTGCAAGTTACAAGCCAAATGTCCATGTGGTTTCCTT-GGGGTAGCAAAAGGCAGAATTGACAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AAGTAAAACTGT--AT-------Podilymbus_podiceps -TGTTTTG----CCTGGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGTTGTTTCCTT-GGCATAGTCAAAAGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATCTTAG--Aechmophorus_clarkii -TGTTTTG----TCTGGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGTTGTTTCCTT-GGCATAGCCAAAAGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATGTTAG--Syrrhaptes_paradoxus -TGCTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATKKTGTTTCCTT-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCY-GA--GGGC-----------AGACAAAACTAT--ATGTTAA--Afrotis_atra -CATTTTAT---CCGTGCAAGTGACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCCTCT----------------------GATGT-AGCC-AT--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGT--GTATTAG--Ardeotis_kori -CATTTTAT---CCATGCAATTGACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCCTCT----------------------GATGT-AGCC-AT--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--GTATTAG--Otus_flammeolus -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCCTGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GTCAT-AGCC-AA--GAGC-----------AGGTAAAACGAT--AGTTATG-TSurnia_ulula -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTAC-AGCCAAATGTCCCTGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GTCAT-AGCC-AA--GAGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--AATTATG-TTyto_alba -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAAAGTCCCTACAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCAT-AGCC-AA--GAAA-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--A-ATTAG--Phodilus_badius -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGATACCAGCCAGAAGTCCCTACAGTTCTCTT----------------------G-CAT-AGCC-AA--GAAA-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--A-ATTAG--Certhia_americana -TGTTATGT---CCCTGCAAGTTGCCAGCTAAATGTCTATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCAT-AGCC-GA--GGAC-----------AAATAGAACTAT--ATATTAG--Seiurus_aurocapillus -TGTTATGT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCTAAATGTCTATGGAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCAT-AGCCCAA--GGCC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATGTTAG--Catharus_guttatus -TGTTATAT---ACCTGCAAGTTACCAGATAAATGTCTACACAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGAC-----------AGGTAAAACTAG--GTATTAG--Cyanocitta_cristata -TGTTATAT---CCCTGCAAATTGCCAGCTAGATGTCTATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCAC-AGCC-AA--GGAG-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--GAATTAG--Contopus_virens -TGNTTTAT---CCCTGTAAGCTACCAGCCAAATGTCCACGCAATTCTCTT----------------------GGTGT-AGCC-AA--GGAC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--GTATTAG--Pteroglossus_azara ---------------TGTGAGTTATCAGCTGAACATTCATGCAGGTCTCCT----------------------GGCAG-TTCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAA--A---ATATGAG--Capito_niger ---------------TGTGAGTTACCAGCTGAACATCTATGCAGGTCTCCT----------------------GGCAG-TTCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAA--A---ATATAAG--Indicator_variegatus -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGTGAGTTGCCAGCCAAACATCCATGCAGTTCTCAT----------------------GGCAG-TTTC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTCT--ATGTGAG--Jynx_torquilla -TGCTTTAT---CTCTGTGAGTTGCCAGCCATACATCCATGCAGTTCTCCT----------------------GACAA-TTCC-AA--GTGC-----------AGGTAAAAGTGC--GTATGAG--Colaptes_auratus -TGCTCTTT---CTCTGTGAGTTGCCAGCTAAACATCCATGCAGTTCT-------------------------GGCAA-TTCC-AA--GTGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGC--ATATGAG--Picoides_sp -TGCTTTAT---CTCTGTGAGTTGCCAGCCAAACATCCATGCAGTTCT-------------------------GGCAA-TTCC-AA--GTGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGC--ATATGAG--Galbula_ruficauda -TGGTTTTC---CCCTGCAAGTTACTAGCCAAATGACTACGAAGTTCTGCT----------------------GGCAT-TTCT-AG--GGGC-----------AGGTACAACTAT--ATATTAG--Coracias_caudatus -YGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCT-------------------------GGCAT-TTCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAC--RTATTAG--Ceryle_halcyon -CAGTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTCTCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCATGTCTCTT----------------------GGTGC-TTTC-AA--GGAC-----------AGGTAATACTAC--TTATTAG--Momotus_momota -CGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTATCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTTCT----------------------GGCAC-TTCC-AA--GGGA-----------AGGTAGAACTAT--ATATTAG--Tockus_flavirostris -TCTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGACGAATGTCTAGGCAGT------------------------------YAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--Trogon_viridis -TGTCTTAA---CC-TGCAAGCTACCAACCGAATGCCTGCG----------------------------------------CC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTGG--Falco_sparverius -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGTCAAATGTCCAGGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------AGTGT-AGCC-AA--GGGT-----------GGGCGAAACTAT--ATATCAG--Colius_striatus -TGTTTTRT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCTTGCTATTCTCTC----------------------GGTGT-AGCT-AA--GAGC-----------AGGTAAAATTAC--ATATTGG--Amazona_autumnalis -TGCTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTGCCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCATTTCTTTT----------------------GCCRT-AGCC-AA--GTGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATAAAAT--Psittacus_erithacus -TGCTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATTTCCATGCAGTTCTTTT----------------------GGCAC-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATAAAAT--Calyptorhynchus_funereus -TGCTTTAT---CTCTACAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTTTT----------------------GACAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATAATAT--Cariama_cristata -CGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTATGAGCCAAACGTCCGTGCAGTTCTCCT----------------------GATGT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--AGATCAG--Sagittarius_serpentarius -CGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAGATGTCCACGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCGT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAGCTAT--AGGTTAG--Cathartes_aura -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCACATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCGT-AGAC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--Pandion_haliaetus -CGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGA-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--Buteo_jaimaicensis -GGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTTTT----------------------GGTGT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--Pedionomus_torquatus -TGGTTTAT---CCATACAA--TACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTTCCTT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAACCTAT--ATATTCAC-Attagis_gayi -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-GAAT-AA--GGGC-----------ACGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--Thinocorus_orbignyianus -GGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-AACC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTGT--Rostratula_behghalensis ---------------TGCAAATTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GGTC-----------TGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--Actophilornis_africana -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTTTAGCC-AG--GGGC-----------AGCTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--Jacana_spinosa -------AT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GTGC-----------AGCTAARACTAT--ATATTAG--Limosa_fedoa -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGKCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGT--ATATTAG--Tringa_melanoleuca ------TATT--CCCTGMAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGTTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAATTAY--ATATTAG--Phalaropus_tricolor ------TATT--CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--Burhinus_bistriatus -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAATTTCCAACCAAATGCCCATCCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--Turnix_varia -TATTTTAT---CCCAGCAAGTT--------------TATGACATCCTTTT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GGAC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT------TAG--Rynchops_niger -TGTTTTAA---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GCCTT-AGGC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--TTATTAG--Sterna_forsteri -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GCCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGT--TTATTAS--Sterna_caspia -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GCCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGT--TTATTGG--Stercorarius_pomarinus -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCCT----------------------GCCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--TGATTAG--Cerorhinca_monocerata -TGTTTGAT---CCCTCCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAATTCTCTT----------------------GCCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--TTATTAG--Cepphus_columba -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GCCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--TTATTAG--Pluvianus_aegyptius -TGTTTTAT---CTCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCACGCAGCTCTTTT----------------------GGCTT-GGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--GTATTAG--Recurvirostra_americana -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTTTT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--Charadrius_vociferus -CGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTTCT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GG-C-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--Vanellus_resplendens -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGTAGTTCTTCT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GG-C-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--

Struthio camelus

Aythya collarisAnhima cornutaChauna torquatus

Crax blumenbachiiGallus gallusMegapodius reinwardt

Opisthocomus hoazinPodargus strigoidesCaprimulgus vociferus

Aegotheles cristatus

Columba liviaZenaida macroura

Columbina passerinaDucula bicolor

Phoenicopterus ruberRhynochetos jubataEurypyga helias

Phaethon aethereusAerodramus salanganusAmazilia tobaci

Mesitornis unicolor

Podilymbus podicepsAechmophorus clarkii

Syrrhaptes paradoxus

Afrotis atraArdeotis kori

Otus flammeolusSurnia ululaTyto albaPhodilus badius

Certhia americanaSeiurus aurocapillus

Catharus guttatusCyanocitta cristata

Contopus virens

Pteroglossus azaraCapito nigerIndicator variegatus

Jynx torquillaColaptes auratusPicoides sp

Coracias caudatusCeryle halcyon

Momotus momota

Tockus flavirostrisTrogon viridis

Falco sparveriusColius striatus

Amazona autumnalisPsittacus erithacus

Calyptorhynchus funereus

Cariama cristata

Sagittarius serpentarius

Cathartes aura

Pandion haliaetusButeo jaimaicensis

Pedionomus torquatusAttagis gayiThinocorus orbignyianus

Rostratula behghalensisActophilornis africanaJacana spinosa

Limosa fedoaTringa melanoleucaPhalaropus tricolor

Burhinus bistriatusTurnix varia

Rynchops nigerSterna forsteriSterna caspiaCerorhinca monocerataCepphus columba

Pluvianus aegyptius

Recurvirostra americanaCharadrius vociferusVanellus resplendens

Musophaga rossae

Anhinga anhingaPhalacrocorax auritus

Sula dactylatraMorus bassanus

Ajaia ajajaPlegadis chihi

Fregata minor

Pelecanus erythrorhynchusBalaeniceps rexScopus umbrettaPuffinus tenuirostris

Eudyptyla minor

Gavia immer

Geococcyx californianusCoccyzus americanusChrysococcyx lucida

Mycteria americanaCiconia maguariArdea herodiasArdea albaEgretta tricolorEgretta thula

Laterallus albigularisLaterallus melanophaius

Porphyrio porphyrio

Gallirallus philippensisRallus limicolaRallus longirostris

Fulica americanaGallinula chloropus

Heliornis fulicaPodica senegalensis

Psophia crepitansPsophia viridisAramus guarauna

Balearica regulorumBalearica pavonina

Anthropoides paradisaeaAnthropoides virgoGrus americanaGrus grus

Coronaves

Metaves

Galloanserae

Neoaves

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kagu

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbittern

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesites

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzin

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebes

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouse

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouseColumbidae - doves

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouseColumbidae - dovesPhaethontidae - tropicbirds

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouseColumbidae - dovesPhaethontidae - tropicbirdsPhoenicopteridae - flamingos

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouseColumbidae - dovesPhaethontidae - tropicbirdsPhoenicopteridae - flamingos Caprimulgidae - nighthawks

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouseColumbidae - dovesPhaethontidae - tropicbirdsPhoenicopteridae - flamingos Caprimulgidae - nighthawks Nyctibiidae - Potoos

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouseColumbidae - dovesPhaethontidae - tropicbirdsPhoenicopteridae - flamingosCaprimulgidae - nighthawks Nyctibiidae - potoosSteatornithidae - oilbird

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouseColumbidae - dovesPhaethontidae - tropicbirdsPhoenicopteridae - flamingosCaprimulgidae - nighthawksNyctibiidae - potoosSteatornithidae - oilbird Podargidae - frogmouths

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouseColumbidae - dovesPhaethontidae - tropicbirdsPhoenicopteridae - flamingosCaprimulgidae - nighthawksNyctibiidae - potoosSteatornithidae - oilbirdPodargidae - frogmouthsAegothelidae - owlet nightjars

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouseColumbidae - dovesPhaethontidae - tropicbirdsPhoenicopteridae - flamingosCaprimulgidae - nighthawksNyctibiidae - potoosSteatornithidae - oilbirdPodargidae - frogmouthsAegothelidae - owlet nightjarsHemiprocnidae - crested swifts

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouseColumbidae - dovesPhaethontidae - tropicbirdsPhoenicopteridae - flamingosCaprimulgidae - nighthawksNyctibiidae - potoosSteatornithidae - oilbirdPodargidae - frogmouthsAegothelidae - owlet nightjarsHemiprocnidae - crested swiftsApodidae - swifts

Metaves

Rhynochetidae - kaguEurypygidae - sunbitternMesitornithidae - mesitesOpisthocomidae - hoatzinPodicipedidae - grebesPteroclididae - sandgrouseColumbidae - dovesPhaethontidae - tropicbirdsPhoenicopteridae - flamingosCaprimulgidae - nighthawksNyctibiidae - potoosSteatornithidae - oilbirdPodargidae - frogmouthsAegothelidae - owlet nightjarsHemiprocnidae - crested swiftsApodidae - swiftsTrochilidae - hummingbirds

Characteristics of Metaves

Four distinguishing indels (generally similar to Galloanserae outgroups, i.e., primitive)

Not much else … … except for a long reputation of being taxonomically problematic

Some, but not all possess: foregut specializations drink by suction, esophageal secretion, crop fermentation, no crop integumentary peculiarities nasal operculum, powder-down tracts, reduced uropygial gland

5 Polyphyletic Orders of Birds in Current Classification

Metaves Coronaves

“Gruiformes”kagu, sunbittern, mesites cranes, limpkin, trumpeters,

rails, seriemas, bustards, buttonquails, finfoots

“Pelecaniformes”tropicbirds pelicans, boobies, cormorants,

darters, frigatebirds

“Cuculiformes”hoatzin cuckoos, turacos

“Ciconiiformes”flamingos storks, herons, ibises,

hammerkop

“Charadriiformes”sandgrouse gulls, plovers, sandpipers, etc.

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled divers Stealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled divers Stealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled divers Stealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled divers Stealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled divers Stealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled divers Stealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled divers Stealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled divers Stealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled divers Stealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled divers Stealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled diversStealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled diversStealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Parallel Radiations

Arboreal specialistsAerial insectivoresNocturnal predatorsGround litter foragersPlunge diversFoot-propelled divers Stealth piscivoresRitualized danceWading filter feedersNectivoresTerrestrial granivoresLekkingColoniality

Analogous Parallelism in Theria: Marsupials and PlacentalsAfrotheria and LaurasiatheriaBiogeographic Implications for Birds?