sunrise university, alwarcombinational circuits, multiplexer-ic 74150 and ic 44151, de...
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Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) BCA -I Yr
Sunrise university, Alwar
Scheme of Session 2019-2020
1 BCA
Code Subject Exam
Hrs.
Maximum Marks
MS1 MS2 END TERM
IA
Total
THEORY
BCA101 Elementary Physics 3 10 10 60 20 100
BCA102 Basic Mathematics 3 10 10 60 20 100
BCA103 General English 3 10 10 60 20 100
BCA104 Principles of Programming Language
(Through ‘C’) 3 10 10 60 20 100
BCA105 Computer Organization 3 10 10 60 20 100
BCA106 Office Management Tools 3 10 10 60 20 100
BCA107 Environmental Studies 3 10 10 60 20 100
PRACTICALS & SESSIONALS
Code Subject Exam
Hrs. IA EA
Total
MP1 MP2
BCA108 Technical Writing and Communication
Skills 2 30 30 40 100
BCA109 C-Laboratory 2 30 30 40 100
BCA110 Office Automation Laboratory 2 30 30 40 100
TOTAL 1000
BCA 2
BCA 101 : Elementary Physics
Unit-I
Electric charge, conductors and insulator, coulomb’s law, quantization and conservation of electric
charge, the electric field, electric lines of force and Gauss’ law of electrostatics, electric potential
energy, electric potential, energy and electrical power.
Capacitors, capacitance, capacitors in series and parallel, capacitors with dielectric. Electric current,
resistance, resistivity, and conductivity, Ohm’s law, electromotive force, series and parallel
combination of resistances, current in a single loop, Kirchoff’s current law, Kirchoff’s Voltage law
Unit-II
Magnetic field due to a bar magnet, Biot Savrt’s law, magnetic field due to a current carrying coil,
Force between two parallel currents, Magnetic field inside solenoid and toroid, magnetic flux
,faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction , magnetic properties of matter (diamagnetic,
paramagnetic, ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials) , inductance, energy stored in an inductor,
LR circuits .
Unit-III
Introduction to Logic and implementation with Logic Gates, Logic functions –NOT, AND OR NOR ,
EX – NOR , Truth tables , Boolean Algebra , de Morgan’s Theorems; Standard forms for logical
expression , Sum of products, Product of Sums specification of logical functions in terms of
Minterms and Maxterms, Karnaugh Maps , simplification of logical function, introduction of “don’t
care” states , Synthesis using only NAND or only NOR gates.
Unit-IV
Combinational Circuits, Multiplexer-IC 74150 and IC 44151, De multiplexer-IC 74154, Decoder- IC
74139, BCD to seven segment De-coder IC 7446/7449 Decimal to BCD priority Encoder- IC 7447,
parity checker–IC 74180, Magnitude Comparator IC 7485.
Unit-V
Sequential Circuits : RS Flip Flop, Clocked RS Flip flop , D flip flop , Edge Triggered D Flip Flop ,
master – salve Technology and its advantage, Shift Register as Flip Flop system, IC 7496, UP/
DOWN counters, 74 series asynchronous counters , 74 series synchronous counter .
Reference Books:
1. Bernard Grob: Basic Electronics, Tata Mc Graw Hill.
2. Fowler: Electricity, Tata Mc Graw Hill.
3. Shivkumar, Engineering Physics, Tata Mc Graw Hill.
BCA 3
BCA 102 : Basic Mathematics
Unit-I
Function ; Function, domain & range of a function, types of functions-constant, identity, polynomial,
exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, rational, periodic, modulus,
signum and greatest integer functions with their graphs, Composite function, Invertible Function.
Function domain and range, One to one and onto functions, composite function, inverse of a
functions, Binary operations.
Unit-II
Matrices and Determinants: Definition and Types of Matrices, Addition, Subtraction and
Multiplication of Matrices, Non commutatively of multiplication of matrices and existence of non –
zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix ( restrict to square matrices of order 2 ), Scalar
Multiplication, Transpose of a Matrix.
Determinant of a square matrix ( up to 3 X 3 matrices ), properties of determinants, minors, cofactors,
expansion of determinants, application of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Invertible
matrices, Adjoint and Invest of a matrix, Solution of system of linear equations by inverse matrix
method and Cramer’s Rule, Eigen Values, Eigen Vectors.
Unit-III
Co – ordinate Geometry: Cartesian co – ordinate system, polar coordinate system, distance between
two points, section formulae, Area of a triangle, Locus and its Equation. Straight Line – Equation of
straight line, slope form, two point form, intercept form, normal form, distance of a point from a line,
condition of concurrency of three line, pair of straight lines, angle between two lines, equation of a
line parallel or perpendicular to a given line, standard equations of a Circle.
Quadratic Equation: Solution of Quadratic Equations, Nature of Roots. Solution of a quadratic
equation by factorization method and Shridharaycharya’s formula, relation between the roots of a
quadratic equation, formation of quadratic equation from given roots.
Unit-IV
Statistics: Frequency Distribution, Graphical representation of frequency distribution. Mean, Median,
Mode and other measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion, Standard Deviations, Variance, Correlation
and regression, Measure of Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, regression analysis, properties of
regression line.
Unit-V
Combinations and Permutations: Factorial notation n! , Combinations , Permutations.
probability: Classical approach of Probability – trial & events, exhaustive events, equally likely
events, mutually exclusive events, favourable events, independent events. Classical or mathematical
definition of probability. Law of addition of probabilities. Multiplication law of probability and
conditional probability simple problems based on addition and multiplication law of probabilities.
Reference Books: 1. Basic Mathematics , R.D. Sharma 2. B.L. Agarwal; Basic Statistics; Khanna pub.
3. Stephen Bernstem; Elements of statistics, TMH.
BCA 4
BCA 103 : General English
Unit-I
Concepts and Fundamentals : Narration, Active and Passive, Modals, Subject Verb Concord,
Subordination, Coordination, Meaning of communication, Importance of communication,
Communication scope, Process of communication, Communication models and theories, Essentials of
good communication – The seven CS of communication, Verbal and Non –Verbal Communication,
Formal and informal communication, Barriers of communication.
Unit-II
Written Communication: Objectives of written communication, Media of written communication,
Merits and demerits of written communication, Planning business messages.
Written Latter: Business letters, Office memorandum, Good news and bad news letters, Persuasive
letters, Sales letters, Letters styles / layout.
Unit-III
Report Writing: Meaning & Definition, Types of report (Business report & academic report), Format
of report, Drafting the report, Layout of the report, Essential requirement of good report writing.
Language Skills : Improving command in English , Choice of words, Common problems with verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, punctuation, prefix, suffix etc.
Unit-IV
Oral Communication: Principles of effective oral communication, Media of oral communication,
Advantages of oral communication, Disadvantages of oral communication, Styles of oral
communication.
Interviews: Meaning & purpose, Art of interviewing, Types of interview, Interview styles, Essential
Features, Structure, Guidelines for Interviewer, Guide lines for Interviewee.
Arts of listening: Good listening for improved communication, Art of listening, Meaning, nature and
importance of listening, Principles of good listening, Barriers in listening.
Unit-V
Job Application: Types of application, form & Content of an application, Drafting the application,
preparation of resume.
Project Presentations: Advantages & Disadvantages, Executive Summary, Charts, Distribution of time
(presentation, questions & answers, summing up), Visual presentation, Guidelines for using visual aids,
Electronic media ( power –point presentation)
Referenced books:
1. Communication by C.S. Rayudu, Himalaya publishing House.
2. Communication Today – Understanding Creative Skill by Reuben Ray, Himalaya publishing house
3. Successful Communication by Malra Treece.
4. Business Communication Today by Bovee & Thill, Mc graw hill.
BCA 5
BCA 104 : Principles of Programming ( Through ‘C’ )
Unit-I
Basic concepts of Programming languages, Programming Domains, Language Evaluation criteria and
language categories, Evolution of major programming languages. Describing syntax and semantics
formal methods of describing syntax, pseudo code, design of Algorithm & Flowchart
Unit-II
Fundamental of C: History and importance of C, sample programming, basic structure and
execution of C programs, constants, variables, and data types and various type of declarations,
different type of operators and expressions, evaluation of expressions, operator precedence and
associability. Managing input and output operations, decision making and branching decision making.
Unit-III
Iteration: while, do.... while, for loop, nested loops, break & continue, goto statements.
Arrays and Strings: One – dimensional arrays and their declaration and initialization, two –
dimensional arrays and their initializations, character arrays (One and Two dimensional), reading and
writing strings, string – handing functions.
Unit-IV
Functions : Need and elements for user – defined functions, definition of functions , return values
and their types, function calls and declaration, recursion, parameter passing, passing arrays and
strings to functions, the scope, visibility and life time of variables.
Understanding Pointers: Accessing the address of a variable, declaration and initialization of pointer
variables, accessing a variable through its pointer, pointers and arrays, pointers and function
arguments, functions returning pointers.
Unit-V
Structures and Unions: Defining structure, declaring structure variable and accessing structure
member, initialization of structure, operation on individual members, and array of structures, union,
size of structure.
I/O in C: Formatted and Un- formatted I/O, file handing (Random, Binary and Sequential).
Referenced books:
1. Gottfried B; Programming with C: Schaum Outlines; Mc Graw Hill Edition.
2. Balagurusamy E; Programming in ANSI C; Fifth Edn; Mc Graw Hill ,2011
3. Kanetkar Y.; LET US C; X Edition BPB,2010
BCA 6
BCA 105 : Computer Organization
Unit-I
Computer system: history and architecture development von Neumann machine, Mother Board,
System clock, bus (Data, Address Control), bus architecture (ISA, MCA, EISA, PCI,
AGP),Expansion slot and cards (Network adapter card, SCSI card, Sound card, TV tuner card, PC
card), Ports (Serial parallel, AGP, USB Fire Wire), cables (RS232, BIN), input devices Output
devices, Storage devices, random versus sequential access, formatting, tracks and sectors, speed,
storage capacity, Floppy Disk, Hard Disk tracks, cylinders, sectors; Hard Drive Interfaces Optical
Disks, Magnetic tape, Modern (Fax/Data/Voice).
Unit-II
Basic building blocks- I/O, Memory, ALU and is its components, Control UNIT and its function,
Instruction –word, instruction and Execution cycle, branch, skip, jump and shift instruction,
Operation of control registers; Controlling of arithmetic operations, Classification of Computer
(Workstation, Mainframe, Super computer, Client server Computer, Notebook, tablet, Palmtop
computer).
Unit-III
Basic of Computer organization: system buses and instruction cycles, memory subsystem
organization; system buses and instruction cycles, memory subsystem organization and
interfacing, I/O subsystem organizations and interfacing, Register transfer languages. CPU
design: specifying a CPU, Design and implementation of a simple CPU (fetching instructions
from memory, decoding and executing instructions, establishing required data paths, design of
ALU, design of the control UNIT and design verification), design and implementation of a simple
micro sequencer, Features of Pentium microprocessors.
Unit-IV
Addressing techniques – Direct, Indirect, Immediate, Relative, Indexed addressing and paging.
Registers – Indexed, General Purpose, Special purpose, overflow, carry, shift, scratch, Memory
Buffer register, accumulators, stack pointers, floating point, status information and buffer
registers. Memory: Main memory, RAM, static and dynamic, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM,
EAROM, Cache and Virtual memory.
Unit-V
Buses, interfacing buses, Bus formats- address, data and control, Interfacing keyboard, display,
auxiliary storage devices and printers. I/O card in personal computers. Introduction to
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers: Introduction to 8085 Microprocessor, examples of few
instructions to understand addressing techniques. Difference between microprocessor and
microcontrollers, RISC v/s CISC.
Referenced books: 1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, structured computer Organization , Printice Hall
1. William Stallings , Computer Organization and Architecture, Sixth Edition , Pearson
2. John D. Carpinelli: computer systems organization & architecture; 3rd Edition; person
Education Asia, 2008
3. M, Morris mano; Computer system Architectures; III Edition, Prentice Hal! Of India ,2008
BCA 7
BCA 106 : Office Management Tools
Unit-I
Introduction to Operating System: - introduction to operating system, FAT and NT file systems,
file and directory structures and naming rules of files, booting process, system files. Dos Commands
(internal & external)
Windows 7/8 windows concept, features, Desktop, Taskbar, Start, menu, My computer, Recycle bin,
Windows Accessories (Calculator, Notepad Paint, Word Pad, Character Map, Windows explorer,
Entertainment, System Tools, Communication), Sharing information between programs, Smart
devices tools and applications.
Unit-II
MS Word: Word Processing, MS-Word features, creating saving and opening documents in word.
Interface, toolbars, ruler, menus, keyboard shortcut, editing, previewing, printing & formatting a
document, advance features of MS Word, find & replace, using thesaurus, mail merge, handling
graphics, tables, converting a word document into various formats like-text, format, Word perfect,
etc.
Unit-III
MS Excel: Worksheet basics, creating worksheet, entering data into worksheet, data, text, dates,
alphanumeric values saving & quitting worksheet, opening and moving around in an existing
worksheet, Toolbars and menus, keyboard shortcuts, working with single and multiple workbook,
working with formula & cell referencing, Auto sum, copying formulas, absolute and relative
addressing, formatting of worksheet, previewing & printing worksheet, graphs and Charts, Database,
macros, multiple worksheet-concepts.
Unit-IV
Power Point: Creating and viewing a presentation, managing slide shows, navigating through a
presentation, using hyperlinks, advanced navigation with action setting and action buttons,
organizing formats with master slides, applying and modifying designs, adding graphics, multimedia
and special effects.
Unit-V
Microsoft Access: planning a database (tables, queries, forms, reports), creating and editing
database, customizing tables, linking tables, designing and using forms, modifying database
structure, sorting and indexing database, querying a database and generating reports.
Referenced books:
1. Microsoft; 2007/2010 Microsoft Office system; PHI.
2. Microsoft; Microsoft Office 2007/2010 : Plain & Simple; PHI
3. Sanjay Saxena: A Firs Course in Computers 2007/2010 Edition; Vikash pub.
BCA 8
BCA107: Environmental Studies
Objective: To familiarize the student with the importance of natural and environmental issues in
every sphere of life.
Unit-I
The Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies
i. Definition, scope and importance Need for public awareness
Natural Resources
i Introduction
ii Renewable and non renewable resources
Natural resources and associated problems.
(a) Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation case studies. Timber
extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forest and tribal people.
(b) Water resources: Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought,
conflicts over water, dams-benefits and problems.
(c) Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, -environmental effects of extracting and using
mineral resources, case studies.
(d) Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing,
effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case
studies.
(e) Energy resources: Growing energy need, renewable and non renewable energy sources,
use of alternate energy sources, Case studies.
(f) Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man indeed landslides, soil
erosion and desertification.
iii Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources
iv Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles
Ecosystems
i. Concept of an ecosystem ii. Structure and functions of an ecosystem iii. Producers, consumers and
decomposers iv Energy flow in the ecosystem v Ecological succession vi Food chains, food webs and
ecological pyramids vii Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and functions.
BCA 9
BCA107: Environmental Studies
Unit-II
Biodiversity and its Conservation
i. Introduction - definition, genetic, species and ecosystem diversity
ii. Biogeography classification of India
iii Value of biodiversity: consumptive, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values
iv Biodiversity at global, national and local levels
v India as a mega diversity nation
vi Hotspots of biodiversity
vii Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts
viii Endangered and endemic species of India
ix Conservation of biodiversity: in-situ and ex-situ
Unit-III
Environmental Pollution
i Definition
ii Causes, effects and control measures of
iii Solid waste management: causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial waste
iv Role of individuals in pollution prevention
v Pollution case studies
vi Disaster management: floods, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides
Unit-IV
Social Issues and the Environment
i From unsustainable to sustainable development
ii Urban problems related to energy
iii Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management
iv Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns, case studies
v Environmental, ethics: issues and possible solutions
vi Climate change, global warning, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and nuclear
holocaust, case studies
vi Wasteland reclamation
vii Consumerism and waste products
viii Environment protection act
ix Air (prevention and control of pollution) act
x Water (prevention and control of pollution) act
xi Wildlife protection act xii Forest conservation act
xiii Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation xiv Public awareness
BCA 10
BCA107: Environmental Studies
Unit-V
Human Population and the Environment
i Population growth, variation among nations
ii Population explosion-family welfare program
iii Environmental and human health
iv Human rights
v Value education
vi HIV/AIDS
vii Women and child welfare
viii Role of information technology in environment and human health
Field Work:
i Visit to a local area to document environmental assets, river/forest/grass lands/hill/mountain
ii Visit to a local polluted site
iii Study of common plants, insects, birds
iv Study of simple ecosystems
Text Book:
1.Environmental Engineering and Disaster Management, Dr. Pankaj Gupta ( CBH Publications, Jaipur
)
2.Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet by Daniel B. Botkin, Edward A. Keller, Hardcover:
752 pages, Publisher: Wiley
3. Living in the Environment : Principles, Connections, and Solutions (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)
by Jr., G. Tyler Miller, Hardcover: 864 pages, Publisher: Brooks Cole
Referenced Books:
1.Case Studies in Environmental Science by Robert M. Scotch, Textbook Binding: 203 pages,
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers
2. Environmental Science: Toward A Sustainable Future (8th Edition) by Richard T. Wright, Bernard J.
Nebel, Hardcover: 681 pages, Publisher: Prentice Ha
Unit No Description
I Electrics
II Magnetism
III Electronics
IV Combinational Circuits
V Sequential Circuits
Elementary Physics
Subject Code: BCA 101
Objective: Physics provides an analytic problem-solving outlook and basic understanding of
nature, while computer science enhances the ability to make practical and marketable applications.
Physics is a field in large expansion at the direction of Computer Science and the main objective to
understand/learn Heat generation in CPU, as dissipation, Information carrying by
Electrons/Photons, Information/data Storage, Computer Hardware & its Architecture, OS,
Compliers, a memory and a network etc..
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Electricity
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charge: positive and negative (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively). Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other.
• Conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge (electrical current) in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors.
• Insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely; very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
The electric force between charged bodies at rest is conventionally called electrostatic force or Coulomb force.
Coulomb's law states that force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
• Quantization is the process of converting a continuous
range of values into a finite range of discreet values.
Charge conservation is the principle that electric
charge can neither be created nor destroyed. The net
quantity of electric charge, the amount of positive
charge minus the amount of negative charge in the
universe, is always conserved.
• we can state the law of charge conservation as a continuity equation
• The electric field is defined mathematically as a vector field that associates to each point in space the force per unit of charge exerted on an infinitesimal positive test charge at rest at that point.
• An electric line of force is an imaginary continuous line or curve drawn in an electric field such that tangent to it at any point gives the direction of the electric force at that point.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Gauss's law in electrostatics states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the net electric charge enclosed by the surface divided by permittivity.
Gauss's Law can be used to solve complex electrostatic problems involving unique symmetries like cylindrical, spherical or planar symmetry. Also, there are some cases in which calculation of electric field is quite complex and involves tough integration.
• In Electrostatics, The electric potential at a point r in a static electric field E is given by the line integral
• The electrostatic potential energy, UE, of one point charge q at position r in the presence of an electric field E is defined as the negative of the work W done by the electrostatic force to bring it from the reference position rref to that position r
Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance.
• Capacitance is the ratio of the change in electric charge of a system, to the corresponding change in its electric potential.
• If two or more capacitors are connected in series, the overall effect is that of a single (equivalent) capacitor having the sum total of the plate spacings of the individual capacitors.
• If two or more capacitors are connected in parallel, the overall effect is that of a single equivalent capacitor having the sum total of the plate areas of the individual capacitors.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• A capacitor is a device used to store electric charge. Capacitors have applications ranging from filtering static out of radio reception to energy storage in heart defibrillators.
• A dielectric partially opposes a capacitor’s electric field but can increase capacitance and prevent the capacitor’s plates from touching.
• An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge past a point or region. i.e I=q/t
• The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current
• Electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance or volume resistivity) and its inverse, electrical conductivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how strongly it resists or conducts electric current.
• Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.
• Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. a and
• Electromotive force: A device that onverts other forms of energy into electrical energy (a "transducer"), such as a battery (converting chemical energy) or generator (converting mechanical energy), provides an emf as its output.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• In Series, The total resistance of resistance units in
series is equal to the sum of their individual resistances.
• In Parallel connection, the current flows through the
different path will be the different when passing
through each resistor.
• A single-loop circuit is a circuit where all elements are
connected to form one circuit loop, and are connected
to at most two other circuit elements.
• Kirchhoff's current law: The algebraic sum of
currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point
is zero.
• Kirchhoff's voltage law: This law states that the
directed sum of the potential differences (voltages)
around any closed loop is zero.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Magnetism
• A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electric charges in relative motion and magnetized materials. A bar magnet is the simplest form of magnets which is rectangular in shape and has a magnetic field around it. It is usually made of ferromagnetic materials.
• Biot Savrt’s law: The magnetic intensity at any point due to a steady current in an infinitely long straight wire is directly proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance from point to wire
compare ampere's law. The Biot–Savart law is used for computing the
resultant magnetic field B at position r in 3D-space generated by a flexible current I.
• The magnetic field lines are concentric circles at every point of a current carrying circular loop. The direction of magnetic field of every section of the circular loop can be found by using the right hand thumb rule.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• Two long straight parallel current carrying conductors separated by a distance r are kept in air in figure 3.58. Let I1 and I2 be the electric currents passing through the conductors A and B in same direction (i.e. along z - direction) respectively. The net magnetic field at a distance r due to current I1 in conductor A is
• The magnetic field inside an infinitely long solenoid is homogeneous and its strength neither depends on the distance from the axis nor on the solenoid's cross-sectional area. Applying Ampère's circuital law to the solenoid gives us
• A toroid is a coil of insulated wire wound on a donut-shaped form made of powdered iron. A toroid is used as an inductor in electronic circuits.
• The magnetic field in the open space inside (point P) and exterior to the toroid is zero. The field B inside the toroid is constant in magnitude for the ideal toroid of closely wound turns.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Course Name : BCA Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• The magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB) through a surface is the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field flux density B passing through that surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area S is
• Faraday's law of induction (briefly, Faraday's law) is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF) a phenomenon known as electromagnetic induction.
• Faraday's law states that The electromotive force around a closed path is equal to the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux enclosed by the path.
• Faraday's law states that the EMF is also given by the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
where E is the electromotive force (EMF) and ΦB is the magnetic flux.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• Magnetic properties of matter: All substances exhibit some type of magnetism. Ferromagnetism is responsible for most of the effects of magnetism encountered in everyday life, but there are actually several types of magnetism. Paramagnetic substances, such as aluminium and oxygen, are weakly attracted to an applied magnetic field; diamagnetic substances, such as copper and carbon, are weakly repelled; while antiferromagnetic materials, such as chromium and spin glasses, have a more complex relationship with a magnetic field. The force of a magnet on paramagnetic, diamagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials.
• The magnetic state (or magnetic phase) of a material depends on temperature, pressure, and the applied magnetic field. A material may exhibit more than one form of magnetism as these variables change.
• Inductance is defined as the ratio of the induced voltage to the rate of change of current causing it. It is a proportionality factor that depends on the geometry of circuit conductors and the magnetic permeability of nearby materials.
• Any inductance with a current through it stores energy in its magnetic field. At any given time t the power p (t) flowing into the magnetic field, which is equal to the rate of change of the stored energy U, is the product of the current i ( t ) and voltage v ( t ) across the conductor. When there is no current, there is no magnetic field and the stored energy is zero.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
A first order RL circuit is one of the simplest analogue infinite impulse response
electronic filters. It consists of a resistor and an inductor, either in series driven
by a voltage source or in parallel driven by a current source. By viewing the
circuit as a voltage divider, we see that the voltage across the inductor is:
• In Series,
• The parallel RL circuit is generally of less interest than the series circuit
unless fed by a current source. This is largely because the output voltage Vout
is equal to the input voltage Vin as a result, this circuit does not act as a filter
for a voltage input signal.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Logic gates
• A logic gate is an idealized or physical electronic device implementing a Boolean function, a logical operation performed on one or more binary inputs that produces a single binary output.
• Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches, but can also be constructed using vacuum tubes, electromagnetic relays (relay logic), fluidic logic, pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements.
• Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It is an
electronic circuit having one or more than one input and only one output.
• Logic circuits include such devices as multiplexers, registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and computer memory, all the way up through complete microprocessors, which may contain more than 100 million gates.
• logic gates are named as AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, NAND gate, NOR
gate, EXOR gate and EXNOR gates etc. if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called
"true," the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and" operator.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• Boolean Algebra is the mathematical foundation of digital circuits. Boolean Algebra specifies the relationship between Boolean variables which is used to design combinational logic circuits using Logic Gates. The truth table shows a logic circuit's output response to all of the input combinations.
• De-Morgan's Theorems describe the equivalence between gates with inverted inputs and gates with inverted outputs. Simply put, a NAND gate is equivalent to a Negative-OR gate, and a NOR gate is equivalent to a Negative-AND gate.
• In electrical and computer engineering, De Morgan's laws are commonly written as: A ⋅ B ¯ = A ¯ + B ¯ and A + B ¯ ≡ A ¯ ⋅ B ¯ Where is the logical AND, + is the logical OR, the overbar is the logical NOT of what is underneath the overbar.
• When a circuit requires logic 1 to operate, engineers may refer to this condition as positive logic. If a circuit requires a logic 0 to cause action, this type circuit is referred to as negative logic.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• Diode-Transistor Logic, or DTL, refers to the technology for designing and
fabricating digital circuits wherein logic gates employ both diodes and
transistors. RTL allows the construction of NOR gates easily, but NAND gates
are relatively more difficult to get from RTL.
• DTL offers better noise margins and greater fan-outs than RTL, but suffers from
low speed, especially in comparison to TTL.
• Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a logic family built from bipolar junction
transistors. Its name signifies that transistors perform both the logic function
(the first "transistor") and the amplifying function (the second "transistor").
• TTL integrated circuits (ICs) were widely used in applications such as
computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, consumer
electronics, and synthesizers.
• Boolean Algebra is the mathematics we use to analyse digital gates and
circuits. We can use these “Laws of Boolean” to both reduce and simplify a
complex expressions.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• A minterm is a Boolean expression resulting in 1 for the output of a single cell,
and 0s for all other cells in a Karnaugh map, or truth table. If a minterm has a
single 1 and the remaining cells as 0s, it would appear to cover a minimum area
of 1s.
• A minterm l is a product (AND) of all variables in the function, in direct or
complemented form. A minterm has the property that it is equal to 1 on exactly
one row of the truth table. A maxterm is a sum (OR) of all the variables in the
function, in direct or complemented form.
• A Karnaugh map provides a pictorial method of grouping together expressions
with common factors and therefore eliminating unwanted variables. The
Karnaugh map can also be described as a special arrangement of a truth table.
• Karnaugh maps are used to simplify real-world logic requirements so that they
can be implemented using a minimum number of physical logic gates.
• In digital logic, a don't-care term for a function is an input-sequence (a series
of bits) for which the function output does not matter. An input that is known
never to occur is a can't-happen term.
• Don't-care terms are important to consider in minimizing logic circuit design,
including graphical methods like Karnaugh-Veitch maps and algebraic methods
such as the Quine–McCluskey algorithm.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• Synthesis using only NAND or only NOR gates:
NOR gates and NAND gates have the particular
property that any one of them can create any logical
Boolean expression if appropriately designed.
• AND, NOT and OR gates are the basic gates; we
can create any logic gate or any Boolean expression
by combining a mixture of these gates.
• NAND & NOR gate as Universal Gate: The
below diagram is of a two input NAND gate. The
first part is an AND gate and second part is a dot
after it represents a NOT gate.
• The above diagram is of an OR gate made by only
using NOR gates. The output of this gate is exactly
similar to that of a single OR gate. We can see the
circuit arrangement of OR gate using, NOR gate is
similar to that of AND gate using NAND gates.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Combinational Circuits
• Combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose output at any time is determined from the present combination of inputs. The logic gate is the most basic building block of combinational logic. The logical function performed by a combinational circuit is fully defined by a set of Boolean expressions.
• A multiplexer also known as a data selector, is a device that selects between several analog or digital input signals and forwards it to a single output line. It is used in multiple data can be transmitted using a single line, in communication systems and a communication network.
• A Demultiplexer is a device taking a single input and selecting signals of the output of the compatible mux, which is connected to the single input, and a shared selection line. It is used to connect a single source to multiple destinations, to carry multiple data like audio, video and other form of data using a single line for transmission.
• The 16-to-1 multiplexer Integrated circuit of TTL family is 74150. This multiplexer has active LOW ENABLE input and active LOW output
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• Multiplexer IC 44151: It is a tool which is used in Integrated Circuit.
• De Multiplexer IC 74154: This device is ideally suited for imple- menting high-performance memory decoders. The NTE 74154 is fully compatible for use with most other TTL and DTL circuits.
• A decoder is a circuit that changes a code into a set of signals. It is called a decoder because it does the reverse of encoding, but we will begin our study of encoders and decoders with decoders because they are simpler to design.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• Decoder IC 74139: It is a dual 2-to-4-line decoder/demultiplexer in the 7400 series. Each side of the chip is a decoder with an active low enable from a 2-bit address to four active low signals.
• A BCD to Seven Segment decoder is a combinational logic circuit that accepts a decimal digit in BCD (input) and generates appropriate outputs for the segments to display the input decimal digit.
• The IC 7446 is most commonly used for BCD to Decimal Decoder. Basically, it is a driver IC because it drives a digital display like the LED 7 segment display. IC 7446 hence called BCD to 7 segment decoder/driver. It has four BCD input pins ABCD refer below figure, and seven outputs (a to g segments).
• TTL-series 7449 seven-segment display decoder. This applet shows a BCD to seven segment decoder realized with the TTL-series 7449 type circuit. It converts a 4-bit binary-coded decimal value, that is the numbers 0 to 9 coded as binary patterns 0000 to 1001, into the code required to drive a seven-segment display.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• In BCD to decimal decoder, there is a total of 10 outputs ranging from Y0 to Y9. In this decoder circuit at any instant of time one and only one output line is high. If we want to convert this BCD to Decimal decoder into active-low logic state then we have to replace all AND gates with the NAND gates.
• An encoder is a device or process that converts data from one format to another. In position sensing, an encoder is a device which can detect and convert mechanical motion to an analog or digital coded output signal, sensor & transducer etc.
• Encoder IC 7447:It is the purpose of 7447 driver IC. It takes BCD inputs and generates the 7 output lines for the 7 segment LED. Also output buffers are present so that it can supply enough current to drive all the LEDs properly.
• Parity Checker- IC 74180: A parity check is the process that ensures accurate data transmission between nodes during communication. A parity bit is appended to the original data bits to create an even or odd bit number.
• A magnitude comparator is a hardware electronic device that takes two numbers as input in binary form and determines whether one number is greater than, less than or equal to the other number.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Sequential Circuits
• A Sequential logic circuits is a form of the binary circuit; its design employs one or more inputs and one or more outputs, whose states are related to some definite rules that depend on previous states. Examples of such circuits include clocks, flip-flops, bi-stables, counters, memories, and registers.
• RS flip flops find uses in many applications in logic or digital electronic circuitry. They provide a simple switching function whereby a pulse on one input line of the flip flop sets the circuit in one state.
• A flip-flop circuit that is set and reset at specific times by adding clock pulses to the input so that the circuit is triggered only if both trigger and clock pulses are present simultaneously.
• The D flip-flop tracks the input, making transitions with match those of the input D. The D stands for "data"; this flip-flop stores the value that is on the data line. It can be thought of as a basic memory cell. A D flip-flop can be made from a set/reset flip-flop by tying the set to the reset through an inverter.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• An edge-triggered flip-flop changes states either at the positive edge (rising edge) or at the negative edge (falling edge) of the clock pulse on the control input. It does not respond to the steady state high or low level in the clock signal at all.
• Positive edge triggered flip flops will allow its outputs to change its inputs only at the instant positive spikes. If falling edge is considered, the circuit is called negative edge triggered flip flop.
• Master/slave is a model of asymmetric communication or control where one device or process controls one or more other devices or processes and serves as their communication hub. In some systems a master is selected from a group of eligible devices, with the other devices acting in the role of slaves. It describes various aspects of flip-flops, computer buses, and communication protocols.
• A shift register is a cascade of flip flops, sharing the same clock, in which the output of each flip-flop is connected to the "data" input of the next flip-flop in the chain, resulting in a circuit that shifts by one position the "bit array" stored in it, "shifting in" the data present at its input and 'shifting out' the last bit in the array, at each transition of the clock input.
• The shift register, which allows parallel input (data is given separately to each flip flop and in a simultaneous manner) and produces a serial output is known as Parallel-In Serial-Out shift register.
• IC 7496 5-bit parallel-In/parallel-out shift register, asynchronous preset.
• Serial in – parallel out registers are used for converting the data from serial form to parallel form. So these are also called “Serial to parallel converters”.
• Parallel in – serial out registers are used for converting the data from parallel form to serial form. So these are also called “Parallel to serial converters”.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• An up-counter counts events in increasing order. A down-counter counts stuff in the decreasing order. An up-down counter is a combination of an up-counter and a down-counter. It can count in both directions, increasing as well as decreasing.
• Asynchronous counters are those whose output is free from the clock signal. Because the flip flops in asynchronous counters are supplied with different clock signals, there may be delay in producing output.
• In the 74 series, concentrating on the most useful gates, counters, decoders and display drivers.
• Applications of Asynchronous Counters:
• Asynchronous counters are used as frequency dividers, as divide by N counters.
• These are used for low power applications and low noise emission.
• These are used in designing asynchronous decade counter.
• Also used in Ring counter and Johnson counter.
• In a synchronous counter, all the flip-flops are triggered by the same clock signal whereas in an asynchronous counter, flip-flops are triggered with different clock signals.
• The one advantage of synchronous counter over asynchronous counter is, it can operate on higher frequency than asynchronous counter as it does not have cumulative delay because of same clock is given to each flip flop.
• Synchronous Counter is faster than asynchronous counter in operation.
Subject Code: BCA 101 Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Unit No Description
I Function
II Matrices and Determinants
III Co – ordinate Geometry & Quadratic Equation
IV Statistics
V probability
Basic Mathematics
Subject Code:BCA 102
Objective: At the end of the course a student is expected to: To enable professional
undergraduate students to understand the importance of Knowledge about mathematical
probability & familiar with various numerical techniques.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Function
Introduction- A relation from a set of inputs to a set of possible outputs where each input
is related to exactly one output. ... We can write the statement that f is a function from X to Y
using the function notation f:X→Y.
"...each element..." means that every element in X is related to some element in Y.
(But some elements of Y might not be related to any value, which is fine.)
"...exactly one..." means that a function is single valued. It
will not give back 2 or more results for the same input.
If a relationship does not follow those two rules then it is not a function ... it would still be a
relationship, just not a function.
Subject Code:BCA 102 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Function
Domain, Codomain & Range 1. The set "X" is called the Domain,
2. The set "Y" is called the Codomain and
3. The set of elements that get pointed to in Y (the actual values produced by the function) is
called the Range.
Subject Code:BCA 102 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Function
Identity function-The unique function over a set X that maps each element to itself is
called the identity function for X.
invertible function- Let f:A B. If there exists a function g: B A such that g o f =IA and f o g=IB , then f is called
an invertible function and g is called the inverse of f. We write, f -1=g.
And clearly
Subject Code:BCA 102
Quadratic Function-All function in the form of y = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c ∈R, a ≠ 0 will be known
as Quadratic function.
Algebraic Functions-A function that consists of a finite number of terms involving powers and
roots of independent variable x and fundamental operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division is known as an algebraic equation.
Cubic Function-A cubic polynomial function is a polynomial of degree three and can be
expressed as; F(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d and a is not equal to zero.
Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Function
Subject Code:BCA 102
One – one function (Injective function) -If each element in the
domain of a function has a distinct image in the co-domain, the
function is said to be one – one function.
Many – one function- if there are at least two elements in the
domain whose images are same, the function is known as many to
one.
Onto – function ( Surjective Function)-A function is called an onto
function if each element in the co-domain has at least one pre – image
in the domain.
Into – function-If there exists at least one element in the co-domain which is not an image
of any element in the domain then the function will be Into function.
Linear Function-All functions in the form of ax + b where a, b\in Rb∈R & a ≠ 0 are called as linear
functions. The graph will be a straight line. In other words, a linear polynomial function is a first-
degree polynomial where the input needs to be multiplied by m and added to c. It can be expressed by
f(x) = mx + c.
Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
MATRIX
Matrices are the rectangular agreement of numbers, expressions, symbols which are
arranged in columns and rows.
Operations with Matrices ( Sum, Difference)- If A and B have the same dimensions, then their sum, A + B, is obtained by adding corresponding
entries. In symbols, (A + B)ij = aij + bij . If A and B have the same dimensions, then their difference,
A − B, is obtained by subtracting corresponding entries. In symbols, (A - B)ij = aij - bij .
The matrix 0 whose entries are all zero. Then, for all A A 0 A
Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
MATRIX
Operations with Matrices (Product)-If A has dimensions k × m and B has dimensions
m × n, then the product
• AB is defined, and has dimensions k × n. The entry (AB)ij is obtained
• by multiplying row i of A by column j of B, which is done by multiplying
corresponding entries together and then adding the results i.e.,
DETERMINANT OF MATRIX • Determinant is a scalar
• Defined for a square matrix
•Is the sum of selected products of the elements of the matrix, each product
being multiplied by +1 or -1
Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
MATRIX
INVERSE OF A MATRIX- An inverse matrix which can be found only for a square and a
non-singular matrix A ,is a unique matrix satisfying the relationship
AA-1= I =A-1A
The formula for deriving the inverse is
Calculation of Inversion using Determinants
Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
MATRIX
Systems of Equations in Matrix Form
The system of linear equations:
can be rewritten as the matrix equation Ax=b, where
a11 x1 a12 x2
a21 x1 a22 x2
a13 x3 K a1n xn b1
a23 x3 K a2 n xn b2
K K K K K K ak1 x1 ak 2 x2 ak 3 x3 K akn xn bk
If an n×n matrix A is invertible, then it is nonsingular, and the unique solution to the system of
linear equations Ax=b is x=A-1b.
Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
MATRIX
CRAMER’S RULE (2 X 2) Used to solve linear systems
Linear System:
If det A does not equal to zero
Coefficient Matrix: = A
Replace coefficients for the variable you are finding with constants.
Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
MATRIX
CRAMER’S RULE (3 X 3) Let A be the coefficient matrix of the system:
If det A 0, then
Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102 Course Name : BCA
Co – ordinate Geometry & Quadratic Equation
Coordinate geometry (or analytic geometry) is defined as the study of geometry using the
coordinate points. Using coordinate geometry, it is possible to find the distance between two
points, dividing lines in m:n ratio, finding the mid-point of a line, calculating the area of a triangle
in the cartesian plane, etc.
Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
Co – ordinate Geometry & Quadratic Equation
What is a Co-ordinate and a Co-ordinate Plane? You must be familiar with plotting graphs on a plane from the tables of numbers for both linear
and nonlinear equations. The number line which is also known as a Cartesian plane is divided into
four quadrants by two axes perpendicular to each other, labelled as the x-axis (horizontal line) and
the y-axis(vertical line).
The four quadrants along with their
respective values are represented in the
graph below-
Quadrant 1 : (+x, +y)
Quadrant 2 : (-x, +y)
Quadrant 3 : (-x, -y)
Quadrant 4 : (+x, -y)
The point at which the axes intersect is known
as the origin. The location of any point on a
plane is expressed by a pair of values (x, y)
and these pairs are known as the coordinates. The figure shows the Cartesian plane with
coordinates (4,2)
Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
Co – ordinate Geometry & Quadratic Equation
Equation of a Line in Cartesian Plane
Equation of a line can be represented in many ways, few of which is given below-
(i) General Form
The general form of a line is given as Ax + By + C = 0.
(ii) Slope intercept Form
Let x,y be the coordinate of a point through which a line passes, m be the slope of a line, and c be
the y-intercept, then the equation of a line is given as- y=mx + c
(iii) Intercept Form of a Line
Consider a and b be the x-intercept and y-intercept respectively, of a line, then the equation of a
line is represented as- y = mx + c
Distance Formula: To Calculate Distance Between Two Points -Let the two points be A and B,
having coordinates to be (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) respectively.
Midpoint Theorem: To Find Mid-point of a Line Connecting Two Points: Consider the same points
A and B, having coordinates to be (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) respectively. Let M(x,y) be the midpoint of
lying on the line connecting these two points A and B. The coordinates of the point M is given as-
Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
Co – ordinate Geometry & Quadratic Equation
Area of a Triangle in Cartesian Plane: -The area of a triangle In coordinate geometrywhose
vertices are (x1,y1),(x2,y2) and (x3,y3) is
What is a Straight Line?-A line is simply an object in geometry that is characterized under
zero width object that extends on both sides. A straight line is just a line with no curves. So, a
line that extends to both sides till infinity and has no curves is called a straight line.
Equation of Straight Line
The relation between variables x, y satisfy all points on the curve. The general equation of
straight line is as given below: ax + by + c = 0 { equation of straight line.
Where x, y are variables and a,b, c are constants.
Intercept Form-Equation of line with x intercept as ‘a’ and y
– intercept as ‘b’ can be given as
x – co-ordinate of point of intersection of line with x-axis is
called x-intercept.
y – intercept will be y-co-ordinate of point of intersection of
line with y-axis.
Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
Co – ordinate Geometry & Quadratic Equation
Point form-Equation of line with slope ‘m’ and which passes through (x1, y1) can be given asy –
y1 = m(x – x1 )
What is Quadratic Equation?-Quadratic equations are the polynomial equations of degree
2 in one variable of type f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c, ∈ R and a ≠ 0. It is the general form
of a quadratic equation where ‘a’ is called the leading coefficient and ‘c’ is called the absolute
term of f (x). The values of x satisfying the quadratic equation are the roots of the quadratic
equation (α,β).
A quadratic polynomial, when equated to zero, becomes a quadratic equation. The values of x
satisfying the equation are called the roots of the quadratic equation.
General from: ax2 + bx + c = 0
Examples: 3x2 + x + 5 = 0, -x2 + 7x + 5 = 0, x2 + x = 0.
Quadratic Equation Formula-The solution or roots of a quadratic equation are given by the
quadratic formula:
Roots of Quadratic Equation-The values of variables satisfying the given quadratic equation
are called its roots. In other words, x = α is a root of the quadratic equation f(x), if f(α) = 0.
The real roots of an equation f(x) = 0 are the x-coordinates of the points where the curve y = f(x)
intersect the x-axis. One of the roots of the quadratic equation is zero and the other is -b/a if c = 0
Both the roots are zero if b = c = 0 The roots are reciprocal to each other if a = c
Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Statistics
CENTRAL TENDENCY -The central tendency is measured by averages. These describe the
point about which the various observed values clusterIn mathematics, an average, or central
tendency of a data set refers to a measure of the "middle" or "expected" value of the data set
There are 5 Measures of central Tendency:
Arithmetic Mean(AM)
Median
Mode
Geometric Mean(GM)
Harmonic Mean(HM)
Arithmetic Mean(AM)-The arithmetic mean is the sum of a set of observations, positive,
negative or zero, divided by the number of observations. If we have “n” real numbers
x1,x2,x3,………………xn their arithmetic mean, denoted by , can be expressed as:
Subject Code:BCA 102 Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Calculation of ARITHMETIC MEAN- Find the arithmetic Mean of 9,3,7,3,8,10,2 By using the formula of Arithmetic Mean We get, So, The Arithmetic Mean = 6
Median-The Median is the value that falls in the middle when the observations are ordered into
either ascending or descending numerical order.
If n is odd, The Median is the middle value
If n is even, The Median is the average of the two middle values.
How to Find The Median- To find the median, first the data set must be sort into either
ascending or descending numerical order. Then, Select the median. Find the Median from the data set: 3 , 12 , 4 , 6 , 1 , 4 , 2 , 5 , 8
After sorting from smallest to largest we get- 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12 Now, The Median is 4
Subject Code:BCA 102
Statistics
Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Mode-Mode is the value of a distribution for which the frequency is maximum. In other words, mode is the value of a variable, which occurs with the highest frequency.
Example of MODE-
Find the mode of the data set :1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, Here, 3 is the maximum times in the data set So, The Median is 3.
Geometric Mean(GM)-Geometric mean is defined as the positive root of the product of
observations. Symbolically,
GM=(x1*x2*x3*…………………….*xn)1/n
Find the Geometric Mean of 6,8,10,5,18
By using the formula of Geometric Mean We get,
GM=(6*8*10*5*18)1/5
=(43200)1/5 =8.454
This example will guide you to calculate the harmonic mean manually
Subject Code:BCA 102
Statistics
Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
CORRELATION -Correlation is a statistical tool that helps to measure and analyze the degree of
relationship between two variables.
Correlation analysis deals with the association between two or more variables. The degree of relationship between the variables under consideration is measure through the correlation analysis.
The measure of correlation called the correlation coefficient .
The degree of relationship is expressed by coefficient which range from correlation
( -1 ≤r≥+1)
The direction of change is indicated by a sign.
The correlation analysis enable us to have an idea about the degree & direction of the relationship between the two variables under study.
Subject Code:BCA 102
Statistics
Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
Statistics
METHODS OF STUDYING CORRELATION-
SCATTER DIAGRAM METHOD
Scatter Diagram is a graph of observed plotted points where each points represents the values of X
& Y as a coordinate.
It portrays the relationship between these two variables graphically
Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Subject Code:BCA 102
Statistics
CALCULATION OF CORRELATION COEFFICIENT – GROUPED DATA
SPEARMAN’S RANK CORRELATION METHOD-
Given by Prof. Spearman in 1904
By this method, correlation between qualitative aspects like intelligence, honesty,
beauty etc. can be calculated.
These variables can be assigned ranks but their quantitative measurement is not
possible.
R = Rank correlation coefficient
D = Difference between two ranks (R1 – R2)
N = Number of pair of observations
Formula used is:
𝑁 .Σ𝑓𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 − Σ𝑓𝑑𝑥.Σ𝑓𝑑𝑦
𝑁.Σ𝑓𝑑𝑥2 −(Σ𝑓𝑑𝑥)2 𝑁.Σ𝑓𝑑𝑦2 −(Σ𝑓𝑑𝑦)2 r =
It is denoted by R = 1 – 𝟔 𝜮𝑫𝟐
𝑵 (𝑵𝟐 −𝟏)
Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Probability
Decision making-Systematic approach to collecting facts and applying logical decision making
techniques, instead of generalizing from experience, intuition (guessing), or trial and error.
Probability
Probability implies 'likelihood' or 'chance'. When an event is certain to happen then the probability
of occurrence of that event is 1 and when it is certain that the event cannot happen then the
probability of that event is 0.
Hence the value of probability ranges from 0 to 1. Probability has been defined in a varied manner
by various schools of thought.
Subject Code:BCA 102
Example
Problem Statement:
A coin is tossed. What is the probability of getting a head?
Solution:
Total number of equally likely outcomes (n) = 2 (i.e. head or
tail)
Number of outcomes favorable to head (m) = 1
Sol-
Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Probability
Probability Additive Theorem-
For Mutually Exclusive Events
• The additive theorem of probability states if A and B are two mutually exclusive events then the probability of either A or B is given by
Subject Code:BCA 102
For Non-Mutually Exclusive Events
In case there is a possibility of both events to occur then the additive theorem is written as
Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Probability
Subject Code:BCA 102
What are Equally Likely Events? When the events have the same theoretical probability of happening, then they are called equally likely
events. The results of a sample space are called equally likely if all of them have the same probability
of occurring. For example, if you throw a die, then the probability of getting 1 is 1/6. Similarly, the
probability of getting all the numbers from 2,3,4,5 and 6, one at a time is 1/6. Hence, the following are
some examples of equally likely events when throwing a die:
Getting 3 and 5 on throwing a die
Getting an even number and an odd number on a die
Getting 1, 2 or 3 on rolling a die
are equally likely events, since the probabilities of each event are equal.
Complementary Events The possibility that there will be only two outcomes which states that an event will occur or not. Like a
person will come or not come to your house, getting a job or not getting a job, etc. are examples of
complementary events. Basically, the complement of an event occurring in the exact opposite that the
probability of it is not occurring. Some more examples are:
It will rain or not rain today
The student will pass the exam or not pass.
You win the lottery or you don’t.
Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Unit No Description
I Active Voice, Passive Voice, Tense
II tense, The Indefinite Tense , The Continuous (Imperfect) Tense
III Curriculum Vitae, Purposes of a CV, CV Formats,Chronologica
IV Précis Writing , Uses of Précis
V Adjectives, Adjectives Modify Nouns, Coordinate Adjectives
General English
Aim and Objective: <this course aims at familiarizing the Lerner with English language
and using english
Subject Code:BCA 103 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Active Voice
Describes a s e n t e n c e where t h e subjec t per fo rms t h e
ac t ion s t a t e d by t h e verb
• The voice t h a t we use o f ten
• In t h e active voice, t h e object receives t h e ac t i on of t h e verb
• e.g. Ch i ld ren e a t apples >
• Passive Voice
• Describes a sentence where the subject is acted upon by the verb
• In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb
• The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb
• e.g. Apples are eaten by children.
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
• How to rewrite Active Voice sentences in Passive Voice
• In Passive Voice, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject
• In Passive Voice, the subject of the active sentence becomes the object
• The finite form of the verb is changed
• e.g. to be + past participle
• In Passive Voice, t h e object of t h e active verb b e c o m e s t h e subject of t h e passive verb
• Subject Verb Object
Active Child r en e a t app les
Passive Apples a re ea t en by c h i l d r e n
Examples of Passive Voice
Tense Subject Verb Object
• Simple Active Brian writes an article
• Presen t Passive An article is wr i t t en by Brian.
• Simple Active Brian wrote an article.
• Past Passive An article was written by Brian. •
• Simple Active Brian will write an article.
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Examples of Passive Voice
Tense Subject Verb
Object
• Simple Active Brian writes an
article
• Presen t Passive An article is written by Brian.
• Simple Active Brian wrote an
article.
• Past Passive An article was written by
Brian.
•
• Simple Active Brian will write an
article.
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Te n s e Subject Verb Ob j ec t
Past Active Brian was writ ing a n art icle .
Progress ive Pass ive An art icle was b e i n g w ri t t en Brian.
Past P erfe ct Active Passive Brian
An article
has written had been written
an article. By Brian.
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Tense
Subject
Verb
Object
Simple Active Brian will write an article.
future Passive An article will be written
by
Brian.
Future Active Brian will have
written
the article
Perfect Passive An article will have been
written
by Brian.
Tense
Subject Verb Object
Conditional Active Brian would write an article.
Sentence I Passive An article would be
written
by Brian.
Conditional Active Brian would have
written
an article.
Sentence II Passive An article would have
been written
by
Brian
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Following tenses cannot be changed into Passive Voice
Present perfect continuous tense
Past perfect continuous tense
Future continuous tense
Future perfect continuous tense
Sentences having Intransitive verbs
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Tense
Tenses are the form taken by a verb to show the time of an action or the
state of an event.
There are three tenses : The Present Tense
The Past Tense The Future Tense.
Each of the three tenses has four forms or sub- divisions to show
continuity or completeness of the action and time. These are :
Indefinite
Continuous or Imperfect
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
Subject Code:BCA 103 Course Name : BCA Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Tense
Table Tenses Tense Indefinite Continuo us Perfect Perfect
Continuo us
Present
Play (s)
Is / Am / Are
Playing
Has / Have
Played
Has / Have
been Playing
Past Played
Was / Were
Playing
Had Played
Had been
Playing
Future Will / Shall
Play
Will / Shall
be Playing
Will / Shall
Have Played
Will / Shall
have been
Playing
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Tense The Indefinite Tense does not indicate whether the action is complete
or not.
The Continuous (Imperfect) Tense that the action is still going on.
The Perfect Tense indicates that the action is complete , finished or
perfect.
The Perfect Continuous Tense indicates that the action began in the
past and is still continuing
Simple Present Tense
Subject + Verb1 + Object
Expresses a general truth or an action that is occurring now
Eg : The sun rises from the east.
Expresses an action that occurs regularly or habitually
Eg : She goes to the school regularly.
Subject Code: BCA 103 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Affirmative Sentences : They play.
Negative Sentences : They do not play.
Interrogative Sentences : Do they play ?
Negative Interrogative Sentences : Do they not play ?
Present Continuous Tense
Subject + Is/Am/Are + V1 + ing + Object.
The present continuous tense is used to express an action which is
happening at a particular time in the present or extending over a period of
present time.
Affirmative Sentences : You are playing.
Negative Sentences : You are not playing.
Interrogative Sentences : Are you playing ?
Negative Interrogative Sentences : Are you not playing ?
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Present Perfect Tense
Subject + has/have + V3 + Object.
Has -> Singular , Have -> Plural.
The present perfect tense denotes an action that was started in the past and has just
been completed.
Affirmative Sentences : I have played.
Negative Sentences : I have not played.
Interrogative Sentences : Have I played ?
Negative Interrogative Sentences : Have I not played ?
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Subject + has/have + been + V1 + ing + Object
The present perfect tense is used when an action that started in the past is still
continuing.
Affirmative Sentences : We have been playing.
Negative Sentences : We have not been playing.
Interrogative Sentences : Have we been playing
?
Negative Interrogative Sentences : Have we not been playing ?
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Simple Past Tense
Subject + V2 + Object.
The simple past tense is used for an action which happened at a particular time in the
past.
Affirmative Sentences : I played.
Negative Sentences : I did not play.
Interrogative Sentences : Did I play ?
Negative Interrogative Sentences : Did I not played ?
Past Continuous Tense
Subject + was/were + V1 + ing + Object.
The past continuous tense is used for an action which was happening at a particular time
in the past.
Affirmative Sentences : Boys were playing.
Negative Sentences : Boys were not playing.
Interrogative Sentences : Were boys playing ?
Negative Interrogative Sentences : Were boys not playing ?
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Past Perfect Tense
Subject + had + V3 + Object.
The past perfect tense is used to express an action that was completed before
another action started in the past. It is used with the earlier of the two actions.
The simple past tense is used with the other action.
Affirmative Sentences : Sheila had played.
Negative Sentences : Sheila had not played.
Interrogative Sentences : Had Sheila played?
Negative Interrogative Sentences : Had Sheila not played ?
Past Perfect continuous Tense
Subject + had + been + V1 + Object.
The past perfect continuous tense is used for an action that began before a
certain point in the past and continued up to that point.
Affirmative Sentences : Ria had been playing.
Negative Sentences : Ria had not been playing.
Interrogative Sentences : Had Ria been playing?
Negative Interrogative Sentences : Had Ria not been playing ?
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Simple Future Tense
Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object.
The simple future tense is used for an action that will take place at particular time in
the future.
Affirmative Sentences : Ravi will play.
Negative Sentences : Ravi will not play.
Interrogative Sentences : Will Ravi play ?
Negative Interrogative Sentences : Will Ravi not play ?
Future Continuous Tense
Subject + will/shall + be +V1 + ing + Object
The future continuous tense is used to express an action which will be in progress at a
particular time in the future.
Future Perdect Tense
Subject + shall/will + have + V3 + Object.
Future perfect tense is used to indicate the completion of an action by a certain period
of time in the future.
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Subject + shall/will +have been + V1 + ing + Object.
The future perfect tense is used when an action is to continue up to a certain point of
time in the future.
Affirmative Sentences : Raj will have been playing.
Negative Sentences : Raj will not have been playing.
Interrogative Sentences : Will Raj have been playing ?
Negative Interrogative Sentences : Will Raj not have been playing ?
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-II Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Curr iculum Vi tae
Curriculum Vitae (CV) means "course of life" in Latin
A CV is a written description of your work experience, educational background and
skills
A CV is a typically a "living document" which will reflect the developments in a
professional's career
Purposes of a CV
CV Formats
Chronological:=Reverse chronological order
Widely used for corporate sector
Mainly used by individuals with
Solid work history
Few or no gaps between jobs
Functional CV
Focuses on the skill set of an individual
Mainly used by individuals
with significant gaps in employment
a mixed employment background
very short work history
Subject Code: BCA 103 Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Functional Types
Academic
Used for academic applications (graduate student applications,
scholarship applications)
Usually more detailed
Focuses mainly on academic achievements,
Relevant projects and courses mentioned
Corporate
Used for getting jobs
Specific to the needs of the employer
Focuses mainly on work experience and relevant academic affiliations
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-III Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Précis Writing :-
Précis Writing :-
A Précis is the shortened form of a passage .It is a miniature replication of the
original passage.
Précis writing is a process of condensing a passage to its
main points.
It expresses the theme of he passage as briefly as possible.
A Précis must briefly cover all the ideas stated in a passage .
Uses of Précis
It is useful in grasping the ideas of a passage, extract,chapter or book.
It aids concentration when reading a passage that has to
be summarized.
It improves writing skills and teaches the quality of expressing much in few words.
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-IV Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Adjectives
What Are Adjectives?
Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of
nouns: enormous, doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast. They can also describe the
quantity of nouns: many, few, millions, eleven. Adjectives Modify Nouns
Most students learn that adjectives are words that modify (describe) nouns.
Adjectives do not modify verbs or adverbs or other adjectives.
exa,.. Margot wore a beautiful hat to the pie-eating contest.
Furry dogs may overheat in the summertime.
My cake should have sixteen candles.
The scariest villain of all time is Darth Vader.
In the sentences above, the adjectives are easy to spot because they come
immediately before the nouns they modify.
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Uses of Adjectives
Adjectives tell the reader how much—or how many—of something you’re talking about, which thing you want passed to you, or which kind of something you want. Exa.. Please use three white flowers in the arrangement.
Three and white are modifying flowers.
Degrees of Comparison
Adjectives come in three forms: absolute, comparative, and superlative. Absolute
adjectives describe something in its own right.
Exa…
A cool guy
A messy desk
A mischievous cat
Garrulous squirrels
Subject Code:BCA 103 Course Name : BCA Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Coordinate Adjectives
Coordinate adjectives should be separated by a comma or the word and.
Adjectives are said to be coordinate if they modify the same noun in a
sentence.
Exa… This is going to be a long, cold winter.
Isobel’s dedicated and tireless efforts made all the difference.
Adjectives vs. Adverbs
As mentioned above, many of us learned in school that adjectives modify nouns and
that adverbs modify verbs. But as we’ve seen, adjectives can also act as
complements for linking verbs. This leads to a common type of error: incorrectly
substituting an adverb in place of a predicate adjective. An example you’ve probably
heard before is:
When Nouns Become Adjectives and Adjectives Become Nouns
One more thing you should know about adjectives is that, sometimes, a word that is
normally used as a noun can function as an adjective, depending on its placement.
For example:
Subject Code:BCA 103 Unit-V Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
BCA 104 : Principles of Programming ( Through ‘C’ )
Unit I – Basic concepts of Programming languages
Unit II – Fundamental of C
Unit III – Iteration
Unit IV – Functions
Unit V – Structures and Unions
Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Basic concepts of Programming languages
• Variables. A variable is a symbolic name or reference to some kind of information
• Conditional statements (“if” statements)
• Looping and iteration
• Data types and data structures
• Functions
Programming Domains
• Scientific Applications
• Business Applications
• Artificial Intelligence
• Systems Programming
• Web Software
Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-I Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Language Evaluation criteria
Language Evaluation Criteria. Is very useful examine carefully the underlying
concepts of the various constructs and capabilities of
programming languages focusing also on their impact on the software development
process, including maintenance.
language categories
Machine language
Assembly language
High-level language
Evolution of major programming languages
Describing syntax
Syntax of a PL: the form of its expressions, statements, and program units.
Language: a set of strings of characters from some alphabet. Syntax rules specify
which strings from Σ* are in the language. Examples: identifiers, constants,
operators, special words.
Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-I
Semantics
Semantics means the meaning and interpretation of words, signs, and sentence
structure. Semantics can also refer to the branch of study within linguistics that
deals with language
Formal methods of describing syntax
Formal language generation mechanisms are usually called grammars • Grammars
are commonly used to describe the syntax of programming languages. It is
a syntax description formalism that became the most widely used method for
programming language syntax
Pseudo code
Pseudo code is a detailed yet readable description of what a computer program or
algorithm must do, expressed in a formally-styled natural language rather than in
a programming language. Pseudocode is sometimes used as a detailed step in the
process of developing a program.
Algorithm
An algorithm is a procedure or step-by-step instruction for solving a problem. They
form the foundation of writing a program.
Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-I
Subject Code:BCA104
Flowchart
A flowchart is a formalized graphic representation of a logic sequence, work or
manufacturing process, organization chart, or similar formalized structure. The purpose
of a flow chart is to provide people with a common language or reference point when
dealing with a project or process.
Fundamental of C:
The main features of C language include low-level access to memory, a simple set of
keywords, and clean style, these features make C language suitable for system
programmings like an operating system or compiler development.
History and importance of C
C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs, and
was used to re-implement the Unix operating system. It was designed as a language
that was much easier to code in than assembler, and yet one that was "quite close to
the hardware" that would run the compiled code.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-I
sample programming
/** My first C program */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello World\n");
return 0;
}
Output of program:
"Hello World“
Basic structure and execution of C programs
Every C-programs needs to have the main function. Each main function contains 2 parts. A
declaration part and an Execution part. The declaration part is the part where all the variables
are declared.
Subject Code:BCA104
Structure of C Program
Header #include<stdio.h>
Main() Int main() {
Variable Int a=10;
Body Printf(“%d”,a);
Return Return 0;}
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II
Constants
Constants in C are the fixed values that are used in a program, and its value
remains the same during the entire execution of the program. Constants are also
called literals. Constants can be any of the data types. It is considered best practice
to define constants using only upper-case names.
Variables
A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can
manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size and
layout of the variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored within that
memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.
Data Types
Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II
Type of declarations
Declaration is a statement describing an identifier, such as the name of a variable or a
function. . For example, in the C programming language, all variables must be declared with
a specific data type before they can be assigned a value
Operators
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II
Expressions
An expression is a formula in which operands are linked to each other by the use of operators
to compute a value. An operand can be a function reference, a variable, an array element or a
constant.
Evaluation of expression
An expression is evaluated based on the operator precedence and associativity. When there
are multiple operators in an expression, they are evaluated according to their precedence and
associativity. In the above expression, there are three operators +, * and /.
Operator precedence and associability
Operator Precedence and Associativity in C. Operator precedence: It dictates the order of
evaluation of operators in an expression. Associativity: It defines the order in
which operators of the same precedence are evaluated in an expression. .Operators that
appear in the same group have the same precedence.
Managing input and output operations
Input means to provide the program with some data to be used in the program
and Output means to display data on screen or write the data to a printer or a
file. C programming language provides many built-in functions to read any given input and to
display data on screen when there is a need to output the result.
Decision making
Decision making structures require that the programmer specifies one or more conditions to
be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a statement or statements to be executed if
the condition is determined to be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the
condition is determined to be false.
Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II
Branching decision
A branch is an instruction in a computer program that can cause a computer to begin
executing a different instruction sequence and thus deviate from its default behavior of
executing instructions in order. Common branching statements include break , continue ,
return , and goto .
Iteration
iteration denotes the repetition of lines of code, until a conditions is met. Recursion, on the
other hand, is a function that calling itself. The risk of an infinite loop (a loop that never ends)
is much higher in recursion. We can use recursion to handle complex mathematical tasks,
such as factorials.
while
Step1: The variable count is initialized with value 1 and then it has been tested for the
condition. step2: If the condition returns true then the statements inside the body of while
loop are executed else control comes out of the loop.
do.... While
do while loop is a control flow statement that executes a block of code at least once, and then
either repeatedly executes the block, or stops executing it, depending on a given boolean
condition at the end of the block.
Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-III
For loop
A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a
specific number of times.
Nested loops
A nested loop is a loop within a loop, an inner loop within the body of an outer one. How this works is that the
first pass of the outer loop triggers the inner loop, which executes to completion. Then the second pass of the
outer loop triggers the inner loop again.
Break & continue
break and continue statements in C language is that a break causes the innermost enclosing loop or switch to be
exited immediately. Whereas, the continue statement causes the next iteration of the enclosing for , while , or
do loop to begin.
Goto statements
A goto statement in C programming provides an unconditional jump from the 'goto' to a labeled statement in
the same function. ... Any program that uses a goto can be rewritten to avoid them.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-III
Arrays and Strings
String and Character Array. String is a sequence of characters that is treated as a single data item and
terminated by null character '\0' . Remember that C language does not support strings as a data type.
A string is actually one-dimensional array of characters in C language.
One – dimensional arrays
A one-dimensional array is a structured collection of components (often called array elements) that
can be accessed individually by specifying the position of a component with a single index value.
Declaration and initialization
Rules For Declaring One Dimensional Array
An array variable must be declared before being used in a program.
The declaration must have a data type(int, float, char, double, etc.), variable name, and subscript.
The subscript represents the size of the array. ...
An array index always starts from 0.
Two –dimensional arrays and their initializations
two Dimensional arrays during declaration. int disp[2][4] = { 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17};
Although both the above declarations are valid, I recommend you to use the first method as it is more
readable, because you can visualize the rows and columns of 2d array in this method.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-III
Reading and writing strings
Read the string in C. Read string in C using gets() and fgets() functions. Read the strings in C using
gets() Read string in C using fgets() .
Display string in C. Display string in C using puts() or fputs() Display string in C using printf() with %s
format code.
String Input-Output using fscanf() and fprintf() functions.
String handing functions
strcat - concatenate two strings.
strchr - string scanning operation.
strcmp - compare two strings.
strcpy - copy a string.
strlen - get string length.
strncat - concatenate one string with part of another.
strncmp - compare parts of two strings.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-IV
Maintenance
The errors may be pointed out by the users themselves. Preventive maintenance − Modifications done to
avoid errors in future are called preventive maintenance. Adaptive maintenance − Changes in the
working environment sometimes require modifications in the software.
Performance
Code optimization is any method of code modification to improve code quality and efficiency. A program
may be optimized so that it becomes a smaller size, consumes less memory, executes more rapidly, or
performs fewer input/output operations.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-IV
Functions
There are two types of functions in C programming: Library Functions: are the functions which are declared in the C header files such as scanf(), printf(),
gets(), puts(), ceil(), floor() etc.
User-defined functions: are the functions which are created by the C programmer, so that he/she can use
it many times.
Definition of functions
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. ... A function declaration tells the
compiler about a function's name, return type, and parameters. A function definition provides the actual
body of the function. The C standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program can
call.
return values
Returning a value in c programming means that a particular function returns value of the function back to
its calling function . For example , int sum(int a,int b){ return (a+b) ; }
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-IV
function calls and declaration
The actual body of the function can be defined separately. int max(int, int); Function declaration is required
when you define a function in one source file and you call that function in another file. In such case, you
should declare the function at the top of the file calling the function. Recursion
Recursion is the process of repeating items in a self-similar way. In programming languages, if
a program allows you to call a function inside the same function, then it is called a recursive call of the
function.
parameter passing
Pass by Value. Pass by Value, means that a copy of the data is made and stored by way of the name of
the parameter.
Pass by Reference. A reference parameter "refers" to the original data in the calling function.
passing arrays and strings to functions
pass the address of an array while calling a function then this is called function call by reference. When
we pass an address as an argument, the function declaration should have a pointer as a parameter to receive
the passed address.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-IV
variables
Variable is the name of memory location. Unlike constant, variables are changeable, we can
change value of a variable during execution of a program. A programmer can choose a
meaningful variable name
Scope
A scope in any programming is a region of the program where a defined variable can have its
existence and beyond that variable it cannot be accessed. There are three places where variables
can be declared in C programming language − Inside a function or a block which is called local
variables.
visibility
The visibility of an identifier is a region of the program source code from which an identifier's
associated object can be legally accessed.
life time
The lifetime of a variable is the time during which the variable stays in memory and is therefore
accessible during program execution. ... It follows, that the values of local variables and of formal
parameters are not kept from one method call to the next.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-IV
Aggregate functions
an aggregate function or aggregation function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped
together to form a single summary value. Common aggregate functions include: Average (i.e., arithmetic
mean)
Insert operation
Insert operation is to insert one or more data elements into an array. Based on the requirement, a new element
can be added at the beginning, end, or any given index of array.
update operation
Update operation refers to updating an existing element from the array at a given index.
delete operations
Delete can be used by either using Delete operator or Delete [ ] operator.
New operator is used for dynamic memory allocation which puts variables on heap memory.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-I
Understanding Pointers
Pointers in C language is a variable that stores/points the address of another variable. A Pointer in C is used
to allocate memory dynamically i.e. at run time. The pointer variable might be belonging to any of the data
type such as int, float, char, double, short etc.
Accessing the address of a variable
the address of any variable using a unary operator called Address of operator &. Writing & operator as a
prefix to the variable gives the address of variable. As the address of any variable is a positive number, the
format specified %u or %p or %x is used while printing the address
Declaration and initialization of pointer variables
Declare a Pointer Variable and Note down the Data Type.
Declare another Variable with Same Data Type as that of Pointer Variable.
Initialize Ordinary Variable and assign some value to it
Accessing a variable through its pointer
Declare a normal variable, assign the value.
Declare a pointer variable with the same type as the normal variable.
Initialize the pointer variable with the address of normal variable.
Access the value of the variable by using asterisk (*) - it is known as dereference operator.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-I
Pointers and arrays
The interaction of pointers and arrays can be confusing but here are two fundamental statements about it: A
variable declared as an array of some type acts as a pointer to that type. When used by itself, it points to the
first element of the array. A pointer can be indexed like an array name.
Pointers and function arguments
Declare a function pointer with function prototype it can point. Let us declare a function pointer that can
point to functions returning void and accepts no parameter.
Initialize function pointer by storing reference of a function.
Finally invoke (call) the function using function pointer.
Functions returning pointers
Returning a Pointer from a Function in C. We have already seen a function can return data of types int ,
float, char etc. Similarly, a function can return a pointer to data
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-I
Structures and Unions
Structure and union both are user defined data types which contains variables of different data types. Both
of them have same syntax for definition, declaration of variables and for accessing members. ... In union, the
total memory space allocated is equal to the member with largest size.
Defining structure
Structure is a user-defined datatype in C language which allows us to combine data of different types
together. Structure helps to construct a complex data type which is more meaningful. It is somewhat similar
to an Array, but an array holds data of similar type only.
Declaring structure variable
struct keyword defines a structure type followed by an identifier (name of the structure). Then inside the
curly braces, you can declare one or more members (declare variables inside curly braces) of that structure.
For example: struct Person { char name[50]; int age; float salary; };
Accessing structure member
C Structure is a collection of different data types which are grouped together and each element in a C
structure is called member. If you want to access structure members in C, structure variable should be
declared.
Initialization of structure
C Structure is a collection of different data types which are grouped together and each element in a C
structure is called member. ... It is a best practice to initialize a structure to null while declaring, if we don't
assign any values to structure members.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-V
Array of structures
An array of structres in C can be defined as the collection of multiple structures variables where each variable
contains information about different entities. The array of structures in C are used to store information about
multiple entities of different data types.
union
union is a special data type available in C that allows to store different data types in the same memory
location. You can define a union with many members, but only one member can contain a value at any given
time. Unions provide an efficient way of using the same memory location for multiple-purpose.
size of structure
The size of a structure is greater than the sum of its parts because of what is called packing. A particular
processor has a preferred data size that it works with.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-V
I/O in C
Input means to provide the program with some data to be used in the program and Output means to display
data on screen or write the data to a printer or a file. C programming language provides many built-in
functions to read any given input and to display data on screen when there is a need to output the result.
Formatted I/O
Formatted I/O -- refers to the conversion of data to and from a stream of characters, for printing (or reading)
in plain text format. All text I/O we do is considered formatted I/O. The other option is reading/writing
direct binary information (common with file I/O, for example)
Un- formatted
C - Unformatted Input Functions. Reads a single character from the user at the console, without echoing it.
Reads a single character from the user at the console, and echoing it. Reads a single character from the user
at the console, and echoing it, but needs an Enter key to be pressed at the end.
Subject Code:BCA104 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-V
File handing
File handling in C refers to the task of storing data in the form of input or output produced by
running C programs in data files, namely, a text file or a binary file for future reference and analysis.
Random
Random access files permit nonsequential, or random, access to a file's contents. To access a file
randomly, you open the file, seek a particular location, and read from or write to that file.
Binary
File handling in C refers to the task of storing data in the form of input or output produced by
running C programs in data files, namely, a text file or a binary file for future reference and analysis.
Sequential
C programming information is stored in a file is sequentially, one byte after the other. The file contains
one long stream of data. File access in C is simply another form of I/O.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA104 Unit-V
BCA 105 : Computer Organization
Unit I –Computer system
Unit II-Basic building blocks
Unit III- Basic of Computer organization
Unit IV- Addressing techniques
Unit V –Bus
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Introduction to the computer Definition – Computer is a electronic device, which can perform arithmetic and logic operations
quickly with same accuracy.
History -The computer as we know, its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics
professor name Charles Babbage (Known as father of Computer). He designed the Analytical
Engine. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).
Computer Generations- It is divided in to five generations known as first generation, second
generation, Third Generation, Fourth generation and Fifth Generations
Components-It is divided mainly in to five parts- CPU,GPU, Memory, Storage, Mother Board
etc.
Computer characteristics- The characteristics of computers that have made them so powerful
and universally useful are speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility and storage capacity.
Classification of computers- Microcomputers, Minicomputers, Mainframes, Supercomputers,
Personal computers - Desktop, Laptop, Palmtop, Tablet PC.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Computer system
Unit-I
Von Neumann machine An early computer created by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann (1903-1957). It included
three components used by most computers today: a CPU; a slow-to-access storage area, like a hard
drive ; and secondary fast-access memory (RAM
Mother Board The motherboard is the backbone that ties the computer's components together at one spot and allows
them to talk to each other. Without it, none of the computer pieces, such as the CPU, GPU, or hard
drive, could interact. Total motherboard functionality is necessary for a computer to work well
System clock A system clock or system timer is a continuous pulse that helps the computer clock keep the correct
time. It keeps count of the number of seconds elapsed since the epoch, and uses that data to calculate
the current date and time.
Computer system
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105 Unit-I
Bus Data It is a group of conducting wires which carries Data only. Data bus is bidirectional
because data flow in both directions, from microprocessor to memory or Input/output devices
and from memory or Input/output devices to microprocessor. Address It is a group of conducting wires which carries address only. Address bus is unidirectional
because data flow in one direction, from microprocessor to memory or from microprocessor to
Input/output devices
Control
It is a group of conducting wires, which is used to generate timing and control signals
to control all the associated peripherals, microprocessor uses control bus to process data, that
is what to do with selected memory location
Bus architecture ISA, MCA, EISA,PCI,AGP
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Computer system
Unit-I
Expansion slot
An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that is used to insert an expansion card (or circuit board), which provides additional features to a computer such as video, sound, advanced graphics, Ethernet or memory. CARDS
Network adapter card A network interface card ( is a hardware component without which a computer cannot be
connected over a network. It is a circuit board installed in a computer that provides a
dedicated network connection to the computer.
SCSI card The SCSI card, also called a SCSI host adapter, is a PC interface card that is installed in an
expansion slot and used to connect storage devices and other peripherals to the system
Sound card A sound card is an internal expansion card that provides input and output of audio signals to and
from a computer under control of computer programs.
TV tuner A TV tuner card is a kind of television tuner that allows television signals to be received by a
computer. Most TV tuners also function as video capture cards, allowing them to record television
programs onto a hard disk much like the digital video recorder
PC card A PC Card (previously known as a PCMCIA card) is a credit card-size memory or I/O device that
fits into a personal computer, usually a notebook or laptop computer. Probably the most common
use of a PC Card is the telecommunications modem for notebook computers.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Computer system
Unit-I
Ports port is a communication endpoint. At the software level, within an operating system a port is
a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a type of network service .Ports are
identified for each protocol and address combination by 16-bit unsigned numbers, commonly
known as the port number. The most common protocols
Serial serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers,
either in or out, one bit at a time (in contrast with parallel port). During most of the personal
computers history, serial ports connected computers to devices such as terminals and various
peripherals
Parallel A parallel port is an interface allowing a personal computer (PC) to transmit or receive data
down multiple bundled cables to a peripheral device such as a printer. The most
common parallel port is a printer port known as the Centronics port
AGP
The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) was designed as a high-speed point-to-point channel
for attaching a video card to a computer system, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D
computer graphics. It was originally designed as a successor to PCI-type connections for
video card
USB Fire Wire
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Computer system
Unit-I
Input devices
an input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an
information processing system such as a computer or information appliance.
keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras, joysticks, and microphones
Output devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information
into human-readable form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video. Some of the output
devices are Visual Display Units (VDU)
Monitor. Printer. Headphones, Computer Speakers .Projector ,Sound Card Video Card.
Storage devices
Storage devices are used to store data and instructions permanently. Storage devices are also
called secondary storage devices / backing storage devices / external storage devices or
auxiliary storage devices.
Random versus sequential access
A random-access data file enables you to read or write information anywhere in the file. In
a sequential-access file, you can only read and write information sequentially, starting from the
beginning of the file
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Computer system
Unit-I
Storage capacity storage capacity refers to how much disk space one or more storage devices provides. It measures
how much data a computer system may contain. For an example, a computer with a 500GB hard
drive has a storage capacity of 500 gigabytes. A network server with four 1TB drives, has a storage
capacity of 4 terabytes
Floppy Disk A floppy disk, also known as a floppy, diskette, or simply disk, is a type of disk storage composed of
a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure lined
with fabric that removes dust particles. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive
(FDD).
Hard Drive Interfaces Optical Disks Magnetic tape Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long,
narrow strip of plastic film. It was developed in Germany in 1928, based on magnetic wire recording.
Modem (Fax/Data/Voice) A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example,
telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted
over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts between these
two forms
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Computer system
Subject Code:BCA105 Unit-I
I/O Memory Memory-mapped I/O uses the same address space to address both memory and I/O devices.
The memory and registers of the I/O devices are mapped to (associated with) address values.
So when an address is accessed by the CPU, it may refer to a portion of physical RAM, or it
can instead refer to memory of the I/O device
ALU and is its components An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic
operations. It represents the fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of
a computer. Modern CPUs contain very powerful and complex ALUs. In addition to ALUs,
modern CPUs contain a control unit (CU).
Control UNIT and its function
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs
the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic and logic unit and
input and output devices how to respond to the instructions that have been sent to the
processor.
Subject Code:BCA204
Basic building blocks
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II
Instruction Cycle The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetch-execute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. Execution cycle During the fetch execute cycle, the computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory. It then establishes and carries out the actions that are required for that instruction. The cycle of fetching, decoding, and executing an instruction is continually repeated by the CPU whilst the computer is turned on.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Basic building blocks
Unit-II
Operation of control registers
A control register is a processor register which changes or controls the general behavior of a ... in long
mode, it (and the other control registers) is 64 bits long. CR0 has various control flags that modify the
basic operation of the processor
Controlling of arithmetic operations The control unit supplies the data required by the ALU from memory, or from input devices, and
directs the ALU to perform a specific operation based on the instruction fetched from the memory.
ALU is the “calculator” portion of the computer. An ALU performs basic arithmetic and logic operations. Examples of arithmetic operations are
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Examples of logic operations are comparisons of
values such as NOT, AND, and OR
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Basic building blocks
Unit-II
Instruction cycles The instruction cycle (fetch–decode–execute cycle) is the cycle that the CPU follows from boot
up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. It is composed of three main
stages: the fetch stage, the decode stage, and the execute stage.
This is a simple diagram illustrating the individual stages of the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
In simpler CPUs, the instruction cycle is executed sequentially, each instruction being processed
before the next one is started. In most modern CPUs, the instruction cycles are instead
executed concurrently and often in parallel, through an instruction pipeline the next instruction
starts being processed before the previous instruction has finished, which is possible because the
cycle is broken up into separate steps.
Memory subsystem organization A memory unit is the collection of storage units or devices together. The memory unit stores the
binary information in the form of bits. Generally, memory/storage is classified as
Volatile Memory
Non Volatile Memory
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Basic of Computer organization
Unit-III
Register transfer languages.
In computer science, register transfer language (RTL) is a kind of intermediate representation (IR)
that is very close to assembly language, such as that which is used in a compiler. It is used to
describe data flow at the register-transfer level of an architecturee
The term Register Transfer refers to the availability of hardware logic circuits that can perform a
given micro-operation and transfer the result of the operation to the same or another register. Most
of the standard notations used for specifying operations on various registers are stated below. Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and
instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU. The registers used by the CPU are often
termed as Processor registers.
register transfer language (RTL) is a kind of intermediate representation (IR) that is very close to
assembly language, such as that which is used in a compiler. It is used to describe data flow at
the register-transfer level of an architecture.
Basic of Computer organization
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105 Unit-III
CPU design
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Basic of Computer organization
Unit-III
Design of ALU Design of the control UNIT Control unit generates timing and control signals for the operations of the computer.
The control unit communicates with ALU and main memory. It also controls the transmission
between processor, memory and the various peripherals. It also instructs the ALU which
operation has to be performed on data.
Basic of Computer organization
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105 Unit-III
Design and implementation of a simple micro sequencer,
A sequencer or micro sequencer generates the addresses used to step through
the microprogram of a control store. It is used as a part of the control unit of a CPU or as a
stand-alone generator for address ranges.
A microprogram sequencer is a set of circuits which determines the or derly read out of the
microinstructions stored in a control memory, that is the orderly read out of the
microprogram in a control unit of a data processing system capable of performing operations
of internal computation, of information
A sequence of control words corresponding to the control sequence of a machine instruction
constitutes the micro-routine for that instruction. Micro-instruction : Individual control words
in this micro-routine are referred to as microinstructions.
Features of Pentium microprocessors
Pentium is a 64 bit microprocessor introduced in 1993
It has 64-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus
The use of superscalar architecture incorporates a dual- pipelined processor
Pentium process more than one instruction per clock cycle
Basic of Computer organization
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Unit-III
Addressing techniques The addressing mode is the method to specify the operand of an instruction. An
effective address is the location of an operand which is stored in memory
Direct Direct addressing mode means that the value for a given instruction in assembly programming
is pointed to by a given value. This means the value is variable, based on what is stored in
memory at a given address.
Indirect indirect addressing means that the location of an operand is held in a register. It is also called
indexed addressing or base addressing. Register indirect addressing mode requires three read
operations to access an operand.
Immediate An immediate operand has a constant value or an expression. When an instruction with two
operands uses immediate addressing, the first operand may be a register or memory location,
and the second operand is an immediate constant.
Relative relative addressing mode can be used to load a register with a value stored in program memory a
short distance away from the current instruction. It can be seen as a special case of the "base
plus offset" addressing mode, one that selects the program counter (PC) as the "base register“.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Addressing techniques
Unit-IV
Registers Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and
instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU. The registers used by the CPU are
often termed as Processor registers.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Addressing techniques
Unit-IV
Stack pointers A stack pointer is a small register that stores the address of the last program request in a stack.
A stack is a specialized buffer which stores data from the top down. As new requests come in,
they "push down" the older ones.
Floating point The floating-point register is used to execute the instruction. There are thirty-two 64-
bit floating-point registers, numbered from floating-point register 0-31. All floating-
point instructions provide a 5-bit field that specifies which floating-point registers to use in the
execution of the instruction.
Status information registor The status register is a hardware register that contains information about the state of the
processor. Individual bits are implicitly or explicitly read and/or written by the machine code
instructions executing on the processor. ... Some CPU architectures, such as the MIPS and
Alpha, do not use a dedicated flag register.
Buffer registor buffer register A storage location or device for the temporary storage of information during the
process of writing to or reading from main memory. It generally has a capacity equivalent to
one byte or one word. A Dictionary of Computing.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Addressing techniques
Unit-IV
Memory The system memory is the place where the computer holds current programs and data that
are in use. There are various levels of computer memory, including ROM, RAM, cache,
page and graphics, each with specific objectives for system operation.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Addressing techniques
Unit-IV
Cache memory Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer between RAM and the CPU. It
holds frequently requested data and instructions so that they are immediately available to the CPU when
needed. Cache memory is used to reduce the average time to access data from the Main memory. Virtual memory Virtual memory is a memory management capability of an operating system (OS) -- which uses
hardware and software to allow a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages, by
temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Addressing techniques
Subject Code:BCA105 Unit-IV
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Bus…
Subject Code:BCA105 Unit-V
Interfacing keyboard keyboards are organized in a matrix of rows and columns. The CPU accesses both rows
and columns through ports, therefore with two 8-bit ports an 8 X 8 matrix of keys can be
connected with a microcontroller.
When a key is pressed, a column and a row make a contact; otherwise, there is no
connection between rows and columns. In x86 PC keyboards, a single microcontroller use
for software and hardware interfacing of the keyboard.
printers. A printer is an output device that prints paper documents. This includes text documents,
images, or a combination of both. The two most common types of printers are inkjet and
laser printers. Inkjet printers are commonly used by consumers, while laser printers are a
typical choice for businesses.
I/O card in personal computers. In computing, input/output or I/O (or, informally, io or IO) is the communication
between an information processing system, such as a computer, and the outside world,
possibly a human or another information processing system. Inputs are the signals or data
received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. The term can also
be used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to perform an input or output operation.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Bus…
Unit-V
Auxiliary memory Auxiliary memory (also referred to as secondary storage) is the non-volatile memory lowest-
cost, highest-capacity, and slowest-access storage in a computer system.
Auxiliary memory holds data for future use, and that retains information even the power fails
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Bus…
Unit-V
Microprocessor Microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip capable of
performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and communicating with the other devices
connected to it. Microprocessor consists of an ALU, register array, and a control unit.
Microcontrollers A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an
embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output (I/O)
peripherals on a single chip.
RISC RISC, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer. is a type of microprocessor architecture that utilizes
a small, highly-optimized set of instructions, rather than a more specialized set of instructions
often found in other types of architectures.
CISC. A complex instruction set computer (CISC /ˈsɪsk/) is a computer in which single instructions can
execute several low-level operations (such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a
memory store) or are capable of multi-step operations or addressing modes within single
instructions.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Subject Code:BCA105
Bus
Unit-V
Unit No Description
I Introduction to Operating System
II MS Word
III MS Excel
IV Power Point
V Microsoft Access
Office Management Tools
Subject Code: BCA 106
Objective:
At the end of the course a student is expected to:
Microsoft Office is a collection of office-related applications. Each application serves
a unique purpose and offers a specific service to its users. For
example, Microsoft Word is used to create documents. Microsoft PowerPoint is used
to create presentations. The primary objective of this course is to enable you, the user,
to create and edit documents. This is the word processing component, and it allows you
to type whatever you want and save it to view or edit later.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Introduction of operating system (OS)-
Introduction operating system (OS)-
An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources
and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is a vital component
of the system software in a computer system.
Why to Learn Operating System?
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An
operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory
management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices
such as disk drives and printers.
FAT & NTFS-
• FAT stands for File Allocation Table and FAT32 is an extension which means that data is stored
in chunks of 32 bits. These is an older type of file system that isn’t commonly used these days.
• NTFS stands for New Technology File System and this took over from FAT as the primary file
system being used in the Windows system. This NTFS file system is not only secure but also
supports larger file sizes and hard drives.
Subject Code: BCA 106 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application
Introduction of operating system (OS)-
BOOTING
The BIOS, operating system and
hardware components of a
computer system should all be
working correctly for it to boot. If
any of these elements fail, it leads
to a failed boot sequence.
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS-D0S COMMAND- When you are using a Microsoft MS-DOS
command prompt shell window, you can type the
following commands into the window. Click a
command shown below for a description of how to
use that command.
cd : Change directory or display current directory
path.
cls : Clear the window.
dir : Display list of contents of current directory.
help : Display list of commands or help about a
command.
notepad : Run the Windows Notepad text editor.
type : Displays the contents of a text file. assoc :
Displays or modifies filename
extension associations.
attrib : Displays or changes file attributes.
call : Calls one batch program file from another.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-I
Introduction of operating system (OS)-
chkdsk : Checks a disk and displays a status report.
chkntfs : Displays or modifies the checking of disk at startup.
color : Sets the text and background colors.
comp : Compares the contents of two files or sets of files.
copy : Copies one or more files to another location. See also: xcopy
date : Displays or sets the computer's date. See also: time
del (or erase) : Deletes one or more files.
defrag : Defragment the specified storage device.
doskey : Display command history; define macros.
echo : Displays messages, or turns command echoing on/off.
edit : Runs the MS-DOS text editor
Subject Code: BCA 106
Windows –
Common Windows Items
The following are just some of the terms used to describe the Windows desktop you are likely to run
into. Most are indicated in the diagram below the list:
Desktop refers to the background of your screen on which the various programs run. Think of your
computer screen as your electronic desktop.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-I
Introduction of operating system (OS)-
Icons are those small pictures on the desktop and inside folders that represent various
programs, specialized folders, etc.
Folders are containers that can contain icons, programs, data or other folders (sub-folders).
The default folder icon looks like a Manila file folder but the look varies with different
Windows versions. System folders generally look like icons and any folder can be
modified to change its appearance.
Title bar refers to the bar at the top of an open window. The folder's title will tell you what
the folder is used for. It contains the minimize, maximize and close buttons. You can use
the title bar to move a window around.
Cursor is the graphic pointer which indicates where the mouse is and what sort of action it is
performing. The cursor will change from the default arrow to various shapes according to
the purpose it is serving at the time. For instance, it may form an I-beam shape when you
are selecting text in a document or a double-arrow when you are resizing a window.
Task bar refers to the bar usually at the bottom of your Windows screen (it is movable)
containing the Start Button on the left and the clock and grouped icons on the right.
Subject Code: BCA 106 Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-I
MS Word
Microsoft Word (often called Word) is a graphical word processing program that users can type
with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. The purpose of the MS Word is to allow
the users to type and save documents.
Title bar
Menu bar
Subject Code: BCA 106
Scroll bar
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II
Features of MS Word-
Creating and saving a file
Editing and formatting a document
Paragraph formatting
Inserting header and footer and Page number
Checking spelling and grammar
Subscript and superscript
Inserting symbols
Print preview and printing
Inserting clipart, word art, and picture
Page setting
Bullets and number
Border and shading
Searching a word and replacing it by another word
Inserting table
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Word
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II
.
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Word
Editing and formatting a document
Creating and saving a file Paragraph formating
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Word
Header & Footer
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Word
Subscript & Superscript
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-II
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Excel
Excel is a computer program used to create electronic spreadsheets. Within excel user can
organize data ,create chart and perform calculations. Excel is a convenient program
because it allow user to create large spreadsheets, reference information, and it allows
for better storage of information. Excels operates like other Microsoft(MS) office
programs and has many of the same functions and shortcuts of other MS programs.
OVERVIEW OF EXCEL-
Microsoft excel consists of workbooks.
Within each workbook, there is an infinite
number of worksheets.
Each worksheet contains Columns and
Rows.
Where a column and a row intersect is called
a cell. For e.g. cell D5 is located where
column D and row 5 meet.
The tabs at the bottom of the screen
represent different worksheets within a
workbook. You can use the scrolling buttons
on the left to bring other worksheets into
view.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-III
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Excel
RIBBON-The three parts of the ribbon are TABS: There are seven tabs across the top of the excel window.
GROUPS: Groups are sets of related commands, displayed on tabs.
COMMANDS: A command is a button, A menu or a box where you enter information.
.
TABS
GROUPS
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-III
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Excel
Working With Cells-
TO COPY AND PASTE CONTENTS: Select the cell or cells you wish to copy.
Click the Copy command in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. Select the cell or cells where
you want to paste the information. Click the Paste command.
The copied information will now appear in the new cells.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-III
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Excel
FORMATTING TEXT-
To Format Text In Bold, Italics Or Underline-Left-click a cell to select
it or drag your cursor over the text in
the formula bar to select it. Click the
Bold, Italics or underline
To Change The Font Style: Select the cell or cells
you want to format.
Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the Font Style
box on the Home tab.
Select a font style from the list.
To Change The Font Size: To Add A Border:
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-III
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Excel To Change The Text Colour To Add A Fill Colour
To insert rows & column Cell Referencing
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-III
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Excel To Change The Text Colour To Add A Fill Colour
To insert rows & column Cell Referencing
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-III
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Power-Point
A presentation is a collection of data and information that is to be delivered to a specific
audience.A PowerPoint presentation is a collection of electronic slides that can have text,
pictures, graphics, tables, sound and video. This collection can run automatically or can be
controlled by a presneter.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-IV
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Power-Point
Microsoft Office Button
The Microsoft Office Button performs many of the functions that were located in the File menu
of older versions of PowerPoint. This button allows you to create a new presentation, Open an
existing presentation, save and save as, print, send, or close.
Ribbon
The ribbon is the panel at the top portion of the document It has seven tabs: Home, Insert,
Design, Animations, Slide Show, Review and View.
Each tab is divided into groups. The groups are logical collections of features designed to
perform function that you will utilize in developing or editing your PowerPoint slides.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-IV
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Power-Point
Quick Access Toolbar
The quick access toolbar is a customizable
toolbar that contains commands that you may
want to use. You can place the quick access
toolbar above or below the ribbon.
To change the location of the quick access
toolbar - click Show Below the Ribbon.
Slide Views
Presentations can be viewed in a variety of
manners. On the View tab, the Presentation
Views group allows you to view the slides as
Normal, Slide Sorter, Notes Page, Slide Show,
Slide Master, Handout Master, and Notes Master.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-IV
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Power-Point
New Presentation
You can start a new presentation from a blank
slide, a template, existing
presentations, or a Word outline. To create a new
presentation from a blank slide:
Click the Microsoft Office Button
Click New
Click Blank Presentation.
To create a new presentation from a template:
Click the Microsoft Office Button
Click New
Click Installed Templates or Browse through
Microsoft Office Online Templates
Click the template you choose
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-IV
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Power-Point
Save a Presentation
When you save a presentation, you have two choices: Save or Save As. To save a document:
Click the Microsoft Office Button
Click Save
Themes Themes are design templates that can be
applied to an entire presentation that allows
for
consistency throughout the presentation. To
add a theme to a presentation:
Click the Design tab
Choose one of the displayed Themes or click
the Galleries button
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-IV
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Power-Point
To add a text box:
Select the slide where you want to place the text box
On the Insert tab, click Text Box
Click on the slide and drag the cursor to expand the text box
Type in the text
Spell Check
To check the spelling in a presentation:
Click the Review tab
Click the Spelling button
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-IV
Subject Code: BCA 106
MS Power-Point
Adding Picture To add a picture: Click the Insert Tab
Click the Picture Button
Browse to the picture from your files
Click the name of the picture
Click insert
To move the graphic, click it and drag it to
where you want
Slide Effects
Slide Transitions
Transitions are effects that are in place when
you switch from one slide to the next. To add
slide transitions:
Select the slide that you want to transition
Click the Animations tab
Choose the appropriate animation or click the
Transition dialog box.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-IV
Subject Code: BCA 106
Microsoft Access
Microsoft Access is a powerful
program to create and manage
your databases. It has many
built in features to assist you
in constructing and viewing
your information.
Database File: This is your main file that
encompasses the entire database and that is saved to
your hard-drive or floppy disk.
Table: A table is a collection of data about a specific
topic..
Field: Fields are the different categories within a
Table. Tables usually contain multiple fields.
Data types: Data types are the properties of each
field. A field only has 1 data type. (text, number…)
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-V
Subject Code: BCA 106
Microsoft Access
Opening up MS Access and creating a table.
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-V
Subject Code: BCA 106
Microsoft Access
Table Design Toolbar
Creating Fields
Defining data types
• Text data type is used to store all valid printable characters.
Default size is 50.
• Memo data type is used to create a text field in which size of the
values can vary widely.
• Number data type enables you to enter numeric data.
• Currency data type enables you to enter monetary data.
• Date/Time data type can store date and time values.
• Yes/No data type, also known as a logical type, stores data that
can have only two values.
Display control
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-V
Subject Code: BCA 106
Microsoft Access
Forms- It helps to arrange fields and view many more on a
single screen. You can also add enhanced Data Validation
and editing controls
Reports -A report is a flexible way of
viewing and printing summary
information. It enables you to display
information to the required level of detail
Course Name : Bachelor of Computer Application Unit-V