sundin nwovs fire blight 2013 - college of agriculture ...microsoft powerpoint - sundin nwovs fire...
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Keeping up with Managing Fire Blight in 2013
George W. Sundin
Northwest Orchard and
Vineyard Show;
January 21, 2013
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Fire Blight pathogen -- starts small, grows extremely fast under
conducive weather conditions
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Overwinter
Spring -- Blossom Blight
Summer -- Shoot infection
Fire Blight is Complex, but also can be very simple;
However, that doesn’t make it any easier to manage
Pathogen cell numbers
Rootstock
Infection
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ca. 100,000 to 1,000,000 cells / flower
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Erwinia Epiphytic Phase
• Population size of the pathogen is influenced by:
• Temperature
– Regulates generation time
• Number of flowers in which the pathogen is established
– Increased by pollinating insects and rain
• Thus, high temps during bloom and insect activity are risk factors that promote the establishment and growth of the pathogen on floral surfaces
• RAIN or heavy dew during or at the end of a warm period is a third risk factor
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Fire Blight --
Flowers
Temperatures:
50’s
60’s
70’s
80’s
Rainfall
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What slows growth on flowers?
#1. Weather
#2. Antibiotics
#3. Flower window of infection
#4. Initial inoculum entry into trees
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Where do we need
to control
the fire blight pathogen?
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Management of Blossom Blight with
Streptomycin
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
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90
Trial data, East Lansing, MI
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Streptomycin Resistance in E. amylovora in
Michigan
• Early-mid 1990’s -- Southwest Michigan
• 2004 -- Fruit Ridge area
• 2005 -- Fruit Ridge area (further spread), Ionia cty.
• 2006 -- Oceana county
• 2010 – Grand Traverse county
• 2012 – Antrim and Leelanau counties
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Materials Currently Available for
Fire Blight Disease Management
• Overwintering Inoculum
– Copper
• Blossom Blight
– Streptomycin (Agrimycin and generics)
– Oxytetracycline (Mycoshield, FireLine)
– Kasugamycin (Kasumin) [Section 18 for Michigan]
– Optiva
– Bloomtime E325 – Pantoea agglomerans
– Blossom Protect – Aureobasidium pullulans
• Shoot Blight
– Prohexadione-Ca (Apogee)
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Streptomycin Alternatives -- Summary
• Oxytetracycline
• Kasugamycin
• Biologicals
– Optiva, Bloomtime Biological, Blossom Protect
– Highly variable
– Low to moderate pressure
• Integration of biologicals with antibiotics
– Offers the most promise for efficacy and reduced number of antibiotic applications
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KASUMIN
• Kasugamycin – aminoglycoside antibiotic
in the same class as streptomycin
• Targets the bacterial ribosome – target
site is different from that of streptomycin
• No cross resistance between streptomycin
and kasugamycin
• No medical uses, no animal agriculture
uses
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Evaluation of Kasumin for fire blight control in East Lansing, MI field trials
0
10
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40
50
60
70
2006 -- Gala
2007 –Jonathan #1
2007 –Jonathan #2
2008 –Jonathan
2009 –Jonathan
2008 –Gala
StreptomycinKasuminNontreated control
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Kasumin 2L
• Section 18 was granted by EPA for 2010, 2011, and 2012; pending for 2013
• Kasumin is the alternative for streptomycin where we have resistance
• Section 3 registration is still pending; decision hopefully later in 2013
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Kasumin 2L
• Section 18 counties for 2013:
• Berrien, Cass, Van Buren
• Kent, Ionia, Montcalm, Newaygo, Ottawa
• Oceana
• Antrim, Grand Traverse, Leelanau
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Kasumin Section 18
• Conditions required prior to application:
– MARYBLYT EIP of 100 or greater
• Do not apply Kasumin as the first spray of the season
• 64 fl oz per acre
• Maximum 3 applications per season; 2 consecutive
• Do not apply after petal fall
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Shoot infection:
Vigorous growth
Microscopic injuries
Weather conditions to move inoculum
Variety important
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Shoot Blight Infection can Kill Young Trees
Planted on Susceptible Rootstocks
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Apogee (Prohexadione-Ca)
• Reduces shoot growth
• Absorbed by apple foliage, transported
acropetally to growing shoot tip
• Shoot-specific treatment
• Excellent control of shoot blight
• (Do not use on Empire or Winesap due to fruit cracking
issues)
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Apogee (Prohexadione-Ca)
• Reduces shoot growth
• Absorbed by apple foliage, transported
acropetally to growing shoot tip
• Shoot-specific treatment
• Excellent control of shoot blight
• (Do not use on Empire or Winesap due to fruit cracking
issues)
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Summary
• Kasumin Section 18 – best alterntive to
streptomycin
• Apogee for shoot blight control
– Don’t use on Empire or Winesap
• Mycoshield, FireLine – effective under
low to moderate disease pressure
• Variability in biological controls
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New video resources from MSU Tree fruit pathology
www.youtube.com -- search for “tree fruit pathology”
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Thanks to:
Gail Ehret, Gayle McGhee
Bill Shane, Amy Irish-Brown,
Phil Schwallier, Nikki Rothwell
Michigan Apple Committee
Michigan State Horticultural Society
MACMA – Dawn Drake
MI Farm Bureau – Ryan Findlay
MI Dept. Agriculture – Brian Verhougstraete
USDA-CSREES
Michigan State University
Project GREEEN
Van Well Nursery