Epidemics and control of early & late blight, 2013 & 14 in Europe Jens Grønbech Hansen & Hans Hausladen

Late Blight Country Reports Objective

Objective: To provide an overview of the late blight seasons in Europe Support of The EuroBlight Monitoring initiative, 2013-2015. Improvement of DSS

Full Report in the EuroBlight workshop proceedings

Country Profile Editors (2014)

Editors

Country Name Belgium (Flanders) Pieter Vanhaverbeke Czech Republic Ervin Hausvater Denmark Jens G. Hansen & Bent Nielsen England/Wales Faye Ritchie Estonia Mati Koppel & Eve Runno-Paurson Finland Asko Hannukkala France Catherine Chatot Germany Hans Hausladen & Jürgen Leiminger Ireland Steven Kildea Latvia Linda Bucena Lithuania Antanas Ronis Netherlands Kees Vogelar & Jan Spoelder Northern Ireland Louise Cooke & Gillian Young Norway Ragnhild Nærstad Poland Jozefa Kapsa Russia Alexey Filippov Scotland Ruairidh Bain & Alison Lees Slovakia Peter Vrabček Sweden Bjorn Andersson, Erling Liljeröth & Eva Edin Switzerland Tomke Musa

Thank you for information!

Late blight country reports - Questions

EuroBlight Country Profile Data Summary Early outbreaks of potato late blight Weather conditions and late blight development Use of fungicides and control strategies Tuber blight Alternaria ssp Characteristics of Phytophthora infestans Use of DSS

+

Date when Blight observed in > 5 conventional fields

06.25

07.09

07.01

07.05

07.29

07.24 07.11

07.22

06.12

08.25 07.22

06.18 07.05

06.25

06.06

06.12

07.05

07.05

07.25

2013

08.25

Norway The P. infestans population is diverse, with no dominant clones. SSR-fingerprinting of early attacks shows that genotypes clusters like families within fields. Very late epidemics Finland The season 2014 was mostly very unfavourable for late blight development. Increasing number of farmers started to add azoxystrobin in tank mixture with late blight fungicides to improve early blight control. Sweden Very early and widespread attacks. Stem symptoms located low in the crop, suspected oospores. There are indications that the oospores as inoculum source is very important. Denmark Potato fields were planted 2-3 weeks earlier than normal + warm spring = early crop emergence (5-15 May) Rain + blight weather during Crop emergence = the highest amount ever recorded of fields with attacks from oospores in Denmark Lithuania Sexual reproduction of P. infestans and possible oospore production in Lithuanian potato fields (incl. SSR study) Latvia Today the late blight is only disease Nr. 2 in Latvia. First place for last years is Colletotrichum coccodes (Black dot) Estonia During period 2010–2013, both mating types were present most of fields (80%) where more than one isolate was tested. Metalaxyl-sensitive isolates prevailed (in average 66.3%) in the research period. The race structure was diverse and complex. Most pathotypes were unique, appearing only once.

About the 2014 Blight season

Germany North: Blight season. South: not a blight season The use of fungicides was high in 2014. All kind of products were used; especially mixtures were used in the Northern part of Germany. Research: P. infestans populations have a latent period between 2-3 days (earlier 5-7 days) Netherlands Difficult start – Weather shift in June plus fungicides (as InFinito, Revus, Proxamil) – everything under control More sprays in 2014 than 2013 (15-16 sprays as a mean in 2014) DSS: Dacom (PlantPlus) and Agrovision (Prophy). The use of App’s on Smartphones for late blight is low until now. Belgium Warm winter, early planting and warm spring = Dumps and volunteers with blight. 18 sprays in ware potatoes France Blight season but high yields Clonal populations confirm that the asexual reproduction of P. infestans is still prevalent in the country. Switzerland Late blight year. In general, farmers are aware of the possible infection sources and avoid waste piles and volunteer plants. This year, we will start a monitoring with P. infestans isolates for characterisation, in order to obtain information about the current P. infestans population in Switzerland.

Russia The development of Late blight in the European part of Russia was rather weak. The main sources of the primary infection were infected seed tubers and, in some cases, allotment gardens with soil contaminated with oospores Poland Survey among 160 potato growers, all country. • The late blight was observed on 95.6% of potato fields. • Stem blight was noticed only on 34.5 % and • Early blight on 82.7% of the assessed potato crops.

Czeck Republic Rainy May and warm June. 33 % of isolates resistant to metalaxyl were found Romania Big farmers used often mixtures of fungicides at short intervals between applications, main control strategy was based on mandipropamid, fluopicolide+propamocarb, fenamidon+ propamocarb, fluazinam, cymoxanil. 2-14 sprays Ireland The weather conditions during 2014 were generally more favourable to late blight development than 2013. Northern Ireland In 2014, the weather was more conducive to late blight with mild night temperatures and more rainfall early in the season. Dedicated presentation from Louise Scotland 2014 was in sharp contrast to 2013. There were many outbreaks of late blight in Scotland. England & Wales Planting progress was good in 2014, with temperatures above average from March to June. LB came early

Date when Blight observed in > 5 conventional fields

06.02

08.01

06.01

07.25

07.07

07.01 07.02

07.13

06.20

06.23 06.23

06.12 04.25

06.22

05.21

05.20

06.02

07.12

05.28

2014

06.06

First infections, 2014 = First attack = Attack in > 5 conventional fields

Date01-04 01-05 01-06 01-07 01-08 01-09

NorwayFinland

LithuaniaCzeck Republic

EstoniaLatvia

RussiaScotland

Northern IrelandRomania

PolandSwitzerland

IrelandBelgium

DenmarkSweden

England&WalesGermany

NetherlandsFrance

Attacks in early potatoes >5 fields attacked

Compare 2014 with 2013

Date01-04 01-05 01-06 01-07 01-08 01-09

NorwayFinland

LithuaniaCzeck Republic

EstoniaLatvia

RussiaScotland

Northern IrelandRomania

PolandSwitzerland

IrelandBelgium

DenmarkSweden

England&WalesGermany

NetherlandsFrance

= 2014, Attack in > 5 conventional fields = 2013, Attack in > 5 conventional fields

Denmark

Days after 1 June (0 ref line)-10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Year

19992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015

When blight appeared in Denmark 1999 to 2014 = First attack = Attack in > 5 conventional fields

Problems with tuber blight, 2014 (compared to normal)

Low

Low

Low Medium

Low

Low

Low

Low Medium

Low Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low Low

Low

Medium

Indications of oospores, 2014

No

No

No

Yes No

No

No No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes No

Yes

Yes

Use of DSSs Belgium Improved Guntz-Divoux, GIS + surveillance Czech Republic Negative prognosis, NegFry and NoBlight Denmark Blight Management on web + APP England & Wales Blight-Watch, Plant Plus and BlightCAST Estonia Fieldclimate.com + Estonian Crop Research Inst.(13 met stat.) France Mileos®

Germany PhytophthoraModel Weihenstephan, ISIP Netherlands ProPhy, Plant Plus and Phytophthora App N. Ireland DARD Blight-Net, and Plant Plus Ireland Irish metrological service based on Bourke’s Laws Norway VIPS Poland Negative Prognosis, NegFry and ProPlant Russia Plant Plus, VNIIFBlight

Sweden Plant Plus , DK Blight Management and NO VIPS Switzerland PhytoPRE+2000, PhytoPRE Web App Service

Early blight

First observation of early blight 2013

08.15

august

late june

07.17

07.12

no EB

06.05

no EB

no EB

07.23 06.15

06.20

end of aug

07.30 no EB

Disease epidemic of early blight 2013

08.30

beg of aug (south)

08.20

08.01

no EB no EB

no EB

07.15

08.15

no EB epidemic

no EB

no EB epidemic

First observation of early blight 2014

08.15

september

06.15

07.14

07.20

no EB no EB

no EB

07.01 06.05

07.09

08.06 07.20

no EB

Disease epidemic of early blight 2014

no EB epidemic

08.15

08.15

no EB no EB

07.20

08.05

08.20

08.30

no EB epidemic

no EB

08.08

no EB

EB specific disease severity

Low <20%

Medium 20-50%

High >50%

no data

May June July August SeptemberFinland (2013)Finland (2014)NorwaySwedenDenmarkEstoniaLithuaniaScotlandNorthern IrelandEngland and WalesBelgiumNetherlandsGermanyPolandSwitzerlandCzech republic (2014)France

disease severity

identified Alternaria species

A. solani Jun Jul Aug Sep remark A. alternata Jun Jul Aug Sep remarkFinland √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √Norway √ √ √ √ √ √Sweden √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ with low frequencyDenmark √ √ √Estonia √ √ √LithuaniaScotlandNorthern IrelandIrelandEngland & Wales √Belgium √ √ √ √ dominating species √ √ √ √ √Netherlands √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √Germany √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √Poland √ √ 3 times more than A. solaniSwitzerlandCzech republicFrance

not foundnot found

no data

no data no data

applied fungicides to control EB

no specific EB control mancozeb azoxystrobinazoxystrobin + chlorothalonil

boscalid + Pyraclostrobin difenoconazol

mandipropamid + difenoconazole

Finland √ √ since 2013 √ since 2014

Norway √

Sweden √ √ √

Denmark √ √

Estonia √

Lithuania √ √ √

Scotland

Northern Ireland √

Ireland √

England & Wales √ √ √

Belgium

Netherlands √ √

Germany √ √ √ √

Poland

Switzerland √

Czech republic √ √

France √ √

occurence of G143A & F129L isolates F129L G143A

use of DSS models to control EB

DACOM

yes

Weather based model togehter with Phythophthora Modell Weihenstephan

DACOM

Yield loss due to EB

6,5% (16t/ha)

10% (5,8 t/ha)

No significant loss

10-40% (late varieties)

10%

15% 3x Revus + 2 Shirlan compared to Revus Top + 2x azoxystrobin

observed tuber infections

not observed

rare

no data

no data not observed

rare rare rare

not observed

not observed

not observed

not observed

no data

no data

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Spo

rula

tion

hour

s [H

SP

O]

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Trea

tmen

t Fre

quen

cy in

dex

0

2

4

6

8

10JuneJulyAugustSeptemberTFI

Development in fungicide use, Denmark

1944: 2 * Bordeaux 1962: 2 * Dithane 2013-14: 8-14 * several types of fungicides

The European metapopulation of P. infestans is diverse and aggressive

Thank you for your attention ! And thanks to all country editors