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Summarizing & paraphrasingSaying it in your own words THE CHALLENGE: Youre asked to use outside sources for a paper, and your teacher wants to see more summaries and paraphrases than direct quotations. In face, your teacher wants you to use quotes sparingly.

THE FRUSTRATIONBut didnt your original source already write it best? How else could you possibly rephrase this?

The solutionPractice! Like any other skill, the more you summarize and paraphrase effectively, the easier it gets. So were going to be practicing a lot in the next couple of days. In fact, tomorrow were going to the library to get even more practice in these skills as I introduce to you the research topic youll have this nine weeks.

To summarize or paraphraseyou need to:Re-read the text until you completely understand it.2. Write the material in your own words and sentence structure and3. Cite your source.

SummaryIn a summary, you:Make note of the key ideas.Ignore minor supporting details and repeated information.Collapse lists (replace a long list of items with a general categoryprecious gemstones instead of diamonds, rubies, emeralds, sapphires, etc.).

Summary continued. Check the topic sentence of a paragraph to get a clue about the big idea.

Summary, contd.Example: Original: Writing things in a calendar helps me manage my time better. For example, instead of napping in the afternoon, Im more likely to start working on my sociology paper thats due in 10 days. I fit my grocery shopping in before a busy weekend. I plan my visits to the laundromat during the football game when more machines are likely to be open.

Summary, cont.Summary: I get more school work and chores done by keeping track of my obligations on a calendar.

PARAPHRASINGSummaries and paraphrases have a lot in common. However, in a paraphrase, you not only 1)rewrite information in your own words and sentence structure, 2) you also provide more detail than you would in a summary.

Therefore, paraphrases could be longer.

Paraphrasing, contd.Example: Original: Writing things in a calendar helps me manage my time better. For example, instead of napping in the afternoon, Im more likely to start working on my sociology paper thats due in 10 days. I fit my grocery shopping in before a busy weekend. I plan my visits to the laundromat during the football game when more machines are likely to be open.

Using the exact same paragraph for paraphrasing, our product might look more like this:

I think that getting a calendar to write things down that I need to do will help me stay organized. I will be able to get more chores and school work done on time. For example, if I have a sociology paper due in ten days and I see this on the calendar I will be less likely to watch TV or take a nap in the afternoons leading up to my assignments due date.

NOTE THAT THIS IS REWORDED, BUT NOT NECESSARILY SHORTER THAN THE ORIGINAL!SAYING IT IN YOUR OWN WORDS:Read your original source over three, four or more times.Turn the page or book over so you cant see the text.Imagine someone has walked into the room and asked, What were you just reading?Write down what your response would be.Check it against the original to make sure youve used your own words, and that youve captured the gist of the material.

WHEN TO USE QUOTATIONS:When using outside sources, use direct quotations sparingly. Quotations can be used:When the specific language of the source is critical, as in the wording of certain laws.When the quotation is particularly eloquent, TO THE POINT, or colorful (AS IN THE EXAMPLES WE DID FOR RACE YESTERDAY.)When the author or speaker is well-known in the area youre writing about.

Whether you summarize, paraphrase, or quotealways cite your sources!

Even though youre using your own words, youre borrowing your facts and ideas from another source.

Avoid plagiarism! Failing to cite your sources violates the tenets OR BELIEFS of academic integrity. At many schools, plagiarism leads to very serious consequences.

Why do we bother?Reading comprehension. When we summarize and paraphrase, were pushed to deeply understand the material were reading.

Why do we bother, contd.2. Demonstration. By summarizing and paraphrasing, were demonstrating that not only do we thoroughly understand our research sourceswe also understand their relationship to our own ideas.

Why bother, cont.3. Flow. If we just plop in one direct quotation after another, our paper will sound choppy and disconnected. In addition, it wont sound like our work. In contrast, when we write most of our paper in our voiceciting sources as neededwell dramatically improve the flow of our writing.