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Subjunctive Review of Uses; Sequence of Tenses

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que + change subject + subjunctive Impersonal Expressions Emotion Wishes, preferences, Commands Adverbial Clauses 3 Ds Doubt/denial/ Disbelief Volition ) (Indirect commands) Indefinite Antecedent Si sentences

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Perhaps we should start with the easiest: using the infinitive

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dejar querer necesitar preferir insistiren Infinitive: no change of subject

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Examples Quiero empezar mis vacaciones. Insisto en tomar una siesta. Prefiero leer novelas histricas. La maestra nos deja perder demasiado tiempo. Uds. necesitan ser ms responsables.

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Wishes, Preferences, Commands (p.288) quererdesearesperartemer tener miedo de preferirmandarOjal These verbs are followed by the subjunctive because whether one wants, hopes or fears, etc., doesnt mean theres a guarantee of the outcome.

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Examples (watch tenses) Espero que ella se vaya. Yo esperaba que ella se fuera. Yo esperar a que ella se fuera. Yo esperar que ella se vaya. I hope that she goes away. I was hoping that she would go away. I would hope that shed go away. Ill hope that she goes away.

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More examples Prefiero que veas el exh bito de Picasso al museo. Yo prefera que vieras el exhbito de Picasso al museo. Yo preferira que vieras el exhbito de Picasso al museo. Yo preferir que veas el exhbito de Picasso al museo.

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Impersonal Expressions (p.290) Ser bueno que Ser importante que Ser posible que Ser necesario que Ser imposible que Ser probable que Ser improbable que Ser mejor que Etc. While it may be good that, or important that, or possible that, etc.; again there is no assurance of the outcome.

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Examples Es mejor que estudies todo. Era mejor que estudiaras todo. Ser a mejor que estudiaras todo. Ser mejor que estudies todo. Its better/best that you study everything. It was better/best that you study everything. It would be better/best that you study everything. It will be better/best if/that you study everything.

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Volition: Giving Advice; Making Suggestions (p.313) pedirrogarsugeriraconsejarexigir decir (if used to imply a command) recomendar These verbs are followed by the subjunctive because once again even though one asks or begs, suggests, etc., it is uncertain that the desired outcome will occur.

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Examples Mis padres me recomiendan que yo trabaje muy duro y que participe mucho en todas mis clases. Mis padres me recomendaron que yo trabajara muy duro y que participara mucho en todas mis clases. Mis padres me recomendar an que yo trabajara muy duro y que participara mucho en todas mis clases.

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Why did we use the subjunctive in those examples? Can we say that I do work hard and participate a lot? Or that I did work hard and participated a lot? Or that I would work hard and participate a lot? No, none of those statements are certain.

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Its time to look at Sequence of Tenses Main clause Subordinate clause pres. tense indicative pres. subjunctive future command imperfect imperfect subjunctive preterite conditional

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3 Ds (doubt / denial / disbelief) p.315 dudar ser dudoso no estar seguro(a) no creer no pensar no ser cierto(a) With these expressions, the reason that you use subjunctive is because doubt is implied.

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Doubt or no doubt? Subjunctive or Indicative? Creo que el mundo es redondo. No creo que el mundo sea plano. Es dudoso que la tortuga pueda ganar en una carrera contra el jaguar. Es cierto que la Sra. McKenna sabe mucho ms que Uds. sobre el subjuntivo. Hab a mucha duda que la mayor a de esta clase tratara bastante de aprender.

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Emotion alegrarse de estar alegre estar contento estar triste sentir ser una lstima sorprendergustar(le)encantar(le) Begins with a statement of fact, such as Its sunny today! As soon as you show an emotion about it, it shifts to the subjunctive, Im so happy that its sunny today! Make sure there is a change of subject. Hace calor. Estoy contenta que haga calor.

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Adverbial Clauses: ESCAPA Some expressions always force the use of the subjunctive. They are: en caso de que- in case sin que- without con tal (de) que- provided that antes de que- before para que- so that a menos que- unless

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Theres a logic behind this: In case I dont return in time, start dinner without me. En caso de que yo no vuelva a tiempo, empieza la cena sin m. We cannot say with certainty that I dont return in time. (I may or may not return in time.)

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To use subjunctive or not? With a number of adverbial expressions, you must first determine if an action is realized or unrealized. Does it represent truth or reality, or not?

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Adverbial expressions aunquecuando en cuanto tan pronto como hasta que despus de que de modo que de manera que Look for realized (completed) action or unrealized (anticipated) action.

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Examples Mi hermano se quit los zapatos en cuanto l entr en la casa. Mi hermano se quitar los zapatos en cuanto l entre en la casa. Sal de la clase despus de que los alumnos salieron. Salgo de la clase despus de que los alumnos salgan. Salgo de la clase despus de que los alumnos salen.

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Examples El no sabe a qu hora terminar el partido de bisbol; l vendr a mi casa aunque el partido termine muy tarde. Does aunque here mean even if or even though? How do you translate the sentence?

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He doesnt know what time the baseball game will end; hell come to my house even if it ends really late.

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Si clauses There are only two different kinds of if sentences: Presentpresent/future Or Imperfect subj.conditional

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Examples If I like you, I will share my sandwich with you. (present future) If I liked you, I would share my sandwich with you. (imperf subj conditional) Si yo te quiero, compartir mi sandwich contigo. Si yo te quisiera, compartira mi sandwich contigo.

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Indefinite Antecedents (p.424) Does the relative clause describe a specific, definite person or thing? Or... Does the relative clause describe something that is indefinite (may or may not exist)? Does the relative clause describe something that is indefinite (may or may not exist)?

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Perdneme, Seor, pero estoy buscando a la camarera que limpi mi habitacin esta maana. Is this a definite person? Yes, she is. Therefore, we use the indicative (preterite, in this case)

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Perdneme, Seor, pero estoy buscando un mozo que pueda ayudar con mi equipaje. Hay uno disponible? Is this a definite person? Maybe yes, maybe no. Thats why we use the subjunctive.