sub-saharan africa. purpose to provide the class an understanding of the interrelation between the...
TRANSCRIPT
Sub-Saharan Africa
Purpose
To provide the class an understanding of the interrelation between the
historical, political, and economic issues of Sub-Saharan Africa with emphasis on Nigeria, South Africa,
and Ghana.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Agenda
• Sub-Saharan Africa• History• Regions and Regional Powers
• The Problem(s)• Definitions• Comparative indices
• The Plan• Over the Horizon• Conclusion• Questions
Sub-Saharan Africa
References
• Ayittey, George Africa in Chaos• Van de Walle, Nicholas African Economies
and the Politics of Permanent Crisis• Nafziger, E. Wayne African Capitalism
• http://www.africa-union.org• http://www.cen-sad.org • http://www.transparency.org/surveys/index.ht
ml• http://www.freedomhouse.org/
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• 48 countries• Four times size of
USA• 770 million people• 50 % of world’s gold• 40 % of world’s
potential hydro-electric power supply
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• 19 countries• Six month
military college• Humanitarian
projects• Lifelong friends
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Colonial History• Anchor States
• South Africa• Nigeria• Kenya• Ethiopia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Nigeria• 123 million• Africa’s largest
domestic market• GDP $36 billion• Exports: oil
(98.4%), cocoa, rubber
• 250 Ethnic groups
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• South Africa• 42 million• GDP $126 billion• Unemployment 23.3%• World’s largest producer of
gold and platinum• Agriculture and mining 9.7%
of GDP• Africans 78% of population• Whites 10% of population• Apartheid abolished in 1991
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Ghana• 17 million• GDP $5.2 billion• Inflation 23.6%• Exports cocoa,
aluminum, gold• Renewed political
stability• Key player in UN
military missions
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• African Union (AU)• 53 members• Accelerating the process of
integration in the global economy
• Address multifaceted social, economic and political problems
• Includes Court of Justice, African Bank, Pan-African Parliament
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
• 16 members• Seeks to eliminate tariffs
and other obstructions to trade among member states
• Establish a common external tariff
• Seeks to create a single monetary zone
• Military monitoring group (ECOMOG)
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CENSAD)
• 18 members• Strengthen peace,
security, stability, achieve global economic and social development
• Promote free movement of persons, capital and interests to Member states
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
• 21 members• main focus is on the
formation of a large economic and trading unit
• Established a free trade area , that removes all internal trade tariffs and barriers
• Introducing a common external tariff structure to deal with all third party trade
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• East African Community (EAC)
• 3 members• Emphasizes economic co-
operation and development • Regional cooperation and
integration envisaged is broad based, covering trade to tourism, and from monetary affairs to infrastructure development
• Other areas of cooperation include free movement of trade, political matters including defense, security, foreign affairs, legal and judicial affairs
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
• 7 members• Mainly drought and
conflict stricken• Foster regional security
and sustain economic development
• Restoration of peace in Sudan and Somalia remains the primary goal
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
• 11 Members• Develop capacities to
maintain peace, security and stability
• Develop physical, economic and monetary integration
• Develop a culture of human integration; and
• Establish an autonomous financing mechanism for ECCAS
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Problem(s)The Problem Solving Process
• Step 1: Recognize & define problems
• Step 2: Gather facts & assumptions
• Step 3 : Develop possible solutions
• Step 4: Analyze each solution
• Step 5: Compare outcome of each solution
• Step 6: Select the best solution
• Step 7: Follow-up and evaluate
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Problem(s)• Three layers• Regional• External
• Colonialism• Racism• Lack of Development
• Internal• Political Instability• Corruption• Democratization• Economic Development• Environmental• Racism and Tribal differences
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Problem(s)
• Political Instability• 14 countries (of 48)
in conflict 1
• No state monopoly on use of force
• 64 coups from 1963-1968
• Widening gap between states and societies
• Wars are internal1 Institute of Peace
and Conflict Studies
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Problem(s)• Corruption
• Transparency International Corruption Perception Index
• Surveys of business, government, and country specialist
Country CPI• Bangladesh 1.3 (133)• Nigeria 1.4
(132)• Ghana 3.3 (70)• India 2.8 (83)• China 3.4 (66)• Brazil 3.9 (54)• Mexico 3.6 (64)• South Africa 4.4 (48)• Hungary 4.8 (40)• Japan 7.0 (21)• US 7.5 (18)• Finland 9.7 (1)
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Problem(s)• Democratization• 192 countries
surveyed by Freedom House
• Free, partly free, not free
• Road to democracy• Freedom• Rule of law• Incentives• Infrastructure• State apparatus
Type Free PF NF
• 1973 35% 18% 47%• 2003 44% 21% 35%• GDP 89% 5% 6%• SSA (73) 2 9 28 • SSA (03) 11 21 16
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Problem(s)• Economic Development• 54.8 % PPP $1 per day in 2000
1
• 19 of Bottom 20 “Low Income Economies” are African 2
• Van de Walle notes four options
• Leave formal economy• Religion• Conflict• Democratic response
• 1 Bhalla (2002), Class handout 07 Apr
• 2 Class handout, 02 Apr, based on UNDP and World Bank data
Country PPP• Sierra Leone $480• Nigeria $830• Ghana $1980• India $2450• China $4260• Brazil $7450• Mexico $8770• South Africa $9510• Hungary $12570• Japan $27430• US $34870
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Plan• Christianity, Commerce, and Civilization• Development
•Environmental•Structural
• Error in Diagnosis•Internal•External
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Plan• Development based on
political, institutional, intellectual, and economic freedoms
• Seek to end conflicts• Control environment• Correlation between
economic development and “good governance”
• President Bush African Policy
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Plan• African Growth and
Opportunity Act (AGOA)• New Partnership for
Africa’s Development (NEPAD)
Sub-Saharan Africa
Over the Horizon
• MBendi potential• Rivers make Africa cheapest power
source in the world• Manufacturing center of world• Tourism trade• Increased agricultural output• Post HIV/AIDS population smaller, richer,
and more intelligent• Malaria and TB eliminated
Sub-Saharan Africa
Conclusion
• Key is to develop African solutions to these African problems (Ayittey)
• Evolve from crisis management to development