Anu Thadavila, Shirley Shum, Melody Yuan, Victoria Lai

☻ Period 5 – AP World

Political- unique urbanism in Jenne-Jeno society Collection of individual communities Not hierarchically organized Early clan-based societies headed by chiefsEconomics- Early Bantu people settled along river banks (canoes) Cultivation of yam, oil palms, millets, surghum. Raised goats

and guinea fowls Frequent trade with forest peoples and hunter-gatherersReligion- Chiefs in Bantu villages performed religious rituals Generally monotheistic Sudanic people’s belief in one divine force that represents

good and evil. Niger-Congo people follow suit in the belief of Nymba

Society- Jenne-Jeno- first city in Sub-saharan AfricaSmall fishing village (250 BCE)Reached urban-sized (400 C.E)

Interaction-Reasons for migration: overpopulation, environmental

changes)Sahara became too dry to live in.1500 BCE- farmers from the Niger and Benue River

valleys in West Africa migrate South and East Bantu languages also spread.

Migration over the next 2000 years.

Art-Pottery, stone axes (trade)After 1000 BCE- Bantu migrations quickened with the

use of iron tools better agriculture rapid population growth spread of metallurgy throughout Sub-Saharan Africa

Frequent cultural interaction and mingling.

Different communities borrowed elements from others religious beliefs spread to new communities in the wake of population movements.

Changing religious beliefs reflects widespread interactions of African societies

Continuous migrations of Bantu people from 1500 BCE about 500 C.E

By 1000 CE, Bantu-speaking people occupied most of Africa south of the equator.

Over centuries, languages differentiated into 500 distinct and related tongues.

Today, more than 90 million people speak Bantu languages.

Collectively constitute the most prominent family of languages in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Political – stateless societies Kush Kingdom or Nubia ("Land of Gold") Axum Kingdom Ghana or Wagadou Empire (about 800 - 1000 CE) Mali Empire (about 1200-1450 CE) -Mansa Musa

Songhay Empire or Songhai Empire (early 15th - late 16th century)

-Sonni AliEconomic- trade increased (Africa has lots of gold) Ruling elite and and merchant classes convert to Islam for

facilitating political/economic relationships gold salt trade (Ghana)Religious- Christianity(4th century) Islam (7th century) jihad (Ghana) Mansa Musa's hajj

Social –conversion to Islam: Ruling elite and

merchant classespatriarchalSlavery increaseInteractions-Swahili Coast = Indian Ocean Trade trans Saharan TradeAchievements (art/architecture)Oral literatureBenin culture (bronzing sculpting technique)

Islam and Christianity

growth of trade interactions (Trans Saharan Trade and Indian Ocean Trade)

trade led to wealthslavery

integrated their indigenous beliefs into new religions

continued practice of traditional customs (oral literature)

Political- largest imperial expansion; rule through concessionary

companies (privately owned)S. Africa colonized by Dutch in mid-1600s– “Afrikaners

Boers”, result of Boer War and Great Trek late 16th century: Songhay (Songhai) empire in northwest

AfricaEconomics-Economic system of mercantilism with private companies

under charter from government carry out trade– African Slave Trade* Europe carries hardware, guns, and Indian cotton to Africa,

bring plantation goods from Africa back to EuropeRisks of Trading: shipwrecks, slave deaths, and piracy

could turn profit into loss.Dutch East India Company sets up post in South Africa

(1650s)Religious- Islam and Christianity continue to be melded with culture

Social- decrease of slavery means no laborers , thus :* The African Slave Trade/Triangular Trade/Great

CircuitForced mass displacement of African populationsMiddle Passage– terrifying journey towards slavery;

sold to work on sugar, tobacco, or coffee plantations or in mines

Interaction-African Diaspora: term used to describe the spread

of people of African descent throughout the Americas and Western Europe as a result of the slave trade

African societies are turned upside down– mass displacement “African Diaspora”

Africans are not considered people, but “property”– at the end of the social hierarchy

Religion remains strong

Trade interactions are at its peak– slavery is highly valued in the Americas (Spanish and Portuguese plantations)

Political Atlantic Slave trade through the Middle Passage-

many died from malnutrition and disease.Portuguese colony in Angola (first European colony in

Sub- Saharan Africa)British takeover of the Cape Town during the

Napoleonic Wars encouraged further Afrikaner expansion into South Africa.

Boer War between the Europeans and Afrikaners- fight over rights to resources (gold and diamonds) in Africa

British won in the war, so they had the Berlin Conference

Berlin Conference- discussion between the European powers of how to divide Africa ("scramble for Africa")

Justification: "civilizing mission" , spreading Christianity, and more commerce and trade in Africa

Some colonies under direct rule. Britain's colonies are under indirect rule.

Religion: Islam and Christianity attracted increasing

interest in Sub-Saharan Africa.Blending of Islam and Christianity with African

customs.Social- Slave trade abolished in many European nations

during the early 1800's, but slavery itself was abolished only in the mid-1800's.

Britain was the first to abolish slavery. (1883)Many slave revolts had to take place in order for

the abolition to take place -> Olaudah Equiano ( wrote a book about his experience as a slave)

Islamic slave trade-> forced people into servitude. Triangular trade.

Those who controlled more slaves accumulated more wealth and prestige.

Abolition of slavery due to many revolts.

European colonization of all of Africa.

Blending of African customs with Islam and Christianity.

Islam and Christianity is still practiced throughout this time period despite the fact that African customs are added.

Europeans continue to exploit the land of all its resources such as gold and diamonds.

Despite the fact that all of Africa is colonized and many are enslaved, Africans continued to maintain their tribal identity through their music, dances, and beliefs.

Political- South Africa becomes a republic (1961) F.W. de Klerk became president of South Africa (1989) and

started dismantling apartheid. Klerk releases Mandela from prison and they legalize the African

National Congress and write a constitution April 1994- elections open to all races and Mandela becomes the

first black president of South Africa  Mbeki- present president who makes South Africa the most

stable, prosperous and industrialized nation in Africa. Decolonization varied -Algerians fought against France (1954-

1962) Ghana negotiated (like Parliamentary governing style in England) Kenya (Jomo Kenyatta) negotiated the constitutions w/ Great

Britain Angola and Belgain Congo overthrew colonial gov't Zimbabwe estrablish majority rule (1980,last) Independence is difficult few resources (majority = uneducated) ethnic and nationalities: boundaries

attempts at stable democracies

Economics- South African economy is the strongest in

AfricaForeign debt owed to Western NationsOrganization of African Unity (OAU) replaced by

African Unionrich in natural resources (e.g. petroleum and

metals)Religious-religious strife leads to conflictInteractions-civil wars are rampantNGOs (nongovernmental organizations)globalization

Social- Apartheid (“separateness”) in South Africa (1948)

created by Afrikaner National PartyNelson Mandela creates and leads African National

Congress -organization whose goal = abolish apartheid.

Protests increase in 1960Sharpeville Massacre – whites gun down the peaceful

black protesters ; Mandela is imprisoned for 27 years.HIV/AIDS Pandemic (1980s-)Rapid growth population and food shortagesPan-Africanism Tutsi vs. Hutu (Rwanda)-Juvenal Habyarimana

end of hegemony (decolonized and no longer directly oppressed by colonial powers)

NGO provide some relief to Africa

slavery and rascism is less prominent

ethnic and religious borders remain as an issue

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