sub-bottom profiler ore model 1036
TRANSCRIPT
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OPERATING ND
MAINTENANCE MANUAL
FOR THE
O.R.E.MODEL 1036
HIGH
POWER
MULTI-FREQUENCY
S U ~ O T T O M PROFILING SYSTEM
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OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL
FOR THE
O.R.E. MODEL 1036
HIGH POWER MULTI FREQUENCY
SUB-BOTTOM
PROFILING
SYSTEM
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CONTENTS
Page
l INTRODUCTION
1-1
2. GENER L
DESCRIPTION
2-1
2.1 Major
Sub-Systems
2-1
2 2
Transceiver
2-1
2 2 1 Receiver
2-1
2. 3 Prec i s ion
Recorder
2-2
2 4
Towed Transducer Vehicle
Sub-System
2-4
2 4 1
General
2-4
2 4 2
Fish
2-4
2 4 3
Towing Pos i t ion
2-4
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4.
3.3
Tow
Cable-Model
143A
3.4 Winch
3.5 In te rconnec t ing Cable
(Winch
to
Transce iver
INST LL TION ND OPER TION
4.1 Operat ing
Notes
4 .1 .1 Towing
4 .1 .2
Transmit ter
Power
4 .1 .3 Transmit ter
Frequency
4 .1 .4 Pulse Dura t ion
4 .1 .5 Receiver Bandwidth
4 .1 .6 Adjustment
fo r
Optimum Resul ts
3-5
3-5
3-5
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-3
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Page
5 2
Propagat ion
Loss
5 2
5 2 1
Spreading
Loss
5 2
5 2 2 Absorpt ion
5 2
5 3
Ref lec t ion
and
Refrac t ion
5 3
5 3 1 Ref rac t ion
5 3
5 3 2
Ref lec t ion
5 3
5 4
Sca t te r ing
and
Reverbera t ion
5 4
5 4 1 Volume
Reverbera t ion
5 4
5 4 2 Surface
Reverbera t ion
5 4
5 5
Noise
5 5
5 5 1 Background
Noise
5 5
5 5 2
Reverbera t ion Noise
5 7
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LIST
OF FIGUR S ND
DR WINGS
Figure 2 1
Figure
2 2
Figure
4 1
Figure
4 2
Figure
4 3
Figure
4 4
Figure
4 5
Figure
4 6
Figure
4 7
Figure
5 1
O.R.E. Model 1036 Sub Bottom Pr o f i l i ng
System
O.R.E. Sub Bottom Prof i l ing System
O.R.E. Model
T610
Junc t ion
Box
North Sea
Fine
Sand
Bottom
North Sea Sand Bottom
Decca N V Survey
Decca Survey
Decca Survey
Pipe l ine
Locat ion
A1200 0001
Miss i s s ipp i River Gulf Out le t Channel
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1.
INTRODU TION
The
O.R.E.
Model 1036 Sub-Bottom Prof i l i ng System i s
designed to obta in accura te ,
continuous
acous t ic pro f i l e s of
l aye r s
beneath
the sur face of the sea bottom as wel l as pre -
c i s i on bathymetr ic
data .
Records
are obta ined by t ransmi t t ing high-power pulses
of
acous t ic
energy from a
t ransducer
array towed in a fa i red
vehic le , or
f i sh ,
by the survey
vesse l .
Because of
the c lean
hydrodynamic
c h a ra c t e r i s t i c s
of
the f i sh ,
opera t ion of
the
system
can
be
mainta ined
a t normal
c ru i s i ng
speeds and
rough
sea condi t ions
without de l e t e r i ous e f fec t s on the acous t ic
t ransmiss ion
path .
a
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opera t ing
frequency
pulse
width
power
and
r ece i ve r
charac-
t e r i s t i c s over
wide
range.
Spec ia l ly designed t ransducers
and rece ive r c i r c u i t r y fu r t he r
enhance
the ab i l i t y to reso lve
echoes from sub-bot tom l ayers
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2. GENER L DESCRIPTION
2.1
Major Sub-Systems
The Model 1036 Sub-Bottom P ro f i l e r System cons i s t s of th ree
major sub-systems, connected
as
shown
in
Figures
2.1
and
2.2.
1) O.R.E. Model 140, 10 kw Transceiver
2)
Prec is ion Recorder
3) O.R.E. Model
136 Towed Transducer Vehicle
and Cable
Assembly
2.2 Transceiver
The Model
140
Transceiver conta ins a t r ansmi t t e r whose
e l e c t r i c a l power
output
i s
cont inuous ly
var i ab l e from to
10
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switch routes
these
s i gna l s t o the rece iver , which i s the
other major component
of
the t ransce iver .
The rece iver i s
a
tuned
ampl i f ie r
with var i ab l e
cente r
f requency, bandpass, and a
t ime
varying gain TVG)
cont ro l .
Front
panel
adjustments permit the center f requency of the
r ece ive r
to be adjus ted to
match
the t ransmit f requency.
The
width
of the
bandpass
f i l t e r can a lso be adjus ted to
accommo
da te the spectrum of the t ransmi t t ed pulse and echo).
The
TV
automat ica l ly
holds
the
gain of
the
r ece i ve r
to
a
low
va lue u n t i l
the
point in t ime
where
the bottom echo
i s
received.
Afte r t h i s in s tan t , the
gain inc reases l i n e a r ly with
t ime
to
compensate
for
the
a t t enua t ion of
sound
through the
sub-bot tom
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t r i c a l
s igna ls from the rece iver , represent ing echoes cause
curren t to
pass from the s ty lus
through the
paper
to
kni fe
edge extending the width of the paper . The
paper
i s
darkened
a t t h i s poin t in
propor t ion to
the i n t ens i ty of the
s igna l .
Since the
s ty lus
t r ave l s across the paper a t con-
s t an t , accura te ly known ra te , the elapsed t ime
between outgoing
pulse
and echo a r r i v a l
m y now be determined.
Using an
assumed
speed
of sound in water of
4 800
fee t per
second the
recorde r
i s
ca l ib ra ted
in uni t s
of t ime
or dis tance ,
e i the r
fathoms
or
meters . Se lec tab le s ty lus sweep speeds represent ing f u l l
sca l e from 20 to 2 000
fathoms
are se l ec t ed by panel
con
t r o l .
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2.4
Towed
Transducer Vehicle Sub-System
2.4 .1
General
This sUb-system cons i s t s of the towed t ransducer vehic le ,
o r
f i sh ,
which
houses
the
acous t ic
t ransducer
array,
f a i r ed tow cable , r e t en t i on
fo r
connect ing the cable to
the
f i sh , deck
mounted
winch
and an in te rconnec t ing cable to
t i e the
winch
end
of the
tow
cable
to
the
t r ansce i ve r .
2 .4 .2
Fish
The f i sh
cons i s t s
of hydrodynamical ly fa i red housing
to enc lose the t ransducer a r ray , means for mounting the array
in the
housing
and s t a b i l i z i n g
t a i l .
The
f a i r ed
housing
f loods wi th water
and
the bot tom ha l f i s acous t i ca l l y t r ans -
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2 .4 .4
Transducers
The t ransducers accept power from the t r ansmi t te r over
the range 3.0 to 7.0 kHz. Sound i s
pro jec ted
downwards in
a roughly conical beam 55 degrees wide a t 3.5 kHz
40
degrees
a t 5 .0
kHz
and
30
degrees a t
7.0 kHz.
Maximum permiss ib le
power
i n to
the t ransducers
i s
10 kw a t
a 1
duty cycle .
2.5
Tow
Cable
The
tow
cable
combines
a
core
of
e l e c t r i c a l conductors
fo r
the t r ansducer connect ions wi th two l ayers of s t a i n l e s s
s t e e l oute r armor for t e n s i l e s t reng th . spec ia l re ten t ion
f i t t i n g
combining
a water t igh t e l e c t r i c a l connec t ion
and
a
mechanica l s t reng th connect ion
i s
used to connect the
cable
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3. SPECIFICATIONS
The
fo l lowing a re genera l spec i f i ca t ions or opera t iona l
spec i f i c a t i on s
fo r
the components which make up
the
1036
System
3.1
Model
140
Transce iver
3 .1 .1 Transmi t t e r Sect ion
Power
ou tpu t
Output impedance
Frequency
Output
power adjus tment
10
kw RMS
dur ing key pu l se .
5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55,
60, 75, and
100
ohms.
Cont inuously adjus tab le
1
12
kHz.
o ther
f requenc ies ava i l ab l e .
Cont inuously adjus tab le
from
kw
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3 .1 .2
Receiver
Sec t ion
Input
impedance
Frequency
Bandpass f i l t e r
Output impedance
Maximum ou tpu t vol t age
Sen s i t i v i t y
10 K ohms
Adjus tab le 1-12 kHz. Other f r e
quencies ava i l ab l e .
Center f requency cont inuously
va r i ab le
1-12
kHz. Bandwidth
ad jus t ab le
from 0 .5 kHz
up
to
e s sen t i a l l y f l a t .
Less
t han
100
ohms.
4 V
P-P
minimum.
3 microvol t s R S input
( fo r
2
db s igna l - t o -no i se r a t i o ) produce
V
RMS
output .
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3 .1 .4
Specia l Fea tures
(1) Transmit ter
and r ece iver f requencies independently ad ju s t
able .
(2) Receiver f requency i s matched to
t r an sm i t t e r
frequency by
depress ing
Receiver Test
switch and t un ing fo r maximum
i nd ica t ion on
VU
meter.
The Receiver Tes t
switch pro-
duces
a c a l i b r a t e d s igna l
a t
r ece ive r
input , thus ,
a l so
checking
rece iver
sens i t i v i t y
and
bandwidth.
(3) VU meter
i s
usefu l
by
i t s e l f
for
l i s t en ing
to
remote
sound sources ( i . e .
pingers ,
e t c . ) .
Transmit ter
can
then
be s e t to
rece ive
frequency by
procedure
s imi la r
to
(2)
above.
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Chass is
Power
suppl ies
Size
Weight
3.2
Model 136A
Spec i f i ca t ions
3 .2 .1
Transducer
Array
Transducers
four )
Frequency
range
Bench/rack
chass i s
fu l ly enclosed
and fan cooled.
Regulated,
shor t - c i r cu i t proof
suppl ies used throughout.
17 inches
wide
by 17 inches deep
by
7
inches h igh - - s tandard rack
or bench
mounting.
50
pounds.
Model 137D
3 .0 -7 .0
kHz
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Transducer vehic le
number
l e s s
t r ansducer s )
Upper she l l number
Lower she l l number
3.3
Tow Cable-Model 43A
Standard l eng th
Length of f a i r ed
s ec t i on
Diameter
Armor
Conductors
D135-3732
D135-3769
D135-3770
100
f ee t
30
f ee t
3/8 inch
Two
l aye r s
con t r ahe l i c a l l y wound
s t a i n l e s s s t e e l
4,
Number
19, s t randed copper , po ly -
propylene
i n su la t ed ;
7.7 ohm/1,000 f t .
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4.
INST LL TION ND OPER TION
sepa ra te manual
for each
of
the
t h r e e
major
components
of the
system - -
Model 140 Transceiver
Pre c i s ion
Recorder
and Model 136
Towed Transducer Vehicle
System - - exp la ins
in
de t a i l
opera t ion
maintenance
deployment and i n s t a l l a t i o n .
The fo l lowing i s a
b r i e f
summary of system
opera t ion .
t i o n
4 .2
provides s t e p -by- s t e p opera t ing
procedures .
4 .1 Operat ing
Notes
4 .1 .1 Towing
Sec-
The
f i sh tows wel l a t
speeds in
excess o f 12 knots.
Enough
cab le should be pa id out
so
tha t the f i sh
swims
seve ra l f ee t
below the l eve l o f the
keel . s u f f i c i e n t
l eng th of
f a i r i ng
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4 .1 .2 Transmi t ter
Power
In
most cases , maximum power 10 kw
wi l l
give bes t r esu l t s .
In very sha l low water a shor t
i n t e rva l
of r ing ing a f t e r
t e rminat ion of the t ransmi t pulse may
obscure the
bottom.
This i s minimized by opera t ion
a t
5 kHz.
n
i n t e rna l swi tch
in the t ransce iver (descr ibed in the Transceiver
Manual) al lows
the choice of a
mode
of opera t ion whereby two of the t r ansduce rs
in the array are
used
exc lus ive ly for t r ansmi t t i ng and t he o the r
two
for
rece iv ing
only.
This
conf igura t ion
i s
use fu l
where
a wider
beam
width i s des i rab le , such as in pipe
f inding
app l i -
ca t ions .
Cavi ta t ion when the t ransducer
i s
l e s s than f i f t e en fee t
deep
may reduce power output somewhat;
however, t h i s does not
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4 .1 .5 Receiver Bandwidth
Bandwidth should be as wide as poss ib le and st ll r esu l t
in an acceptable s igna l - to -no ise
r a t i o .
This
adjustment
w i l l
give maximum pulse r i s e t ime and reso lu t ion
for
a given pulse
durat ion.
4 .1 .6
Adjustment
for
Optimum Resul t s
As
noted in
the
preceding sec t ion t ransmi t frequency,
pulse
dura t ion
and rece iver bandwidth
are i n t e r r e l a t e d .
Optimum
adjustment
depends on the r e s u l t s des i r ed
and
the
geology of
the
area being surveyed. I t
i s bes t
determined by
experiment .
4 .1 .7 Time Varying Gain
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4.1 .8 Recorder
Scale
For
a l l informat ion
concerning the
s e t -up
and use of the
recorder ,
r e f e r
to the
spec i f i c
Recorder Manual.
4.2
Opera t ing Procedures
4 .2 .1 Equipment Required
I t i s advisable
to
have the fo l lowing
t e s t
equipment
ava i l ab l e to ope ra t ing
personnel fo r
systems check-out
and
t roubleshoot ing:
a. Simpson 260 VOM or equivalent .
b. Osci l loscope minimum bandwidth 1 MHZ minimum
s ens i t i v i t y .05 vjd iv . dual t r a ce .
c. 100 ohm,
100
watt dummy load
for t r ansce ive r .
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should wet t ransducer
faces
when
washing i s
complete.
DO
NOT GET
SILICONE OIL
OR GREASE
ON TRANS
DUCER FACES.
4 .2 .3
Operat ion
a. Visual ly
inspec t
recorder s ty lus pa r t s
for
any
poss ib le
shipping
damage.
b. Set recorder
con t ro l s
as sugges ted
in
t he recorder
manual.
c. I n s t a l l r o l l of
paper -
plug in recorder .
d. Turn
recorder
ON.
e. I f necessary , place
STOP/START
to
START
to
s t a r t
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j . Set XMT FREQ
a t des i red
operat ing f requency, 3.5
or
5.0
kHz.
k. Set
RCVR
W cont ro l two
pos i t ions
from
CCW.
This
corresponds to a
W
of
approximately
2 kHz.
Inh ib i t
keying
from
the r ecorder .
1. Depress
RCVR TEST
but ton;
ad jus t
RCVR
FREQ
fo r
maxi-
mum ind ica t ion
on
meter .
Readjustment of RCVR gain
vern ie r
may be necessary to keep
reading
on
the
meter
sca le .
m. Restore edge
keying from the recorder .
n. Remove
t r ansce iver top
cover .
Check
to see
t ha t
LOAD
MATCH i s
in the cor rec t s e t t i ng and t ha t the toggle
switches are in
the
combined pos i t ion .
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q. STOP
SHIP.
Deploy f i sh . Check towing
cha rac t e r i s
t i c s as sh ip comes
up
to speed.
NOTE
I t
i s advantageous to
disconnec t f i sh
cable connector a t winch
while
deploying
and
recover ing f i sh
to avoid undue
twis t ing
of cable .
Be
su re power
to
t r ansce i ve r
i s
of f
before d isconnect ing or reconnect ing
cable .
r . Turn
system back on.
Increase XMT kw to fu l l power
as before wai t 30
seconds
before
advancing
power) .
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w. To
use
automatic TVG, se t -up as
in
S-T
above.
Then
depress TVG FINDER and se t bl ip a t approximate ly
one-hal f
the
depth,
but
be
sure
t i s occur r ing in a
white
non-noisy)
sec t ion
of the water column above
the
bottom.
Rota te TVG THRESH f u l l clockwise and gradua l ly
ro t a t e
counter -c lockwise
un t i l TVG ac t ion resumes.
Exper i -
ment
with the
s e t t i ng
of
the TVG THRESH con t ro l .
I f
t i s se t too
low
(coun te r -c lockwise ) ,
the
TVG c i r
cu i t i s not
ac t i va t ed and
sub-bot tom records a re not
enhanced. I f t i s se t too high (c lockwise) , the
TVG
wi l l
f i r e
too
soon
on noise) and wil l cause sa tu ra
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[) CONNECTOR
/
RMK
5
MP FS
\ E.NVIROCON
I
,
____
I SMALL
PIN(TYP)
o LARGE PIN TYP)
--l -
T80
l
0+-
PORT
__ = :J
- t - ~ - + - - - + _ T
(ONN ORE MODEL
137 A
TRANSDUCERS
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4.2 .4
Recommended Order of
Shutdown
Transceiver
1) Reduce XMIT, W to OFF.
2) Wait un t i l H.V. i nd i ca to r goes out .
3)
Turn POWER OFF.
Recorder
1)
Turn of f Scan
switch , i f
appl icable .
2) Turn
of f
Power switch .
3) Remove remainder of
paper from recorder .
Transducer Vehicle
1) Stop sh ip .
2) Recover vehic le .
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shape
used for sub-bottom pro f i l ing to a more
forward
and
a f t e r
looking fan
shape
pa t t e rn
idea l
fo r
objec t
loca t ion .
4.3 .1 Fine
Adjustments
As
in
sub-bot tom
pro f i l i ng ac t ua l
adjus tments of
the
t r ansce ive r cont ro l s wi l l depend a grea t deal upon the spec i f i c
condi t ions experienced.
The most
c r i t i c a l
adjustment wi l l probably be the
t r ans
mi t t e r
f requencies . In genera l t r ansmi t f requencies employed
in p ipe l ine work are higher than those used
fo r
sub-bot tom pro
f i l i ng . I t i s advisable to s t a r t a t kHz and
work up.
Higher f requencies wi l l make smal l e r p ipes v i s ib l e and improve
r e so lu t ion . Higher f requenc ies however a lso decrease
penet ra -
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NOR H
SEA
FALL 1976
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5. THEORY OF SOUN
Propagat ion of sound in
sea
water and the mate r i a l s beneath
the
sea
bed
i s governed
by complex se t of phenomena. For
comprehensive t rea tment
of
the theory
of underwater
sound
the reade r
i s
r e f e r r ed
to
the
extens ive
l i t e r a t u r e
on
the
sub-
j ec t .
The
purpose
of
t h i s
sec t ion
i s to presen t
to
the
user
unfami l i a r
with acous t ic
techniques br i e f qua l i t a t i ve summary
of the
fac to rs in f luenc ing
echo sounding and
the
de tec t ion of
sub-bot tom
s t r a t a .
5 .1 Speed of Sound
The speed of sound in l i qu id
or
so l id medium i s func
t i on
of
the proper t i es of the medium. In water the speed
i s
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Likewise
the ac tua l depth of
sub-bot tom
l aye r s observed
with the
system whi le
of ten
expressed
in
fathoms or
fee t
as
i nd ica ted
on the
recorder sca le wi l l
in
genera l be deeper
than
ind ica ted .
The
depth
can
only be determined from sound
speed measurements made from an
ac tua l
core taken
a t the
s i t e .
5 .2
Propagat ion Loss
The
i n t ens i ty
of sound
in any
medium decreases
with
d i s -
t ance
from
the source . The
t o t a l
decrease a t
given dis tance
i s ca l l ed
the propagat ion loss . This
loss
i s
in
genera l
composed
of
two
e lements :
spreading
loss
and
absorp t ion .
5 .2 .1 Spreading Loss
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At
the
f requencies 3 .5-7 .0 kHz)
used with
the
Sub-Bottom
Prof i l e r ,
the absorpt ion
l o s s
in the
water
pa th i s smal l
and
in fac t
i s neg l ig ib le for the shal low
depths
where the equip
ment
i s normal ly
used.
5 .3 Ref lec t ion and Refract ion
The
laws
governing
r e f l e c t i on and r e f r ac t i on of sound in
l i qu i d and s o l i d media are
analogous
to
those
governing l i gh t .
The methods of opt ics ,
in par t i cu l a r , ray t rac ing , a re
exten
s ive ly
used in ana lys is .
5 .3 .1
Ref rac t ion
In echo sounding and sub-bot tom prof i l ing work, the angle
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medium. r e f l e c t i ng sur face i s charac te r ized by
a
parameter
known as
the
r e f l e c t i on l o s s which i s
the
r a t i o
of
the in ten
s i t y of
the
r e f l ec ted wave to the i n t ens i ty of the
inc iden t
wave a t the sur face .
5.4
Sca t t e r ing and
Reverbera t ion
f rac t ion
of the
energy from
a sound
source
may
a lso
be
re tu rned by
the process
of sca t t e r ing .
Sca t t e r ing r e s u l t s
from
p a r t i c l e s
or
smal l - sca le inhomogenei t ies
in
the medium,
whose dimensions are
of the
order
of l e s s than a wavelength.
Sound impinging on these s c a t t e r e r s i s
r e - r ad i a t ed
in
a l l
di rec t ions . The
por t ion
of
energy r ad ia t ed
back
toward
the
t r ansmi t t e r i s ca l l ed
backsca t te r .
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now smal ler
than
the
order
of
a wavelength and the sur face
cannot be
cons idered as
a r e f l ec to r .
The i n t ens i ty
of
a backsca t t e red re tu rn i s ,
in
genera l ,
dependent
on the
prope r t i e s of
the
sca t t e r e r and the
sound
f requency, as well as the range.
5.5 Noise
Noise i s
def ined as
any
unwanted s igna l which t ends to
obscure
the des i r ed
echoes
being
recorded.
Several
types
and sources of noise wil l
be
encountered
in
sub-bot tom pro-
f i l i n g ; most important are background and reverbera t ion noise .
5 .5 .1 Background
Noise (See
Figure
5-4 of the
sample
records)
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the towing
sh ip , and
re su l t s from prope l l e r cav i t a t i on ,
machinery
noise
t ransmi t t ed
through the hul l , and f low noise .
Noise
or ig ina t ing
from othe r sh ips
may
a lso cont r ibute . Flow
and
cav i t a t ion
noise
tends to
be broad
band
with
general
inve rse
r e l a t ionsh ip
to
frequency.
Machinery noise wil l
tend
to
show
d i s t i nc t peaks
a t
f requencies harmonical ly r e l a t ed
to
the
speed
of ro ta t ion .
E l e c t r i c a l noise may
cont r ibu te to
the background, al though
t
should not
be
apparent
unless
the
equipment i s
improper ly
grounded.
Ign i t ion
noise
from
a
gasol ine
engine
or
60
z
hum
from the power l i n e can
be
encountered , and wil l usua l ly be
e l imina ted by
proper
grounding.
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The s igna l - to -no ise
r a t i o i s opt imized
by
including
band
pass f i l t e r in
the rece iver . This f i l t e r
passes
only
the band
of
f requencies
inc luded in the
t ransmi t ted
pulse .
I t s cent
e r
f requency i s the same as the
c a r r i e r f requency, and i t s
band
width
should
be inver se ly
propor t iona l
to the dura t ion of the
pulse .
Thus,
the noise energy ou t s ide the band necessary to
accommodate the pulse i s excluded and the s igna l - t o -no i se r a t i o
improved.
5 .5 .2 Reverbera t ion Noise
Reverbera t ion noise
unl ike
background
noise i s
co r r e l a t ed
with
t he t r ansmi t t ed
pul se
and sweep r a t e s ince it i s
the
r e s u l t of
backsca t t e red energy or ig ina t i ng a t the
acous t ic
pro
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t h i s poin t ,
the
gain s t a r t s to increase
as
l i nea r
funct ion
of
t ime
fo r the
remainder of the
sweep. The th resho ld
value
of gain and
the
r a t e of
increase are
ad jus tab le .
The
break
poin t where the gain begins to increase m y
be
manually
ad
jus ted , or in the
automat ic
mode, w i l l t r a ck
the
bottom. The
TV
r a t e i s
i dea l l y
se t to
compensate
fo r
spread ing and
absorp-
t i on
l o s se s in the bottom.
With
the
foregoing
comments es t ab l i shed , t i s now
poss ib le to make some
spec i f i c
s ta tements
rega rd ing
the
ac tua l
sub-bot tom
pr o f i l i ng
process .
5 .6 Pene t r a t ion and
Depth Resolut ion
In many cases
the user of
sub-bot tom
pr o f i l i ng equipment
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The
presen t
system i s spec i f i c a l l y
des igned for
high
r e so lu
t i on in
the upper one or
two hundred
f ee t
of
sub-bot tom. The
power l eve l i s
the maximum achievable a t moderate cos t
and
weight
with
e l ec t ro - acous t i c
t r ansducer s .
Deeper penet ra t ion
i s
only
accomplished
with
systems
using
lower
f requencies .
In
t h i s
case ,
r e so lu t ion i s sac r i f i c ed for
deeper
pene t r a t i on .
Adjustment
of frequency over the
range
3.5 to 7.0 kHz
and pul se width over wide range a l lows t he use r
to
se l ec t
t he
bes t
compromise between
reso lu t ion
and
pene t r a t i on
for t he
condi t ions wi th in the c a pa b i l i t i e s o f the equipment .
5 .6 .2 Pulse
Energy
Fur ther
a f f e c t i n g t he
r e so lu t ion and pene t r a t ion of
the
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5 .6 .3
Pulse Dura t ion and Rise Time
co r re l a ry to the r e l a t ionsh ip
between
pulse
dura t ion
and f i l t e r bandwidth i s t ha t t he r i s e t ime of
the
f i l t e r e d
pul se
i s
i nve r s e ly propor t iona l
to
the
bandwidth of the f i l t e r .
Note
t ha t
the
r i s e
t ime
dete rmines
t he
r e so lu t ion
with
which
the
i n s t an t
of a r r i v a l
of the pulse may be determined
while
the
pul se dur a t i on
dete rmines how c lose an
i n t e rva l between
two
pu l se s
or echoes
may
be resolved. Thus as t he pu l se
energy i s increased provided t he r ece ive r bandwidth i s pro
pe r ly
ad jus ted the s igna l - to -no i se
r a t i o
w i l l increase and
more
pene t r a t ion
may
be expected.
5 .6 .4
Pene t r a t i on
Versus
Resolu t ion
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By the same token t he un i t
i s
i n sens i t ive in
the
rece ive
mode
to background
no ise
from
d i rec t ions
widely
sepa ra t ed
from the
ve r t i c a l .
The
pa t t e rn of r ad ia t ion
from the
t r ansducer
ar ray
may
be
regarded
as a
cone
whose
t o t a l
angle
i s
inver se ly
propor -
t i o n a l
to frequency.
The angle
var ies
f rom 55 degrees
a t
3.5
kHz
to
30
degrees a t 7 0 kHz. The beam angle i s def ined ,
accord ing to s t anda rd prac t i ce , as
the
angle between the poin t s
a t
a
f ixed
dis tance
from
t he t ransduce r
where
t he
power i s
one
h a l f t he l eve l
measured
on the axi s . At wider
ang les , the
power
f a l l s of f sha rp ly , but some energy i s r ad ia t ed beyond
the
l i m i t s
of t he de f ined beamwidth.
The a rea of t he bottom
i l l umina ted by the beam i s ,
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p l us the r e f l e c t i on
l o s s encountered
a t
sub-bot tom hor izons
o r i n t e r f a c e s w i l l a l so be f ac to r s determining
the
ul t imate
depth of pene t r a t i on . Sca t t e r i ng may
a l so
occur in s t r a t a
t ha t are not pe r f ec t l y homogeneous.
5 .6 .7
I l l u s t r a t i v e
Records
Figure 5 .1 i s
a
por t ion of
a
record showing t he e f f ec t
o f
a
bot tom
where t he r e f l e c t i v i t y i s
so
high t ha t no use fu l
energy
pene t r a t e s .
The r eco rd i s of
a
t r ave r se
of
a
dredged
channel . The undredged por t ion a t
the
edges of the f igure
show mul t ip l e
echoes
of the bottom
and
no
v i s i b l e
s t r u c t u r e
beneath . The mul t i p l e echoes
a re caused
by
second bot tom ;
t ha t
i s the echo
from
t he bottom
i s
r e f l e c t e d
from
the
water
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t h in l aye r of decaying organic mat ter conta in ing gas
bubbles
which
formed
a
b a r r i e r to the sound. Recent dredging, shown
by the deep pa r t , removed t h i s
l ayer ,
a l lowing sound
to
pene
t r a t e .
The
depth
of
penet ra t ion
in coarse
or
hard-packed
sand
or
grave l wi l l
be
l e s s than
in
s o f t e r
mate r ia l s such
as
mud
or silt.
n
Figure 5.2
a t the l e f t -hand
edge of
the record ,
no sub-bot tom l ayers
are c lea r ly
v is ib le .
The
bot tom
a t
t ha t poin t i s sand
extending to
a depth beyond the
capab i l i t y
of pene t ra t i on .
The no i se - l ike
r e t u rn
extending below
the
bot tom
i s
probably due to
sca t t e r ing from gravel
o r rocks
mixed with the sand.
A
second
bottom r e t u rn
i s
v i s i b l e
in the
lower
l e f t corner .
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in
shal low water .
Figure 5 .4 i s an example of extreme noise condi t ions .
Under such condi t ions t may appear as a system malfunct ion .
In t h i s record on the r i gh t s i de the
noise from the
sh ip
complete ly
obl i t e r a t e s the record
and no bottom re tu rn
can
be
seen. When the
ship
was
s topped,
the l e f t
s ide
of
the record ,
the noise l eve l decreased
enough
to
obtain sa t i s f ac to ry records .
By changing the pos i t ion
of
the towed
vehic le
the survey was
ab le
to
cont inue with
good r e s u l t s .
Using a hul l mounted ar ray
with
16
t ransducers
4
x 4) wi l l
a l so produce good records
through
the hul l of a sh ip
as can
be
seen from
Figure
5.5 .
The hu l l
should
be
hor i zon ta l and
f l a t
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6. TROUBLESHOOTING
Fai lu res
which
occur
in
the
system are
f i r s t i s o l a t e d
to a par t i cu l a r
sub-system.
Then the t roubleshoot ing sec t ion
of the appropr ia te
sub-system
manual can be used to i s o l a t e
the
f a i l u r e
to
a
pa r t i c u l a r
component
or
subassembly.
6.1
Quick Subsystem Checks Versus
Symptom
a .
Recorder
w i l l
not scan.
Problem i s
in r ecorder
-
most l i ke ly paper
in te r lock
switch
or
bad
s ty lus .
b.
Recorder
wi l l not
wri te .
Depress mark
but ton - i f no mark
with LIMIT
a t mid-sca le ,
check for
paper
or s ty lu s problem or f a i l u r e in r ecorder
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2)
Check t ransce iver with
ummy
load. See
Trans
ce ive r
Manual.
3) Check
f i sh for
shor t /open c i r cu i t See
Fish
Manual.
e
Audible
output
from
f i sh
but
no
rece ived
s i gna l s
on
recorde r
1)
Check f i sh
for
open c i r c u i t
See
Fish Manual.
2)
Trouble-shoot t r ansce ive r rece iver sec t ion
See
Transceiver Manual.
3)
Check recorder as in b, a lso
check i n t e r f ace
wri t ing
s igna l
to recorde r
from
t r ansce i ve r
a t
i n t e r f ace connector .
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