study guide

5/24/2018 Study Guide

1/23

1. Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of the basic EOQ model?A. Annual demand requirements are known and constant.B. Lead time does not vary.C. Each order is received in a single delivery.

D. Quantity discounts are available.E. All of the above are necessary assumptions.

2. Dairy items, fresh fruit and newspapers are items that:A. do not require safety stocksB. cannot be ordered in large quantities

C. are subject to deterioration and spoilageD. require that prices be lowered every two daysE. have minimal holding costs

3. Which of the following is least likely to be included in order costs?A. processing vendor invoices for paymentB. moving delivered goods to temporary storageC. inspecting incoming goods for quantityD. taking an inventory to determine how much is needed

E. temporary storage of delivered goods

4. The EOQ model is most relevant for which one of the following?A. ordering items with dependent demandB. determination of safety stockC. ordering perishable itemsD. determining fixed interval order quantities

E. determining fixed order quantities

5. Which is not a true assumption in the EOQ model?A. Production rate is constantB. Lead time doesn't vary

C. No more than 3 items are involvedD. Usage rate is constantE. No quantity discounts

6. In a supermarket, a vendor's restocking the shelves every Monday morning is an exampleof:A. safety stock replenishmentB. economic order quantitiesC. reorder pointsD. fixed order intervalE. blanket ordering


2/23

7. In the basic EOQ model, if annual demand doubles, the effect on the EOQ is:A. It doubles.B. It is four times its previous amount.C. It is half its previous amount.D. It is about 70 percent of its previous amount.

E. It increases by about 40 percent.

8. In the basic EOQ model, an annual demand of 40 units, an ordering cost of $5, and aholding cost of $1 per unit per year will result in an EOQ of:A. 20B. square root of 200C. 200D. 400E. none of these

9. In the basic EOQ model, if D = 60 per month, S = $12, and H = $10 per unit per month,EOQ is:A. 10B. 12C. 24D. 72E. 144

10.In the basic EOQ model, if annual demand is 50, carrying cost is $2, and ordering cost is$15, EOQ is approximately:A. 11B. 20

C. 24D. 28E. 375

A car rental agency uses 96 boxes of staples a year. The boxes cost $4 each. It costs $10to order staples, and carrying costs are $0.80 per box on an annual basis. [Answer thefollowing questions]

11.Determine the order quantity that will minimize the sum of ordering and holding boxes ofstaples

A. 50B. 49C. 51D. 48


3/23

12.Determine the annual cost of ordering and carrying the boxes of staples ---A. 40.30B. 39.20C. 41.37D. 38.25

A service garage uses 120 boxes of cleaning cloths a year. The boxes cost $6 each. Ordering costis $3 and holding cost is 10 percent of purchase cost per unit on an annual basis. [Answer thefollowing questions]

13. Determine the economic order quantity [Round up your answer]A.

50B. 35

C. 48D. 51

14.Determine the total cost of carrying the cloths (excluding purchase price)A. 10.60B. 10.29C. 20.67D. 20.70

15.Determine the average inventory ---A. 18.0B. 17.5C. 18.5D. 17.0


4/23

Ann Chovies, owner of the Perfect Pasta Pizza Parlor, uses 20 pounds of pepperoni each day inpreparing pizzas. Order costs for pepperoni are $10.00 per order, and carrying costs are 4 centsper pound per day. Lead time for each order is 3 days, and the pepperoni itself costs $3.00 perpound. [Answer the following questions]

16.What is the economic order quantity for pepperoni?A. 20 poundsB. 40 poundsC. 60 poundsD. 80 poundsE. 100 pounds

Given the following data for a particular inventory item:

17. What is the economic order quantity for this item?A. 2,000 unitsB. 1940 UnitsC. 1950 UnitsD. 2050 Units


5/23

18.The linear optimization technique for allocating constrained resources among differentproducts is:A. linear regression analysisB. linear disaggregationC. linear decomposition

D. linear programmingE. linear tracking analysis

19.Which of the following is not a component of the structure of a linear programmingmodel?A. ConstraintsB. Decision variablesC. ParametersD. A goal or objectiveE. Environmental uncertainty

20.Which of the following could not be a linear programming problem constraint?A. 1A + 2B 3

B. 1A + 2B 3C. 1A + 2B = 3

D. 1A + 2B + 3C + 4D 5E. 1 A + 2B

21.For the products A, B, C and D, which of the following could be a linear programmingobjective function?A. Z = 1A + 2B + 3C + 4DB. Z = 1A + 2BC + 3D

C. Z = 1A + 2AB + 3ABC + 4ABCDD. Z = 1A + 2B/C + 3DE. all of the above

22.The region which satisfies all of the constraints in graphical linear programming is calledthe:A. optimum solution spaceB. region of optimalityC. lower left hand quadrantD. region of non-negativityE. feasible solution space

23.In graphical linear programming the objective function is:A. linearB. a family of parallel linesC. a family of iso-profit linesD. all of the aboveE. none of the above


6/23

24.For the constraints given below, which point is in the feasible solution space of thismaximization problem?

A. x = 1, y = 5B. x = -1, y = 1C. x = 4, y = 4D. x = 2, y = 1E. x = 2, y = 8

25.Which of the choices below constitutes a simultaneous solution to these equations?

A. x = 2, y = .5B. x = 4, y = -.5C. x = 2, y = 1D. x = yE. y = 2x

26.Which of the choices below constitutes a simultaneous solution to theseequations?A. x = 1, y = 1.5B. x = .5, y = 2C. x = 0, y = 3D. x = 2, y = 0

E. x = 0, y = 0

27.What combination of x and y will yield the optimum for this problem?

A. x = 2, y = 0B. x = 0, y = 0C. x = 0, y = 3

D. x = 1, y = 5E. none of the above


7/23

28 What combination of x and y will provide a minimum for this problem?

A. x = 0, y = 0B. x = 0, y = 3C. x = 0, y = 5D. x = 1, y = 2.5E. x = 6, y = 0

The production planner for Fine Coffees, Inc. produces two coffee blends: American (A)and British (B). Two of his resources are constrained: Columbia beans, of which he canget at most 300 pounds (4,800 ounces) per week; and Dominican beans, of which he canget at most 200 pounds (3,200 ounces) per week. Each pound of American blend coffeerequires 12 ounces of Colombian beans and 4 ounces of Dominican beans, while a pound

of British blend coffee uses 8 ounces of each type of bean. Profits for the American blendare $2.00 per pound, and profits for the British blend are $1.00 per pound. [Answer thefollowing question]

29 What is the objective function?A. $1 A + $2 B = ZB. $12 A + $8 B = ZC. $2 A + $1 B = ZD. $8 A + $12 B = ZE. $4 A + $8 B = Z

A local bagel shop produces two products: bagels (B) and croissants (C). Each bagelrequires 6 ounces of flour, 1 gram of yeast, and 2 tablespoons of sugar. A croissantrequires 3 ounces of flour, 1 gram of yeast, and 4 tablespoons of sugar. The company has6,600 ounces of flour, 1,400 grams of yeast, and 4,800 tablespoons of sugar available fortoday's production run. Bagel profits are 20 cents each, and croissant profits are 30 centseach. [Answer the following question]

30 What is the objective function?A. $0.30 B + $0.20 C = ZB. $0.60 B + $0.30 C = ZC. $0.20 B + $0.30 C = Z

D. $0.20 B + $0.40 C = ZE. $0.10 B + $0.10 C = Z


8/23

31 Given the following information, what would efficiency be?Effective capacity = 80 units per dayDesign capacity = 100 units per dayUtilization = 48%A. 20%

B. 35%C. 48%D. 60%E. 80%

32 Given the following information, what would efficiency be?Effective capacity = 50 units per dayDesign capacity = 100 units per dayActual output = 30 units per dayA. 40%B. 50%

C. 60%D. 80%E. 90%

33 A manager has been given the table shown below and is asked to generate random numbers.Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Range Customers0049 34 35 365079 37 38 3980

99 40

41

42

a. There are no customers in the store 49 percent of the time.b. The probability of having one customer in the store is 0.30.c. The relative frequency of having two customers in the store is 0.80.d. If we randomly choose the numbers 0 through 99 enough times, about 99 percent of the

time we will have two customers in the store.

e. All the above statements may not be as appropriate to the issue.The following table shows the probability of demand for automobiles used in an Excel simulation.

DEMAND PROBABILITY SALES

30 0.20 2631 0.19 3032 0.17 3133 0.15 2234 0.14 3335 0.15 30

34 What is the average number of cars sold each week [ROUND UP THE NUMBER]?


9/23

a. 25b. 30c. 32d. 33e. 29

35 What is the demand on 5th week?a. 35b. 33c. 30d. 35e. 33

36 What is the average weekly demand based on the above chart week [ROUND UP THENUMBER]?

a. 29b. 33c. 26d. 30e. 33


10/23

37 Which of the following is not a goal of supply chain management?A. fewer suppliers and long-term relationshipB. small lot sizesC. on time deliveriesD. lowest possible transportation costs

E. delivery often to the place of use

A design engineer wants to construct a sample mean chart for controlling the service lifeof a halogen headlamp his company produces. He knows from numerous previoussamples that this service life is normally distributed with a mean of 500 hours and astandard deviation of 20 hours. On three recent production batches, he tested service lifeon random samples of four headlamps, with these results: [Answer the followingquestions]

38 What is the sample mean service life for sample 2?A. 460 hoursB. 495 hoursC. 500 hoursD. 515 hoursE. 525 hours

39 What is the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means when service life is incontrol?A. 250 hoursB. 470 hoursC. 495 hoursD. 500 hoursE. 515 hours

40 What is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means forwhenever service life is in control?A. 5 hoursB. 6.67 hours

C. 10 hoursD. 11.55 hoursE. 20 hours


11/23

41 If he uses upper and lower control limits of 520 and 480 hours, what is his risk (alpha) ofconcluding service life is out of control when it is actually under control (Type I error)?A. 0.0026B. 0.0456C. 0.3174

D. 0.6826E. 0.9544

42 If he uses upper and lower control limits of 520 and 480 hours, on what sample(s) (if any)does service life appear to be out of control?A. sample 1B. sample 2C. sample 3D. both samples 2 and 3E. all samples are in control

A Quality Analyst wants to construct a sample mean chart for controlling a packaging process.He knows from past experience that whenever this process is under control, package weight isnormally distributed with a mean of twenty ounces and a standard deviation of two ounces. Eachday last week, he randomly selected four packages and weighed each:

43 What is the sample mean package weight for Thursday?A. 19 ouncesB. 20 ouncesC. 20.6 ouncesD. 21 ouncesE. 23 ounces

44 What is the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means when this process isunder control?A. 18 ouncesB. 19 ounces

C. 20 ouncesD. 21 ouncesE. 22 ounces


12/23

45 What is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means forwhenever this process is under control?A. 0.1 ouncesB. 0.4 ouncesC. 0.5 ounces

D. 1 ounceE. 2 ounces

46 If he uses upper and lower control limits of 22 and 18 ounces, what is his risk (alpha) ofconcluding this process is out of control when it is actually in control (Type I error)?A. 0.0026B. 0.0456C. 0.3174D. 0.6826E. 0.9544

Given the following process control data for a normally distributed quality variable (threesamples of size four each):

47 What is the sample mean for sample #1? #2? #3?a. 14.0; 17.5; 16.5b. 14.5; 17.5; 16.5c. 14.0; 17.0; 16.5d. 14.5; 17.5; 16.0

48 The EOQ model is most relevant for which one of the following?A. ordering items with dependent demand

B. determination of safety stockC. ordering perishable itemsD. determining fixed interval order quantitiesE. determining fixed order quantities


13/23

49 In the basic EOQ model, an annual demand of 40 units, an ordering cost of $5, and aholding cost of $1 per unit per year will result in an EOQ of:A. 20B. square root of 200C. 200

D. 400E. none of these

50 In the basic EOQ model, if D = 60 per month, S = $12, and H = $10 per unit per month,EOQ is:A. 10B. 12C. 24D. 72E. 144

51 In the basic EOQ model, if annual demand is 50, carrying cost is $2, and ordering cost is$15, EOQ is approximately:A. 11B. 20C. 24D. 28E. 375

52 If average demand for an inventory item is 200 units per day, lead time is three days, andsafety stock is 100 units, the reorder point is:A. 100 units

B. 200 unitsC. 300 unitsD. 600 unitsE. 700 units

53 A shop that makes candles offers a scented candle, which has a monthly demand of 360boxes. Candles can be produced at a rate of 36 boxes per day. The shop operates 20 daysa month. Assume that demand is uniform throughout the month. Setup cost is $60 for arun, and holding cost is $2 per box on a monthly basis.Determine the following:The economic run size

a. 200b. 205c. 208


14/23

d. 20954 The maximum inventory will be

A. 100B. 105C. 106D. 104

55 The number of days in a runA. 5.0B. 5.3C. 5.8D.None

56 A dry cleaning firm uses an average of 20 gallons of cleaning fluid a day. Usage tends to benormally distributed with a standard deviation of two gallons per day. Lead time is four days,and the desired service level is 92 percent. What amount of safety stock is appropriate if a fixedorder size of 600 gallons is used?

A. 5.00 gallonsB. 5.64 gallonsC. 6.00 gallonsD. 6.25 gallons

A company can produce a part it uses in an assembly operation at the rate of 50 an hour. The

company operates eight hours a day, 300 days a year. Daily usage of the part is 300 parts. Thecompany uses the part every day. The run size is 6,000 parts. The annual holding cost is $2 perunit, and setup cost is $100. [Answer the following questions]

57 What will be the annual demands?A. 89,000

B. 89,500


15/23

C. 90,000

D. 90,500

58 How many runs per year will there be?a. 16b. 15c. 14d. 17

59 The linear optimization technique for allocating constrained resources among differentproducts is:A. linear regression analysisB. linear disaggregationC. linear decompositionD. linear programmingE. linear tracking analysis

60 28. Which of the following is not a component of the structure of a linear programmingmodel?A. ConstraintsB. Decision variables

C. ParametersD. A goal or objectiveE. Environmental uncertainty

61 Coordinates of all corner points are substituted into the objective function when we usethe approach called:A. Least SquaresB. RegressionC. EnumerationD. Graphical Linear Programming

E. Constraint Assignment

62 Which of the following could not be a linear programming problem constraint?A. 1A + 2B 3

B. 1A + 2B 3C. 1A + 2B = 3

D. 1A + 2B + 3C + 4D 5E. 1 A + 2B


16/23

63 For the products A, B, C and D, which of the following could be a linear programmingobjective function?A. Z = 1A + 2B + 3C + 4DB. Z = 1A + 2BC + 3DC. Z = 1A + 2AB + 3ABC + 4ABCD

D. Z = 1A + 2B/C + 3DE. all of the above

64 The logical approach, from beginning to end, for assembling a linear programming modelbegins with:A. identifying the decision variablesB. identifying the objective functionC. specifying the objective function parametersD. identifying the constraintsE. specifying the constraint parameters

65 Which objective function has the same slope as this one: $4x + $2y = $20?A. $4x + $2y = $10B. $2x + $4y = $20C. $2x - $4y = $20D. $4x - $2y = $20E. $8x + $8y = $20

66 For the constraints given below, which point is in the feasible solution space of thismaximization problem?

A. x = 1, y = 5B. x = -1, y = 1C. x = 4, y = 4D. x = 2, y = 1E. x = 2, y = 8

67 Which of the choices below constitutes a simultaneous solution to these equations?

A. x = 2, y = .5

B. x = 4, y = -.5C. x = 2, y = 1D. x = yE. y = 2x


17/23

68 Which of the choices below constitutes a simultaneous solution to theseequations?A. x = 1, y = 1.5B. x = .5, y = 2

C. x = 0, y = 3D. x = 2, y = 0E. x = 0, y = 0

69 What combination of x and y will yield the optimum for this problem?

A. x = 2, y = 0B. x = 0, y = 0C. x = 0, y = 3D. x = 1, y = 5E. none of the above

70 In graphical linear programming, when the objective function is parallel to one of thebinding constraints, then:A. the solution is sub-optimalB. multiple optimal solutions existC. a single corner point solution exists

D. no feasible solution existsE. the constraint must be changed or eliminated

71 For the constraints given below, which point is in the feasible solution space of thisminimization problem?

A. x = 0.5, y = 5.0B. x = 0.0, y = 4.0

C. x = 2.0, y = 5.0D. x = 1.0, y = 2.0E. x = 2.0, y = 1.0


18/23

72 What combination of x and y will provide a minimum for this problem?

A. x = 0, y = 0B. x = 0, y = 3C. x = 0, y = 5D. x = 1, y = 2.5E. x = 6, y = 0

73 The theoretical limit on the number of decision variables that can be handled by thesimplex method in a single problem is:A. 1B. 2

C. 3D. 4E. unlimited

74 The theoretical limit on the number of constraints that can be handled by the simplexmethod in a single problem is:A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4E. unlimited


19/23

75 A shadow price reflects which of the following in a maximization problem?A. marginal cost of adding additional resourcesB. marginal gain in the objective that would be realized by adding one unit of a resourceC. net gain in the objective that would be realized by adding one unit of a resourceD. marginal gain in the objective that would be realized by subtracting one unit of a

resourceE. expected value of perfect information

76 In linear programming, a non-zero reduced cost is associated with a:A. decision variable in the solutionB. decision variable not in the solutionC. constraint for which there is slackD. constraint for which there is surplusE. constraint for which there is no slack or surplus

77 A constraint that does not form a unique boundary of the feasible solution space is a:A. redundant constraintB. binding constraintC. non-binding constraintD. feasible solution constraintE. constraint that equals zero

78 In linear programming, sensitivity analysis is associated with:(I) objective function coefficient(II) right-hand side values of constraints(III) constraint coefficientA. I and II

B. II and IIIC. I, II and IIID. I and IIIE. none of the above

The production planner for Fine Coffees, Inc. produces two coffee blends: American (A) andBritish (B). Two of his resources are constrained: Columbia beans, of which he can get atmost 300 pounds (4,800 ounces) per week; and Dominican beans, of which he can get atmost 200 pounds (3,200 ounces) per week. Each pound of American blend coffee requires 12ounces of Colombian beans and 4 ounces of Dominican beans, while a pound of Britishblend coffee uses 8 ounces of each type of bean. Profits for the American blend are $2.00 per

pound, and profits for the British blend are $1.00 per pound.

79 What is the objective function?A. $1 A + $2 B = ZB. $12 A + $8 B = ZC. $2 A + $1 B = ZD. $8 A + $12 B = ZE. $4 A + $8 B = Z


20/23

80 What is the Columbia bean constraint?A. 1 A + 2 B 4,800

B. 12 A + 8 B 4,800

C. 2 A + 1 B 4,800

D. 8 A + 12 B 4,800

E. 4 A + 8 B 4,800

81 57. What is the Dominican bean constraint?A. 12A + 8B 4,800

B. 8A + 12B 4,800

C. 4A + 8B 3,200

D. 8A + 4B 3,200

E. 4A + 8B 4,800

The operations manager for the Blue Moon Brewing Co. produces two beers: Lite (L) and Dark(D). Two of his resources are constrained: production time, which is limited to 8 hours (480minutes) per day; and malt extract (one of his ingredients), of which he can get only 675 gallonseach day. To produce a keg of Lite beer requires 2 minutes of time and 5 gallons of malt extract,while each keg of Dark beer needs 4 minutes of time and 3 gallons of malt extract. Profits forLite beer are $3.00 per keg, and profits for Dark beer are $2.00 per keg.


21/23

82 What is the objective function?A. $2 L + $3 D = ZB. $2 L + $4 D = ZC. $3 L + $2 D = ZD. $4 L + $2 D = Z

E. $5 L + $3 D = Z

83 What is the time constraint?A. 2 L + 3 D 480

B. 2 L + 4 D 480

C. 3 L + 2 D 480

D. 4 L + 2 D 480

E. 5 L + 3 D 480

The production planner for a private label soft drink maker is planning the production of twosoft drinks: root beer (R) and sassafras soda (S). Two resources are constrained: production

time (T), of which she has at most 12 hours per day; and carbonated water (W), of which shecan get at most 1500 gallons per day. A case of root beer requires 2 minutes of time and 5gallons of water to produce, while a case of sassafras soda requires 3 minutes of time and 5gallons of water. Profits for the root beer are $6.00 per case, and profits for the sassafras sodaare $4.00 per case.

84 What is the objective function?A. $4 R + $6 S = ZB. $2 R + $3 S = ZC. $6 R + $4 S = ZD. $3 R + $2 S = ZE. $5 R + $5 S = Z

85 What is the production time constraint (in minutes)?A. 2 R + 3 S 720

B. 2 R + 5 S 720

C. 3 R + 2 S 720

D. 3 R + 5 S 720

E. 5 R + 5 S 720

An electronics firm produces two models of pocket calculators: the A-100 (A), which is an

inexpensive four-function calculator, and the B-200 (B), which also features square root andpercent functions. Each model uses one (the same) circuit board, of which there are only2,500 available for this week's production. Also, the company has allocated a maximum of800 hours of assembly time this week for producing these calculators, of which the A-100requires 15 minutes (.25 hours) each, and the B-200 requires 30 minutes (.5 hours) each toproduce. The firm forecasts that it could sell a maximum of 4,000 A-100's this week and amaximum of 1,000 B-200's. Profits for the A-100 are $1.00 each, and profits for the B-200are $4.00 each.


22/23

86 What is the objective function?A. $4.00 A + $1.00 B = ZB. $0.25 A + $1.00 B = ZC. $1.00 A + $4.00 B = ZD. $1.00 A + $1.00 B = Z

E. $0.25 A + $0.50 B = Z

87 What is the assembly time constraint (in hours)?A. 1 A + 1 B 800

B. 0.25 A + 0.5 B 800

C. 0.5 A + 0.25 B 800

D. 1 A + 0.5 B 800

E. 0.25 A + 1 B 800

A local bagel shop produces two products: bagels (B) and croissants (C). Each bagel requires 6ounces of flour, 1 gram of yeast, and 2 tablespoons of sugar. A croissant requires 3 ounces offlour, 1 gram of yeast, and 4 tablespoons of sugar. The company has 6,600 ounces of flour, 1,400grams of yeast, and 4,800 tablespoons of sugar available for today's production run. Bagel profitsare 20 cents each, and croissant profits are 30 cents each.

88 What is the objective function?A. $0.30 B + $0.20 C = ZB. $0.60 B + $0.30 C = ZC. $0.20 B + $0.30 C = ZD. $0.20 B + $0.40 C = Z

E. $0.10 B + $0.10 C = Z

89 What is the sugar constraint (in tablespoons)?A. 6 B + 3 C 4,800

B. 1 B + 1 C 4,800

C. 2 B + 4 C 4,800

D. 4 B + 2 C 4,800

E. 2 B + 3 C 4,800

The owner of Crackers, Inc. produces two kinds of crackers: Deluxe (D) and Classic (C). She hasa limited amount of the three ingredients used to produce these crackers available for her nextproduction run: 4,800 ounces of sugar; 9,600 ounces of flour, and 2,000 ounces of salt. A box ofDeluxe crackers requires 2 ounces of sugar, 6 ounces of flour, and 1 ounce of salt to produce;while a box of Classic crackers requires 3 ounces of sugar, 8 ounces of flour, and 2 ounces ofsalt. Profits for a box of Deluxe crackers are $0.40; and for a box of Classic crackers, $0.50.


23/23

90 What is the objective function?A. $0.50 D + $0.40 C = ZB. $0.20 D + $0.30 C = ZC. $0.40 D + $0.50 C = ZD. $0.10 D + $0.20 C = Z

E. $0.60 D + $0.80 C = Z.

91 What is the constraint for sugar?A. 2 D + 3 C 4,800

B. 6 D + 8 C 4,800

C. 1 D + 2 C 4,800

D. 3 D + 2 C 4,800

E. 4 D + 5 C 4,800

The logistics/operations manager of a mail order house purchases two products for resale: King

Beds (K) and Queen Beds (Q). Each King Bed costs $500 and requires 100 cubic feet of storagespace, and each Queen Bed costs $300 and requires 90 cubic feet of storage space. The managerhas $75,000 to invest in beds this week, and her warehouse has 18,000 cubic feet available forstorage. Profit for each King Bed is $300, and for each Queen Bed is $150.

92 What is the objective function?A. Z = $150K + $300QB. Z = $500K + $300QC. Z = $300K + $150QD. Z = $300K + $500Q

E. Z = $100K + $90Q

93 What is the storage space constraint?A. 200K + 100Q 18,000

B. 200K + 90Q 18,000

C. 300K + 90Q 18,000

D. 500K + 100Q 18,000

E. 100K + 90Q 18,000

study guide

Documents

annual cost of ordering

boxes cost

basic eoq model

order costs

order staples

aholding cost

total cost

ordering items