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Study GuideStudent Edition
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ISBN 0-07-866091-2Printed in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07 06 05 04
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Table of ContentsC
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Chapter 1 The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Chapter 2 Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Chapter 3 Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Chapter 4 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Chapter 5 Work and Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Chapter 6 Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Chapter 7 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Chapter 8 Magnetism and Its Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Chapter 9 Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Chapter 10 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Chapter 11 Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Chapter 13 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Chapter 14 Mirrors and Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Chapter 15 Classification of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Chapter 16 Solids, Liquids, and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Chapter 17 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Chapter 18 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Chapter 19 Elements and Their Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Chapter 20 Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Chapter 21 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Chapter 22 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Chapter 23 Acids, Bases, and Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Chapter 24 Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Chapter 25 New Materials Through Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
The Methods of Science 1
Name Date Class
Directions: Use the word bank to fill in the blanks in the summary paragraphs.
explanations investigation observation scientia
knowledge modified overlap technology
Science comes from a latin word, (1) , which means
(2) . Scientists gather knowledge using (3) and
(4) . Though science is divided into categories, the things scientists study
often (5) .
Scientific (6) are developed and modified over time. Sometimes,
new (7) or observations bring new ideas to light and theories are
(8) .
Directions: List the three main categories of science and what topics each deals with.
Directions: Unscramble the words to fill in the blanks.
12. (stinotigevains) a way that scientists learn new information aboutthe natural world
13. (fictiensic dothem) an organized set of investigation procedures
14. (tennddeep) a type of variable that changes according to changes inother variables
15. (cottanns) something that does not change when other variables inan experiment change
16. (siba) what happens when a scientist expects certain results andviews their experimental data with those expectations, hoping to get a certain result
Study GuideStudy Guide11 The Methods of ScienceC
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1Chapter
Category Topics
9.
10.
11.
1Chapter
2 Standards of Measurement
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide22 Standards of Measurement
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Directions: Complete the table below by supplying the missing information.
Directions: In each of the following, circle the units that would most likely be used to express each kind of measurement. You may circle more than one answer for each term.
9. volume of a solid: mL m3 cm3 L
10. volume of a liquid: mL mg cm3 L
11. density of a material: g g/cm3 kg/m3 L
12. temperature: °K K °C Kg
13. mass: kg K cm3 mg
14. time: kg K s mm
15. length: K km m cm
Directions: For each pair of equations, write the letter of the equation that expresses an equal value.
16. a. 1 L = 1 dm3 b. 1 L = 1 cm3
17. a. 1 mL = 1 cm3 b. 1 cm3 = 1 L
18. a. 0°C = –273 K b. 0 K = −273°C
19. a. 1 kg = 100 g b. 1,000 g = 1 kg
20. a. 400 cm = 4.0 m b. 400 cm = 0.40 m
21. a. 1 dm = 10 m b. 1 dm = 0.10 m
22. a. 100°C = 373 K b. 373 K = 10°C
Directions: Calculate the volume of the box in the diagram.
23.
2 cm
3 cm
1 cm
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2.
Base unitMeasurement Symbol
mass
temperature
second
meter
1Chapter
Communicating with Graphs 3
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide33C
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Directions: Use the graphs below to answer the following questions.
Communicating with Graphs
1. What type of graph is shown in A?
2. What does graph A show?
3. What is the independent variable in graph A?
4. On what axis is the independent variable plotted?
5. On what axis is the dependent variable plotted?
6. What type of graph is graph B?
7. What information is shown in graph B?
8. What element makes up the largest part of living things?
9. What type of graph is graph C?
10. What information is shown on graph C?
11. What is the most common height for students in Sarah’s class?
Graph CGraph A
Graph B
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Describing Motion 5
Name Date Class
Directions: Fill in the chart with information from the chapter.
Directions: List three ways that the velocity of a car can change.
7.
8.
9.
Directions: Explain how the velocity of an object could change while its speed stayed the same.
10.
Directions: Explain the meaning of a changing slope on a distance-time graph.
11.
Directions: List three different units for speed. For each unit, give an example of a moving object forwhich the unit would be convenient and list the units on the x-axis and y-axis of a distance-time graph.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Describing Motion2
Chapter
Definition Does it Depend Formula to Calculateon Direction? (if there is one)
1. distance
2. displacement
3. average speed
4. instantaneous speed
5. velocity
6. reference point for relative motion
Speed with Units Moving Object x-axis Unit y-axis Unit
12.
13.
14.
2Chapter
6 Acceleration
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Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide22 Acceleration
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is acceleration?
2. When is an object accelerating?
3. What is the difference between positive and negative acceleration?
4. State in words how acceleration is calculated.
5. Give two ways the unit for acceleration can be written.
6. What does the slope of a velocity-time graph indicate?
7. An inline skater traveling in a straight line goes from 3 m/s to 9 m/s in 3 s. What is the acceleration?
Directions: On the lines provided, indicate what kind of acceleration is shown in the following graphs.
Time
Velo
city
Time
Velo
city
Time
Velo
city
8. 9. 10.
8.
9.
10.
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Motion and Forces 7
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide33 Motion and Forces
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. Define force.
2. List three forces being exerted as you complete this Reinforcement exercise.
3. You push on the side of a toy truck rolling along the floor. What will happen to the motion ofthe truck?
4. What term refers to the sum of all of the forces acting on an object?
5. If the net force on an object is zero, what do you know about all of the forces acting on the object?
6. When several people are pushing on a large rock and it starts to roll, what do you know aboutthe forces acting on the rock?
7. What is inertia?
8. What causes a change in velocity?
9. What determines the amount of inertia an object has?
10. State Newton’s first law of motion.
3Chapter
Newton’s Second Law 9
Name Date Class
Directions: Write the formula to find acceleration when force and mass are known.
1.
Directions: Write the formula to find force when mass and acceleration are known.
2.
Directions: List the two factors that affect the amount of friction between two surfaces.
3.
Directions: Compare static friction, sliding friction, rolling friction, and air resistance in the chart.
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
air resistance microwelds parachute acceleration
net force rolling sliding
8. the combination of all forces acting on an object
9. sticking points between two surfaces that cause friction
10. type of friction that enables a car to move
11. a factor that determines terminal velocity
12. something determined by the net force on an object and its mass
13. type of friction between brake pads and a rotating bicycle wheel
14. a device to reduce terminal velocity
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Newton’s Second Law
Type of Friction Definition What it Does
4. static
5. sliding
6. rolling
7. air resistance
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10 Gravity
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide22 Gravity
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Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is gravity?2. What are two things that the amount of gravitational force between two objects depends on?
3. Why does Earth exert a stronger gravitational force than the Moon?
4. If an object weighs 40 N on Earth, would it weigh more than 40 N on the Moon? Explain.
Directions: Use the diagrams below to complete the following questions.
Dry road
A
Icy road
B
5. What is the centripetal force that allows a car to move around a sharp curve in a roadway?
6. Draw an arrow on the bottom diagram to show the movement of the car if the centripetal forceof the road and car is not enough to overcome the car’s inertia when it reaches point B.
7. Explain how you know the car is accelerating when it reaches point A in the first diagram.
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The Third Law of Motion 11
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide33 The Third Law of MotionC
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Directions: Use the illustrations to answer the following questions.
1. Draw an arrow on Figure A to show the direction the cannon will move when the cannonball is fired.
2. Draw arrows on Figure B to show the direction the oars must move to propel the boat forward.
3. Does the arrow you drew on Figure A represent an action force or a reaction force?
4. Do the arrows you drew on Figure B represent an action force or a reaction force?
5. If the force that propels the cannonball forward is 500 N, how much force will move the cannon
backward? Explain.
Directions: Solve the following problems.
6. What is the momentum of a 2-kg toy truck that moves at 10 m/s?
7. What is the momentum of a 2000-kg truck that moves at 10 m/s?
8. Which truck has more momentum? Why?
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Name Date Class
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
chemical gravitational kinetic potential
energy height mass speed
elastic joule natural gas
1. the ability to cause change, or something that can change form as itis transferred
2. the kind of energy an object has due to position
3. the kind of energy an object has because of its motion
4. the kind of potential energy an object above Earth’s surface has
5. a factor that affects kinetic energy but not gravitational potential energy
6. the kind of energy that is stored in chemical bonds
7. a factor that affects gravitational potential energy
8. a second factor that affects gravitational potential energy
9. the SI unit of energy
10. something that burns to produce carbon dioxide and water
11. the kind of potential energy that is stored in something that can stretch
Directions: Write the formula to calculate kinetic energy and name each variable.
12.
Directions: Write the formula to calculate gravitational potential energy and name each variable.
13.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 The Nature of Energy
The Nature of Energy 13
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14 Conservation of Energy
Name Date Class
Conservation of Energy
Directions: In each of the following situations, energy is changed from one form to another. Study each situation and identify the energy transformations in the space provided.
1. An electric blanket warms a bed on a chilly night.
2. A rock in Death Valley, California, becomes hot during a summer afternoon.
3. A deputy sheriff rides a horse while directing traffic.
4. A chandelier brightens a ballroom after a waiter moves a switch.
5. A swallow sitting on a fence sings a song for anyone who will listen.
6. A jet plane rapidly accelerates on the runway.
7. A walnut falls to the ground from a lofty branch on a walnut tree.
8. A placekicker sends a football through the uprights of a goalpost.
9. A base runner slides safely into third base.
10. A nuclear powered submarine transports its crew from New Orleans to Mobile.
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Name Date Class
1. Directions: Explain what two conditions have to be satisfied for work to be done on an object and give an example of work being done and an example of work not being done.
Directions: Write formulas to fill in the following chart.
Directions: Decide what each situation describes and write the term in the blank. You may useterms from the bank more than once or not at all. One phrase is described by two terms.
distance energy force power work
5. a horse runs 180 m
6. a 1600 W generator ran the motorhome
7. a coffee maker used 850 J of energy for 8 minutes
8. a dog pushed his food bowl across the room with his nose
9. measured in newtons
10. measured in joules
11. measured in watts
12. a baseball is lifted 0.7 m
13. the rate at which work is done
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Work
Work 15
Write a Formula When Data are Given for: Formulato Calculate:
2. Work applied force and distance over which force is applied
3. Power work done and time required to do work
4. Power energy used and time required to transfer energy
5Chapter
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16 Using Machines
Name Date Class
Using Machines
Directions: In the space provided, define and express the term or equation for each of the following.
1. effort force
2. resistance force
3. mechanical advantage
4. efficiency
Directions: Use the information above to solve the following problem.5. A carpenter uses a crowbar to remove the top of a box. The top has a resistance of 500 N. The
carpenter applies an effort force of 250 N. What is the mechanical advantage of the crowbar?
Directions: Answer the following questions with complete sentences.6. What are two ways that machines make work easier?
7. How does a crowbar used to remove the top of a box change the direction of the force?
8. What is ideal mechanical advantage?
Reinforcement22 Study Guide22 5Chapter
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Simple Machines 17
Name Date Class
Reinforcement33 Study Guide33Directions: Match each simple machine in Column II to its description in Column I. Write the letter of the simplemachine in the blank at the left.
Column I
1. bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point
2. an inclined plane with one or two sloping slides
3. grooved wheel with a rope running along the groove
4. two wheels of different sizes that rotate together
5. sloping surface used to raise objects
6. two wheels of different sizes with interlocking teeth along their circumferences
7. inclined plane wrapped in a spiral around a cylindrical post
Simple Machines
Column II
a. wheel and axle
b. inclined plane
c. gear
d. lever
e. wedge
f. pulley
g. screw
Directions: Classify each type of simple machine as either a lever or an inclined plane by writing its name in theproper column of the table.
Directions: Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage for each of the following.10. A mover uses a ramp to push a stereo into the moving van. The ramp is 3 meters long and
1.5 meters high. What is the ideal mechanical advantage of this ramp?
11. A painter uses a fixed pulley to raise a 1-kg can of paint a distance of 10 m.
12. A screwdriver with a 1-cm shaft and a 4-cm handle is used to tighten a screw.
8. Levers 9. Inclined planes
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Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to complete the summary statements.
collisions heat temperature
cooler kinetic energy thermal energy
faster potential energy warmer
As the (1) of an object increases, the particles in the object move
(2) . As a result the average (3) of the particles
increases. The sum of the kinetic energy and the (4) of the particles in
an object is the (5) of the object. When a substance at a higher tempera-
ture comes in contact with a substance at a lower temperature, (6)
between the particles in the two substances cause thermal energy to move from the
(7) object to the (8) object. Thermal
energy that flows due to a difference in temperature is (9) .
Directions: Explain steps and measurements to be made when using a calorimeter to measure thespecific heat of a material.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Temperature and Heat
Temperature and Heat 19
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20 Transferring Thermal Energy
Name Date Class
Transferring Thermal Energy
Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.
1. Materials that are poor conductors are poor insulators.
2. The transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of its particlesis convection.
3. The transfer of energy in the form of invisible waves is conduction.
4. Solids usually conduct heat better than liquids and gases.
5. The R-value of insulation indicates its resistance to heat flow.
6. Air is a poor heat conductor.
7. Wind and ocean currents are examples of conduction currents.
8. Energy is usually transferred in fluids by radiation.
9. As water is heated, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises.
10. Dark-colored materials absorb less radiant energy than light-coloredmaterials.
11. Only radiant energy that is reflected is changed to thermal energy.
12. The higher the R-value of insulation the less resistant it is to heat flow.
Directions: Circle the object in each pair that will take in more heat. In the blank, explain why that object willtake in more heat.
13. a silver spoon
a wooden log
14. a white shirt
a red shirt
15. foil in the sunlight
a sidewalk in the sunlight
16. single-pane window
double-pane window
17. R-5 insulation
R-35 insulation
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Using Heat 21
Name Date Class
Study Guide33Directions: Answer the following questions about the heating system represented in the flowchart.
Using Heat
1. Is the system in the flowchart a hot-water system or a steam-heating system?
2. How does the furnace get the energy needed to heat the water?
3. Is the furnace an internal or external combustion engine?
4. How is the thermal energy produced by the furnace transferred to the water?
5. Why do the pipes carrying the steam to the radiator need to be insulated?
6. How is the thermal energy from the steam transferred to the radiator?
7. How is the thermal energy of the radiator transferred to the surrounding air?
8. What happens to the steam as it gives up thermal energy inside the radiator?
9. How is heat from the air surrounding the radiator transferred to the air in the rest of the room?
A. Furnace heats water to a boil.
B. Steam provided by boiling water travels through pipes to a radiator.
C. Steam cools inside radiator and condenses to water.
D. Thermal energy of heated radiator heats air in room.
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Name Date Class
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks in the summary paragraphs.
When an atom gains electrons, it becomes (1) (yvenagltie) charged.
When an atom loses electrons, it becomes (2) (lsoipyviet) charged. The
law of conservation of charge states that charge can not be (3) (dracete)
or (4) (reddeosty), only transferred from object to object. Objects with
equal amounts of positive and negative charge are said to be electrically
(5) (traulen). Some objects hold (6)
(neetlorcs) more tightly than others, so when two different objects, such as carpet and
shoes, are rubbed together, the electrons are (7) (serfarntred)
from one to the other. An accumulation of excess charge on an object is called
(8) (tastci leecrtcyii).
Directions: Match the terms from the box with the correct phrases below.
amount of charge distance grounding
charging by induction electric field insulator
conductor electric force lightning
9. a factor that the force between charges depends on
10. another factor that the force between charges depends on
11. something that surrounds every electric charge
12. a material in which electrons cannot move easily
13. a material in which electrons can move easily
14. something charged objects exert on each other
15. using Earth as a conductor to avoid lightning damage
16. rearrangement of electrons on a neutral object by a nearby chargedobject
17. a massive static discharge between a storm cloud and the ground
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Electric Charge
Electric Charge 23
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24 Electric Current
Name Date Class
Electric Current
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that makes each statement true.
1. A negatively charged object has (more, fewer) electrons than an object that is neutral.
2. Electrons flow from areas of (higher, lower) voltage to areas of (higher, lower) voltage.
3. Voltage difference is measured in (amperes, volts).
4. Electrons passing through a lamp (gain, lose) some voltage as they light the lamp.
5. Voltage (varies, is the same) in all parts of a series circuit.
6. The current in a circuit is measured in (volts, amperes).
7. Current is almost always the flow of (electrons, protons)
8. When a dry cell is connected in a series, the flow of electrons moves from the
(positive, negative) terminal to the (positive, negative) terminal.
9. In a dry cell, the carbon rod releases electrons and becomes the (positive, negative) terminal.
10. The voltage difference between the two holes in a wall socket is (12 volts, 120 volts).
11. A car battery is an example of a (dry, wet) cell.
12. Resistance is measured in (ohms, volts).
13. Copper has a (higher, lower) resistance to electron flow than tungsten.
14. According to Ohm’s law, (I = V/R, V = I/R)
15. The symbol for ohm is (Ω, °).
16. In the equation I = V/R, I is expressed in (ohms, amperes).
17. In the equation I = V/R, V is expressed in (volts, ohms).
18. The (+, –) terminal of a dry cell identifies the location of the carbon rod.
19. A wire with a resistance of 3Ω has a (greater, lesser) resistance to electron flow than a wirewith a resistance of 5Ω.
20. If two copper wires are the same length, but different thicknesses, the (thinner, thicker) wirehas greater resistance.
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Electrical Energy 25
Name Date Class
Directions: Use the terms and statements below to complete the table.
rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy
The current has only one loop to flow through.
kilowatt parallel circuit series circuit
watt insulation to melt a fire
The current has more than one branch.
kW fuses circuit breakers
W Power = current × voltage difference P = I × V
Electrical EnergyStudy Guide33
Important Facts About Electric Circuits1. There are two types of electric circuits.
Two types of circuits:a.
b.
Definitions of these circuits:
c.
d.
2. A household circuit can contain many appliances.
Too many appliances can cause:a.
b.
For protection, household circuitsc.
contain: d.
3. The electrical power of a circuit can be measured.
Definition of electrical power: a.
Unit of electrical power:
b. Name:
c. Abbreviation:
d. Term for 1,000 units:
e. Abbreviation for 1,000 units:
Determining the electrical f. Expression:power of a circuit: g. Formula:
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Name Date Class
Directions: You have two bar magnets. Describe or draw different arrangements of the two magnetsto make the magnets behave as described.
Directions: Describe the magnetic field of Earth by filling in the blanks.
5. where the magnetic north pole can be found:
6. how have switches in the location of the Earth’s magnetic poles been determined:
7. what produces Earth’s magnetic field:
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in the summary paragraph below.
away north south strong toward
Magnetic field lines begin at a magnet’s (8) pole and end at the
(9) pole. Field lines that curve (10) each other
show attraction. Field lines that curve (11) from each other show
repulsion. Where the magnetic field is (12) , the lines will be closer together.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Magnetism
Magnetism 27
What the Magnets Will Do Diagram or Description
1. repel, end on
2. repel, end on
3. attract, end on
4. attract, end on
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28 Electricity and Magnetism
Name Date Class
Electricity and Magnetism
Directions: Circle the term or phrase in parentheses that correctly completes the sentence.
1. When a current is passed through a coil of wire with a piece of iron inside, (an electromagnet,
a commutator) is formed.
2. An electromagnet is a (permanent, temporary) magnet.
3. Adding more turns to the wire coil (increases, decreases) the strength of an electromagnet.
4. Increasing the amount of current that flows through a wire (increases, decreases) the strengthof an electromagnet.
5. Electromagnets change electrical energy into (chemical, mechanical) energy.
6. An instrument that is used to detect current is (an electromagnet, a galvanometer).
7. An electric motor changes (chemical, electrical) energy into mechanical energy.
8. Like a galvanometer, an electric motor contains (a switch, an electromagnet) that is free to
rotate between the poles of a permanent, fixed magnet.
9. A coil’s magnetic field can be flipped by (reversing the direction of current, increasing the
number of loops) in the coil.
10. In a motor, a reversing switch that rotates with an electromagnet is called a (voltmeter,
commutator).
11. In a motor, the stronger the magnetic field in the coil, the (weaker, stronger) the forcebetween the permanent magnet and the electromagnet.
12. The speed of an electric motor can be controlled by varying the amount of (electric current,
mechanical energy) to the motor.
13. Name three devices you see or use everyday that make use of the relationship between electricity and magnetism to operate.
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Producing Electric Current 29
Name Date Class
Directions: Study the following diagram. Then label the parts using the correct terms from the list.
electromagnet source of mechanical energy permanent magnet
4. Is this a diagram of a generator or a motor?
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that makes each statement true.
5. When the wire loop of a (motor, generator) turns, an electric current is produced.
6. The current produced by a generator is (direct, alternating) current.
7. A motor (uses, creates) an electric current as it turns.
8. A device that increases or decreases voltage of electric current passing through a power line is
a (transformer, motor).
9. If the secondary coil of a transformer has more turns than the primary coil, the transformer
is a (step-up, step-down) transformer.
Directions: In the space below, draw a sketch of a step-down transformer that has half as many coils in the secondary coil as in its primary coil. Label the two coils.
10.
Producing Electric CurrentStudy Guide33
Fossil Fuels 31
Name Date Class
Directions: Arrange the sources of energy in the United States in order from least to greatest, and listthe percentage of energy that each source supplies.
Directions: Explain why the cost of fossil fuels might become more expensive in the future.
7.
Directions: List two advantages of burning natural gas to provide energy, compared to burning coalor oil.
8.
9.
Directions: List two disadvantages of burning coal, oil, or natural gas to provide energy.
10.
11.
Directions: Find words or phrases in the chapter to match these descriptions.
12. the law of conservation of energy
13. an example of a form of energy that is not useful
14. what it means to use energy
15. a source of energy that contains more energy per kilogram than coal or petroleum and pro-vides about 25% of the energy consumed in the U. S. A.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Fossil FuelsC
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Least Greatest
32 Nuclear Energy
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide22 Nuclear Energy
1. Place the following events describing the production of electrical energy from a nuclear fis-sion reactor in the correct order. Write the numbers 1 (first) through 7 (last) in the spacesprovided.
______ a. Steam produced by boiling water causes the blades of a turbine to rotate.
______ b. A neutron bombards a uranium-235 isotope.
______ c. Thermal energy released by the reaction is added to water.
______ d. Electricity from the generator is carried to the community through wires.
______ e. A uranium-235 atom splits, producing two atoms with smaller nuclei, three neu-trons, and thermal energy.
______ f. The mechanical energy of the rotating turbine blades is transferred to an electric generator.
______ g. Superheated water passes through a heat exchanger, where the thermal energyreleased boils a separate system of water to produce steam.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.2. How does using nuclear energy harm the environment?
3. How is using nuclear energy less harmful to the environment than using fossil fuels?
4. How does the half-life of a radioactive waste affect the type of container in which the wastewill be stored?
5. Why is nuclear fusion not currently used as an energy source on Earth?
6. How do the products of a fusion reaction differ from the products of a fission reaction?
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9Chapter
Renewable Energy Sources 33
Name Date Class
Directions: Provide the information requested for each alternative energy source listed.1. Solar energy
a. What is solar energy?
b. What is a photovoltaic cell?
2. Hydroelectricitya. What is hydroelectricity?
b. What is one economic advantage to hydroelectricity?
3. Tidal energya. What is tidal energy?
b. Why is tidal energy a limited source of energy?
4. Wind energya. What device is used to harness the energy in wind and convert it into electricity?
b. Why is the wind an energy source with limited uses?
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The Nature of Waves 35
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide11 The Nature of Waves
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
air energy medium vibrates
compressional light sound water wave
earthquake mechanical transverse wave
1. a type of wave that travels only in matter
2. the medium in which sound waves that you hear travel
3. all waves are produced by something that does this
4. all waves carry this
5. repeating disturbance or movement that transfers energy throughmatter or space
6. a type of compressional wave made by a violin
7. a material in which a wave travels
8. a type of transverse wave
9. a type of wave where the matter in the medium moves at rightangles to the direction that the wave travels
10. a type of mechanical disturbance that combines transverse andcompressional waves
11. a type of wave where the matter in the medium moves back andforth along the same direction that the wave travels
12. a type of electromagnetic wave
Directions: Explain how a water wave moves in water.
13.
Directions: Explain how ripples are formed, turn into whitecaps, and become swells on the ocean.
14.
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36 Wave Properties
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide22 Wave Properties
Directions: Study Figure 1, then identify each part by filling in the blanks below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.5. List three characteristics of a wave that you can measure.
6. What is meant by the frequency of a wave? What is the unit?
7. If the frequency of a given wave increases, what happens to the wavelength?
Directions: Fill out the following table by describing how to measure each of the quantities for the two types of waves.
1.
2.3.
4.
10. What is the velocity of a wave with a frequency of 6 Hz and a wavelength of 2 m?
Figure 1
Wave Wavelength Amplitude
8. transverse
9. compressional
The Behavior of Waves 37
Name Date Class
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Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. How is an echo produced?
2. When light is reflected, how are the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection related?
3. Compare and contrast refraction and diffraction.
4. What happens to the direction of a light wave when it passes from a less dense medium suchas air into a more dense medium such as glass?
5. Why does a tree in the path of sunlight create a shadow instead of the light spreading aroundthe tree?
6. What happens when two waves approach and pass each other?
7. When is a standing wave produced?
The Nature of Sound 39
Name Date Class
1. Directions: Explain how a speaker creates compressional sound waves.
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the summary sentence blanks.
atmosphere compressions molecules more slowly solids
at the same speed faster Moon rarefactions temperature
Sound waves cannot travel on the (2) because there is no
(3) and sound needs a material in which to move. Sound is a
compressional wave that contains (4) , where matter in the medium
is most dense, and (5) , where matter is the least dense. Sound
travels (6) in liquids than in gases, and even faster in
(7) . This is because the (8) are closer together
in liquids and solids than gases, so they transmit energy more quickly.
Loud sounds travel (9) as soft sounds. However, sound waves in
cold weather travel (10) than they do in hot weather. This is because the
molecules of air move faster at a higher (11) .
Directions: Unscramble the terms to match the phrases.
12. (het route era) the part of your ear where sound waves are gath-ered, made up of the visible part of your ear, the ear canal, and the eardrum
13. (amurder) a membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves
14. (dedlim rea) the part of the ear that receives vibrations from theeardrum and multiplies the force and pressure of the sound wave; it contains the stirrup, theanvil, and the hammer.
15. (locache) a spiral-shaped structure that is filled with liquid andcontains tiny hair cells that turn vibrations into nerve impulses; this is the part that is usu-ally damaged when someone has hearing problems.
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40 Properties of Sound
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide22 Properties of Sound
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What indicates the amplitude of a compressional wave?
2. Compare and contrast loudness and intensity.
3. How are loudness and intensity related to the amplitude and energy of a sound wave? Whatis the unit of intensity?
4. Describe how ultrasound and infrasound differ from normal sound, and give an example ofeach.
5. What happens to the sound of a train whistle as the train approaches and then passes you?Why?
6. What does a hertz measure?
7. What is the abbreviation for hertz?
8. What do decibels measure?
9. What is the abbreviation for decibels?
10. What is the frequency of a wave?
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11Chapter
Music 41
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Directions: Combine the word parts below to form the answers to the clues below. Work carefully. A space hasbeen left between each word part to help you. Place one letter on each blank, and be sure the number of letters ineach word part matches the number of blanks. Cross out each word part as you use it. The first definition hasbeen started for you to use as an example.
and cy men o quen strings ty
beat da mu o res tal ver
bra fre na o res tion vi
brass fun nance per sic tones winds
cus li noise qua sion tor wood
1. effect produced when a musical instrument vibrates ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
2. rely on vibration of air to make music (3 words)
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. rise and fall in sound intensity ___ ___ ___ ___
4. causes music and noise ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. sound that has random patterns and pitches ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6. describes the difference between two sounds having the same pitch and loudness ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
7. violins, guitars, and harps ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
8. main tone produced when an entire string vibrates up and down (2 words)
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
9. sounds that deliberately follow a regular pattern ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
10. drums and xylophone ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
11. produced by vibrations that are multiples of the fundamental frequency ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. hollow chamber that amplifies sound when the air in it vibrates ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
Music
r e s o
42 Using Sound
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide44 Using Sound
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What is acoustics?
2. Why would reverberation be a problem when using a gym for a concert?
3. What would an acoustical engineer consider when designing a concert hall? How could reverberation be reduced?
4. Describe echolocation and tell how bats use it to locate food.
5. What is sonar?
6. Explain how ultrasound is used to produce images of internal structures in the body.
7. When is it better to use ultrasound and when is it better to use X rays for detecting medicalproblems?
8. Why might ultrasound be a treatment of choice over surgery for kidney stones?
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11Chapter
What are electromagnetic waves? 43
Name Date Class
Directions: List three ways when you could use electromagnetic waves at home.
1.
2.
3.
Directions: List four similarities between sound and water waves.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the summary sentence blanks.
Electromagnetic waves are different from sound and water waves because they can travel
in (8) (eacsp) as well as (9) (tramet).
Electromagnetic waves are made of vibrating (10) (tricleec) and
(11) (ginetamc) fields. Both of these fields surround an electric
(12) (grache) that is (13) (ngivmo). The vibrat-
ing electric field around a vibrating charge produces a vibrating magnetic field and the vibrating
magnetic field produces a vibrating electric field. As a result, these fields continually
(14) (eeactr) each other. These fields are always
(15) (reepraplicdun) to each other and travel
(16) (wotdaur) from the vibrating charge. Because they vibrate at right
angles to the (17) (notidreci) that the wave travels, electromagnetic
waves are (18) (seervrtnsa) waves. An electromagnetic wave carries
(19) (trainda) energy. All objects emit electromagnetic waves because
they contain electric charges that are always in (20) (ntmioo).
Electromagnetic waves sometimes behave as (21) (sleipcrat) called
(22) (toonsph).
Study GuideStudy Guide11 What are electromagneticwaves?
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44 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide22 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
1. Arrange the following types of waves from lowest to highest frequency with 1 being the lowestand 7 being the highest.
a. microwaves
b. visible light
c. gamma rays
d. radio waves
e. infrared waves
f. X rays
g. ultraviolet waves
Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.
2. The range of frequencies in which electromagnetic waves occur is called the ______.a. radar c. UVB raysb. electromagnetic spectrum d. visible light
3. Radio waves make ______ vibrate.a. electrons c. light particlesb. molecules d. photons
4. ______ are used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging to map body tissues..a. X rays c. infrared wavesb. radio waves d. ultraviolet waves
5. ______ are absorbed by the ozone layer.a. infrared waves c. radio wavesb. gamma rays d. ultraviolet waves
6. Radio waves with wavelengths of less than 1 m are called ______.a. gamma rays c. infrared lightb. X rays d. microwaves
7. Warmth that you feel from a fire is transmitted to you by ______.a. infrared waves c. MRIb. ultraviolet rays d. radio waves
8. The range of electromagnetic waves that you can detect with your eyes is ______.a. infrared waves c. microwavesb. visible light d. X rays C
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Radio Communication 45
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A
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Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. Trace a radio broadcast from the radio station transmitter to your ear.
2. What is a carrier wave and how does it affect what you hear on the radio?
3. Compare and contrast AM and FM radio transmission.
Radio Communication
4. In the figure above, name the parts of a cathode-ray tube indicated and give the use of each part.
A.
B.
C.
5. Cell phones and cordless phones are transceivers. What does this mean?
6. Describe G.P.S. and give two uses for it.
7. Why is satellite telephone service best for one-way communication?
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The Behavior of Light 47
Name Date Class
Directions: Fill in the blanks in front of the phrases below with the correct term from the term bank.
incidence prism translucent
normal reflection transparent
opaque refraction violet
1. the angle between the normal to a surface and an incoming light ray
2. an object that transmits almost all of the light that strikes it
3. a device that separates white light into different wavelengths
4. an object that transmits some light but blurs images
5. the angle between the normal to a surface and a reflected light ray
6. an object that absorbs and reflects, but does not transmit, light
7. the color of light waves with the shortest wavelengths
8. a line perpendicular to a reflecting surface
9. what occurs when light changes speed as it passes from onemedium to another.
Directions: Unscramble these four terms to fill in the blanks to explain how a mirage is formed.
gemia traferacino iseedints ecolor
A mirage is an (10) of a distant object produced by the
(11) of light through layers of air of different (12) .
This occurs when the air at ground level is much warmer or cooler than the air above it. Light waves
travel slower in (13) , denser air, so they refract as they pass through air lay-
ers of different temperatures.
Directions: Use the law of reflection to explain why rough surfaces produce diffuse image reflections.
14.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 The Behavior of Light13
Chapter
13Chapter
48 Light and Color
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Light and Color
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.
1
5
7
9
10
8
11
2
3 4
6
Across
3. Soak up, for example, light rays
5. Colored material that absorbs some colors but reflects others
7. Color that results from mixing red and yellow pigments
9. Primary light colors are this type
11. Primary pigments are this type
Down
1. Light produced by mixing all colors of the visible spectrum
2. Colors that can be mixed to produce any other colors
4. Color of an object that absorbs all light
6. Nerve cells you use to distinguish colors
8. Type of nerve cells on retina that allow you to see dim light
10. The color you see if you are looking at light that has no red or blue
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Producing Light 49
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide33 Producing Light
Directions: Write a paragraph about lighting. Use the words listed below in your paragraph.
light bulb incandescent light fluorescent light
tungsten heat filament phosphorus
coating light efficiency
1.
Directions: Observe incandescent and fluorescent lights in your home, in your school, and in a store or office.2. Where is each type of light more likely to be used?
3. Compare and contrast the color and general appearance of fluorescent and incandescent lights.
4. Why do you think the types of lights were chosen for use in the places that you observed?
13Chapter
50 Using Light
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Study GuideStudy Guide44 Using Light
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. Why are polarized sunglasses popular among people who like to fish?
2. When at the grocery store, you should never look into the beams of light in the scanner at thecheckout lane. Why not?
3. Why are optical fibers often called light pipes?
4. Which pair of lenses would be best suited for automobile drivers? (The direction of polarizationis shown by the straight lines.) Explain.
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Mirrors 51
Name Date Class
Directions: Use the terms from the term bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
concave enlarged light ray plane mirror shaving mirror
convex focal length light source real image virtual image
diverge focal point optical axis
1. a narrow beam of light that travels in a straight line
2. an imaginary straight line drawn perpendicular to a concave mirrorat its center
3. something that emits light rays
4. a mirror whose surface curves inward
5. a flat reflecting surface
6. every light ray traveling parallel to the optical axis will be reflectedthrough this point
7. image formed by a concave mirror for an object closer than onefocal length
8. what light rays reflected from a convex mirror do
9. a type of mirror that always makes an upright virtual image that issmaller than the object
10. an image formed by the convergence of light rays
11. distance from the center of the mirror to the focal point
12. an image that no light rays pass through
Directions: Make a diagram to show how light rays parallel to the optical axis reflect from a concavemirror through the focal point.
13.
Directions: List three devices that use concave mirrors.
14.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Mirrors14
Chapter
14Chapter
52 Lenses
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Lenses
Directions: On the line at the left, write the term that correctly completes each statement.
1. A type of lens used to correct nearsighted vision is a ______ lens.
2. All lenses have a special property. This property is the ability to______ light.
3. A magnifying glass is an example of a ______ lens.
4. With normal vision, the image of an object should focus on thepart of the eye called the ______.
5. When images form ______ the retina, convex lenses are neededto converge incoming rays before they enter the eye.
6. Nearsighted vision is the result of the images of objects being focused in front of the retina.
Draw the type of lens in front of the eye below that would be used to correct nearsightedvision. Draw a ray diagram to show how this type of lens corrects nearsighted vision.
Retina
Iris
Cornea
Light fromdistant object
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Optical Instruments 53
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Study GuideStudy Guide33 Optical Instruments
1. You are going to assemble a refracting telescope, a reflecting telescope, and a microscope.Which lenses or mirrors will you put in each instrument? Write your answer in the table, usingthe lenses or mirrors from the list below. Each can be used more than once if needed.
concave mirror convex lens plane mirror
2. Label the parts of this camera using the following terms: aperture, film, lens, and shutter.
3. Write a paragraph describing the Hubble Space Telescope. Use these terms in your paragraph.
solar panels orbit images ultraviolet
NASA telescope mirrors atmosphere
a. Refracting telescope b. Reflecting telescope c. Microscope
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Composition of Matter 55
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Directions: Match the terms in the term bank to the phrases below.
atom element lead solution
chlorine fog mixture substance
colloid heterogeneous sodium titanium
compound homogeneous soft drink tungsten
1. a material made up of two or more substances that can be easilyseparated by physical methods
2. a substance in which the atoms of two or more elements are com-bined in a fixed proportion
3. an element used to reduce radiation exposure while taking X rays
4. a type of matter with fixed composition, such as an element orcompound
5. a mixture where the particles are so small they cannot be seen witha microscope, and will not settle to the bottom of the mixture
6. a mixture that is homogeneous when the can that holds it is closed,and a heterogeneous mixture of gas and a solution when the can is opened
7. a type of mixture that contains particles blended evenly through-out, so you cannot see more than one part
8. a very strong, lightweight metal, used in body implants
9. a greenish-yellow poisonous gas that can react to produce table salt
10. a silvery metal that can react to produce table salt
11. granite, concrete, and soup mixes are examples of this type of mix-ture where you can clearly see different materials
12. the element with the highest melting point; soft enough to draw intoa light bulb filament, or be combined with steel to be extremely durable
Directions: Explain how the Tyndall effect can help you tell the difference between a solutionand acolloid.
13.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Composition of Matter15
Chapter
15Chapter
56 Properties of Matter
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Properties of Matter
Directions: Below are two sets of words. Complete the second set by choosing a word from those listed belowthe blank. The two words must be related in the same way as the first set of words.
EXAMPLEletter:envelope::pillow: ____________case_________
case, sheet, soft, bed
1. steam:water::water: ________________________heat, molecules, ice, matter
2. physical:chemical::size: ________________________burning, taste, solubility, acid
3. chemical:rust::physical: ________________________compound, condensation, solid, change
4. physical:density::chemical: ________________________size, melting, combustible, ice
5. solid:steel::gaseous: ________________________coal, air, water, gasoline
6. burning:candle::rust: ________________________vaporization, physical property, iron, mixture
7. smell:rotten eggs::heat and light: ________________________burning logs, mountains, river deltas, ice water
8. gold:gold leaf::copper: ________________________ice, wire, mass, rust
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.9. What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?
10. Name some physical properties.
11. Explain how a pile of ashes has the same mass as the original log before it was burned. Whatis the law that defines this (assuming a completely dry log and no combustable productsescaped in the air) called?
12. Have you ever created a physical change? A chemical? Explain.
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Kinetic Theory 57
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Directions: List the three assumptions of kinetic theory.
1.
2.
3.
Directions: Define each phenomenon from the chapter, and describe what the particles do to causethat phenomenon. You may sketch what the particles are doing, if you wish.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Kinetic Theory16
Chapter
Phenomenon Definition Descriptions and Diagrams of what the Molecules are Doing, Additional Notes
4. Thermal Energy
4a. Kinetic Energy
4b. Potential Energy
5. Average Kinetic Energy
6. Solid State
7. Melting Point
7a. Heat of Fusion
8. Liquids Flow
9. Gas State
9a. Evaporation
10. Boiling Point
10a. Heat of Vaporization
11. Diffusion
12. Plasma State
13. Thermal Expansion
14. Water’s Strange Expansion
15. Melting Amorphous Solids
58 Properties of Fluids
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Properties of Fluids
Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,write true in the blank. If the statement is incorrect, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.
1. A fluid is a liquid or a solid.
2. Buoyancy is the ability of a fluid to exert a downward force onan object immersed in it.
3. If the buoyant force on an object is greater than the weight ofthe object, the object will sink.
4. The buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weightof the fluid displaced by the object.
5. Archimedes’ principle states that pressure applied to a fluid istransmitted unchanged throughout the fluid.
6. As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by thefluid increases.
7. Temperature and viscosity are inversely related; that is, highertemperature means lower viscosity.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. A hydraulic machine can be used to lift extremely heavy objects. Why is the fluid in the
hydraulic machine a liquid rather than a gas?
9. A block of wood is floating in water. The weight of the part of the block above water is one-third of the total weight of the block. What is the weight of the water displaced by the blockof wood? Explain your answer in terms of Archimedes’ principle.
10. A passenger jet in the air increases its speed. Does the downward force of air on the top ofthe wings increase or decrease? Does the net lifting force of the air on the wings increase ordecrease? Explain your answer.
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Behavior of Gases 59
Name Date Class
Directions: Write the definitions for the following terms in the spaces provided.1. Boyle’s law
2. Charles’s law
3. pressure
4. absolute zero
Directions: Explain what will happen in each of the following cases.
5. If the temperature remains constant, what will happen to the pressure of a gas if you decrease
the volume of the container that holds it?
6. If the volume of a container of gas remains constant, what will happen to the pressure of a gas
if you increase temperature?
Directions: Answer the following questions regarding temperature.
7. On the Kelvin scale, what is the freezing point of water?_______________________________
8. On the Kelvin scale, what is the boiling point of water? _______________________________
9. On the Celsius scale, what are the freezing and boiling points of water?
Study GuideStudy Guide33 Behavior of Gases16
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Structure of the Atom 61
Name Date Class
Directions: Use the word bank to fill in the blanks to match the phrases below.
Aristotle Dalton particle accelerator
atom Democritus quark
bubble chamber electron cloud Rutherford
Chadwick orbits Thomson
1. a device to help scientists study tracks left by subatomic particles
2. a device used to cause high-speed collisions (without seatbelts!)
3. Greek philosopher who had the right idea about atoms
4. Greek philosopher whose idea about matter was not quite so rightbut everyone believed him for a couple thousand years
5. the area where modern scientists think electrons are likely to be found
6. scientist who discovered that atoms contained electric charge
7. the place where Bohr thought electrons would be found
8. scientist who proposed one of the first models of the atom
9. the smallest piece of matter that keeps the properties of the elementto which it belongs
10. scientist who proposed the idea of a nucleus
11. one of six very small particles that make up protons and neutrons
12. a student of Niels Bohr who discovered neutrons in the nucleus
Directions: List four past atomic models in chronological order and the correction or addition thatwas made to each one.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Structure of the Atom
Name of Model Correction or Addition that was Made to the Model
13.
14.
15.
16.
62 Masses of Atoms
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Masses of Atoms
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What are isotopes?
2. How do Boron-10 and Boron-11 differ?
3. What is the average atomic mass of an element?
4. Compare and contrast the atomic structure of the chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 isotopes.
5. Suppose that a newly discovered element called centium has three isotopes that occur innature. These are centium-200, centium-203, and centium-209. Assume that these isotopesoccur in equal amounts in nature. What will be the average atomic mass of this element?
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The Periodic Table 63
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Study GuideStudy Guide33 The Periodic Table
Directions: You will need a scientist’s patience to find the names of the 70 elements hidden in the grid. The lanthanides and the actinides have been excluded. The same letters may appear in more than one element name.Draw a line through the letters that correctly spell the name of an element.
Directions: Complete the following paragraphs about the periodic table by filling each blank with the correct term.
In the modern periodic table, elements are listed by increasing 1. ________________. Each box
represents an 2. ________________. A box contains the name, atomic number,
3. ________________, and 4. ________________ for the element.
Vertical columns in the table are called 5. ________________. Most elements in a column have
the same number of 6. ________________ in the outer energy level and tend to have similar
7._________________.
Horizontal rows in the table are called 8. ________________. The elements on the left side of the
table are 9. ________________. Groups 3–12 contain metals known as 10. ________________.
Elements on the right side are 11. ________________.
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Radioactivity 65
Name Date Class
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the summary sentence blanks.
In nuclei with large numbers of protons, the (1) (presluvie) electric
force on a proton is (2) (rreateg) than in nuclei with a small number
of protons. This is because the electric force has a (3) (nglo) range. The
(4) (gronts) force on a proton has a (5) (rtsho)
range. This force is exerted only by a proton’s nearest (6) (bronsghei).
All nuclei that contain more than 83 (7) (roopstn) are
(8) (driacotviea). Some nuclei with fewer protons are radioactive
as well. (9) (tinsyecth) elements, with nuclei that have more than
(10) (woeinttny) protons, are (11) (sunbleat)
and decay quickly after they are created.
Directions: Compare and contrast isotopes. List three things that make them the same and twothings that make them different.
same:
12.
13.
14.
different:
15.
16.
Directions: Name three important scientists in the discovery of radioactivity.
17.
18.
19.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Radioactivity18
Chapter
18Chapter
66 Nuclear Decay
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Nuclear Decay
Directions: Element Z has a half-life of one week. Use the graph grid and the directions below to trace the decayof a 256-gram sample of element Z over a 10-week period. Each box on the grid represents one gram of element Z.After you complete each step, answer the question.
1. Use a pencil to draw a large X throughall of the boxes on the left half of thegrid. How many grams of element Zdecayed?
2. Use a different color pencil to draw alarge X through 1/2 of the remainingboxes. How many grams of element Zremain after two weeks?
3. Use a pencil to shade 1/2 of the remaining boxes. How much ofelement Z is left?
4. Repeat step 3 using the colored pencil. How many grams of element Z remain?
5. Use a pencil to draw an X in 1/2 of the remaining boxes. How many grams of element Z remain?
6. Repeat step 5 using the colored pencil. How many grams of element Z remain?
7. Use your pencil to draw a circle in 1/2 of the remaining boxes. How many grams of element Z
remain?
8. Repeat step 7 using the colored pencil. How many grams of element Z remain?
9. Shade in 1/2 of the remaining box with a pencil. How much of element Z remains?
10. Repeat step 9 using the colored pencil. How much of element Z remains?
Directions: On a separate sheet of graph paper, make a line graph or a bar graph that shows the decay of element Z over a 10-week period. Use your answers to questions 1–10 as your data.
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Detecting Radioactivity 67
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Study GuideStudy Guide33 Detecting Radioactivity
Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.
1. Radiation forms ions by removing protons from matter as itpasses through.
2. In a cloud chamber, alpha particles leave long, thin trails.
3. In a bubble chamber, a moving radioactive particle leaves ionsbehind, causing the liquid to boil along the trail.
4. The common method of measuring radioactivity at job sites isto use an electroscope.
5. In a cloud chamber, beta particles leave short, thick trails.
6. Small and portable Geiger counters are often used to test forradioactivity.
7. A radioactive particle moving through the air near an electro-scope will cause the leaves of the electroscope to move together.
Directions: Match each type of radiation detector in Column II with its description in Column I. Write the letterof the correct term in the space provided.
Column I
8. ionizing rays pass through a superheated liquid
9. ionizing rays pass through water vapor or ethanol
10. loses charge in the presence of radiation
11. radiation causes a current to flow from a wire to produce clicking sound or flashing light
Column II
a. Geiger counter
b. electroscope
c. bubble chamber
d. cloud chamber
18Chapter
68 Nuclear Reactions
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Study GuideStudy Guide44 Nuclear Reactions
Energy2p2n
1p1n
1p1n ++
Energy
Energy
92p143n
n
n
n
n
56p85n
36p56n
1. The diagrams show two types of nuclear reactions: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Label thetype of reaction shown in each diagram in the space provided.
2. Circle the letter of the equation that correctly explains the nuclear reaction shown in the topdiagram.
a. H-2 + H-2 → H-4 c. H-1 + H-1 → H-2
b. H-2 + H-2 → He-4 d. H-1 + H-1 → He-2
3. Circle the letter of the equation that correctly explains the nuclear reaction shown in the bottom diagram.
a. 1 neutron + U-235 → Ba-141 + Kr-92 + 3 neutrons + energy
b. 1 neutron + U-238 → Ba-141 + Kr-92 + 4 neutrons
c. Ba-141 + Kr-92 → U-235 + 3 neutrons
d. Ba-141 + Kr-92 → U-238
4. What two elements are involved in the nuclear fusion reaction?
5. Label each atom in the fusion reaction with its correct symbol and isotope notation.
6. What three elements are involved in the fission reaction shown?
7. Label each atom in the nuclear fission reaction with its chemical symbol and its correct isotopenotation.
Directions: Use the diagrams below to complete the following activities.
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Metals 69
Name Date Class
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
actinides fireworks radioactive
calcium magnesium silver
coins mercury transition
1. a metal found both in your bones and in famous statues and churches
2. the poisonous liquid metal
3. a type of element with a nucleus that breaks apart and gives off energy
4. the photography metal
5. all of this group is radioactive and unstable
6. metals and their compounds explode to give spectacular colors
7. a common use for copper, silver, and gold
8. the main metal atom in the green molecule of plants
9. metals that occur sometimes in pure form in nature, and also makemany colored compounds
Directions: List five properties of metals and a use for metals based on that property.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Metals19
Chapter
Property Use
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
19Chapter
70 Nonmetals
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Nonmetals
Directions: Complete the following table that compares the properties of metals and nonmetals by supplyingthe information requested.
Directions: In the spaces provided, list two properties for each nonmetal listed.8. hydrogen
9. flourine
10. chlorine
11. bromine
12. iodine
13. helium
14. neon
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
15. How does bromine differ from the other nonmetals?
16. How does the location of hydrogen on the periodic table differ from the locations of the othernonmetals?
1. Appearance of solid
2. Is it malleable?
3. Is it ductile?
4. Does it conduct heat well?
5. Does it conduct electricity well?
6. Most common state at room temperature.
7. Does it conduct electricity well?
Characteristic Metal Nonmetal
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Mixed Groups 71
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide33 Mixed Groups
Directions: The elements that make up groups 13 through 16 of the periodic table are listed below. Classifyeach element as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal by writing its name under the correct heading in the table. Referto the periodic table of the elements in your textbook for information on each element.
Boron Groupboronaluminumgalliumindiumthallium
Nitrogen Groupnitrogenphosphorusarsenicantimonybismuth
Carbon Groupcarbonsilicongermaniumtinlead
Oxygen Groupoxygensulfurseleniumtelluriumpolonium
Directions: Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
4. Why is it useful to create neptunium by bombarding uranium with protons, even though neptunium disintegrates in about two days?
5. What are allotropes?
6. Describe the appearance of two allotropes of silicon.
7. Name three allotropes of carbon.
1. Metals 2. Metalloids 3. Nonmetals
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Stability in Bonding 73
Name Date Class
Directions: For each atom listed, indicate how many electrons need to be gained or lost for the atomto achieve a stable electron configuration.
1. sodium
2. aluminum
3. sulfur
4. phosphorus
5. neon
6. carbon
7. nitrogen
8. magnesium
9. fluorine
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks.
When elements bond to form (10) (scunpoodm), both their
(11) (troppsiree) and their (12) (loorc) may
change. Elements (13) (nagi) or (14) (selo)
electrons when they bond, and this gives them a more (15) (bleats)
electron configuration. All stable electron configurations are the same as the
(16) (steaner) noble gas.
A chemical (17) (roulamf) tells how many of each type of atom are
in the compound. A chemical bond is the (18) (rofec) that holds atoms
together. Only (19) (route) electrons are involved in bonding.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Stability in Bonding20
Chapter
20Chapter
74 Types of Bonds
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Types of Bonds
Directions: Study the diagram below. Write your answers to the questions in the spaces provided.
12P12N
8P8N
A. B.
1. If atom A loses electrons to atom B,a. how many electrons will atom A lose?
b. how many electrons will atom B gain?
c. what will be the oxidation number of atom A?
d. what will be the oxidation number of atom B?
e. what will be the total charge of the compound formed?
f. what type of bond will form?
2. Explain why an element’s oxidation number is related to the group on the periodic table towhich it belongs.
Directions: Complete the table comparing ionic compounds and covalent compounds.
Characteristic Ionic compounds Covalent compounds
3. How the compound is formed
4. Smallest particle
5. Usual state at room temperature
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Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds 75
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Study GuideStudy Guide33 Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
Directions: Answer the following questions in the spaces provided. Refer to the periodic table for help.
1. Define an oxidation number.
2. What is the usual oxidation number of oxygen? Of hydrogen?
3. What is the sum of all the oxidation numbers in any compound?
4. Explain the difference between CoCl2 • 6H2O and anhydrous cobalt chloride.
Directions: Use the periodic table in your textbook to identify the oxidation numbers of the elements in each group.
Directions: Write the formulas for the following compounds. Use the periodic table in your textbook for help.10. copper(II) sulfate
11. calcium chloride
12. iron(II) oxide
13. copper(I) oxide
14. sodium sulfide
15. magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Directions: Complete the following table by providing the name of the compound and the total number ofatoms in each formula given.
Group 1 2 16 17 18
Oxidation number 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Formula Name Number of Atoms
16. NH4OH
17. NH4C1
18. Ag2O
19. K2SO4
20. Ca (NO3)2
21. Na2S
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Materials With A Past 77
Name Date Class
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks in the summary statements.
(1) (michaelc) reactions occur all around and inside you, convert-
ing (2) (startenca) into new substances, or products. Examples of this
include (3) (ginkba) a cake, (4) (thinebrag),
making (5) (spreecods) foods and (6)
(liandsturi) processes.
Chemistry turned from (7) (maleych) into a true science in the
1770s. Antoine Lavoisier experimented and convinced other scientists that the total mass of
the (8) (starcanet) always equals the total mass of the
(9) (dropscut). This is known as the law of (10)
(vonscertainot) of matter and another way to say it is that matter is not
(11) (dracete) or (12) (oydderts).
(13) (rosevailio) is considered the father of modern chemistry.
He experimented on (14) (shelfim) and on animals, and came up
with plenty of experimental data and ideas about (15) (boomsctui),
(16) (praisenorti), and (17) (bammetolis)
that were helpful in the (18) (molepedevnt) of the biochemistry,
medicine, and sports science of today. He also developed a system for naming, or
(19) (tramconluten), and got together with other scientists to write a
book about it and get everybody to use the system. The (20) (PUCIA)
system is in use today for naming chemicals on the system Lavoisier started.
Chemical reactions are written down using chemical (21)
(quaintoes) with (22) (lombyss) for elements and compounds. Written
in this form, it is (23) (reasie) to tell what is happening.
Directions: List three metals that react with air and water in the atmosphere.
24.
25.
26.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Materials With A Past21
Chapter
21Chapter
78 Chemical Equations
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Chemical Equations
Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.1. Describe, in words, a balanced chemical equation. Give an example.
2. Use the law of conservation of mass to explain why a chemical equation must be balanced.
Directions: Balance the following equations. If you need help, review the steps for balancing equations in yourtextbook. Use the space below for your work.3. H2(g) + Cl2(g)→HCl(aq)
4. N2(g) + H2(g)→NH3(g)
5. Li(s) + FeBr2(aq)→LiBr(aq) + Fe(s)
6. Al(s) + HCl(aq)→AlCl3(aq) + H2(g)
7. Li(s) + N2(g)→Li3N(s)
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Classifying Chemical Reactions 79
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide33Directions: Match the types of chemical reactions in Column II with the description in Column I. Write the letterof the correct reaction in the blank at the left.
Column I
1. A precipitate, water, or a gas forms when two ionic compounds in solution are combined.
2. Two or more substances combine to form another substance.
3. One element replaces another in a compound.
4. One substance breaks down into two or more substances.
5. A type of synthesis reaction that produces heatand light.
Classifying Chemical Reactions
Column II
a. synthesis reaction
b. decomposition reaction
c. combustion
d. single-displacement reaction
e. double-displacement reaction
Directions: Write the name of the type of chemical reaction in the space provided.
6. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)→2Fe2O3(s)
7. Zn2(s) + 2HCl(aq)→ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
8. MgCO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)→MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l ) + CO2 (g)
9. NiCl2(s) →Ni(s) + Cl2(g)
10. 4C(s) + 6H2(g) + O2(g)→2C2H6O(s)
11. C12H22O11(s)→12C(s) + 11H2O(g)
12. 2LiI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)→2LiNO3 (aq) + PbI2(s)
13. CdCO3(s)→CdO(s) + CO2(g)
14. Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq)→2KCl(aq) + Br2(g)
15. BaCl2(aq) + 2KIO3(aq)→Ba(IO3)2(s) + 2KCl(aq)
16. 2Mg(s) + O2(g)→2MgO(s)
17. AgNO3(aq) + KI(aq)→AgI(s) + KNO3(aq)
18. 2Li(s) + H2O(l)→2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
19. C(s) + O2(g)→CO2(g)
21Chapter
80 Chemical Reactions and Energy
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Study GuideStudy Guide44 Chemical Reactionsand Energy
Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
1. What is a catalyst?
2. What is an exothermic reaction?
3. What is an inhibitor?
4. What is an endothermic reaction?
Directions: Decide if each reaction below involves a catalyst, an inhibitor, or neither. Write C for catalyst, I forinhibitor, or N for neither in the blank at the left.
5. Brushing the cut edges of fruits with lemon juice can prevent the darkening effectthat contact with air can cause.
6. In the human body, proteins called enzymes help to speed up chemical processes. Theproteins are not changed during these chemical processes.
7. Aluminum oxide, which forms on exposed aluminum, protects the aluminum fromfurther reaction with the air.
8. Food preservatives called BHT and BHA slow down the spoilage of certain foods.
9. Nickel is used to increase the rate of methane formation from the addition of hydrogenand carbon monoxide. Nickel does not permanently change.
Directions: Decide if each reaction below is endergonic or exergonic. In the blank at the left, write EN for endergonic or EX for exergonic.
10. When a lit match is placed in alcohol, the alcohol ignites producing heat and light.
11. Energy in the form of electricity can be added to water to break apart the water molecules into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
12. A piece of coal placed in a furnace gives off heat and light before turning to ash.
13. When ammonium chloride mixes with water, the solution formed feels cold.
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How Solutions Form 81
Name Date Class
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
alloy polar solvent
crushing solute stirring
heating solution water
1. a mixture that has the same composition throughout
2. a word for a molecule that has a positive region and a negative region
3. a substance that dissolves other substances, such as water
4. a way to make particles move faster to increase the dissolving rate
5. a way to increase the rate of dissolving by increasing the surfacearea of the solute
6. a substance that dissolves in water, such as sugar or carbon dioxide
7. the most common solvent in the world
8. a solution of solids, such as brass or sterling silver
9. a way that speeds the rate of dissolving by bringing more freshsolute into contact with more fresh solvent
Directions: Fill in the chart for five solutions.
Directions: List the three steps involved in the process of sugar being dissolved in water.
15.
16.
17.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 How Solutions Form22
Chapter
Solvent Solute Special Name, if any
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
22Chapter
82 Solubility and Concentration
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Solubility and Concentration
Directions: Use the information in the table to graph the solubility curves for barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 ; copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4 ; potassium chloride, KCl ; and sodium nitrate, NaNO3 . Use a different colored pencil foreach compound.
Directions: Use the information in the table and your graph to answer the following questions.
1. At about what temperature will 100 g of water dissolve equal amounts of potassium chloride
and barium hydroxide?
2. At about what temperature will 37 g of both copper(II) sulfate and potassium chloride dissolve
in 100 g of water?
3. If 100 g of sodium nitrate are dissolved in 100 g of water at 60°C, is the solution formed
saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated?
4. If 32 g of copper (II) sulfate are dissolved in 100 g of water at 20°C, is the solution produced
saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated?
Compound100˚C60˚C20˚C0˚C
23.10
1.67 20.94 101.40
114.0
56.3
180.0
61.8
45.8
122.0
32.0
3.89
34.2
87.6
28.0
73.0
Ba(OH)2
CuSO4
KCl
NaNO3
Temperature
Solubility in g/100 g Water
0
20
60
100
140
180
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
40
80
120
160
Temperature ˚C
Solu
bilit
y (g
/100
g o
f wat
er)
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Particles in Solution 83
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide33 Particles in Solution
Directions: Study the diagram. Then answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is the name of the process taking place in the diagram? Describe the process.
2. What is an ion?
3. What is the solute in the diagram? Is the solute an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte?
4. Will the solution conduct electricity? Explain.
22Chapter
84 Dissolving Without Water
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Study GuideStudy Guide44 Dissolving Without Water
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.1. Water is sometimes referred to as the universal solvent because it is a large molecule and can
fit easily among the molecules of many solutes.
2. Nonpolar materials have positive and negative areas.
3. Carbon and hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon molecules share electrons unequally.
4. Nonpolar molecules such as oil, iodine, and nail polish dissolve easily in water.
5. Ethanol can dissolve iodine as well as water because it has two nonpolar ends.
6. A general statement describing what dissolves what is the phrase “Polar dissolves nonpolar.”
7. When working with nonpolar solvents, good ventilation is important because nonpolar solvents tend to evaporate more slowly than water, producing high concentrations of vapor.
8. Water-soluble vitamins, such as Vitamin A, can accumulate in our tissues and can be toxic inhigh concentrations.
9. Fat-soluble vitamins, such as Vitamin C, can be flushed out of the body before they can beused and therefore must be replaced constantly.
10. Water molecules are attracted by, and cling to, molecules of nonpolar solutes, making themsticky and slowing evaporation.
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Acids and Bases 85
Name Date Class
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
acids digestion hydronium ion
ammonia dissociate hydroxide ion
base drain cleaner indicator
1. used to make soap
2. one of our bodies’ uses of an acid
3. what acids and bases do in water
4. what is produced when a base dissociates
5. a base with no hydroxide ion
6. what is produced when an acid dissociates
7. a home use of a base
8. used to make food taste sour
9. a compound that changes color in acid and base
Directions: Fill in the chart with information from the chapter.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Acids and Bases
10. two acids in soft drinks
11. four acids in industry
12. three acids and a base used in fertilizers
13. five properties of bases
14. five properties of acids
15. five acids you may have eaten or drunk recently
23Chapter
86 Strength of Acids and Bases
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Study GuideStudy Guide22
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pure water
pH
Strength of Acids and Bases
Directions: The pH values of several common substances are listed below. Place each item from the list on thepH scale in its proper location. The first one has been done for you.
pure water 7.0ocean water 8.5tomatoes 4.0lye 13.8stomach acid 1.0
lemons 2.5shampoo 5.8bananas 5.2blood 7.2milk of magnesia 10.5
ammonia 11.5eggs 7.8soap 10.0vinegar 3.0
Directions: Complete the table below by writing the name of each of the substances above under the properheading. Place substances with a pH lower than 3.0 in the strong acids column. Place substances with a pHhigher than 10.0 in the strong bases column.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
5. Is pure water an acidic, basic, or neutral substance?
6. Is the pH of a strong acid higher or lower than the pH of a weak acid of the same concentration?
7. Is the pH of a strong base higher or lower than the pH of a weak base of the same concentration?
8. On the pH scale, what are the values of acids and what are the values of bases?
1. Strong acids 2. Weak acids 4. Strong bases3. Weak bases
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Salts 87
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide33Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.1. An important difference between detergents and soaps is that soaps can be used in hard water.
2. Salts are made from bases, and esters come from alcohols that are also bases but have ahydroxyl group.
3. Polyesters are synthetic fibers that are made from an organic base that has two –COOH groupsand an acid that has two –OH groups.
4. Titration is a process in which a solution of an unknown concentration is used to determinethe concentration of another solution.
5. The endpoint of titration occurs when a drop of base turns the acid solution pink but the colorchanges back again.
6. Soap has a nonpolar end that mixes easily with oily dirt.
7. During a neutralization reaction, hydronium ions from a base combine with hydroxide ionsfrom an acid to produce water and a salt.
8. A salt is a compound formed when the positive ions from an acid combine with the negativeions from a base.
9. In titration, the solution of known concentration is called the acid/base indicator.
Salts
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Simple Organic Compounds 89
Name Date Class
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks.
Carbon forms (1) (smniloli) of compounds with
(2) (drogheyn), (3) (gexony), and other
elements. Carbon can form small compounds of just a (4) (ewf) atoms,
or large compounds containing (5) (hasdonuts) of atoms. These include
(6) (slefu), (7) (nicedimes),
(8) (syed), (9) (sliptacs), and
(10) (ixtleste). The amazing range and variability of carbon's
(11) (gbdino) ability is due to the following factors.
• Carbon can form four (12) (noveltac) bonds.
• Carbon can form (13) (leings), (14)
(blodue), and (15) (prietl) bonds.
• Carbon can bond in arrangements of (16) (schnia),
(17) (chandbre hicans), and (18) (grins).
Carbon can form (19) (dasturtae) compounds with the maximum
number of hydrogens, and unsaturated compounds with (20) (plietlum)
bonds. Carbon compounds may also form (21) (moirses), which are
compounds with the same number of atoms, in a different arrangment.
Directions: Match the number from the box with each phrase below
0 2 8 100.7
0.603 4 10 1830
22. the maximum number of bonds carbon can form, or, the numberof hydrogen atoms in methane
23. the number of hydrogen atoms in butane
24. the number of double bonds in a saturated compound
25. the year scientists began to make organic compounds in laboratories
26. the melting point of the most branched octane
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Simple Organic Compounds24
Chapter
24Chapter
90 Other Organic Compounds
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Other Organic Compounds
Directions: Determine which of the following compounds are aromatic compounds. If a compound is aromatic,place a plus (+) in the space provided. If a compound is not aromatic, place a minus (–) in the space provided.
1. Figure A
4. Figure D
2. Figure B
5. Figure E
3. Figure C
6. Figure F
Directions: Use the diagrams above to answer the following questions.7. Which of the compounds are organic acids?
8. How are the structures of the organic acids similar?
9. Which of the substituted hydrocarbons are alcohols?
10. What do the alcohols have in common?
11. Which of the compounds is benzene?
12. What is the formula for the compound in Figure B?
13. Which compounds are substituted hydrocarbons?
14. Which compound has the formula C2H4(OH)2?
15. What symbol is used to show benzene?
16. What is the formula for benzene?
C
C
H
H HC
C
C
H
CH H
C
C
H
H OHC
C
C
H
CH H
H C OH
H
H
CH C OH
OH
H
CCH C OH
OHH
HH
H C C H
OH
H H
OH
Figure A
Figure D
Figure B Figure C
Figure E
Figure F
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Petroleum—A Source of Carbon Compounds 91
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide33 Petroleum—A Source of Carbon Compounds
Directions: For each of the following write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. Fossil fuels include all of the following EXCEPT ______.a. coal b. oxygen c. natural gas d. petroleum
2. Petroleum compounds can be separated because their ______ differ.a. fossils c. boiling pointsb. benzene rings d. densities
3 A structure used to separate petroleum compounds is called a(n) ______.a. double helix c. centrifugeb. oil derrick d. fractionating tower
4. Petroleum fractions with the ______ may never condense and are collected as gases.a. lowest boiling points c. longest polymer chainsb. highest boiling points d. largest benzene rings
5. Petroleum fractions with 5 to 10 carbons are used to make ______.a. lubrication grease c. gasolineb. kerosene d. asphalt
6. A gas that comes from petroleum is ______.a. octane b. diesel fuel c. ethanol d. propane
7. A large molecule that consists of two or more monomers is called a ______.a. fraction b. polymer c. fossil d. dye
8. Polyethylene is used to make ______.a. shopping bags c. saccharinb. jet fuel d. printers ink
9 Two or more different monomers will link to form a(n) ______.a. epoxy glue b. aspirin c. copolymer d. natural gas
10. A synthetic dye discovered accidentally in coal tar is ______.a. indigo b. propane c. butane d. mauve
24Chapter
92 Biological Compounds
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Study GuideStudy Guide44 Biological Compounds
Directions: Complete the table below by placing a check mark () in the column of each kind of organic compound that has each characteristic.
Characteristic LipidCarbohydrate
1. hemoglobin is an example
2. includes fats and oils
3. polymers formed from amino acids
4. is a polymer
5. always contains carbon and hydrogen
6. is made up of nucleotides
7. includes RNA and DNA
8. RNA controls the production of these
9. includes sugar
10. its monomers contain –NH2 and –COOH groups
11. controls cell reproduction and activities
12. ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1
13. is held together with peptide bonds
14. glucose is an example
15. includes starches
16. includes cholesterol
17. accounts for 15% of your weight
18. made up of monomers
19. molecule is ladder-shaped and twisted
20. is an organic compound
Nucleic acidProtein
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Metals 93
Name Date Class
Directions: List four properties of metals and alloys and a use that each property is good for.
Directions: Fill in the blanks by unscrambling the terms for each blank.
Historians believe that the first people to use metals and their alloys lived in the
(5) (grisit-tesepahur) Valley about (6)
(C53B00). They were called the (7) (riamusen) people and they
accidentally discovered (8) (zoebrn). The (9)
(ripostrepe) of this alloy, which is made of (10) (procep) and
(11) (nit), allowed humans to make better tools, weapons, armor,
cooking utensils, and jewelry. These items changed the course of history.
In modern times, (12) (sloyal) are still a factor in the shaping
of human history. (13) (nitnatmiu) alloys are used to make
(14) (paces hisps) and (15) (tlese) is used to fix
broken or damaged human bodies. (16) (dofos) are packaged for long
storage, and people (17) (lyf) through the air to get from place to place
quickly. The science fiction of the past has become what we call a 'normal' life!
Directions: What are space-age alloys? Give an example.
18.
Study GuideStudy Guide11 Metals25
Chapter
Property Use
1.
2.
3.
4.
25Chapter
94 Versatile Materials
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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Versatile Materials
Directions: Complete the following table by listing, for each type of equipment, how ceramics are used and oneadvantage that the new equipment has as a result of the use of ceramics.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.9. What is a ceramic?
10. Why is it advantageous to pack circuit components into a tiny integrated circuit?
11. What gives ceramics their strength?
12. How do dentists use ceramics?
13. Under what conditions will ceramics break?
14. How does a p-type semiconductor differ from an n-type?
Household knivesand scissors
Space shuttle
Aircraft windshields
Sports equipment
Use of CeramicsEquipment Advantage
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Polymers and Composites 95
Name Date Class
Study GuideStudy Guide33 Polymers and Composites
Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.
1. Proteins are examples of natural polymers.
2. Polyethylene is an example of a synthetic monomer.
3. Plastics are examples of natural polymers.
4. A large molecule made from many smaller repeating molecules iscalled a monomer.
5. A material that is man-made is called a synthetic material.
6. A synthetic fiber is a strand of a synthetic polymer.
7. Polymers are large, chain-like molecules constructed of manysmaller, repeating molecules called synthetics.
8. Synthetic polymers are commonly referred to as composites.
9. Most of the raw materials used to make plastics come from proteins.
10. Fiberglass is a composite made up of plastic and concrete.
11. Diamond, quartz, and feldspar are considered polymers.
12. Reinforced concrete is an example of a plastic.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.13. What does the term composite mean?
14. How does the use of synthetic products such as plastic increase the use of fossil fuels?
15. Give two examples of materials or equipment that have been improved or made possiblethrough the use of composites. What advantages do they have?
