Students Who Failed Exam #13rd: 85.42 average 6th: 78.14 average

5 Failures 4 Failures

4 scores over 100 1 score over 100 & overall highest score (109)

4th: 79.76 average

6 Failures

1 Perfect Score

5th: 84.80 average

3 Failures

2 scores over 100

Current Class Failures:3rd: 4th (cont.): 5th (cont.):

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4th: 5th:

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Most-Missed QuestionsWhich of the following is an example of commensalism:a) A goat fish sifting through sand, finding, then eating

small crustaceans

b) A clownfish living inside of an anemone

c) An aquatic flea living off of a pigmy seahorse

d) A pigmy seahorse using camouflage to hide within a coral

Most-Missed QuestionsSalt will move into & out of the bloodstream of fish through the process of:a) Osmosis

b) Diffusion

c) Osmotic pressure

d) Consumption

Most-Missed QuestionsAll of the following will occur when temperature is decreased within an aquatic system, EXCEPT:a) There will be less thermal energy available

b) The concentration of oxygen will increase

c) The metabolism of the cold-blooded organisms will decrease

d) The concentration of TAN will increase

Most-Missed QuestionsIf an aquatic system is suffering due to a massive increase in ammonia, all of the following will help lower the ammonia to a safe level EXCEPT:a) Removing aquatic plants

b) Adding aquatic plants

c) Stimulating more algae growth

d) Reducing the amount of food going into the system

Most-Missed QuestionsWhich of the following change would help increase the rate at which a sick fish takes in medication:a) Decreasing the temperature of the tank

b) Increasing the temperature of the tank

c) Decreasing the pH of the tank

d) Increasing the pH of the tank

Exam AdviceIf you did poorly on the exam, consider the following:

That will be, by far, the easiest exam in this class

You should study the quizzes

You should be actively engaged in the quizzes, not simply waiting to hear an answer to enter

You should complete your exam review (all the terms you need are on the review, its bonus credit, and the completed review is posted online days before the exam)

History of Oceanography ProjectGet in a group of 3 or fewer

Look over the available topics & choose a few that you would like to present

Your names will be randomized & then, in that order, you will get to pick your topic.

Please mark which topic is yours, it is your responsibility to remember the topic.

This is due on Friday.

The Marine Habitats

Essentials of Oceanography

The diversity of marine life

The ocean is home to a wide variety of organisms

Marine organisms range from microscopic bacteria and algae to the largest animal in the world (blue whale)

Number of known marine species: 250,000

Classification of living things

Organisms can be classified into one of three domains of life:

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukarya Figure 12-1

Classification of living things

Organisms can also be classified into one of five kingdoms:

MoneraProtoctistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia

Figure 12-1

Classification of living things

Taxonomic classification includes the following increasingly specific groupings:

KingdomPhylum ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Taxonomic classification of selected organisms

Category Human Killer whale Giant kelp

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Protoctista

Phylum Chordata Chordata Phaeophyta

Subphylum Vertebrata Vertebrata

Class Mammalia Mammalia Phaeophycae

Order Primates Cetacea Laminariales

Family Hominidae Delphinidae Lessoniaceae

Genus Homo Orcinus Macrocystis

Species sapiens orca pyrifera

Classification of marine organisms

Marine organisms can be classified into one of three groups based on habitat and mobility:

1. Plankton (floaters)Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae)Zooplankton (drifting animals)

2. Nekton (swimmers)3. Benthos (bottom dwellers)

Plankton: Examples

Figure 12-2

Phytoplankton Zooplankton

Nekton: Examples

Figure 12-4

Benthos: Examples

Figure 12-5

Life cycle of a squid

Squid experience benthic, planktonic, and nektonic stages

Squid are considered meroplankton (opposite = holoplankton)

“mero” – part

“holo” - whole

Figure 12-3

Distribution of species on Earth

The land has more species because it has greater environmental variability than the ocean

Most ocean species are benthic because of greater environmental variability compared to pelagic environments Figure 12-6

Adaptations of organisms to the marine environment

The marine environment presents many challenges to organisms because seawater:

Is dense enough to support organismsHas high viscosityExperiences variations in temperature and salinityContains variable amounts of dissolved gasesHas high transparencyHas a dramatic change of pressure with depth

Marine organisms have various adaptations for the conditions of the marine environment

Need for physical support

Condition:Seawater is dense enough to support marine organisms

Adaptations:Many marine organisms lack rigid skeletons, appendages, or vast root systemsInstead, they rely on buoyancy and friction to maintain their position within the water column

Need for physical support

Seawater’s viscosity controlled by temperature

Condition:Seawater’s viscosity (resistance to flow) is strongly affected by temperature

Cold water has higher viscosity than warm water, so is more difficult to swim through

Warm water has lower viscosity, so organisms tend to sink within the water column

Seawater’s viscosity controlled by temperature

Adaptations:Many warm-water organisms have ornate appendages to say afloatMany cold-water organisms are streamlined to swim more easily Figure 12-7

Warm-water copepod

Cold-water copepod

Warm-water copepod

Cold-water copepod

Bellwork: 09/17/20121) You are investigating plankton found in a bay near your fancy expensive house, and you notice that the plankton have many appendages branching from the main body of the organism. From this, you can conclude what about the water in the bay? For what reason would the plankton have these appendages?

Bellwork: 09/17/20122) What percentage of total known species are aquatic? What percentage of that percentage are Benthic? Pelagic? Why do you think that is the case?

3) If you are “new” to my class you probably still owe me a ton of work from the first unit that you missed. Don’t forget to get that done: consolaquatc.com

Seawater’s viscosity and adaptations of phytoplanktonCondition:

Phytoplankton must remain in sunlit surface waters

Adaptations:Small size increases surface area to volume ratio

Appendages increase frictional resistance

Tiny droplet of low density oil increases buoyancy

Figure 12-8

Variations in temperature

Condition:Coastal water temperatures vary more than the open ocean or at depth

Adaptations:Many coastal organisms can withstand a wide temperature range (are eurythermal, “broad”)Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can withstand only a small temperature range (are stenothermal, “narrow”)

Variations in salinity

Condition:Coastal environments experience greater salinity variation than the open ocean or at depth

Adaptations:Many shallow-water coastal organisms can withstand a wide salinity range (are euryhaline)

Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can withstand only a small change in salinity (are stenohaline). “steno” = narrow range

Osmosis

Condition:Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower concentrationsOsmosis removes water from hypotonic organismsOsmosis adds water to hypertonic organisms Figure 12-13

OsmosisAdaptations:

Dissolved gases: Oxygen

Condition:Marine animals need oxygen to survive

Adaptations:Many marine animals use gills to extract dissolved oxygen from seawaterMarine mammals must breathe air

Figure 12-15

Abundance of dissolved oxygen and nutrients with depth

Figure 12-20

Seawater’s high transparency

Condition:Seawater has high transparency

Adaptations:Transparency

Camouflage

Countershading

Migration (DSL)Figure 12-17

Camouflage

Countershading

Seawater’s high transparency

Camouflage

Seawater’s high transparency

Camouflage

Seawater’s high transparency

Camouflage

Seawater’s high transparency

Camouflage

Seawater’s high transparency

Countershading

Hachet fish & Chromatophores

Chromatophores

The deep scattering layer (DSL)

Organisms within the deep scattering layer undertake a daily migration to hide in deep, darker waters during daytime Figure 12B

Increase of pressure with depth

Condition:Pressure increases rapidly with depth

Adaptations:Most marine organisms lack large compressible air pockets inside their bodiesWater-filled bodies exert the same amount of pressure as is pushing inward, so marine organisms do not feel the high pressure at depth

Divisions of the marine environment

Main divisions:

Pelagic (open sea)

Benthic (sea bottom)

Figure 12-19

By yourself:1. Draw or describe a made up organism that can be found

in the following zones:a. Euphotic

b. Disphotic

c. Aphotic

d. Hadal

2. At least one must be benthic.

3. The following characteristics/strategies must be included: DSL, counter shading, chromatophores, camouflage, euro/stenothermal, euro/stenohaline, meroplanktonic.

End of 3-weeks, Current Failures:1st:

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Collect the following data:Salt Water Tanks Only:

- Water Hardness

DO - Phosphate

Turbidity - Salinity

Nitrate - Calcium

Nitrite

Ammonia

pH

Temperature

In groups of no more than 3:1. List the common name of 4 benthic organisms

within the classroom

2. List the common names of 3 organisms using camouflage & describe the camouflage.

3. When a fish is stressed it will often lose its color (bleaching) or become very dark to blend into the background. The cells responsible for this action are called ___________.

In groups of no more than 3:4. Using a microscope:

• Create a sample from solution A• Observe the specimen under the ideal magnification & draw the

organism.• Is this sample phytoplankton or zooplankton? Living in warm water

or cold water? Explain.• Repeat the steps with sample B

5. Using a microscope:• Observe & draw the following samples under an ideal magnification:

Planaria, Sea Urchin development, Marine Diatoms, Volvox, Spirogyra

• Label each sample as: nektonic, planktonic, or benthic. Explain your reasoning.