structure i_ pertemuan 4_modul6&7_adrian.pptx

8/12/2019 Structure I_ Pertemuan 4_Modul6&7_Adrian.pptx

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Structure 14thClass : 23rdof March 2014

Adrian Budianto

Universitas Terbuka

Korea Selatan

[email protected]

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Course Introduction

Text book : Structure 1, Zuhairi A., Universitas Terbuka 2011

Tutorial module consists of 12 parts but will be cover in 8 classes. Class 1 : Nouns and Pronouns (Nomina dan Pronomina)

Class 2 : Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs (Module 2 &3)

Class 3 : Prepositions and Articles, Phrase (Frasa) (Module 4&5)

Class 4 : Auxiliaries and Agreement (Module 6&7)

Class 5 : The Simple Present Tense

Class 6 : Past Tense

Class 7 : The Future Tense

Class 8 : Degree of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs (Module 11&12)

Tutorial method: In class and online broadcast (USTREAM & SKYPE)

Grading Components

Task 1 (Class 3), Task 2 (Class 5) , Task 3 (Class 7) Participation

Final Exam

Course material can be found at Google Plus and Facebook Group

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AUXILIARIES

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Auxiliary Verbs

Berfungsi sebagai penolong dalam membantu fungsi kata kerja

membentuk makna structuralatau grammaticaldan memberi

warna semantic

Terbagi dalam 3 kelompok (Frank, 1972)

Tense Auxiliaries : Be, Have, Will, Shall

Do Auxiliaries : Do, Does, Did

Modal Auxiliaries : Can, May, Must, Shall, Will, Could, Might, Should, Would

Fungsi kata kerja bantu dalam Bahasa Inggris

Membuat kalimat tanya

Menyangkal (negation)

Menunjukkan waktu

Melengkapi (completion)

Kesinambungan (continuation) Pengulangan (repetition)

Keinginan (willingness)

Kemungkinan (possibility)

Keharusan (obligation)

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Modal Auxiliaries + infinitive verb tanpa to

atau kata kerja dasar

Contoh:

May go

Can come

Should sleep

Ability : Can

Permission : May, Could, Might

Advisability : Should, Ought to, Had Better

Necessity : Must, Have to, Have got to

Suggestion : Shall

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A. The modal auxiliary canis used

to express ability (in the sense of being able to do something or knowing how to do

something):

He can speak Spanish but he can't write it very well.

to expression permission (in the sense of being allowed or permitted to do something):Can I talk to my friends in the library waiting room? (Note that canis less formal

than may. Also, some writers will object to the use of can in this context.)

to express theoretical possibility:

American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there's a profit in it.

A. The modal auxiliary cou ldis used

to express an ability in the past:I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.

to express past or future permission:

Could I bury my cat in your back yard?

to express present possibility:

We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking.

to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances (if):If he studied harder, he could pass this course.

In expressing ability, canand couldfrequently also imply willingness:

Can you help me with my homework?

A. Can/ Could is placed at the startof a question or after the quest ion words.

How can he get full marks on the test?

Formative test 1 page 6.7CAN & COULD


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A. When used in the context of granting or seeking permission, mightis the past

tense of may. Mightis considerably more tentative (trial, attempt, experiment)

than may. Might is Less certain than may.

May I leave class early?

If I've finished all my work and I'm really quiet, might I leave early?

A. In the context of expressing possibility, mayand mightare interchangeable present

and future forms and might+ have+ past participle is the past form:

She might be my advisor next semester.

She may be my advisor next semester.

She might have advised me not to take biology.

(Only might can be used in past tense unless in the situation below)

A. Avoid confusing the sense of possibility in maywith the implication of might, that a

hypothetical situation has not in fact occurred. For instance, let's say there's been a

helicopter crash at the airport. In his initial report, before all the facts are gathered, a

newscaster could say that the pilot "may have been injured." After we discover that

the pilot is in fact all right, the newscaster can now say that the pilot "might have been

injured" because it is a hypothetical situation that has not occurred. Another example:

a body had been identified after much work by a detective. It was reported that

"without this painstaking work, the body mayhave remained unidentified." Since the

body was, in fact, identified, mightis clearly called for.

Activity 3 page 6.12MIGHT & MAY


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In the United States, we seldom use shallfor anything other than polite questions

(suggesting an element of permission) in the first-person:

"Shall we go now?"

"Shall I call a doctor for you?" Shallis often used in formal situations (legal or legalistic documents, minutes to

meetings, etc.) to express obligation, even with third-person and second-person

constructions:

The board of directors shall be responsible for payment to stockholders.

The college president shall report financial shortfalls to the executive director each

semester."

Shouldis usually used when giving advice (opinion, suggestion, preference).

You really shouldn't do that.

If you think that was amazing, you should have seen it last night.

Formative Test 3 page 6.22

Formative test 5 page 6.35

SHALL &SHOULD


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Modals of Necessity: Must, Have got to, Have to

Modal verbs are helping/auxiliary verbs that express ideas like ability, necessity,

and prohibition. Many modal verbs have more than one meaning. They are always

followed by the simple form of a verb.

Andrew has to pay his rent every month

Mustis the strongest and most serious modal verb of the three and is most common

in writing. It is unusual to use must in questions.

I must study tonight.

Have tois the most commonly used modal of obligation. It is useful for forming

questions and negatives.

Be careful! The subject and verb must agree for he/she/itsubjects AND the questionform requires Do/Does/Did.

I have to study tonight. Do I have to study tonight? Yes, I do.

She has to study tonight. Does she have tostudy tonight? No, she doesn't.

There is only one way to express past timewith these modal verbs: HAD

TO. (There is no past tense of must/have got to.)

Last night, we had to showour passport at the airport.I had to paymy phone bill this morning.Activity 1 page 6.27

MUST, HAVE GOT TO &HAVE TO


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PenyegaranQ1 - We ____ done it yet. Kami belum melakukannya

Q2 - ____ you think they are coming tonight? Apakah kamu pikir mereka akan datang malam ini?Q3 - ____ you see them yesterday? Apakah kamu melihat mereka kemarin?

Q4 - ____ you going this evening? Apakah kamu pergi malam ini?

Q5 - How long ____ it take you to get home? Biasanya berapa lama kamu sampai rumah?

Q6 - What ____ you reading at the moment? Kamu sedang baca apa?

Q7 - It was horrible- I really ____ like it. Saya sangat tidak menyukainya

Q8 - They ____ rung back yet. Mereka belum menelefon kembali

Q9 - ____ you learn it when you were at school? Apakah kamu mempelajarinya saat di sekolah?

Q10 - ____ you enjoying your meal? Apakah anda menyukai makanannya?

Q11 - ____ you decided yet? Apakah kamu sudah memutuskan?

Q12 - ____ everybody going to be there? Apakah semua orang akan pergi kesana?

Q13 - ____ they live near you? Apakah mereka tinggal dekat kamu?Q14 - I _____ finished it. Saya belum menyelesaikannya

Q15 - I ____ had time to do it yet. Saya tidak sempat melakukannya.

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1.Have not 2.Do 3.Did 4.Are 5.Does 6.Are 7.Didnt

8. Havent 9.Did 10.Are 11.Have 12.Is 13.Do 14.Havent

15. Havent


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Penyegaran

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Q1 - They ____ be on holiday, but I'm not sure. (can / may)

Q2 - You ____ be right, but I'd still like to check. (can/could)

Q3 - ____ you turn it down a bit please? (can/may)

Q4 - It's OK- you ____ go when you've finished. (may/might)

Q5 - Ask any questions now as you ____ not talk during the test. (may/could)

Q6 - You ____ smoke in the cinema. (cant / Might not) Q7 - From the way he speaks, he ____ be from London. (can/could)

Q8 - It's impossible- they _____ have finished it already! (cant / musnt)

Q9 - The weather ____ be better tomorrow. (can/may)

Q10 - ____ you speak Japanese? (can/may)


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AGREEMENT(PERSESUAIAN)

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Relative Pronoun

Bermakna penyesuaian atas verb berdasarkan subjek

dikarenakan adanya bentuk tunggal (singular) dan jamak(plural) untuk nomina (kata benda) dan pronomina (kata

ganti)

Tiga bentuk persesuaian yang akan dipelajari SubjectVerb Agreement, yang terbagi atas

Persesuaian subjek-verba dasar

Persesuaian subjek-verba menggunakan keterangan kuantitas

Persesuaian subjek-verba menggunakan THERE + BE

Persesuain subjekverba dengan ketidakteraturan (irregular verb) Pronoun Agreement

Persesuaian dengan nomina

Persesuaian dengan pronomina tak tentu

Persesuaian dengan nomina kolektif

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Conjuctions

AndDan Buttetapi OrAtau SoJadi

I saw her sister, and I asked her out.

You saw her or her sister?

I saw her sister, but she didnt like me, so I am still single.

Both.and - dua-duanya ( plural verb)

Not only. But also /Neither Nor/ Either Or-

Tidak hanya tetapi juga (depends on the subject)

Both Tuti and her sister dont like younger man.

Not only Budi, but also Tono likes her.

Neither Tuti nor her friends like Tono.

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