stones and rocks

CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

STONES AND ROCKS

http://wapixel.com/animation_free-scientist/geologist_examining_c/?cid=264&id=11203&__sid=ggl&lang=en

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

GEOLOGICAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL

IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC

STRATIFIED

UNSTRATIFIED FOLIATED

SILICIOUS

ARGILLACEOUS

CALCAREOUS

IGNEOUS ROCKS

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=igneous+rocks&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=wqhdgCuFRsbzaM&tbnid=3h5EwDeBKCKEfM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://geology.com/rocks/igneous-rocks.shtml&ei=9dZFUY3wIO-YiAe-xoDQAw&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNH7pRM0MdJZNw9C4y6KsQFjwsPwiA&ust=1363617903578601

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=igneous+rocks&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=2mq5Z908R_T4xM&tbnid=Rys6lAh4NltCnM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://w4.nkcsd.k12.mo.us/~amerenbl/igneous_rocks.html&ei=MddFUb6gH8ygigeG54DYCg&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNH7pRM0MdJZNw9C4y6KsQFjwsPwiA&ust=1363617903578601

BASALT

DOLERITE

VIDHANA SOUDHA GRANITE BUILDING BANGALORE INDIA

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=81YUq2cUAq2DRM&tbnid=rLRQ33aVDCuH1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.molon.de/galleries/India/Karnataka/Bangalore/VidhanaSoudha/img.php?pic=3&ei=Z-tFUa_FG4LpiAfWxYCoAw&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHcHpYAMOvIEHtX8xdZ4WD9c0Hf6A&ust=1363623138845139

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=sand+stone&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=NMp-a3Y1yB71iM&tbnid=zpEhFDomhFhQ-M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone&ei=rddFUZHsMeaZiAf_7oHoBA&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEfNvMAJDGA77uXoZ2_s_vQz_qCnA&ust=1363618088554647

GRAVEL

GYPSUM 209px

GYPSUM 220px

SANDSTONE BUILDING

QUTAB MINAR DELHI

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=sand+stone&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ROkmB9DyBl21QM&tbnid=804DQHqQ421o8M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sand_stone.JPG&ei=ztdFUceJB82UiAfqzIGQAQ&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEfNvMAJDGA77uXoZ2_s_vQz_qCnA&ust=1363618088554647

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=buildings+made+of+sandstone&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=iFACHqMrMW4ZCM&tbnid=FBIzXp7CLZ-VEM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.galenfrysinger.com/delhi_qutab_minar.htm&ei=WtlFUfv7Ooe4iAeuroC4BQ&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGXld2kZVRb1lNAjhRlyr6UWqCs8w&ust=1363618509463779

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

SHALE

GNEISSMIGAMITE

HORNFELS

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=n_xzoV3LCTG5pM&tbnid=xiiP9o6wvZ978M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://geology.com/rocks/shale.shtml&ei=NGdGUfqWHe-diAfS-oCADw&psig=AFQjCNH75BrVdWEohJSlQx0Iy60-CZoCZg&ust=1363654828491284

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=5Tptqsz8vyz6QM&tbnid=AM1DkZGAwP8TIM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migmatite&ei=4WdGUePQGoWdiAel7oGoCg&psig=AFQjCNHN2btsmyKeuiBDaTT3qBIcRtPRCg&ust=1363654983631489

SLATEMARBLE

DOLOMITE

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=marble&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=aP2V7nC03NdQcM&tbnid=w-MaYUuFd7DktM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://geology.com/rocks/marble.shtml&ei=pdhFUeKFNs2WiQf_3oCgDg&psig=AFQjCNFbDUeZmF4tE2duknjPzCIHqoE0GQ&ust=1363618324811463

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=slate&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_TYNSCXUsaZlDM&tbnid=Sp0PVTgaGARk1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00461/slate.htm&ei=BdhFUYigBcWQiAe174CYDw&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHRPSZmAdgCSJzzvPb_anrTyjsazg&ust=1363618177366761

TAJ MAHAL `AGRA DELHI`

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=taj+mahal+marble&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=aRsmTp6I7B88wM&tbnid=iGDx-oLuxM0-uM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.homeescapade.com/taj-mahal-the-crown-of-palaces/&ei=BNlFUaSvEomjiAeVwIG4AQ&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFPPy52osG27veDn8NZUwdZ0w8EZg&ust=1363618404338172

PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION

STRATIFIED ROCKS

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=stratified+rocks&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=H6N9AI6DX0KyYM&tbnid=CC4686m8QgvYaM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.art.com/products/p13046546-sa-i2289535/marco-simoni-stratified-rock-at-agio-pavlos-in-southern-crete-island-of-crete-greece-mediterranean.htm&ei=QNtFUc6cAsiTiAe-i4CABw&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGGzSTONf2FVj4wydSUHDpIQbKkrw&ust=1363618996996250

UNSTRATIFIED ROCKS

BRECCIA

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=6uUzxJOitIz_DM&tbnid=TKPtlHl6BlrfFM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://royalcivilgirlz.blogspot.com/&ei=01tGUfzhKcmQiQf2pICoDg&psig=AFQjCNHQz_ClhKmKBBLiC-z9H0Gupx7iYQ&ust=1363651754868191

FOLIATED ROCKS

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=foliated+rocks&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Au5cfn-aPfkd8M&tbnid=-4cm7yNXERfuKM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Metamorphic_rock&ei=ON1FUfuYCM6SiQfYoYF4&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEd9BlXPY0hdButxeWARmdMarhzzw&ust=1363619260790939

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=foliated+rocks&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=BxQ1G67uhkYbpM&tbnid=_zwwY-DtWfh3SM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://capacitacionenlinea.cl/21/foliated-metamorphic&ei=at1FUe2TNtKgiQeVlIDIAg&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEd9BlXPY0hdButxeWARmdMarhzzw&ust=1363619260790939

SILICIOUS ROCKS

SILICA SAND

SILICA IS PREDOMINANT

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=j-s3Ty0db1H76M&tbnid=_LBxZPyMInlSIM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/guorunmaggie/product-detailgeHxKVOjrvrL/China-Silica-Fume-Concrete-Silica-Fume-in-Concrete-Industry-Application.html&ei=cWBGUfn-J4y6iAewrICYDA&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGA9pB8FvJLDFXbGRca7RauiaSe9g&ust=1363653049165202

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=s3mCzi99e95kFM&tbnid=k8mA5dmLLsblYM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://wisconsingeologicalsurvey.org/silica-sand.htm&ei=qmBGUb3vJJCXiAeP2oCwBQ&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGA9pB8FvJLDFXbGRca7RauiaSe9g&ust=1363653049165202

SILICIOUS ROCKS

CHERT AND FLINT

DIATOMACEOUS CHERT

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=silicious++rocks&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Y89_T2VXCzZz4M&tbnid=xNLqqPA2i99UkM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/110541/Two-examples-of-siliceous-rock-chert-and-flint&ei=vN1FUcu4G6WUiAfYgYHoDw&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHMExGQehBhA_X7S3x0rb-k3ArIPA&ust=1363619625197041

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=silicious++rocks&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=pAqWTTan3QbY5M&tbnid=3TRar182qKZxCM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/sedimentary-rocks/deck/1200413&ei=RN5FUY2DFqWUiAfYgYHoDw&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHMExGQehBhA_X7S3x0rb-k3ArIPA&ust=1363619625197041

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=0RvH7PF5IRnHlM&tbnid=Tlax3gNISuW3JM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geophys/quartzite.html&ei=aF9GUcLWEpCXiAeP2oCwBQ&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHMLDjr_hfCiuFOcuVv9EB1DO-How&ust=1363652821188015

ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS

ARGIL OR CLAY IS PREDOMINANT

CLAY ARGIL

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=LGLdRe5tqtm0kM&tbnid=wj5HQEKVMfz3FM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.cepolina.com/hi/mud-argil-water.htm&ei=s2JGUcDLAbCuiQfO-oCIAw&psig=AFQjCNGfHUdf7QUtVEUMfbpgdvSMMSdtag&ust=1363653638668763

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=D3xhnvJ9sgMvnM&tbnid=eicRLbEOI_X48M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://potteryblog.com/category/how-to/throwing/&ei=JWNGUfCXEemSiAfQ8IGwCg&psig=AFQjCNEdbYId_bQpDbBWoX5_QOKtNAr6JQ&ust=1363653736818567

LATERITES

ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS

SLATES

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=laterites&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=mR5M8xJSoiNknM&tbnid=SsPV7ks1kAFFGM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.goadmg.gov.in/LateriteInfo.aspx&ei=RN9FUeuTJO-TiAeOvIDgBA&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFZ8Z1c-a16nA-G8b6mY2-l-Xuavw&ust=1363620006053264

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=laterites&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=rhzIlIXvzWwvCM&tbnid=No5m9KymhV14gM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.aquabotanic.com/?p=1056&ei=XN9FUbiFDOuaiAfCyoCwBg&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFZ8Z1c-a16nA-G8b6mY2-l-Xuavw&ust=1363620006053264

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=fUy1Ju76PlYZxM&tbnid=OZUGBGUPEipJtM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate&ei=02NGUcvuJKqUiQeUqICQCg&psig=AFQjCNH-Jd5N_7izUT4Hq39tlOy9bifvmA&ust=1363653961457448

CALCAREOUS ROCKS

CALCIUM CARBONATE IS PREDOMINANT

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=OLzXjgrAZXeBhM&tbnid=Q1yHxIhCYTss4M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.goodplastunited.com/calcium-carbonate-powder/&ei=FWVGUZrSNtGUiAfWkICYBQ&psig=AFQjCNHRPcOY6Z340UbXzeDPMBjbjo0ZLw&ust=1363654287459877

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_lqS-8v0IIWG0M&tbnid=Y0co7M1IxxVA9M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://sanmu168.en.made-in-china.com/product/geMEbuyAZKhl/China-Nano-Calcium-Carbonate-CCR-Series-for-Plastic.html&ei=LGVGUb_7BoWciAeP7oAw&psig=AFQjCNHRPcOY6Z340UbXzeDPMBjbjo0ZLw&ust=1363654287459877

CALCAREOUS ROCKS

LIMESTONE

MARBLE

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=bfwOs5nc7z8UrM&tbnid=v_IZjyP4zmFK5M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/geologictopics/rocks/ocala_limestone.htm&ei=gGVGUe6kKuSiigeRxoGwCg&psig=AFQjCNFTFEHgeNRAQPo_PRGGEdpk7n9csQ&ust=1363654395214484

QUALITIES OF GOOD BUILDING STONECrushing strength > 100N/mm2

Hard and strong Durable to withstand all weathering conditions

Uniform colour & free from clay holes, spots of other colour.

Crystalline & homogeneous in structure

Pleasing texture & colour

Should not absorb water more than 0.6% of its weight after 24 hrs immersion

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=stones+crystalline+and+homogeneous+in+structure&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_q-GCBaQ1km5fM&tbnid=aqMtzsfyY83iUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.draenert.de/en/material/stone/slab/BahiaBlue/&ei=Ah1MUYrzBoyiigeMmICIBw&bvm=bv.44158598,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHa2pDadESwTkNV3spty-ZckYPoOA&ust=1364028995345602

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=stones+pleasing+texture+animated&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=LqcJB2T69kS0HM&tbnid=JHphpTaW1IqmwM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.creativecrash.com/marketplace/3d-models/architecture/elements/c/cobblestone-fan/topics&ei=yR1MUab_KqPZigf55oDoCA&bvm=bv.44158598,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFd7Susof5pvQAOnQDu2ea6gMFLMQ&ust=1364029213180803

Well seasoned & dried 6 – 12 months for proper seasoning

Easily workable and hard enough to resist wear &tear

They can be dressed economically

A good building stone must have a specific gravity > 2.7

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=stones+can+be+dressed+economically&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dxqqgeox6z7dlM&tbnid=BdbLqWqVtTgQ0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.world-housing.net/whereport1view.php?ID=100168&ei=_pZMUdHlFOStiAfQgYG4Bw&bvm=bv.44158598,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFfW3C4url4gnR-piSeiiv1b3cdbw&ust=1364060269980631

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=stones+specific+gravity+&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=oO6zQRx5KjUk4M&tbnid=ilkzniHfUfnI4M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.gemstones-guide.com/Specific-Gravity-of-Gemstones.html&ei=bh9MUaHJLY2SiQe0moHYDQ&bvm=bv.44158598,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHWrG1Zw9j6niLOZcpHoFdS280E_w&ust=1364029667525793

Fracture of good building stone should be sharp ,even and clear.

Sufficiently strong enough to absorb shocks and impacts

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=fracture+of+stones&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=4LzcBfzBdq631M&tbnid=EsXHRSu9ncBi_M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.novaslav.com/index.php?id=products&sub=5&subb=4&ei=NyBMUbzTAeu5iAei8IGgDA&bvm=bv.44158598,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNG4SGoLI6-VzqFIdKFjVO2MVJUQmw&ust=1364029810768803

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=stones+should+absorb+shocks&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=SK-IEd5NCsYVNM&tbnid=kbG65Y4ULZGJ0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.sapiensman.com/tools_and_equipment/equipment_store79.php?psps_page=2&ei=lJpMUa2CMMSuiQeRmYHgCQ&bvm=bv.44158598,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNE0GfRVxA9cvi_Xl3CKvwfjO28xSQ&ust=1364061027103216

USES OF STONESBasic material for concrete, moorum of roads, calcareous cementsUsed for foundation, damp proof courses , walls , columns, linlets, arches , roofs, floors etc…

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=roads&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HPXisp0BYlMAFM&tbnid=Ruim0KwZQywODM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://morealtitude.wordpress.com/2009/08/27/1963/&ei=VSFMUf3KOufniAfdroC4BA&bvm=bv.44158598,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHEruOQtYfDxxShF2EknKdZhXZGdw&ust=1364030149477051

used for facing works in brick masonry to give a massive appearance

Hard stones can be used for pavementsStones are used as ballast in

PIERS

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_Gate_and_Piers_to_Stone_House_at_Rushlake_Green_-_geograph.org.uk_-_381317.jpg

Sratified

Unstratified

FoliatedSilicious

Argillaceous

Calcareous

Rocks

Qualities & its uses.

SUMMARY

Thank u friends

By SUMITHRA.I

stones and rocks

Engineering