stiditisegregation, deprivation and socioand socio-economic … · 2013. 5. 13. · nisha...
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S ti d i tiSegregation, deprivation and socio-economicand socio economic inequalities
Nisha KapoorNisha KapoorUniversity of Manchester
RGS-IBG Annual Conference 26th August 200926th August 2009
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Problematising ‘Segregation’Debates on ‘segregation’/‘integration’ have remained concerned with minority ethnic concentrationconcentration
and how this relates to social, economic, and political participation, and community cohesion.
C th i t ti i d t i if bCo-ethnic concentration is used to signify a number of different mechanisms
Negative aspects- segregation, social exclusion,Negative aspects segregation, social exclusion, Positive aspects- community and social capital, minority ethnic labour markets
There is often conflation between areas of highThere is often conflation between areas of high minority ethnic concentration and highly deprived neighbourhoods
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K P i tKey PointsHistory of migration and settlement of black migrantsHistory of migration and settlement of black migrants from ex-colonies saw concentration in deprived neighbourhoods.neighbourhoods.Geographies of high concentration have remained largely consistent over time.largely consistent over time.Deprivation is the key contextual indicator for understanding worse outcomes in neighbourhoodsunderstanding worse outcomes in neighbourhoods of high minority ethnic concentration.Not to disregard agency or community- socialNot to disregard agency or community social mobility away from these areas, positive community effects- culturally rich!y
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Settlement in pre-existing deprived areas…
Most migrants restricted to work in the lowest paid jobs, that others were unwilling to do (Brah, p j , g ( ,1996).
History of racial discrimination in public and yprivate sector housing
Hackney (CRE 1984), Liverpool (CRE 1984), Tower y ( ), p ( ),Hamlets (Phillips 1986, CRE 1989), Birmingham (Henderson and Karn 1987), Oldham (CRE 1993), 2008 report for EHRCPrivate sector discrimination (CRE, Phillips et al 2003)
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Evidence of migration of all groups away from areas of highest non-white concentration (Simpson, g ( p ,2004, Finney and Simpson 2009).
Cl t i b ff i t i dClustering- buffer against racism and discrimination, social and cultural institutions.
General desire to live in mixed neighbourhoods (Phillips et al 2007)(Phillips et al 2007).
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South Asian ConcentrationBirmingham 1971-2001Birmingham 1971-2001
2001
1971
19811981
Source: 1971 Census, 1981 Census, 2001 Census
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Townsend Deprivation Scores for Birmingham WardsWards
1991
1971
1991
20011971
19811981
Source: Standardised Townsend Deprivation Scores for 2001 wards- Paul Norman, University of Leeds
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Concentration in deprived areas
90%
100%
p
70%
80%90%
5 (Most Deprived)
50%
60%5 (Most Deprived)432
20%
30%40% 2
1 (Least Deprived)
0%
10%
n i
White
Indian
Pakis
tani
Bang
lades
hi
B
Source: 2004 IMD scores
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Is deprivation more significant as a neighbourhood indicator at explainingneighbourhood indicator at explaining variation in socio-economic outcomes than co-ethnic concentration?co ethnic concentration?
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Data and MethodsData and Methods2005 Citizenship Survey (England)
With additional data on neighbourhood minority ethnic concentration from 2001 Census geography measured for MSOAMSOAs.And data on 2004 Index of Multiple Deprivation scores for MSOAsMSOAs.
3 Socio-economic indicators examinedunemployment limiting long term illness no qualificationunemployment, limiting long term illness, no qualification rates
Focus on three South Asian groups- Indians, g p ,Pakistanis/Bangladeshis and compare with whitesMethod: Multilevel logistic regressionMethod: Multilevel logistic regressionCross-sectional data
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ModelsAll ethnic groups modelled togetherAll ethnic groups modelled together
Unemployment (male)Unemployment (male) age, qualifications, co-ethnic concentration, deprivation
Limiting Long Term Illnessage, sex, co-ethnic concentration, deprivationg , , , p
No Qualificationsage, sex, CoB, co-ethnic concentration, deprivation
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Predicted male unemployment rate by co-ethnic concentration
14
16
18
t rat
e
10
12
14
ploy
men
t
White
PB
4
6
8
cted
une
m
White
Indian
0
2
4
Pred
ic
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Co-ethnic concentration
Source: 2005 Citizenship Survey
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Predicted male unemployment rate by deprivation
25
rate
15
20
ploy
men
t r
White
10
ted
unem
p PBIndian
0
5
Pred
ict
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Neighbourhood Deprivation
Source: 2005 Citizenship Survey
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Predicted LLTI rate by co-ethnic concentration
3 5
4
3
3.5
LLTI
rat
e
WhitePB
2
2.5
redi
cted
L PBWhiteIndian
1
1.5
P
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Co-ethnic concentration
Source: 2005 Citizenship Survey
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Predicted LLTI rate by deprivationPredicted LLTI rate by deprivation
5
6
e
3
4
LLTI
rat
e
WhitePB
2
3
Pre
dict
ed PB
Indian
0
1
P
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Neighbourhood deprivation
Source: 2005 Citizenship Survey
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Predicted no qualifications rate by co-ethnic concentration
8
9
s R
ate
5
6
7
alifi
catio
ns
WhitePB
2
3
4
ed N
o Q
ua WhiteIndian
0
1
2
0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8
Pred
icte
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Co-ethnic Concentration
Source: 2005 Citizenship Survey
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Predicted no qualifications rate by deprivation
14
16
s R
ate
8
10
12
alifi
catio
n
WhitePB
4
6
8
ed N
o Q
ua PBIndian
0
2
Pre
dict
e
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Neighbourhood Deprivation
Source: 2005 Citizenship Survey
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SummarySummaryMost areas of high South Asian concentration are gmaterially deprived areas due to history of settlement in the UK.
Co-ethnic concentration can represent many thingsthings…
At the neighbourhood level when both deprivationAt the neighbourhood level, when both deprivation and co-ethnic concentration are considered, neighbourhood deprivation is significantly associated with socio-economic outcomes for all ethnic groups, while co-ethnic concentration is not.