steel roofing: timeless aesthetic quality

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Steel roofing: timeless aesthetic quality

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Steel roofing: timeless aesthetic quality

Steel roofing guide

ArcelorMittal - transforming tomorrow 5

Steel roofing: timeless aesthetic quality 7

Steel solutions for your roof 9

Profiled panel roofing 13

Sandwich panel roofing 17

Standing seam or cleated seam roofing 21

Roofing with tile or slate pattern 25

Variety of shapes and relief through deep drawing 27

Energy-saving solar panel roofing 29

Thermal and acoustic solutions 31

Renovation with tiles 33

Selection guide 34

ArcelorMittal products and solutions 36

Accessories 41

We’re here to help you 43

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ArcelorMittal is the world’s number one steel company, with 310,000 employees in more than 60 countries. The Group is the leader in all major global markets, including construction. ArcelorMittal offers a wide range of quality products and services to meet all your needs. Moreover, the Group’s investment in innovation and R&D will help you increase your competitiveness.

In our culture there has always been a tradition of building roofs, mainly because of the ready availability of raw materials. In this modern day and age, other factors have come to the fore and the success of any construction project now relies largely on know–how and the clever combination of new materials and techniques. Steel undoubtedly offers one of the best solutions in this respect, in terms of its structure, shape and aesthetic quality.

Just as children spontaneously seek creative and decorative solutions when they are playing, the challenge we face is to constantly develop aesthetic and environmentally friendly steel products, in harmony with man and the environment. Giving protection come rain or shine, or simply looking good – everything a fine umbrella should do…

ArcelorMittal – transforming tomorrow

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Steel roofing: timeless aesthetic quality

Nowadays, many property owners and professional builders opt for a steel roof, not only for industrial and commercial premises, cultural centres and administrative buildings, but also for houses and apartment complexes. Steel roofing, combining aesthetic quality with excellent performance and durability, is a growing success story.

Steel’s versatility makes it an attractive alternative to the most commonly used types of roofing. The choice is wide and varied: profiled panels, sandwich panels, standing seam or cleated seam covering and tiles.

Modular in concept, steel roofing offers a clear advantage when it comes to installation, on both new-build and renovation projects. Steel is also durable, easy to maintain and recyclable, thus providing an exemplary solution to sustainable development concerns. On top of that, steel roofing is an excellent long-term investment.

To complement our steel roofing, we also offer a wide range of accessories, such as downpipes, guttering, ridges and flashing.

More than just a protective covering, a steel roof can also house complete energy-recovery systems in the form of integrated thermal or photovoltaic solar panels. Steel is now the substrate of choice with promising new technologies that contribute to environmental protection.

Steel roofing offers freedom of choice in terms of shape, appearance and colour, ensuring that it blends in perfectly with every environment and complements all styles of architecture, from the most traditional to the most avant-garde. Our extensive range of steel products, straight or curved, flat or undulating, offers architects a wide array of options.

Besides its aesthetic qualities, steel roofing also delivers superior technical performance in terms of watertightness, mechanical strength, durability, fire behaviour, condensation and both acoustic and thermal comfort. There is always a steel solution to meet every specific need.

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Steel solutions for your roof

Profiled panel roofing

The profiled sheet steel panels are large, lightweight and easy to install, not to mention very economical. They create a rigid, ribbed, aesthetically pleasing surface, and satisfy the roofing requirements for many types of property, ranging from residential to public and commercial buildings.

Sandwich panel roofing

Offering an all-in-one solution, these panels combine watertightness, insulation and ready-to-install convenience with efficiency, a lighter roof structure, technical simplicity and easier and faster installation.

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Steel solutions for your roof

Standing seam or cleated seam roofing

A characteristic feature of standing seam roofing is its linear rhythm. Assembled on site from steel strips, this type of roofing combines sophisticated aesthetic appeal with complex shapes and is ideal for both modern and traditional architectural styles.

Energy-saving solar panel roofing

A steel roof incorporating photovoltaic panels is a forward-looking solution that contributes to the production and rational use of solar energy. This type of roof is therefore a source of renewable energy that can be used directly in the building itself or stored for other applications.

Roofing with tile or slate pattern

Pre-formed steel sheets are available in a wide range of colours and textures and offer an innovative alternative to traditional tile or slate roofing.

Renovation solution

Profiled steel panels are fixed directly onto the roof to be renovated. This can be done without any particular technical difficulties and does not require reinforcement of the roof structure or dismantling. The old roof remains in place under the new one and protects the building from inclement weather during renovation work.

Acoustic solution

Composite steel/polymer sheets forming a sandwich structure offer a compact solution that also provides the roof with sound insulation properties. They reduce the impact noise from rain or hail, ensuring a higher standard of interior comfort.

Green roof

A green roof is a roof that is covered with vegetation and is a way of introducing more green areas into the urban environment. Besides its aesthetic and environmentally friendly appeal, this kind of roof naturally regulates the temperature inside a building and also captures rainwater and slows the rate of runoff from the roof.

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Profiled panel range Profiled panel roofing

The advantages of profiled panels:

• Widerangeofcolours

• Hugevarietyofprofiledsheets

• Freedomindesign,possibilityofbending

• Largespanandhighrigidity

• Simplicityandlighterroofframe

• Lighterload-bearingstructures

When installing roofing, whether on public or private buildings, it is important to be able to cover a large surface area quickly. This requires the use of lightweight, rigid materials in large sizes to ensure optimum spacing of the supports and lighter load-bearing structures, from girders to foundations. The emphasis is on excellent value for money and ease of installation.

The trend in building design towards better architectural quality has now fuelled demand for roofs with a more complex shape. The multiplicity of profiled sheets available and the various production techniques that exist, including bending, make it possible to meet this demand.

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Spotlight on profiled panels Granite®HDS

Other suitable products:

Granite® Standardpage 36

Granite®HD

Granite®Flexpage 37

Granite® Deep Matpage 37

Granite®Farm

Solano®

page 38

Ugitop®/Ugipass®

page 38

Uginox®

page 39

Aluzinc®page 39

Available in a wide range of attractive colours, Granite® HDS coating has very high UV resistance (in compliance with RUV4 classification, the most demanding category in European standard EN 10169/2).

With this coating, architects can incorporate yellow, deep red and bright green colours into their designs, while saturated red shades, traditionally a popular choice for roofs, are now part of the standard range.

The paints used have exceptional resistance to photochemical ageing, making this product the ideal solution in projects where aesthetic quality, durability and colour fastness are of prime importance.

The thicker layer of paint ensures increased corrosion resistance, which is an advantage in urban or industrial environments. This is also why this product is a better choice than Granite® Standard in harsh environmental conditions.

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Sandwich panel range Sandwich panel roofing

The advantages of sandwich panels:

• Cheaperlabourcosts

• Lighterload-bearingstructures

• Verygoodoverallprice

• All-in-onesolution

• Qualityanduniformityofproductioninthefactory

Sandwich panels can serve as protective coverings, load-bearing structures, insulation and attractive interior ceilings in buildings. The sheets have a core of expanded polyurethane foam or rock wool, the latter providing up to two hours’ fire resistance.

Thanks to their design and the thickness of the insulating core, the panels have considerable resistance to bending. Their effective span makes it possible to increase the spacing between the supports and have much lighter load-bearing structures.

These large, lightweight panels can be installed easily and very quickly.

There are many possible surface finishes available, both exterior and interior.

The main advantage is the heterogeneous composition of the panels, which enables the roof to be installed and finished in one go. This reduces labour costs without compromising the quality of the roofing.

The panels may be bent to meet specific aesthetic requirements.

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Spotlight on sandwich panels Granite® Deep Mat

Other suitable products:

Granite® Standard

page 36

Granite®HDS

page 36

Granite®Flex

page 37

Solano®page 38

Aluzinc®page 39

The distinctive feature of Granite® Deep Mat is its deep matt appearance (< 5 GU) from any angle. Like all Granite® coatings, its UV resistance makes it suitable for outdoor applications.

Granite® Deep Mat coating can withstand any type of forming, resulting in a variety of possible aesthetic finishes.

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Standing seam range Standing seam or cleated seam roofing

The advantages of standing seams:

• Sophisticatedaestheticappearance

• Idealforcoveringcomplexshapes

• Durabilityandstability

• Maximumwatertightness

“Standing seam” is a technique that involves joining adjacent steel strips with upturned edges. Folding and interlocking are carried out using traditional methods or special tools. In the cleated seam system, a cap covering the seams ensures that the steel strips are watertight. The cap gives this type of roofing its characteristic look.

Architectural quality is a priority with this type of roofing. Quite apart from its state-of-the-art technical characteristics, the texture and appearance of the material convey a quality image. The regular pattern of thin lines created by the standing seams complements both traditional and contemporary architectural styles.

This type of covering is highly suitable for the most complex and sophisticated shapes of roof and can be used to cover curved, convex or concave surfaces, such as domes, cones etc.

The limited number of seams guarantees maximum watertightness, a particular advantage in harsh climatic conditions (mountain or continental climates with considerable exposure to wind, rain or snow).

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Spotlight on standing seams Uginox®

Other suitable products:

Granite®HDS

page 36

Granite®HDX

page 36

Granite®Flex

page 37

Solano®page 38

Ugitop®/Ugipass®

page 38

Aluzinc®page 39

The Uginox® AME/FTE range comprises tin-plated stainless steel that develops a patina over time. The tin softens the natural brightness of the stainless steel and gives the roofing a satin matt finish. The uniform colour blends in with any surroundings. The tin coating is totally neutral with regard to the environment and is applied to austenitic steel (AME) or ferritic steel (FTE). Uginox® is used for both profiled sheets and standing seam roofing.

Its high mechanical strength and yield strength enable lightness to be combined with rigidity, while its formability makes it easy to install. Uginox® is suited to all common installation and joining techniques.

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Tile range Roofing with tile or slate pattern

The advantages of tile panels:

• Varietyofcoloursandsurfacefinishes

• Varietyofdrawingsections

• Resistancetostronggustsofwind

• Simplicityandlightnessofthestructure

In terms of aesthetic quality, steel can easily measure up to tiles or slate for roofing. The wide choice of suitable paints and the intrinsic qualities of the coated steel make it possible to produce traditional roof element shapes using demanding profiling and deep drawing processes.

Decorative, durable and strong, pre-coated metal tiles offer the many advantages of organic coated products in construction applications. From a distance they are indistinguishable from terracotta, slate or cement roof tiles. They can be installed quickly and easily and, because they are lighter than ordinary tiles, less material is required. Offering a high degree of toughness, they enhance the quality of the roof and increase its lifespan in environments exposed to inclement weather. Quicker installation means increased productivity and lower labour costs. Being recyclable, they provide the perfect sustainable construction solution. Despite their apparent simplicity, coated metal tiles are the crowning glory on an authentically contemporary building.

The structural rigidity of steel and the production techniques available allow architects and roofing contractors to use very long sections, called tile panels. These are lightweight, yet very strong, thus considerably simplifying the process of building the roof frame.

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Granite® Cloudy Terracotta Granite® Cloudy Anticato

Spotlight on tiles Variety of shapes and relief through deep drawing

Other suitable products:

Granite®HDXpage 36

Granite® Deep Mat

page 37

Solano®page 38

Design tiles

Produced by deep drawing a sheet of Granite® Flex, these tiles can easily be formed into the most complex and extreme shapes of traditional or contemporary tiles. High product durability is assured. The coating is sufficiently flexible to withstand manipulation of the metal and produce the desired shape. Granite® Flex is particularly recommended for complex tiles with small profiling and drawing radii. The robustness of the material ensures that this product offers competitive advantages in both renovation and new-build applications.

Traditional tiles

Steel roof tiles coated with Granite® Cloudy are an ideal and aesthetically attractive alternative to the traditional Roman tiles common in Southern Europe. They are available in two colours: Anticato, a dark brown colour that gives depth to the roof, and Terracotta, a pink beige that conveys luminosity and warmth. The flexible 35 micron paint system has been carefully developed to enable the complex shapes of traditional and contemporary roofs to be reproduced. Granite® Cloudy brings innovation to the design and look of a metal roof and offers you a durable lustre finish.

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Spotlight on energy-saving solar panel roofing Energy-saving solar panel roofing

Examples of steel substrates particularly suitable for solar panel roofing:

Granite®HDXpage 36

Solano®

page 38

Ugitop®/Ugipass®

page 38

Uginox®

page 39

Aluzinc®page 39

Arsolar, the solar solution

Using photovoltaic systems to convert sunlight into electrical energy is an environmentally friendly way of generating domestic electricity. Arsolar roofing modules consist of photovoltaic cells laminated onto specially designed profiled roof sheets. The various elements are pre-wired for on-site connection. The modules are fixed to the roof by means of spacers specially designed to meet ventilation requirements.

Installing 45 m2 of Arsolar roofing can prevent as much as 30 tonnes of CO2 being discharged into the atmosphere.

Arsolar won a gold medal for innovation at the Batimat 2007 building exhibition.

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Spotlight on thermal and acoustic solutions

Thermal and acoustic solutions

Globalroof

Globalroof thermal and acoustic systems are available as double-skin or fully watertight roofing systems. They combine excellent thermal insulation with very good acoustic performance in terms of sound insulation and absorption.

Example of a double-skin Globalroof system with very good acoustic and thermal performance:CIN323J

Performance

• Sound reduction index Rw = 47 db• Sound absorption αw = 0.90• Heat transmission Up = 0.25

Advantages

• Aesthetic underside: smooth surface finish with no visible fastenings

• Curved double roof possible• Very good thermal performance• For multi-purpose facilities, cinemas and

theatres, and buildings where good sound insulation and absorption are required

Example of a fully watertight Globalroof system with very good acoustic and thermal performance:CIN325PorC

Performance

• Sound reduction index Rw = 55 db• Sound absorption αw = 0.90• Heat transmission Up = 0.20

Advantages

• Aesthetic underside with a flat surface appearance and no visible fastenings

• Perforated version offers excellent sound absorption

• Excellent thermal performance• For multi-purpose facilities, cinemas and

theatres• Curved double roof possible

Other acoustic products:

Sollight®ACpage 39

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Who better than a professional roof contractor to extol the virtues of steel tiles in renovation projects?

“I’m often contacted by owners of old buildings with water infiltration problems. In such situations the roof has to be renovated quickly, without damaging the inhabited areas of the property. You can’t really expect the residents to move out while you do the job. A few years ago I found the ideal solution: steel tile roofing. Steel tiles are light and easy to handle. They can be laid on top of the existing roof covering, without having to dismantle it or reinforce the roof structure. It’s a win-win situation: my clients don't suffer any inconvenience and enjoy the benefits of a steel roof, while I have the advantage of easy installation and cost savings. Two of my men can lay a 150 m² roof in just two days. What’s more, the tile panels look attractive and are available in lots of colours. Other advantages are their regular shape and rigidity, which make it possible to rectify slight differences in level, and the fact that this renovation solution improves the insulation of the house. I’ve never regretted choosing this technique! In fact, I’d recommend it to anyone.”

G. Kaiser

Spotlight on renovation option

Renovation with tiles

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Granite® Solano® Ugitop®/

Ugipass®

Uginox® Sollight® AC Aluzinc® Arsolar Globalroof

Types of roofing Standard HD HDS HDX Flex Deep Mat Cloudy Farm

Profiled panel roofing / / / / / / / / / /

Sandwich panel roofing / / / / / /

Standing seam or cleated seam roofing / / / / / / /

Roofing with tile or slate pattern / / / / /

Energy-saving solar panel roofing / / / / / /

Thermal and acoustic solutions / /

Green roof / / /

Renovation solution / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

Granite® Solano® Ugitop®/

Ugipass®

Uginox® Sollight® AC Aluzinc® Arsolar Globalroof

Types of roofing Standard HD HDS HDX Flex Deep Mat Cloudy Farm

Profiled panel roofing / / / / / / / / / /

Sandwich panel roofing / / / / / /

Standing seam or cleated seam roofing / / / / / / /

Roofing with tile or slate pattern / / / / /

Energy-saving solar panel roofing / / / / / /

Thermal and acoustic solutions / /

Green roof / / /

Renovation solution / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

Selection guide

PRoDuCtS SoLutIoNS

/ highly suitable

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ArcelorMittal products and solutions

Granite® Standard

Granite® Standard is a widely used product combining the structural qualities of steel with the protective properties of an organic coating. The coating is available in several different colours. Specially developed to meet the requirements of solidity, durability and cost effectiveness, this product is the standard solution for high-quality organic coated steel.

Granite®HDS

Bright, attractive colours are the characteristic feature of this product, which also has very high UV resistance (in compliance with RUV4 classification, the most demanding category in European standard EN 10169/2).

Granite®HDX

Resistance to corrosion in severe climatic conditions and colour fastness are the main properties of this product, which is particularly suitable for high-quality roofing.

For further information about ArcelorMittal’s official guarantees, please consult the legal document “Granite® Automatic Guarantee” at www.arcelormittal.com/fce

Granite®Flex

Organic coated steel with this coating is ideal for roof tiles with complex shapes that require difficult deep drawing processes or small radii.

Granite® Deep Mat

A stylish coating that meets the requirements of the modern residential market. Its structured, matt surface gives the roof an impression of depth and warmth. Whichever way the roof faces, this coating retains its uniform matt appearance.

Granite®Cloudy

This innovative coating has a cloudy surface appearance and is available in two colours: Anticato (dark brown) and Terracotta (pink beige). It is particularly suitable for deep-drawn profiled tiles, which look like traditional Roman tiles but offer all the advantages of a steel solution.

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Solano®

Solano® is a range of organic coated steels that combine corrosion resistance with guaranteed durability due to the 200 micron paint coating, two to three times thicker than other products on the market. Depending on the needs of particular applications, this product carries a 10, 20 or even a 30-year guarantee*. Top of the range is Solano® 30, which has excellent UV resistance (in compliance with RUV4 classification, the most demanding category in European standard EN 10169/2).

Ugitop®/Ugipass®

With their characteristic smooth, matt surface finish that remains stable over time, Ugitop® and Ugipass® meet all the demands of a high-quality roofing system. The main advantages of these products are ease of installation, high mechanical strength, low coefficient of expansion and compatibility with other materials. Ugitop® and Ugipass® are easy to bend and can be used for standing seam or cleated seam roofing.

ArcelorMittal products and solutions

* For further information about ArcelorMittal’s official guarantees, please consult the legal document “Solano® Automatic Guarantee” at www.arcelormittal.com/fce

New products that are groundbreaking in terms of potential energy savings and aesthetic quality are also in the pipeline: easy cleaning, reflective paints and Granite® Stone, which has a grained finish.

Uginox®

The Uginox® AME/FTE range comprises tin-plated stainless steel that develops a patina over time. The tin softens the natural brightness of the stainless steel and gives the roofing a satin matt finish. The uniform colour blends in with any surroundings. The tin coating is totally neutral with regard to the environment and is applied to austenitic steel (AME) or ferritic steel (FTE). Uginox® is used for both profiled sheets and standing seam roofing.

Aluzinc®

Alu… Zinc… The name speaks for itself: Aluzinc® is an alloy of aluminium and zinc in almost equal proportions. This unique silvery spangled coating – composed of 55% aluminium, 43.4% zinc and a touch of silicon (1.6%) – is in perfect harmony with the steel substrate. The result combines the strength of steel, the protection of zinc and the stability of aluminium.

With its excellent reflectivity, Aluzinc® helps maintain climate control in buildings, acting as an effective heat shield.

Sollight®AC

Sollight® AC is a composite sandwich product consisting of two steel sheets joined together by a very thin layer of visco-elastic resin capable of absorbing vibration. Its sound-damping properties ensure that vibrations are attenuated, thus reducing radiated noise. The damping factor is 100 times greater than that of a single sheet of steel of the same thickness. Sollight® AC is available in most grades of cold rolled steel sheets, uncoated or coated with a metal coating or with a layer of paint.

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Accessories

Available in stainless steel or coloured paint finish, our range of accessories perfectly complement our steel roofing.

Besides being light, economical, attractive and sturdy, they can also be installed quickly and easily. Their resistance to UV and the wide choice of colours available guarantee the aesthetic and technical uniformity of the roofing. Our steel accessories are ideal for collecting rainwater and are 100% recyclable.

The maximum length of one-piece stainless steel gutters is 20 m, with a maximum width of 1250 mm. Alternatively, smaller sections can be welded together. The parts can be easily shaped. Depending on their length, they can be curved either in the factory, or on site using a special tool. The need for fewer solder seams, end stops and expansion joints makes installation easy and reduces production costs.

Guttering

Internalorexternalcorners(90°)

Gutter brackets

Outlets

Downpipe

Wall-mounted downpipe brackets

Elbow

Rainwater diverter

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We’re here to help you

Forourproducts Consultourwebsiteat Or contact us direct at

Granite® StandardGranite®HDGranite®HDSGranite®HDXGranite®FlexGranite® Deep MatGranite®CloudyGranite®FarmSolano®Aluzinc®Sollight®AC

www.arcelormittal.com/fce [email protected]

Ugitop®/Ugipass®Uginox®

www.arcelormittal.com/stainlesseurope [email protected]

ArsolarGlobalroof

www.arval-construction.com [email protected]@arval-construction.fr

Halnytiles,Iguazurainwater disposal systems

www.armat-construction.com [email protected]

You can also visit www.constructalia.com or send an e-mail to [email protected]

Ifyouwouldlikefurtherinformation,detailedcatalogues,colourchartsortechnicaldata,please do not hesitate to contact us.

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Credits

Published by:ArcelorMittal Flat Carbon Europe, in collaboration with ArcelorMittal Liège Research, ArcelorMittal Building & Construction Support and Arval/Armat

Editorial team:Paul Guillaume, Belgian Steel Information Centre (Staalinfocentrum vzw - Centre Information Acier asbl)Gérard Kaiser (architect)

Photos

Cover: Tom D’Haenens, Philippe Vandenameelep. 2: Wetteren public swimming pool – Photo: Philippe Vandenameelep. 6: Armat by ArcelorMittalp. 8: Photo: Philippe Vandenameelep. 9: Minerve Building, ULB, Gosselies – Architects: Bureau Art & Build; Architect: Véronique Salmonp. 10: All rights reserved; Armat by ArcelorMittal; Arsolar (Arval by ArcelorMittal)p. 11: Europole Gymnasium, Grenoble – Architect: Nicolas Michelin – Photo: Tom D’Haenens; Wetteren railway station – Photo: Philippe Vandenameele; Armat by ArcelorMittalp. 12: Minerve Building, ULB, Gosselies – Architects: Bureau Art & Buildp. 14: House of contractor Tulleners, Maasmechelen - Architects: Atelier 229 – Photo: Emiel Verhasseltp. 16: R&D Centre of ArcelorMittal Liège – Photo: Philippe Vandenameelep. 18: Groeneveld Technical Centre, Vaulx-Milieu – Architects: Gimbert & Vergely – Photo: Tom D’Haenens

p. 20: Palace of Justice in Antwerp – Architects: Richard Rogers Partnership, VK Studio, VK Engineering, Ove Arup Partners – Photo: P. Deprezp. 22: Day nursery in Tübingen – Architects: Huthmacher – Photo: F. Frechp. 24: Armat by ArcelorMittalp. 26: Halny tiles (Armat by ArcelorMittal)p. 27: Photo: Philippe Vandenameelep. 28: Arsolar (Arval by ArcelorMittal)p. 30: Europole Gymnasium, Grenoble – Architect: Nicolas Michelin – Photo: Tom D’Haenensp. 32: Photo: Philippe Vandenameelep. 33: Armat by ArcelorMittalp. 34: Armat by ArcelorMittalp. 36: Armat by ArcelorMittal; Clipsol, Aix-les-Bains – Photo: Tom D’Haenens; Post Office, Ath – Architect: F. Gallezp. 37: Armat by ArcelorMittal; Cécile De Medeiros; Photo: Philippe Vandenameelep. 38: Theyskens house, Halen – Contractor: Schriers – Architect: L. Moelants – Photo: Emiel Verhasselt; Photo: H. Meisterp. 39: Day nursery in Tübingen – Architects: Huthmacher – Photo: F. Frech; Photo: Philippe Vandenameele; Astron Building, Lindab Groupp. 40: Armat by ArcelorMittalp. 41: Iguazu (Armat by ArcelorMittal)p. 42: Armat by ArcelorMittalp. 47: Groeneveld Technical Centre, Vaulx-Milieu – Architects: Gimbert & Vergely – Photo: Tom D’Haenens

Copyright

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means whatsoever, without prior written permission from ArcelorMittal.

Care has been taken to ensure that the information in this publication is accurate, but this information is not contractual. Consequently, ArcelorMittal and any other ArcelorMittal Group company do not accept any liability for errors or omissions or any information that is found to be misleading.

As this document may be subject to change at any time, please consult the latest information in the Magazines and Brochures section at www.arcelormittal.com/fce.

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