steatite icon with the deposition at the monastery of ... · the vatopedi monastery, two panagiaria...

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Steatite icon with the Deposition at the monastery of Iveron on Mount Athos* Dimitrios Liakos** 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Greece 65 UDC 271.2–526.6:736.2.04Š(495.631) DOI 10.2298/ZOG1034065L Originalan nau~ni rad This paper deals with a steatite icon of the Deposition, which is enshrined in the sacristy of Iveron monastery. The icon consists of two parts, one rectangular of light grey-greenish colour, with a smooth surface, and one arched of a darker colouring, porous texture and a rougher surface. The rec- tangular, older part of the icon is a fragment of a twelfth century icon from which the lower left angle and fragments of the right and upper side are lost. The fracture of this twelfth century icon led to its restitution which took place in the fourteenth century (the arched part), as it appears by the stylistic data and the inscriptions. At the same time the icon was embedded in the wooden panel. Keywords: Byzantine art, steatite icon, iconography, De- position, Iveron, Mt. Athos Research of sacristies of Athonite monasteries has so far confirmed the existence of twenty three steatite artworks which are dated between the eleventh and the fourteenth-fif- teenth century. Most of them (icons and encolpia) are kept in the Vatopedi monastery, two panagiaria are in the Xero- potamou and Panteleemon monasteries respectively, and one icon is found in the Xenophontos monastery. 1 The catalogue of these artworks is now expanded by one more entry, previ- ously unknown. It is preserved in the sacristy of Iveron mon- astery and is the main subject of this paper. This is an icon 9,5 cm in height and 7 cm in width (fig. 1). It consists of two parts, one rectangular and one arched. An exergue frame of varying width is preserved only on the upper, the left and the lower side. The right side and the lower left angle of the frame are broken. The icon is embedded in a wooden panel, 14cm in height and 12cm in width, which was the central panel of a triptych, as shown by the two dredged openings on its vertical sides, created by the detachment of the metallic pivots. On the front side of the wooden panel a preparatory layer ready for painting, with a large number of nails used for the mounting of the metallic revetment, is par- tially preserved. From this revetment only a small and very decayed part of the left side is conserved. The back side of the wooden panel (fig. 2) bears an engraved leaf cross of the Resurrection type with the cryptograms: I(HCOU)C C(RI- CTO)C NI KA and F(WC) C(RICTOU). The icon shows the Deposition (fig. 3). This balanced composition includes Joseph of Arimathea who takes down the lifeless body of Jesus Christ from the Cross, the Virgin who holds His left hand, the evangelist John and Nikodemus who by the use of pincers (elagra) is removing the nails from the feet of Christ. On the upper left Archangel Michael is de- picted. The scene is identified by the engraved inscription H APOKAQILWCEn, whereas the abbreviations I(HCOU)C C(RICTO)C, M(HT)HR Q(EO)U and M(ICAHL) support the faces respectively. This iconographic type is often found in variations in all categories of Byzantine art: in monumental mural paint- ing, 2 on icons, 3 illustrated manuscripts, 4 ivories 5 and metal- work. 6 It is also found on a limited number of steatite icons. Among them is a fragment of an icon from the twelfth cen- tury with Christological scenes, now in the Cleveland Mu- seum of Art. 7 There is also a minor plaque embedded in the wooden core of a reliquary cross from the late four- teenthearly fifteenth century, now in the Byzantine Mu- * This paper was presented in the International Conference Relief Icons, which was held in the University of Thessaly, Volos, in 13–14 June 2009. Holy Abbot Archimandrite Nathanael and the secretary father Chistophoros in Iveron monastery permitted me to take photos of the icon and publish them. To all above and to whole brotherhood I extend my sin- cerest thanks. Prof. Titos Papamastorakis († 2010), University of Athens, read the text and with his observations and proposals contributed in the im- provement of the paper, that I dedicate in his memory. ** Dimitrios Liakos, Makronisou 6, 56625 Thessaloniki; liakos712003@yahoo.gr 1 Treasures of Mount Athos, Thessaloniki 1997², 318–329 (no. 9.1–9.7) (K. Loverdou-Tsigarida); G. Oikonomake-Papadopoulou, B. Pitarakis, K. Loverdou-Tsigarida, Iera Megisth Monh Batopaidiou. Egkolpia, Monh Batopaidiou 2000, 40–41 (no. 6), 68–69 (no. 19), 72–73 (no. 21), 84–87 (no. 26), 88–89 (no. 27), 94–95 (no. 30), 112–115 (no. 38), 116–117 (no. 39), 120–125 (no. 41–43), 136–137 (no. 48), 138–139 (no. 49), 140–141 (no. 50), 152–153 (no. 57), 158–161 (no. 60–61); I. Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Byzantine Icons in Steatite, Wien 1985, 101–102 (no. 8), 200–201 (no. 126), 204–208 (no. 131–132), 217–218 (no. 149). 2 A. Tsitouridou, O zwgrafikoj diakosmoj tou Agiou Niko- laou Orfanou sth Qessalonikh. Sumbolh sth meleth thj Palai- ologeiaj zwgrafikhj kata ton prwimo 14 o aiwna, Thessaloniki 1986, 125–126, pl. 43. 3 Treasures of Mount Athos, 59–61 (no. 2.4) (E. N. Tsigaridas). 4 The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A. D. 843–1261., ed. H. C. Evans, W. D. Wixom, New York 1997, 382–383 (no. 252) (A. W. Carr). 5 A. Cutler, The Hand of the Master. Craftmanship, Ivory and Soci- ety in Byzantium (9 th –11 th Centuries), Princeton 1994, fig. 7, 8; The Glory of Byzantium, 493–494 (no. 329) (C. T. Little). 6 The Glory of Byzantium, 81 (no. 40) (J. C. Anderson). 7 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 157–159 (no. 61).

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Page 1: Steatite icon with the Deposition at the monastery of ... · the Vatopedi monastery, two panagiaria are in the Xero-potamou and Panteleemon monasteries respectively,and one icon is

Steatite icon with the Deposition at the monasteryof Iveron on Mount Athos*

Dimitrios Liakos**

10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Greece

65

UDC 271.2–526.6:736.2.04Š(495.631)DOI 10.2298/ZOG1034065LOriginalan nau~ni rad

This paper deals with a steatite icon of the Deposition, whichis enshrined in the sacristy of Iveron monastery. The iconconsists of two parts, one rectangular of light grey-greenishcolour, with a smooth surface, and one arched of a darkercolouring, porous texture and a rougher surface. The rec-tangular, older part of the icon is a fragment of a twelfthcentury icon from which the lower left angle and fragmentsof the right and upper side are lost. The fracture of thistwelfth century icon led to its restitution which took place inthe fourteenth century (the arched part), as it appears by thestylistic data and the inscriptions. At the same time the iconwas embedded in the wooden panel.

Keywords: Byzantine art, steatite icon, iconography, De-position, Iveron, Mt. Athos

Research of sacristies of Athonite monasteries has sofar confirmed the existence of twenty three steatite artworkswhich are dated between the eleventh and the fourteenth-fif-teenth century. Most of them (icons and encolpia) are kept inthe Vatopedi monastery, two panagiaria are in the Xero-potamou and Panteleemon monasteries respectively, and oneicon is found in the Xenophontos monastery.1 The catalogueof these artworks is now expanded by one more entry, previ-ously unknown. It is preserved in the sacristy of Iveron mon-astery and is the main subject of this paper.

This is an icon 9,5 cm in height and 7 cm in width (fig.1). It consists of two parts, one rectangular and one arched.An exergue frame of varying width is preserved only on theupper, the left and the lower side. The right side and the lowerleft angle of the frame are broken. The icon is embedded in awooden panel, 14cm in height and 12cm in width, which wasthe central panel of a triptych, as shown by the two dredgedopenings on its vertical sides, created by the detachment ofthe metallic pivots. On the front side of the wooden panel apreparatory layer ready for painting, with a large number ofnails used for the mounting of the metallic revetment, is par-tially preserved. From this revetment only a small and verydecayed part of the left side is conserved. The back side ofthe wooden panel (fig. 2) bears an engraved leaf cross of theResurrection type with the cryptograms: I(HCOU)C C(RI-CTO)C NI KA and F(WC) C(RICTOU).

The icon shows the Deposition (fig. 3). This balancedcomposition includes Joseph of Arimathea who takes downthe lifeless body of Jesus Christ from the Cross, the Virginwho holds His left hand, the evangelist John and Nikodemus

who by the use of pincers (elagra) is removing the nails fromthe feet of Christ. On the upper left Archangel Michael is de-picted. The scene is identified by the engraved inscription H

APOKAQILWCEn, whereas the abbreviations I(HCOU)CC(RICTO)C, M(HT)HR Q(EO)U and M(ICAHL) supportthe faces respectively.

This iconographic type is often found in variations inall categories of Byzantine art: in monumental mural paint-ing,2 on icons,3 illustrated manuscripts,4 ivories5 and metal-work.6 It is also found on a limited number of steatite icons.Among them is a fragment of an icon from the twelfth cen-tury with Christological scenes, now in the Cleveland Mu-seum of Art.7 There is also a minor plaque embedded in thewooden core of a reliquary cross from the late four-teenth–early fifteenth century, now in the Byzantine Mu-

� This paper was presented in the International Conference ReliefIcons, which was held in the University of Thessaly, Volos, in 13–14 June2009. Holy Abbot Archimandrite Nathanael and the secretary fatherChistophoros in Iveron monastery permitted me to take photos of the iconand publish them. To all above and to whole brotherhood I extend my sin-cerest thanks. Prof. Titos Papamastorakis († 2010), University of Athens,read the text and with his observations and proposals contributed in the im-provement of the paper, that I dedicate in his memory.

** Dimitrios Liakos, Makronisou 6, 56625 Thessaloniki;[email protected]

1 Treasures of Mount Athos, Thessaloniki 1997², 318–329 (no.9.1–9.7) (K. Loverdou-Tsigarida); G. Oikonomake-Papadopoulou, B.Pitarakis, K. Loverdou-Tsigarida, Iera Megisth Monh Batopaidiou.Egkolpia, Monh Batopaidiou 2000, 40–41 (no. 6), 68–69 (no. 19),72–73 (no. 21), 84–87 (no. 26), 88–89 (no. 27), 94–95 (no. 30), 112–115(no. 38), 116–117 (no. 39), 120–125 (no. 41–43), 136–137 (no. 48),138–139 (no. 49), 140–141 (no. 50), 152–153 (no. 57), 158–161 (no.60–61); I. Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Byzantine Icons in Steatite, Wien 1985,101–102 (no. 8), 200–201 (no. 126), 204–208 (no. 131–132), 217–218 (no.149).

2 A. Tsitouridou, O zwgrafikoj diakosmoj tou Agiou Niko-

laou Orfanou sth Qessalonikh. Sumbolh sth meleth thj Palai-

ologeiaj zwgrafikhj kata ton prwimo 14o aiwna, Thessaloniki 1986,125–126, pl. 43.

3 Treasures of Mount Athos, 59–61 (no. 2.4) (E. N. Tsigaridas).4 The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine

Era, A. D. 843–1261., ed. H. C. Evans, W. D. Wixom, New York 1997,382–383 (no. 252) (A. W. Carr).

5 A. Cutler, The Hand of the Master. Craftmanship, Ivory and Soci-ety in Byzantium (9th–11th Centuries), Princeton 1994, fig. 7, 8; The Gloryof Byzantium, 493–494 (no. 329) (C. T. Little).

6 The Glory of Byzantium, 81 (no. 40) (J. C. Anderson).7 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 157–159 (no. 61).

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seum of Athens.8 The same scene is depicted in a fourteenthcentury icon which, along with one other icon, was embed-ded in the seventeenth century in a wooden panel, now keptin Berlin (Skulpturensammlung und Museum fur Byzan-tinische Kunst, Staatliche Museen). The last two icons areconsisted to be of steatite although the issue of identificationof the material, as far as I know, remains open.9 Moreover, asmall steatite fragment with a partially preserved figure of asoldier laying on the ground, originating from Veliko Tur-novo and dating from the twelfth century, is presumed to be apart of an icon depicting the Deposition.10 However, thispoint of view does not seem convincing, for the soldier’s fig-ure refers to the scene of the Lithos.

The lower rectangular part of the steatite icon fromIveron is made of steatite of light grey-greenish colour, witha smooth surface. The figures have been carved in low relief,the height of which does not exceed that of the surroundingframe. Their outline is either rounded or almost verticallysharp. However, the incised execution of the ladder used forascending the Cross reveals the intention of creating differ-ent layers in the compilation. The figures are calm, withmoderate moves and schematic drapery folds. The heads, de-spite the rest of the body, are carved in high relief and theforeheads are executed on a higher layer. The eyes of the fig-ures, apart from Christ’s, are enlivened by holes drilled in thematerial. The halo of Christ bears a cross while the halos ofthe other figures are decorated with semi-acanthus leaves.

The carving execution of the figures from this part ofthe Iveron icon are similar to those commonly found on ste-atite objects from the twelfth century. I quote as indicative ofthe most similar artworks the icon with the enthroned Virginwith Child from Stuttgart (Wurttenberg Landesmuseum),11

the encolpion with the Virgin with Child from the ClevelandMuseum of Art,12 a part of the encolpion with the figure of StNicholas from Paris (Cabinet des Medailles)13 and a frag-ment of an icon with the Virgin from Veliko Turnovo.14

The upper arched part of the icon is made of a darkercoloured steatite of porous texture and a rougher surface. Asfor carving technique, the figure of Joseph is produced in lowrelief whereas that of the Archangel Michael is executed inhigher relief. The figures are voluminous and the draperyfolds of the clothing are executed with deep and wide inci-sions. Their eyes are also highlighted by drilled holes. Com-pared to those of the figures in the rectangular part the halosare bigger and much more exergue. In addition, the halo ofChrist bears a cross, whereas the halo of John is plain, despiteits continuity on the lower rectangular part which is deco-rated with semi-acanthus leaves. The hair of Christ reachesthe shoulder whereas the hair of John is indicated by a few in-cisions.

The execution of the figures on the icon’s arched partwith their massive molding, the use of deep and wide inci-sions on the drapery folds, the higher relief of the figure ofArchangel Michael, but also the bigger and more exergue ha-los, are features referring to artworks of the fourteenth andfifteenth century. I point out the panagiarion from Xero-potamou monastery,15 the double-sided icon with the Virginand Child and mounted saints, embedded in an icon fromVatopedi monastery, the icons from Cologne (Schnutaen

Fig. 1. Iveron monastery. The steatite icon incorporatedin a wooden panel Fig. 2. Iveron monastery. The back side of the wooden panel

8 Riflessi di Bisanzio. Capolavori d’arte dal XV al XVIII secolo dalMuseo Bizantino e Cristiano di Atene (Musei Capitolini, Palazzo Caffarelli22 maggio–7 settembre 2003), Atene 2003, 112–113 (no. 25) (E. Chalkia).

9 Byzantium. Faith and Power (1261–1557), ed. H. C. Evans, NewYork 2004, 233–234, nr. 140 (A. Effenberger). Cf., however, The Museumof Byzantine Art in the Bode Museum. Museum Guide, Munich – Berlin –London – New York 2008, 62–63 (A. Effenberger).

10 K. Totev, Icones et croix de steatite de Tarnovo (Tarnovgrad),CA 40 (1992) 132.

11 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 122–124 (no. 31).12 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 124–125 (no. 32).13 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 176–177 (no. 96).14 Totev, op. cit., 129.15 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 204–205 (no. 131); Treasures of

Mount Athos, 324–325 (no. 9.5) (K. Loverdou-Tsigarida).

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Museum)16 and Baltimore (Walter Art Gallery),17 where theprincipal subject, such as the Virgin or the Crucifixion, is en-circled by scenes of the Dodekaorton, as well as an encolpionfrom Vatopedi monastery with the Crucifixion surroundedby saints.18

As we have ascertained, the stylistic diversity of thefigures depicted on the two parts of the icon is accompaniedalso by a different execution of the inscriptions on them. Inthe abbreviation MH(TH)R Q(EO)U (fig. 4) by the figure ofthe Virgin on the rectangular part, the letters are almost ofequivalent height and executed diligently with thin incisions.On the contrary, in the inscriptions of the upper, arched part,the letters are of varied height and executed negligently, withdeep and wider incisions. The abbreviation I(HCOU)C C(RI-CTO)C; fig. 5) was incised perfunctorily, resulting in an in-adequate space for the last letter C. Therefore, the artist wasforced to execute it on a lesser scale and rounded, despite theangular form of the same previous letter. The inscription HAPOKAQILOCEn (fig. 6), which is misspelled and incisedsloppily as well, combines majuscule19 and minuscule. Fromthe latter, the execution of the final letter n is typical of theperiod beginning with the fourteenth century onwards.20

This data offers reliable indication of the possible time of en-graving of the inscriptions as well as the carving of the reliefon the arched part of the icon.

As shown by all of the above, the differences concern-ing the quality of the material, the style and the inscriptionson the two parts of the icon indicate that there is at least twocenturies of chronological distance between their respectivemaking. It is also obvious that the upper part completes thelower.

The lower and older part of 7cm in height and 7cm inwidth is the biggest preserved fragment of the twelfth cen-tury icon, the lower left angle and fragments of the right andupper side of which are lost. The scale of the missing part of

the lower left angle is completely measurable, while thewidth of the lost right part, including a part of the scene’sdepth, a part of the Virgin’s halo and a part of the exergueframe, can be measured with relative safety. If we assume thatthe Cross stood at the center of the composition, which is byfar the most logical assumption due to the subject’s commondepiction and taking into consideration the whole conservedwidth of the scene’s part to the left of the Cross by 4,5 cm thatcan be measured starting from the middle of the vertical arm,then it can be estimated that 1,46 cm is missing from the nowpreserved right side of 3,04 cm. The icon’s height, where theupper side is missing, this comprising a part of Joseph’s fig-ure, upper fragments of John’s and Christ’s head, the distinctupper part of the Cross behind Joseph and probably two an-gels along side of the Cross that were included, can be mea-sured approximately up to 5 to 5,5 cm.

Based on all the above, the original measurements ofthe twelfth century icon are approximately between 12 to12,5 cm in height and 9 cm in width. Similar measurementsare found among steatites with one or two scenes, such as theexamples from the museum in Kherson21 or the Hermitage.22

The possibility that the fragment at hand could be derivedfrom an icon with more than two scenes must be excluded be-cause in this case the known examples, such as the icon fromToledo or the one from Vatopedi monastery, show scenes ofminiature or smaller scale, the height and width of whichdoes not exceed the 6,5–7,5 cm.23

The fracturing of the twelfth century icon led to itscompletion which took place in the fourteenth-fifteenth cen-tury, as indicated by stylistic data and the differences in in-

Fig. 3. Iveron monastery. The two parts of the steatite icon

Fig. 4. Iveron monastery. The abbreviation MH(TH)R Q(EO)Uin the lower rectangular part of the steatite icon

16 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 223–224 (no. 156).17 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 224–225 (no. 157).18 Oikonomake-Papadopoulou, Pitarakis, Loverdou-Tsigarida, Eg-

kolpia, 158–159 (no. 60) (B. Pitarakis).19 The form of the majuscule indicate the provenance of Thessa-

loniki in the middle-fourteenth century. I extend my thanks to Prof. G.Velenis for this information.

20 I would like to thank Dr. Zisis Melissakis for valuable discussion.21 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 132–133 (n. 41).22 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 136–138 (no. 45); The Glory of

Byzantium, 158–159 (no. 105) (I. Kalavrezou).23 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 41, 143–150 (no. 52), 217–218

(no. 149).

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scriptions. This restoration could not have taken place laterthan the fifteenth century because the manufacturing of stea-tites, as the research shows, was gradually decreasing sincethat time.24 The small piece of steatite that the artist had at hisdisposal defined the extent of the repair of the upper part. Thecraftsman who carved the missing fragments of the figureson this part readjusted only the figure of Joseph to the sameexergue frame and height of the relief in proportion to the ex-isting icon. However, as it obviously shows, the limitedspace obstructed the execution of the Cross.

With the completion of the icon in the fourteenth-fif-teenth century it is clear that at the same time it was also em-bedded in the wooden panel. Also the leg of Nicodemus thatexisted in the middle Byzantine icon’s broken left angle musthad been carved into it back then. Following the restoration,the two parts of the icon were set in a wooden panel for prac-tical reasons, to keep them attached and to avoid further dam-age. A more specific dating to the fourteenth century can bemade for the setting of the icon’s two parts in the woodenpanel because of the stylistic execution of the leaf Cross ofthe Resurrection on its back. This form with the widened andcurved points of the arms, the epimela and the radial decora-tion on the crossing of the antennas, is also found in works ofthe fourteenth century such as, for example, the frescoes ofSt. Nicholas Orphanos in Thessaloniki25 or the hexaptichonfrom the monastery of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai.26

The completion of the middle Byzantine icon and itsmounting in the wooden panel implies the conversion fromits original status to a complex icon,27 which was the centralpanel of a triptych. Featured examples of complex iconsfrom the thirteenth century onward28 are found in the Va-topedi monastery,29 in the monastery of St. Catherine onMount Sinai,30 in the Vatican,31 etc.

A silver-gold revetment, of which only a small partwith leaf decoration is preserved, was moulded into the main

side of the wooden panel at an unknown time. This layer ob-viously replaced the damaged painting. However we are notin the position to know whether it was pre-manufactured forthis particular artwork or whether it was dismantled from an-other and reassembled on this wooden panel. In addition tothese enquires there is also the revetment’s bad state of pres-ervation and the fact that it cannot be dated with reliability onthat account.

The case of the heir-loom in the monastery of Iveron,whose successive readjustments were made according to afragment of a middle-Byzantine icon, is also known fromother works of arts.

One of those is a part of a steatite icon with St. Theo-dore Stratelates which is in the Vatican (Museo Sacro) and isdated from the eleventh century.32 This part must have be-longed to a more extensive composition including one othersaint, St. Theodore of Amaseia to the left of St. TheodoreStratelates, and Christ in the upper part of the composition.After the fracture, the upper side of the icon was transfiguredso that could take a curved shape, therefore obscuring thebreak. Later on it was embedded — at an undetermined time— in a wooden panel. Of course in this case the icon’s miss-ing part was not replaced but on the left side of the woodenpanel a dual pillar was curved in proportion to the pillar onthe right side of the icon in order for a certain balance to beachieved in the composition.

A second example is that of an artwork of grater scaleand different material. It concerns a marble icon of the Virginwhich is built into the outer face of the south wall of theArchimandreion church in Ioannina, Epirus. According toBarbara Papadopoulou, the icon dates back to the thir-teenth-fourteenth century and it was built into the churchwall during the nineteenth century.33 The icon consists offour marble parts of different quality which, in my point ofview, do not constitute a homogeneous group as previouslysuggested.34 The two bigger dark-coloured marble parts onthe upper side and on the lower part must be the only ones de-riving from the original Byzantine icon. In my opinion, theother two smaller parts of a light-coloured marble in the mid-dle and on the lower left angle of the icon are later additions.They must have been assembled during the nineteenth cen-tury in order for the missing parts of the Byzantine icon to becompleted and the original shape to be restored in order for itto be successfully built into the church wall. Serious evi-dence to support this point of view is the sudden interruption

Fig. 5. Iveron monastery. The abbreviation I(HSOU)SC(RISTO)S in the arched part of the steatite icon

Fig. 6. Iveron monastery. The incription H APOKAQILOSEvin the arched part of the steatite icon

24 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 49; Oikonomake-Papadopoulou,Pitarakis, Loverdou-Tsigarida, Egkolpia, 17 (B. Pitarakis).

25 Tsitouridou, O zwgrafikoj diakosmoj, 217–218, pl. 117.26 Byzantium. Faith and Power, 370–372 (no. 227) (E. Bakalova).27 For the composite icons v. P. Vokotopoulos, Composite Icons, in:

Greek Icons. Proceedings of the Symposium in Memory of ManolisChatzidakis in Recklinghausen, ed. E. Haustein-Bartsch, N. Chatzidakis,Athens–Recklinghausen 2000, 5–10. Also v. P. Vokotopoulos, Sunqetej

eikonej. Mia prwth katagrafh, in: Shma Menelaou Parlama,Heraklion 2002, 299–319.

28 Vokotopoulos, Sunqetej eikonej, 299.29 Treasures of Mount Athos, 326–328 (no. 9.6) (K.

Loverdou-Tsigarida), with the former litterature cited.30 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 106–107 (no. 14); Byzantium.

Faith and Power, 346–347 (no. 205) (H. C. Evans).31 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 127–129 (no. 35).32 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 99–100 (no. 6); The Glory of By-

zantium, 157–158 (no. 104) (A. W. Carr).33 V. Papadopoulou, Buzantinh marmarinh eikona thj Panagiaj

sto Arcimandreio twn Iwanninwn, in: Dwron. Timhtikoj tomoj ston

kaqhghth Niko Nikonano, Thessaloniki 2006, 189–196.34 Papadopoulou, op. cit., 189.

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of the Virgin’s throne in the lower left angle of the icon, onthe light coloured marble part. This peculiarity can only beinterpreted as an omission or weakness, even indifference onthe part of the craftsman who carved this part during the nine-teenth century in order to finish off of the Virgin’s throne thatexisted on the Byzantine icon. It is also obvious that in theadditional parts of the icon, the craftsman tries to follow theexisting pattern of drapery folds of the older parts but failsdue to his poor skills. Another evidence of the later dating ofcompletion of the Virgin’s icon is the difference between thehigh relief of the Byzantine parts and the low relief of themore recent additions.

Apart from the example discussed above and otherssimilar to the icon from the monastery of Iveron, I point outadditionally two steatite artworks which where only slightlyreworked, limited only to the re-positioning on another mate-rial without additional replacement. The first is a fragment ofa twelfth century icon with the Virgin with Child in the Vati-can (Museo Sacro), later embedded in plaster — thus receiv-ing the shape of a medallion.35 The second is a fourteenthcentury deformed Deesis in Vatopedi monastery, which in1720 was embedded in a rectangular casket, resulting in itstransformation into an encolpion.36

In conclusion, the relic of the monastery of Iveron isadded to the exceptional category of complex artworks suchas those where an older steatite icon is transfigured into anewer painting. The thought that leads to a certain practice isinseparable from the material of its realization, the emotionaland devotional value of the older steatite artwork led to itstransformation into a greater artwork of higher merit andwith artistic figures that enrich it with possible new theologi-cal meaning.

At the same time this specific artwork is also represen-tative of another case of restoration or even better of an aes-

thetic restoration of an object of devotion in Byzantine times.This could very well be one of a number of known cases ofrestoration (of wall-paintings, icons, manuscripts, sculpturesand miniature art) that were carried out during the Byzantineperiod of which we learn equally from artworks as much asfrom historical sources.37

But beyond the problem addressed in the course ofstudying this artwork, specific and important enquires re-main. Were the transfigurations on the middle Byzantineicon made in the same monastery or in another center andwhat could this center be? If the fracturing of the middleByzantine icon took place in the monastery, why was it notdecided directly for the broken parts to be put back together,as the most logical solution, but instead the restoration tookplace at least two centuries later? Could the monks in thiscase have disposed of the fragments of this sacred object? Isit possible that the relic reached the monastery in its presentcondition, restored by someone who had the ability to findthe proper material and also possessed the necessary skills? Ibelieve it is important to investigate these questions eventhough they may never be answered.

35 Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, op. cit., 126–127 (no. 34).36 Oikonomake-Papadopoulou, Pitarakis, Loverdou-Tsigarida, Eg-

kolpia, 122–123 (no. 42) (B. Pitarakis). For similar works of art in ivory orsteatite v. Cutler, The Hand of the Master, 131; N. Chichinadze, Some com-positional characteristics of Georgian triptychs of the thirteenth throughfifteenth centuries, Gesta 36/1 (1996) 71, 73 (fig. 10).

37 T. Papamastorakis, Ena eikastiko egkwmio tou Micahl HPalaiologou. Oi exwterikej toicografiej tou kaqolikou thj monhj

Mauriwtissaj sthn Kastoria, Deltion XAE 15 (1989/1990) 238; M.Acheimastou-Potamianou, Tropoi sunthrhshj eikonwn sto Buzantio,in: Byzantine icons. Art, technique and technology (An international sym-posium, Gennadius Library, The American School of Classical Studies atAthens, 20–21 February 1998), ed. M. Vassilaki, Heraklion 2002, 151–161.

LISTA REFERENCI — REFERENCE LIST

Acheimastou-Potamianou M., Tropoi sunthrhshj eikonwn sto Buzan-

tio, in: Byzantine icons. Art, technique and technology (An inter-national symposium, Gennadius Library, The American School ofClassical Studies at Athens, 20–21 February 1998), ed. M. Vassilaki,Heraklion 2002, 151–161 ‰Acheimastou-Potamianou M., Tropoi synte-reses eikonon sto Vyzantio, in: Byzantine icons. Art, technique andtechnology (An international symposium, Gennadius Library, TheAmerican School of Classical Studies at Athens, 20–21 February1998), ed. M. Vassilaki, Heraklion 2002, 151–161Š.

Byzantium. Faith and Power (1261–1557), ed. H. C. Evans, New York2004.

Chichinadze N., Some compositional characteristics of Georgian triptychsof the thirteenth through fifteenth centuries, Gesta 36/1 (1996) 71, 73.

Cutler A., The Hand of the Master. Craftmanship, Ivory and Society inByzantium (9th–11th Centuries), Princeton 1994.

Kalavrezou-Maxeiner I., Byzantine Icons in Steatite, Wien 1985.Oikonomake-Papadopoulou G., Pitarakis B., Loverdou-Tsigarida K., Iera

Megisth Monh Batopaidiou. Egkolpia, Mone Vatopaidiou 2000(Oikonomake-Papadopoulou G., Pitarakis B., Loverdou-Tsigarida K.,Hiera Megiste Mone Vatopaidiou. Enkolpia, Mone Vatopaidiou 2000).

Papadopoulou V., Buzantinh marmarinh eikona thj Panagiaj sto Ar-

cimandreio twn Iwanninwn, in: Dwron. Timhtikoj tomoj ston kaqh-

ghth Niko Nikonano, Thessaloniki 2006, 189–196 (Papadopoulou V.,Vyzantine marmarine eikona tes Panagias sto Archimandreio ton Ioa-nninon, in: Doron. Timetikos tomos ston kathegete Niko Nikonano,Thessaloniki 2006, 189–156)

Papamastorakis, T., Ena eikastiko egkwmio tou Micahl H Palaio-

logou. Oi exwterikej toicografiej tou kaqolikou thj monhj

Mauriwtissaj sthn Kastoria, Deltion XAE 15 (1989/1990) 238

‰Papamastorakis, T., Ena eikastiko egkomio tou Michael He Palaio-logou. Hoi exoterikes toichographies tou katholikou tes mones Mau-riotissas sten Kastoria, Deltion XAE 15 (1989/1990) 238Š.

Riflessi di Bisanzio. Capolavori d’arte dal XV al XVIII secolo dal MuseoBizantino e Cristiano di Atene (Musei Capitolini, Palazzo Caffarelli 22maggio–7 settembre 2003), Atene 2003.

The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A. D.843–1261., ed. H. C. Evans, W. D. Wixom, New York 1997.

The Museum of Byzantine Art in the Bode Museum. Museum Guide, Munich– Berlin – London – New York 2008, 62–63 (A. Effenberger).

Totev K., Icones et croix de steatite de Tarnovo (Tarnovgrad), CA 40(1992) 132.

Treasures of Mount Athos, Thessaloniki 1997².

Tsitouridou A., O zwgrafikoj diakosmoj tou Agiou Nikolaou Orfa-

nou sth Qessalonikh. Sumbolh sth meleth thj Palaiologeiaj

zwgrafikhj kata ton prwimo 14o aiwna, Thessaloniki 1986 (Tsitou-ridou A., Ho zographikos diakosmos tou Hagiou Nikolaou Orphanouste Thessalonike. Symvole ste melete tes Palaiologeias zographikeskata ton proimo 14o aiona, Thessalonike 1986).

Vokotopoulos P., Composite Icons, in: Greek Icons. Proceedings of theSymposium in Memory of Manolis Chatzidakis in Recklinghausen, ed.E. Haustein-Bartsch, N. Chatzidakis, Athens–Recklinghausen 2000,5–10.

Vokotopoulos P., Sunqetej eikonej. Mia prwth katagrafh, in: Shma

Menelaou Parlama, Heraklion 2002, 299–319 (Vokotopoulos P.,Synthetes eikones. Mia prote katagraphe, in: Sema Menealou Parlama,Heraklion 2002, 299–319).

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ZOGRAF 34 (2010) ‰65–70Š

70

Steatitska ikona sa Skidawem s krstau manastiru Ivironu na Svetoj gori

Dimitrios Liakos

Osnovna tema ovog teksta je steatitska ikona sapredstavom Skidawa s krsta, koja se ~uva u riznicimanastira Ivirona i nije bila publikovana do sada.Ikona ima dimenzije 9,5 × 7 cm, a sastoji se od dva dela,jednog skoro pravougaonog, svetle sivozelenkaste boje,glatke povr{ine, i drugog, lu~no zavr{enog, tamnijeboje, porozne strukture i grubqe povr{ine. Samo nagorwoj, levoj i dowoj strani sa~uvan je izbo~eni okvirikone. Ikona je uklopqena u drvenu plo~u, dimenzija 14× 12 cm, koja je nekada predstavqala sredi{wi deo trip-tiha, o ~emu svedo~e izdubqewa na wenim vertikalnimstranama. Na predwoj strani plo~e sa~uvani su ostacigrunta, kao i nekoliko ~avala kori{}enih za name{tawemetalnog okova. Od tog okova sa~uvan je samo jedan frag-ment na levoj strani. Na pozadini plo~e naslikan je

razlistali krst ukra{en kriptogramima I(HCOU)CC(RICTO)C N(I) K(A) i F(WC) C(RICTOU).

Dowi i stariji deo ikone pripada prvobitnojikoni, koja poti~e iz XII veka. Ona je bila visoka oko12–12,5 cm, a {iroka 9 (dimenzije sa~uvanog dela iznoseoko 7 × 7 cm). Gorwi deo te ikone je u nepoznato vremebio uni{ten, pa je morao da bude iznova ura|en. Sude}ipo stilu i slovima ispisanim na obnovqenom delu iko-ne, to se najverovatnije desilo u XIV veku. Izgleda da jeu isto vreme ikona uklopqena u drvenu plo~u.

Sli~ni primeri obnove ikona iz sredwevizantij-ske epohe u doba Paleologa odavno su poznati (na pri-mer, steatitska ikona sa predstavom sv. Teodora Strati-lata u Vatikanskom muzeju, mermerna ikona Bogorodiceuzidana u spoqa{wi ju`ni zid arhimandrijske crkve uJawini itd.).