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Full paperSains

Humanika

Consumption Patterns of Women Graduatesin Perak Tengah

Norazah Mustafaa, Azizah Mat Isa

a, Aw Yang Huey

a, Mohd.

Safwan Ghazalib

aFaculty of Business Management, University Teknologi MARA (Perak), 32!" Ban#ar Baru $eri

%skan#ar, Perak, Malaysia&Faculty of 'ntrereneursi an# Business, Universiti Malaysia *elantan,

*amus *ota, !!"" *ota Baru, *elantan, Malaysia

*Corresonding author!noraz"#$%era&.uit'.edu.'y

Abstract

This research was undertaken to look at the spending patterns of women graduates who are residing in Perak Tengah. It has also focused on womengraduates in the government sectors and took into consideration the similarities and differences of consumption patterns among single and marriedwomen. This study was completed in the year 2011 and it revealed similarities between the spending patterns of women graduates in Perak Tengah to the

patterns at international level, as determined by the ousehold !"penditure #urveys conducted in $ustralia and %ew &ealand in the year 2010. The focuson spending still involves basic needs such as food, shelter and transportation. In addition, when deciding to purchase a household item, the respondentsare often influenced by their family members as well as by the 'uality and price of the product. $lthough there were differences in the spending patterns

between single and married women, both groups have their own purchasing power. Therefore, entrepreneurs should see this as an opportunity to set upnew businesses or e"pand an e"isting business by collaborating with the state government to accelerate the growth of Perak Tengah. They should have areciprocal relationship to ensure the economic and social development of the area. (urther research is also recommended to determine the spending

patterns of both men and women in Perak Tengah. #uch an elaborate research will demonstrate more conclusive spending patterns. In addition, other researches can also be done on students) spending patterns in specific places such as *andar #eri Iskandar, *andar +niversiti and *ota.

Keywords #pending patterns- women graduates- Perak Tengah

201/ Penerbit +T Press. $ll rightsreserved

1.0 INTRODUCTION

alaysia)s rapid economic growth since the mid1340s, along with changes brought about by moderni5ation and urbani5ation, haveincreased women)s literacy and economic participation. alaysian women)s participation in the workforce has long been recogni5ed asan important contributor to the country)s economic and social development. This is evident in the significant increase of female labor force participation. 6verall, female employment accounted for 71.8 per cent of total employment in 2012 as compared to only 2/.8 per cent in 1387 9(igure shown by :orld *ank Indicatorsalaysia!conomic $ctivity;. $ccording to The :omen)s entre 9?$%IT$;, women have more power in making decisions regarding corporate and public affairs. $s we move into the newmillennium, women are seen as the most significant indicator of social transformation and development in society.

#tatistics in 2011 showed that the female to male ratio in alaysian public universities was @8A8, meaning that 7 out of 10 studentsare female. This is a drastic increase compared to 1340 where female enrolment was only A8.8B. Their tertiary education has enabledthese women to hold highranking positions with good income. This is the money they bring home to support themselves and their families. #o, how do these women spend their moneyC $re they the decisionmaker in purchasing maDor household productsC


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This study is focused on women graduates in the Eovernment sectors in Perak Tengah and factors that may influence their spending. The time hori5on used in this study is crosssectional where the data for the consumption patterns came from the distributed'uestionnaires and interviews with the respondents. The results from this study may be used as guidelines by the #tate !conomicPlanning +nit when

2:3 (201! 3"# $ %%%.sa's)*a'+a.)t*.*, $ -ISSN ISSN: 22/


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// Nor Azah Mustapha et al. / Sains Humanika 2:3 (2014) 43!4"

upgrading facilities, in line with the growing demands of the Perak Tengah community. It can also simultaneously assist the aDlis


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/8 Nor Azah Mustapha et al. / Sains Humanika 2:3 (2014) 43!4"

?ampong EaDah 17./B, TanDung Tualang A.@B, Teluk Intan 1/.AB, Jambor ?iri K ?anan 8.@B, in the ollecteddata were analy5ed using #tatistical Package for #ocial #cience 9#P## 20.0;.

@.0 RESUTS AND DISCUSSION

The oldest age group 980 years and above; comprises /.4B of the total number of respondents. The rest of the respondents were betweenA0A3 years old 9/@.4B;, 2023 years old 92@.@B; and /0/3 years old 920.2B;. 72B of the total respondents were married. (indings

showed that most of the women graduates in Perak Tengah purchased their food at the town nearest to their homes such as Parit, ?ampongEaDah, *atu EaDah and #eri Iskandar. %evertheless, there are some who purchased food in towns outside the Perak Tengah area such as inIpoh, anDungF#itiawan and Teluk Intan, as listed in Table 1. (or purchasing other products 9clothes, beautyFhealth care, vehicles andhousehold furnishings;, Ipoh and other towns- anDungF#itiawan and Teluk Intan, were their favorite destinations. These towns are nearest

big towns to this area.

Tab;- 1 Jocations for purchasing maDor household items in Perak Tengah

CATE>ORIES

AREA 4OOD COTHES BEAUT? VEHICES HOUSEHOD

HEATH 4URNISHIN>

CARE*$T+ E$L$ 21 10 1/ 1/ 1/

*6T$ 1/ / 4 8 @

IP6 /@ 10A 30 32 33

?$P6%E A@ @ 4 7 A

E$L$

P$=IT /0 8 1/ @ @

#!=I I#?$%


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ITE STATUS EAN SI>NI4ICANT

#6!# #ingle A.1 #ignificant

9P!=#6%$J; arried 1./#6!# #ingle /.0 #ignificant

9($IJG; arried 2.1

L!:!J=I!# #ingle /./ %ot significantarried /.3

N!I>J!# #ingle 4.4 %ot significant

9P!=#6%$J; arried @.7

N!I>J!# #ingle 11./ #ignificant

9($IJG; arried @.4P$=T# K #ingle @./ #ignificant

=!P$I= arried /.0

T!J!P6%! #ingle /.3 #ignificant

*IJJ# arried A.A

:$T!= *IJJ# #ingle 1.3 %ot significant

arried 1.8

!J!>T=I>$J *IJJ# #ingle 2.A %ot significantarried 1.3

(+!J !OP!%#!# #ingle /.4 %ot significant

arried @.4

6**I!#F!%T!=T$I%!%T #ingle A.7 #ignificant

F=!>=!$TI6%$J F#P6=T arried 2.2

*66?# K $E$&I%!# #ingle 2.A #ignificant9$>$; arried 1.@

*66?# K $E$&I%!# #ingle 2./ #ignificant

9JIET =!$IJ$=! (!!# #ingle 4.3 %ot significantarried 7.3

#$NI%E# #ingle 10./ %ot #ignificant

9I%N!#T!%T; arried 12.@

#$NI%E# #ingle 1A.7 #ignificant

9I%#+=$%>!; arried 8.3

#$NI%E# #ingle 1A.7 %ot significant9*$%?

>6%T=I*+TI6% T6 P$=!%T# #ingle 1A.2 #ignificant

arried 7.7

Table 2 lists the differences in spending pattern between single and married women. It showed that there were significant differences between single and married women)s e"penditure in health K beauty care 9personal K family usage;, clothing 9personal K family usage;,shoes 9personal K family usage;, vehicles, parts K repairs, telephone, hobbiesFentertainmentF recreationFsport, books K maga5ines,insurance and contribution to their parents. $pparently, single women spent more than married women in all these items.

.0 CONCUSION

(indings from this study showed that households in Perak Tengah spent 72.1 percent of their average monthly e"penditure on four maingroups, namely savings, insurance and investment 922.4 percent;, housing 920.8 percent;, transport and communication 917.A percent; andfood 911.8 percent;. The results also show that as the respondents) income increases, the allocation for food seems to be decreasing. Thisresult is parallel with the findings made by $ustralia)s ousehold !"penditure #urvey 92010;. (or e"ample, food and nonalcoholic

beverages accounted for 13B of the e"penditure on goods and services of households in the lowest 'uintile, compared to 18B for households in the highest 'uintile. $s more women enter the workforce, they are more interested in improving their health, appearance and

personal needs. This is cited by :alton 9134@; and !nstad 91333; as well as being similar to a study conducted in #ingapore. The analysison food consumed outside 9awayfromhome category;, reveals that as gross income earned by the respondents increases, more money will

be spent on this category. This finding is similar to a survey conducted by %ew &ealand)s ousehold !conomic #urvey 9!#, 2010;. The

!# reported a 12.7B increase in e"penditure on Hrestaurant meals and readytoeat food) since 2007.(rom these findings, factors such as family, 'uality and price of a product have been proven to influence these women in purchasing

household items. *ased on the research findings, the researchers would like to provide several suggestions

1. The findings have indicated that there are business opportunities for food. !ven though there are some new fastfood restaurantsin *andar *aru #eri Iskandar, there is no organic or natural food business yet. The residents here need to travel to *andar *aruenglembu, (alim or #tation 14 in Ipoh to buy organic products.

2. There are other potential businesses that can focus specifically on women in Perak Tengah. (or e"ample, businesses for personalgrooming and development such as hair K beauty treatment salon as well as short courses in sewing K cooking.

3. !ducational businesses 9arts, mental arithmetic and music; are not available here but they are in demand by parents to developchildren)s creativity. *oth married and single women spent a certain portion of their salaries on tuition fees. +nfortunately, thenearest centre for mental arithmetic classes is in Pasir Puteh, Ipoh which is some A0 km away. International Janguage K


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Translation Institute is also in Ipoh. Parents need to travel to Ipoh for such classes. eanwhile the nearest music schoolis in *atu EaDah which is about a 20 minutes drive from #eri Iskandar. #o, it would be more convenient to have theseeducational businesses in #eri Iskandar.

In conclusion, with higher education women have better chances at securing Dobs with higher pay. $s a result, they become

more dominant in influencing their families) spending. This study revealed that the focus on spending is still on the basic needs9food, shelter and transport;. :hen deciding whether or not to purchase a household item, this study also indicates that therespondents were mostly influenced by their family members and by the 'uality and price of the product. +.#. ycle #tages. Journal ofConsumer Affairs, A/92;, 231A1A.

ousehold !conomics #tatistics, haracteristics of Eeneration O in the +. #. $nd (rance. Journal of Euromar'etin#, 1291;, 817.

httpFFwww.dailybusinessreview.comFidM12028048/1/84F:omencontrollingconsumerspendingsparseamongcentralbankersQi"55AA$s?ODpg.

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=!(!==!%>! /

TAS 1 : STATISTICS VOCABUAR?

a; N$=I$*J!Nariable is a characteristics of items or individuals. They are what you analyse when you

use a statistical method.

*ased on the Dournal of >onsumption Patterns of :omen Eraduates in Perak

Tengah, I am referring to the results and discussion at pages /8 shows that the variable is

the spending patterns of women graduates who are residing in Perak Tengah. $ccording

to the table 1 in the Dournal, the variable is locations for purchasing maDor household item

in Perak Tengah. It also has the categories of consumption by women.

%e"t is the differences in spending pattern between single and married women

shown in table 2. The status of the women either they are single or married is also the

variable that I found.

b;


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the women graduates in the government sector and consumption patterns among single

and married women.

d; #$PJ!

$ sample is the portion of a population selected for analysis. The sample is the Hsmall

group).

*ased on the Dournal at page // in the Dournal of >onsumption Patterns of :omen

Eraduates in Perak Tengah, the sample is from 282 respondents all over the

The statistic is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a sample.

I found that in this Dournal, they used mean to show the differences in spending

between single and married women. They also used percentage for conclude the monthly

e"penditure according to the groups of consumption such saving, housing and transport.

TAS 2 : DESCRI9TIVE AND IN4ERENTIA

a; i. Type of variable

*ased on the Dournal of >onsumption Patterns of :omen Eraduates in Perak

Tengah, the type of variables for locations purchasing maDor household items in Perak

Tengah is numerical variable. This variable also known as 'ualitative variable. The

categories of consumption is categorical variable because have values that can be only be

placed into categories.

%e"t, the status of women is categorical variable. This variable also known as

'ualitative variable. The differences in spending pattern between single and married

women is numerical variable. It is because the data is shown by mean. It also known as

'uantitative variable. This is continuous variable because has decimal places.

ii. Jevel of measurement

The level measurement for variable in Table 1 which is the locations for

purchasing maDor household items in Perak Tengah and categories of consumption are


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nominal scale. %ominal scales are used for labelling variables, without any 'uantitative

value. (urthermore, this variable is under categorical variable which the level of

measurement can be either nominal or ordinal scale.

In table 2, the status of women is under nominal of level measurement. $ nominal

scale classifies data into distinct categories in which no ranking is implied. The spending

pattern between single and married women is ratio scale. $ ratio scale is an ordered scale

in which the difference between the measurements is a meaningful 'uantity and the

measurements have a true 5ero point.

b; i.


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=!(!==!%>!

1. ustapha, %. $., at Isa, $., $w, G. ., K Eha5ali, . #. 9201/;. >onsumption Patterns

of :omen Eraduates in Perak Tengah. /A/7.

2. ark J. *erenson, . ?rehbiel, *asic *usiness #tatistics,

12th

!dition,Prentice all, 2012

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